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A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL
PHRASES INTO INDONESIAN VERSION IN THE NOVEL
‘BLUE-EYED DEVIL’
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
By:
ANITA RUSJAYANTI
C0306012
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
2011
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ii
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iii
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PRONOUNCEMENT
NAME : ANITA RUSJAYANTI
NIM : C0306012
Stated whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled A Translation Analysis of
English Participial Phrases into Indonesian Version in the Novel Blue-Eyed
Devil is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism nor made by
others. The belongings related to other people’s work are written in quotations and
included within the bibliography.
If it is subsequently proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is
ready to take the responsibility, including the withdrawal of the academic degree.
Surakarta, August 2011
Anita Rusjayanti
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MOTTO
Verily with every difficulty, there is a relief(The Glorious Qur an, Alam Nasrah: 6)
The best that an individual can do is to concentrate on
what he or she can do. In the course of a burning effort
to do it better
(Elizabeth Bown, 1899-1973)
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DEDICATION
I whole-heartedly dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved Father and Mother
My incredible brothers and sisters
My lovely friends
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirobbil alamin. All praises are just for the Almighty God,
Allah SWT for the blessing and the guidance and for the prophet Muhammad
SAW for his great inspiration to my ordinary life. Finally, I can finish this thesis.
It was a challenging task for me to complete this thesis because it took a lot of
time, energy, and patience. I realize that without supports from the people
surrounding me, I am sure that I am not able to accomplish this thesis
successfully. Therefore, I would like to give my special thank to all of them who
have given me valuable contributions. My gratitude goes to:
1. The dean of faculty of Letters and Fine Arts of Sebelas Maret University, Drs.
Riyadi santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D, for approving this thesis.
2. The head of English Department of Sebelas Maret University, Prof. Dr.
Djatmika, M.A, for giving me admission to this thesis to be examined.
3. My thesis consultant, Ida kusuma Dewi, SS, MA, for her concern, guidance,
support, and critical advice to me in this thesis.
4. My academic consultant, Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M.Tourism, for the advice and
guidance during my study in Sebelas Maret University.
5. All the lecturers of English Department who have taught me well and shared
their knowledge and experiences.
6. My raters; Mr. Heri, Miss Wulan, Miss Cicik, Mr. Sawardi, Mr. Henry, and
Miss Rianna, for the comments, inputs, and suggestions.
7. All the respondents involved in the research that I can not mention down here.
Thanks a million for you all.
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8. My beloved father and mother, for every single prayer for me. I guess I will
never be what I have become now without the light that you bring to me.
9. My brothers (Irvan and Iwan) and sisters (Yulita and Ambar). I know
sometimes I seem careless and busy with myself but deep inside I love you all
so much. I hope I can bring us a better life.
10. My lovely friends of Queelinary … Ata, Becka, Panda, Kenny, and Teh Rini;
thanks for your supports and happiness given to me. I love you all, my queens.
11. My wonderful friends; Ika, Vika, Nia, and Hani; I lovingly dedicate this thesis
to you.
12. All my friends of English Department 2006, thanks for keeping our compact
friendship for the years.
13. All people who have given me supports and helped me in completing this
thesis (Inne, wiji, mbak yiyis, dik Mimi, dik Kanthy and dik Atik).
At last, I do realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore,
suggestion and criticism will be kindly accepted. Hopefully, this thesis will be
beneficial for English Department students and for those who are interested in
Translation.
Surakarta, August 2011
Anita Rusjayanti
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE.......................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL BY THE THESIS SUPERVISOR. ......................................... ii
APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS.................................... iii
PRONOUNCEMENT. ............................................................................... iv
MOTTO. ..................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION........................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT. .......................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES. .................................................................................... xi
ABSTRACT. ........................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background ...................................................................... 1
B. Research Limitation......................................................................... 6
C. Research Problems. ......................................................................... 6
D. Research Objectives. ....................................................................... 6
E. Research Benefits ............................................................................ 7
F. Research Organization. .................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
A. The Definition of Translation. .......................................................... 9
B. Problems in Translation ................................................................. 10
C. Translation Quality Assessment..................................................... 12
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D. Translation Technique ................................................................... 15
E. Participial Phrase ........................................................................... 30
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research........................................................................... 37
B. Data and Source of Data ................................................................ 38
C. Sampling Technique ...................................................................... 39
D. Methods of data Collection ............................................................ 41
E. Technique of Data Analysis ........................................................... 44
F. Research Procedures...................................................................... 44
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS
A. Translation technique .................................................................... 46
B. Translation Quality ........................................................................ 58
C. Discussion ..................................................................................... 71
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion ................................................................................ …77
B. Recommendation........................................................................... 78
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... …80
APPENDICES .................................................................................... …82
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Participle phrase in form
Table 3.1 The scales of translation accuracy
Table 3.2 The scales of translation acceptability
Table 3.2 The scales of translation Readability
Table 4.1 The data translated using linguistic amplification technique
Table 4.2 The data translated using transposition technique
Table 4.3 The data translated using literal translation technique
Table 4.4 The data translated using addition technique
Table 4.5 The classification of translation accuracy
Table 4.6 The classification of translation acceptability
Table 4.7 The classification of translation acceptability
Table 4.8 The influence of translation strategy to translation quality
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ABSTRACT
Anita Rusjayanti. C0306012. A Translation Analysis of English ParticipialPhrases into Indonesian Version in the Novel ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’. Thesis:English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas MaretUniversity. 2011
The purposes of this research are (1) to find out the types of translationtechniques applied by the translator in translating participial phrase, (2) todescribe how the translation techniques influence the translation quality in termsof accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
This research is descriptive qualitative. A purposive sampling techniquewas employed in this research. The data are all participial phrases in the novel‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ that are placed in the beginning of sentence or before the mainclause and its translations. The other data are taken from the questionnairesassessed by six raters and nine respondents. The total data of participial phrase inthe novel are 80 data.
The analysis on the translation techniques shows that there are fourtechniques applied by the translator in translating participial phrases in the novel‘Blue-Eyed Devil’. They are linguistic amplification (59 data or 73, 75%),transposition (9 data or 11, 25%), literal translation (11 data or 13, 75%), andaddition (1 datum or 1, 25%).
The analysis on the translation accuracy shows that 45 data or 56, 25%from the total data are accurate, 35 data or 43, 75% are less accurate, and nodatum is inaccurate. The analysis on the translation acceptability shows that 58data or 72, 50% are acceptable, 22 data or 27, 50% are less acceptable, and nodatum is unacceptable. The analysis on translation readability shows that 28 dataor 35% are readable, 52 data or 65% are less readable, and no datum isunreadable.
The technique resulting translations with high level of accuracy islinguistic amplification while the technique resulting in low level of accuracy istransposition. The techniques resulting acceptable translations are all techniquesconsisting of linguistic amplification, transposition, literal translation, andaddition. However, the techniques which result in translations with high level ofacceptability are linguistic amplification and transposition. Meanwhile, thetechnique which results in translations with low level of acceptability is literaltranslation. The translation technique resulting in readable translations with highpercentage than others is linguistic amplification.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
The development of literary works in Indonesia can not be separated
from the role of translation. Many kinds of literary works are translated into
different languages such as short story, drama, essay, biography, novel, poem,
script and etc. These literary works need a translation role in transferring the
cultural and artistic values from the source language (SL) into target language
(TL). The translated texts or books enable people in other countries to understand
what kinds of information that they can get.
People will fully comprehend the content of a literary work if they read
the translated version of their own language. Therefore, the role of translation
process is strongly needed to transfer those kinds of information. People speaking
in target language consequently can understand the message contained in source
language. Translation is a process of transferring message (ideas and cultures)
from one language (source) to another language (target) in a written text so that
people of target language can understand the content of source language text.
There are many problems that a translator may encounter in translating
literary works. They may relate to culture and grammar. One of problems related
to grammar that an English–Indonesian translator may encounter is translating
participial phrase. Participial phrases are always marked by the presence of
participle verb that must be identified carefully. A participle is a verb form that
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can be used as an adjective. There are two kinds of participle; they are present
participles and past participles. In present participles, the verb ends with suffix –
ing while in past participles, the verb may end in suffix –ed or –en or –t. Some
past participles, however, are formed in other ways. Although participles can be
used as adjectives, they often appear in verb phrases. When a participle is joined
to an auxiliary verb in a verb phrase, it is part of the verb and is not an adjective.
Participial phrases may come in the beginning, in the middle, and even in
the last part of sentence. Translating participial phrases that come in the beginning
of sentence into Indonesian is more problematic than translating participial
phrases that come in the middle and the last part of sentence. It is because
participial phrases that come in the beginning of sentence may show certain
relations with its main clause, such as: time, cause, manner, result, and etc. Many
possible meanings will create problems to the translator in understanding it.
Hence, the researcher is interested to analyze the translation of English participial
phrase found in the novel entitled Blue-Eyed Devil into Indonesian version. There
are various participial phrases found in this novel that can be problematic for the
translator. Here are some examples:
Example 1:
Datum number : 03/ BED-012-02/ CTT-024-06/
Source Text (ST) : Appalled by the edge of jealousy in my own voice, I
continued quickly.
Target Text (TT) : Takjub mendengar nada cemburu yang ada di dalam
suaraku sendiri, buru-buru aku melanjutkan.
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The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven
asked for her father's blessing to marry Nick, but her father refused. Meanwhile,
her brother got a very blessed wedding from him.
The participial phrase ‘appalled by the edge of jealousy in my own
voice’ in the ST is translated to takjub oleh nada cemburu yang ada dalam
suaraku sendiri that still functions as a phrase. However, the translator adds the
word mendengar after the word takjub in the TT. It shows that the translator
applied addition technique in translating the participial phrase. As a result, the
meaning of the participial phrase is clearer in the translation and the message can
be potentially understood by the target readers.
Example 2:
Datum number : 09/ BED-023-10/ CTT-039-29/
ST : Alerted by the racket, Gage had come and rummaged through the ligustrum
until he found Bootsie.
TT: Mendengar keributan yang terjadi, Gage datang dan menggeledah semak
ligustrum hingga menemukan Bootsie.
The above extract is taken from the part of the novel which tells that that
Haven ran to find her doll, Bootsie, which fell in the bushes. His eldest brother
(Gage) was trying to help her to find her sister's favorite doll.
The participial phrase ‘alerted by the racket’ is translated to terdengar
oleh keributan yang terjadi that functions as a passive phrase. However, the
translator translates it to mendengar keributan yang terjadi that functions as an
active phrase. It shows that the translator applies transposition technique in
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translating participial phrase. It is shown by the changing of the passive verb of
terdengar to active verb mendengar in the translation so that the translation
becomes mendengar keributan yang terjadi in the TT.
Example 3:
Datum number : 48/ BED-164-12/ CTT-226-29/
ST: Judging from the looks he got, most other people did too.
TT: Menilai dari tampang yang ia punya, sebagian besar orang juga merasakan
hal yang sama.
The above example is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven
went to watch a theater with her friend, Todd. He was a kind of easy-going
person. He had had relationships with men and women. Todd was open to any
possibility because to him the outside of a person is just packaging. He was
wearing a tux that made him sleek and feline with elegant looseness on his body.
Although Haven was immune to Todd in any romantic sense, she enjoyed the
sight of him in a tux. Haven thought that most people would also have the same
feeling of admiration toward Todd when they saw his good-looking.
The participial phrase ‘judging from the looks he got’ is translated to
menilai dari tampang yang ia punya . As seen, the translator uses literal
translation technique. The example above may be unreadable translation so the
translator should better give a conjunction that is coherent with the main clause.
The participial phrase and the main clause above show the situation of supposing
something. The translation should be kalau menilai dari tampang yang ia
punya so that the translation will be more readable in TT. As a result, the pattern
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of the sentence will be a dependent (subordinate) clause followed by an
independent clause. The other way of translating participial phrase into
Indonesian language is by placing the main clause in the beginning of sentence
and then followed by the participial phrase with its possible conjunction used to
show both correlations. Besides, the comma should be omitted so the pattern will
be an independent clause and dependent clause. The TT can be sebagian besar
orang juga merasakan hal yang sama kalau menilai dari tampang yang ia
punya . Both ways of translating participial phrases show the same massage
although they have different patterns in the sentence.
Based on the examples above, participial phrases have many possible
meanings. The relation between the participial phrase and its main clause should
be analyzed carefully to get the accurate message in Indonesian language so that
the message of the source text will be easily caught by the target readers. From the
examples above, the researcher considers that to translate participial phrases, a
translator does not only need to know the right conjunction used to show the
relation between the participial phrase and its main clause but also need to know
the situational context (who, where, when, why, and how) of the participial
phrases used. The researcher is then interested to conduct a research entitled “A
Translation Analysis of English Participial Phrases into Indonesian Version in the
Novel Blue-Eyed Devil.”
The researcher tries to observe the techniques applied by the translator in
translating participial phrases and the quality of the translation in terms of
accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
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B. Research Limitation
In this research, problems are limited on the translations of participial
phrases that come in the beginning of sentence found in Lisa Kleypas’ Novel
Entitled Blue-Eyed Devil into Indonesian and the quality of translation that
employs translation techniques.
C. Research Problems
Concerning in the research above, some problem statements are proposed
as follows:
1. What types of translation techniques are applied by the translator to translate
participial phrases found in Lisa Kleypas’ Novel Entitled Blue-Eyed Devil
into Indonesian?
2. How do the techniques influence the translation quality in terms of accuracy,
acceptability, and readability?
D. Research Objectives
The goals of this research are:
1. To find out the types of translation technique applied by the translator to
translate participial phrases found in Lisa Kleypas’ Novel Entitled Blue-Eyed
Devil into Indonesian.
2. To describe how the techniques influence the quality in terms of accuracy,
acceptability, and readability.
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E. Research Benefits
It is expected that this research will be useful for:
1. The English Department Students and other researchers
This research will be helpful for students of English Department and
other researchers to increase their knowledge about the various translations of
English participial phrases into Indonesian. This research can be used as
information of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of a translation
according to the grammatical structure and context.
2. The lecturers
This research will be useful for the lectures as the additional input and
reference in teaching translation about participial phrases. The translation of
participial phrase can give contribution in teaching English grammar.
3. The translators
The result of this research will contribute to the improvement of
translator’s knowledge and competence in translating participial phrases.
F. Research Organization
Chapter I : INTRODUCTION. It covers Research Background, Research
Limitation, Research Problems, Research Objectives, Research
Benefits, and Research Organization.
Chapter II : LITERATURE REVIEW. It covers The Definition of
Translation, Problems in Translation, Translation Quality
Assessment, Translation Techniques, Participial Phrases.
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Chapter III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It covers Research Method,
Data And Source of Data, Sampling Technique, Methods Of
Data Collection, Technique Of Data Analysis, and Research
Procedures.
Chapter IV : DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION. It covers Translation
techniques, Translation Quality, and Discussion.
Chapter V : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. It covers
Conclusions and Recommendations of the research.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. The Definition of Translation
‘Translation’ has been variously defined by many experts with their own
notions. Catford (1974: 20) points out that, “Translation is the replacement of
textual material in one language (source language/ SL) by equivalent textual
material in another language (target language/ TL).” In line with Catford, Nida
states (1975: 33) “Translating consists in producing in the receptor language the
closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, firstly in
meaning and secondly in style.”
As seen, Nida’s statement completes the meaning of ‘translation
equivalence’ by Catford. Equivalent message from SL into TL can be the content
of text and the stylistic form that must be appropriate with the idea and culture of
the receptor language. However, the equivalent meaning must have high priority
than the stylistic form. It is because the sense (content) may be translated while
the forms (style) often can not (Hatim & Munday, 2004: 10). The equivalent
meaning or the sense plays a key role in translation that can be obtained through
the implicit or explicit information.
The definition of translation is further explained by Bassnet-McGuire
(1991: 2) in her book entitled Translation studies, “What is generally understood
as translation involves the rendering of SL text into the TL so as to ensure that (1)
the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the structure
of the SL will be seriously distorted”. Referring to the statements above,
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translation has two forms, namely the form from which translation is made, called
as SL and the form into which it is to be changed and transferred into another
language, called TL. Translation, then, consists of studying the lexicon,
grammatical structure, communicative situation, and cultural context of the source
language, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing
the same meaning using language and its cultural context (Larson, 1984:1).
From the explanations above, it can be summed up that translation is
rendering the meaning and style from SL into TL with some considerations to find
the equivalence.
B. Problems in Translation
Translating is a crucial activity that should be done carefully by a
translator in transferring the message from SL to TL. When a translator translates
a text, he/she absolutely encounters some problems during translation process.
Nababan (1999: 55-60) identifies that there are four factors causing the problems
in the process of translating, they are: the different system of SL and TL, the
semantics and stylistic complexity, the translator’s competence level, and the
quality of the SL text.
Related to the different system of SL and TL, if all languages in the world
have a similar system, the equivalence concept in translation will not be necessary
to use. Actually, it can not be denied that there is no one language having a similar
system in terms of either the syntactic and lexical structure or the morpheme. For
the example is the words ‘washing machine’ in English which can not be
translated into ‘mesin yang mencuci’ in Indonesian. It should be translated into
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‘mesin untuk mencuci’ or ‘mesin cuci’ in Indonesian translation because a
machine does not have hands to wash like a human. The word ‘machine’ refers to
a thing used to do something.
Semantic complexity relates to the socio-cultural background of the
speaker’s language. Everything which can be found between in SL and TL will
not make problem in translating process. On the contrary, everything in SL which
can not be found in TL will cause a problem in translating, for example: the
names of foods and drinks in Indonesia like kolak, nasi kucing, es dawet, and
wedang ronde. They may have no direct equivalence in other languages. As a
consequent, they should be translated into other names that have similar
characteristics or still keep the original names.
Stylistic complexity refers to the way of language bringing the message in
a certain purpose. The translator has to be able to express a certain text with the
right style from ST to TT. It is because every text has its own style, for example:
the language style of literary texts like poem, prose, and drama is really different
from the language style used in the scientific texts.
Translators’ competence levels are different from one to another. A text
will be easily translated if the translator has a good competence in translation. The
text translated by a professional translator and amateur translator will be quite
different because they have different competent level to transfer the message of
the text. A professional translator absolutely masters the comprehensive
competences in translating a text, they are: grammatical competence, discourse
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competence, strategic competence, sociolinguistic competence, and transfer
competence.
Related to the quality of the SL text, either an amateur translator or a
professional translator will find a difficulty in translating a text if the ST has low
quality. The low quality of ST can make the translator misunderstand and even
can not transfer the message in TT.
C. Translation Quality Assessment
The increasing number of translation studies as a discipline raises the level
of discussion or assessment about translation. The assessment of translation
product is intimately connected with the translation quality which enables
criticism about the translated texts. The criticism can be a measurement for the
strength and weakness of a translated text. Schutle (in Nababan, 1999: 83) states
that a translation critic or a translator must fulfill some criteria, such as
understanding about the sense and meaning of SL text and the linguistic
perception of SL and TL, being familiar with the esthetical context and culture
both SL and TL, and having a good knowledge of both SL and TL.
Honig (in Nababan, Santosa, & Wiratno, 2007: 12) identifies four persons
who get advantages from the translation assessment, they are: TL reader, a
professional translator, a translation researcher, and a translation trainee either in a
vocational school or in an academic institution. Translation quality assessment
(TQA) is really needed by them to improve their translation quality and to be a
guideline in translating a text. Besides, they can use TQA as their consideration to
trust a translator and his/her translation quality.
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In line with Honig, Newmark (in Triyanto, 2009: 13) states three
advantages of translation assessment for a translator. First, a translator can
improve her/his capability in translation when he/she learns from the mistakes in
the previous translation and then tries to revise them in the next translation.
Second, a translator can enlarge her/his knowledge about SL and TL to make an
acceptable translation in TL without leaving the norms of the SL. Third, a
translator will finally formulate a guideline to decide whether a translation product
is good or not.
TQA must focus on three factors; they are 1) accuracy, 2) acceptability,
and 3) readability. Nababan et al (2007: 11) say,
“Konsep keakuratan, keberterimaan, dan keterbacaan ini perlu dipahami dengan baik.Akan tetapi, ‘akurat, berterima, dan mudah dipahami’ merupakan konsep yang relative.Dengan kata lain, pernyataan tentang terjemahan yang akurat, berterima, dan mudahdipahami akan sangat tergantung pada orang yang menilainya”.
The concept of accuracy, acceptability, and readability is determined by
the receptor language with its own assessment.
1. Accuracy
The term ‘accuracy’ relates to the equivalent message of both SL and TL.
A text will be recognized as a qualified one if there is equivalence of the content
or message between SL and TL. Baker points out, “Accuracy is no doubt an
important aim of translation, but it is also important to bear in mind that the target
reader plays an important role in keeping the communication channels open”
(1992: 57). By reading accurate translation, target readers will fully understand
the message of SL and can maintain a good communication between SL and TL.
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In conjunction with the translation process, Hatim & Munday (2004: 10)
state that translating describes the process in terms of such features as the literal
rendering of meaning, adherence to form, and emphasis on general accuracy. It is
clear that accuracy becomes the aim of translation process, instead of the meaning
and form. Accuracy assessment is used to determine whether the translation
conveys the message or not.
2. Acceptability
Acceptability deals with the culture of TL, as Lambert (in Hornby,
Pochhacker, & Kaindl, 1994: 18-19) states that translation has a chance to be
accepted in the TL while the culture tends to be accepted as a part of translational
phenomenon only, e.g. in the case of meals, names of institutions, titles, and etc.
Related to the translator’s task, Vermeer (in Nord, 1997: 21) adds that the
translator should analyze the acceptability and viability of the translation briefly in
legal, economical or ideological terms. It means, acceptability assessment aims to
make the translation sound natural in the TL.
In term of culture, acceptability is determined by the norms, conventions,
and expectations prevailing in the language and style of the TL (Puurtinen in
Hornby et al, 1994: 85). A translation will be acceptable in TL if the translator can
express the meaning in a natural way as if it is an original text and no grammatical
mistakes in the TT.
3. Readability
A good translation must be readable and understandable by the target
readers. Richards et al states that readability concerns on how easily written
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materials can be read and understood (in Nababan, 1999: .62). It means, readable
translation will not make the target reader get confused and there are no
ambiguous words. Richards et al then classify three factors influencing the
translation readability, they are: the average length of sentence, the number of
new words used, and the grammatical complexity of TL. Nababan (1999: 78) adds
other factors that determine the level of readability, they are: the content of the
text and writing style.
D. Translation Techniques
The translator should apply an appropriate translation technique to produce
a good translation product. According to Molina & Albir (2002, p.509), “A
technique is the result of a choice made by a translator; its validity will depend on
various questions related to the context, the purpose of the translation, audience
expectations, etc.” Translation technique becomes a procedure to analyze and to
classify how translation equivalence works. The followings are the common
translation techniques used by a translator proposed by Molina & Albir (2002):
1. Adaptation
Adaptation is a translation technique which is used by the translator to
replace cultural element in the SL with the cultural element in the TL which has
similar characteristic. The cultural element itself is close to the target readers
(Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: Many plants sprout in spring.
TT: Banyak tanaman bersemi saat musim penghujan.
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The word ‘spring’ can not be found the TT so it should be changed to the
cultural element with similar characteristic in TT. The word ‘spring’ in ST is then
replaced by the words ‘musim penghujan’ in TT because both of them reflect the
time of plants can sprout and grow.
2. Amplification
Amplification is a translation technique that is used to introduce details
that are not formulated in the ST, such as information, explicative paraphrasing,
etc (Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: Many people celebrates valentine last week.
TT: Banyak orang merayakan valentine, hari kasih sayang dengan
mengirim kartu ucapan dan hadiah, minggu kemarin.
The word ‘valentine’ probably can not be known by some people in the TT
so the translator needs amplification technique by adding information ‘hari kasih
sayang dengan mengirim kartu ucapan dan hadiah ‘after the noun ‘valentine’. As a
result, the message can be transferred well in the TT.
3. Borrowing
Borrowing is a translation technique that takes a word or an expression
straight from the SL. The word or expression can be pure without any
modification (Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: Hydrocephalus becomes a dangerous disease attacking the baby at
recent times.
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TT: Hydrocephalus menjadi suatu penyakit berbahaya yang menyerang
bayi akhir-akhir ini.
The word ‘hydrocephalus’ is borrowed from the ST to be transferred into
TT without any changes.
4. Calque
Calque is a technique that is used by a translator to translate a foreign
word or phrase literally and it can be lexical or structural (Molina & Albir, 2002) .
Example:
ST: He sends me a greeting card for my success.
TT: Dia mengirimiku sebuah kartu ucapan atas keberhasilanku.
The phrase ‘greeting card’ in ST is translated literally and lexically to
‘kartu ucapan’ in TT.
5. Compensation
Compensation is a translation technique that introduces a ST element of
information or stylistic effect in another place in the TT because it cannot be
reflected in the same place as in the ST (Molina & Albir, 2002).
This technique is used to translate an expression that does not have same
proportion with the other words or expression in ST. It is used when there is a
story in ST containing three paragraphs, the first and third paragraphs use
idiomatic expression while the second paragraph does not use it. The translator
then translates it by compensating the second paragraph with the idiom that can be
found in TL. It is to keep the stylistic effect in TT.
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6. Description
Description is a translation technique that replaces a term or expression
with a description of its form or/and function (Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: Many people sold kimbab in the festival yesterday.
TT: Banyak orang menjajakan makanan khas Korea yang terbuat dari
nasi yang dicampur dengan berbagai bumbu dan digulung dengan
rumput laut saat festival kemarin.
The word ‘kimbab’ in is not popular among the target readers so the
translator gives the description of kimbab in the TT to transfer the message. The
translator translates ‘kimbab’ by describing the characteristics of it.
7. Discursive creation
Discursive creation is a translation technique that establishes a temporary
equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. This technique is usually
used to translate the title of book or film (Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: The novel ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ tells about love story of a divorced
woman.
TT: Novel ‘Cinta Tak Terduga bercerita tentang kisah cinta seorang
janda.
‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ in ST is a title of a novel which means a devil that has
blue eyes. Meanwhile, the translation of ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ becomes ‘Cinta Tak
Terduga’ in Indonesian. Both of the ST and TT do not have the same meaning but
they just have a temporary equivalence seen from the story of the novel.
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8. Established equivalence
Established equivalence is a translation technique applied by the translator
using a term or expression recognized (based on the dictionary or language in use)
as an equivalent in the target language (Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: Don’t show your face to me again!
TT: Jangan menunjukkan batang hidungmu padaku lagi!
The ST ‘Don’t show your face to me again’ means a person who has
courage to appear although he/she did mistake to others. There is an idiom in the
TT that has the same meaning with the ST as the equivalent. The idiom is ‘jangan
menunjukkan batang hidungmu padaku lagi’ that is recognized among the people
in the TL. Both of the idioms in ST and TT have the same meaning.
9. Generalization
Generalization is a translation technique by applying a more general or
neutral term in the target language (Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: His apartment is so big.
TT: Tempat tinggalnya begitu besar.
The word ‘apartment’ is replaced by the words ‘tempat tinggal’ that is
more general in TT. The words ‘tempat tinggal’ means a place for living that may
include house, apartment, hotel, etc.
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10. Linguistic amplification
Linguistic amplification is a translation technique by adding linguistic
elements. This technique is often used in consecutive interpreting and dubbing
(Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: Left by his mother, the baby is crying now.
TT: Karena ditinggal pergi ibunya, bayi itu menangis sekarang.
The example above shows that a past participle ‘left’ in participial
phrase ‘left by his mother’ in ST is transferred into TT by adding the connector
‘karena’ to adjust the meaning in showing cause-effect relation between the
participial phrase and the main clause. This connector is included as linguistic
element to show the implicit meaning.
11. Linguistic compression
It is a translation technique by synthesizing linguistic elements in the
target text. This technique is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in
subtitling (Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: Yes, I do.
TT: Ya.
The words ‘yes, I do’ in ST can be translated to TT by compressing the
linguistic element ‘I do’. As a result, the translation in TT is just the word ‘ya’.
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12. Literal translation
Literal translation is a translation technique by translating a word or an
expression word for word (Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: I like fishing.
TT: Aku suka memancing.
The example above clearly shows a literal translation technique used by
the translator in translating sentence. The translator translates ‘I like fishing’ in ST
to “aku suka memancing’ in TT by word-for-word.
13. Modulation
Modulation is a translation technique to change the point of view, to focus
on cognitive category in relation to the ST. It can be lexical or structural (Molina
& Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: I hit my head.
TT: Kepalaku terbentur.
From the example above, the point of view in the ST is the subject ‘I’
while the point of view in the TT is the object ‘kepalaku’ (my head). It is clearly
seen that the point of view in the ST ‘I’ is changed by the point of view ‘kepalaku’
in TT since the matter of the context is the object ‘my head’. As a result, the
translation becomes ‘kepalaku terbentur’.
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14. Particularization
Particularization is a translation technique by using a more precise or
concrete term. This technique is the opposition of generalization (Molina & Albir,
2002).
Example:
ST: The troops are exercising to fly the air transportation.
TT: Pasukan militer itu sedang berlatih menerbangkan helikopter.
The words ‘air transportation’ in ST is translated to ‘helikopter’ in TT to
specify the object. As a result, the object will be more precise and concrete in TT.
15. Reduction
Reduction is a translation technique by suppressing a source text
information item in the target text. This technique is the opposite of amplification
technique (Molina & Albir, 2002).
Example:
ST: Many tourists watch the ceremony of ngaben, cremation in Bali.
TT: Banyak turis menyaksikan upacara ngaben.
The words ‘cremation in Bali’ is very popular in the Indonesian target
readers but it is not common in other countries as in ST. As a consequent, the
translator just translates the words ‘ngaben, cremation in Bali’ in ST to ‘ngaben’
in TT.
16. Substitution (linguistic, paralinguistic)
Substitution is a translation technique by changing linguistic elements for
paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa (Molina & Albir,
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2002). This technique is often used in interpreting, for example, bowing in
Japanese gesture can be translated to ‘thank you’, ‘sorry’, ‘hello’, ‘good bye’,
‘welcome’, etc.
17. Transposition
Transposition is a translation technique by changing the grammatical
category from the ST to TT (Molina & Albir, 2002). It can be the transposition of
structure, class, and unit.
Example:
ST: The evacuees are in safety now.
TT: Para pengungsi dalam keadaan aman sekarang.
The word ‘safety’ in ST belongs to part of speech of noun. When it is
translated to TT, the translation of the word ‘safety’ (noun) becomes ‘aman’
(adjective).
18. Variation
Variation is a translation technique by changing linguistic or paralinguistic
elements (intonation, gestures) that affect the aspects of linguistic variation:
changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc (Molina &
Albir, 2002). It is to introduce or to change dialectal indicators for characters
when translating for the theater, changes in tone when adapting novels for
children, etc.
Example:
ST: you can see me again tomorrow, ta-ta!
TT: kau bisa menemuiku lagi besok, sampai jumpa!
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The textual tone ‘ta-ta’ in the ST is translated to ‘sampai jumpa’ in TT so
that the message can be well transferred.
Suryawinata & Hariyanto (2003: 67-76) also propose the other translation
techniques to translate word by word, phrase by phrase, and sentence by sentence
as a technical foundation. They use the term of translation strategies or translation
procedures to mention the translation techniques because the word ‘procedure’
means a formal order. The techniques are then divided into two strategies; they
are structural strategy and semantical strategy.
a) Structural Strategy
It is a technique in translation related to the structure of the ST to make the
translation acceptable in TT. Structural strategy consists of three translation
techniques; they are addition, subtraction, and transposition.
1. Addition
It is a translation technique by adding words in the TL because the
structure in the TL requires it (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).
Example:
ST: The woman sitting there teaches in my class.
TT: Wanita yang sedang duduk di sana mengajar di kelasku.
In the example above, the word ‘yang sedang’ must be added for the
structural acceptability in the TT.
2. Subtraction
It is a translation technique by subtracting the structural element in the TL
(Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).
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Example:
ST: My teacher is very kind.
TT: Guruku sangat ramah.
The structural element of the word ‘is’ in the ST above is subtracted so
that the grammatical structure of the TT will be acceptable in the receptor
language.
3. Transposition
It is a translation technique by changing the structural element of SL to
make the equivalence message and to consider the stylistic form in the TL
(Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).
Example:
ST: He is a brilliant student.
TT: Ia seorang murid yang cerdas.
The word ‘briliant student’ in the ST is translated to ‘murid yang cerdas’
in the TT by changing the structural element of the adjective ‘brilliant’. The
SL uses the structural system Modifier-Head (brilliant-student) while the TL
uses the system of Head-Modifier (murid - yang cerdas).
b) Semantical Strategy
It is a technique in translation related to the meaning of a word, phrase,
clause, or sentence. Semantical strategy consists of nine techniques as follows:
1. Borrowing
It is a translation technique by using the original word of SL to be replaced
in the TL text (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). This technique is used to
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show respect of the SL word and to replace the word in the TL which can not
be found its equivalence in receptor language.
Example:
ST: I bought that printer yesterday.
TT: Aku membeli printer itu kemarin.
The word ‘printer’ is borrowed from ST to TT because if it is translated
literally to ‘alat pencetak’, the meaning will be ambiguous and inaccurate in
the target readers.
2. Cultural equivalent
It is a translation technique by using specific cultural terms in the TL to
replace the specific cultural terms in the SL (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).
Example:
ST: Basrief Arief is the Attorney General in Indonesia today.
TT: Basrief Arief adalah Jaksa Agung di Indonesia saat ini.
The words ‘Attorney General’ in the ST must be translated to ‘Jaksa
Agung’ not ‘Agung Jaksa’ in the TT. It is because those words have cultural
equivalent in TT.
3. Descriptive equivalent and Componential analysis
Descriptive equivalent is a translation technique applied by a translator
because the cultural equivalence can not transfer the appropriateness degree of
SL (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). This descriptive equivalent is often
placed in the glossary of a book.
Example:
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ST: My brother likes punk music.
TT: Kakakku suka aliran musik yang lahir di awal tahun 1970-
an yang bernada keras dan cepat.
Componential analysis is a translation technique applied by a translator
because there is no equivalence of a word in TL to make the target reader
understand the real meaning. The translator then elaborates its components of
the word meaning. This technique is applied to translate a general word while
descriptive equivalent is used to translate cultural term.
Example:
ST: My mother does her works as a housewife prudently.
TT: Ibuku mengerjakan tugasnya sebagai ibu rumah tangga
dengan hati-hati dan bijaksana.
4. Synonym
It is a translation technique by using the similar meaning of TL word for
the general word in the SL if the componential analysis can not be maintained
in the TL text (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).
Example:
ST: Her face is so sweet.
TT: Wajahnya sangat manis.
The word ‘sweet’ means tasting or smelling like sugar, kind,
satisfying, kind, and very pleasing to look at. By considering the whole
sentence, the appropriate synonym of ‘sweet’ in the TT is ‘manis’ which
means pleasing to see.
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5. Formal translation
It is a translation technique by using standardized formal translation
(Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).
Example:
ST: Read-only memory.
TT: Memory simpan-tetap.
6. Reduction and Expansion
Reduction is a translation technique by reducing some components in SL
terms (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). For example: the word ‘airplane’ in
English which is translated into ‘pesawat’ in Indonesian language by reducing
the word ‘air’ of the SL.
On the contrary, expansion technique refers to the expansion of the TL
terms (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003).For example: the word ‘volcano’ is
translated into gunung berapi in Indonesian.
7. Addition
Addition is a technique of translating by adding some words to make the
translation clearer (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). By addition technique,
the readers in the TT will easily understand the message.
Example:
ST: He cleans his hands before eating.
TT: Dia mencuci kedua tangannya sebelum makan.
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The example above shows that the word ‘hands’ is not translated to
‘tangan-tangan’ to show the plural noun. The addition technique is marked by
the word ‘kedua’ to explain the translation of ‘hands’ that means both of the
hands.
8. Omission or Deletion
Deletion technique is applied by a translator by omitting a structural
element in the TT but it will not change the message of the ST (Suryawinata
& Hariyanto, 2003).
Example:
ST: They are the great King and Queen in England.
TT: Mereka adalah Raja dan Ratu di Inggris.
The example above shows that the words “great” which mean ‘besar’ or
‘agung’ are not translated to TT. If it is translated literally (mereka adalah
Raja dan Ratu agung di Inggris), the meaning in the TT will not be effective.
By deleting the translation of the word ‘great’, the message can still be clearly
transferred in TL without changing.
9. Modulation
This technique is commonly used to translate a text in the rank of phrase,
clause, and sentence. Besides, it is applied when the literal translation
technique does not produce a natural and acceptable translation (Suryawinata
& Hariyanto, 2003).
Example:
ST: It is not difficult to do
TT: Mudah dilakukan
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The example above shows modulation technique. The ST ‘it is not
difficult to do’ is translated to ‘mudah dilakukan’ because the words ‘not
difficult’ in ST means something easy. Besides, the subject ‘it’ does not need
to be translated in TT since the matter of context is the adjective ‘not difficult
to do’.
E. Participial Phrases
A participial phrase is a phrase that modifies the subject of the main
clause. Blumenthal & Zahner state, “A participial phrase is composed of a
participle plus its completer and modifiers. Like a single-word adjective, it also
modifies a noun or pronoun. It may come before or after the word it modifies”
(1963: 284).
A modifier refers to all words in a sentence instead of the verb, subject,
object, and complement (Ehrlich, 2004: 8). Meanwhile, a participle is a word that
is formed from a verb and functions as an adjective. The participle is further
divided into two types; they are 1) present participle (verb –ing) and 2) past
participle (verb –ed/ -t/ -en).
According to Frank (1972: 306), the participle in a participial phrase has
only two forms as follows:
1) General form
The general form means that the participle form is neutral with respect to
the time. The intended time is established by the main verb.
For example:
Ø The girl watching television now is my sister
(present timeè ….who is watching television now)
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2) Perfect form
The perfect form means that the participle form indicates time which
precedes expressed by the main verb.
Example:
Ø Having watched the movie three times, he finally knew the whole story.
(past timeè after he had watched the movie three times)
Ø Someone having watched that accident will never forget it.
(future timeè … who has had watched that accident)
These forms can be illustrated below:
Table 2.1 Participle phrase in form
Active VoiceProgressive
Passive Voiceprogressive
General form watching(present participle)
watched (past participle)
being watchedPerfect form having watched
having been watchinghaving been watched
1. The Function of Participial Phrases
Most participial phrases function as adjective that modifies the main verb.
Participial phrases may be placed restrictively or nonrestrictively in a sentence.
However, the most generally used is nonrestrictive participial phrase. It is because
the nonrestrictive participial phrase is regarded as modifying either the verb or the
entire sentence. On the other hand, the restrictive participial phrase just modifies
the subject of the sentence.
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For example:
Ø Restrictive
e.g. Students arriving late will not be permitted to enter the lecture hall.
(‘arriving late’ limits the reference of ‘students’)
Ø Nonrestrictive
e.g. Henry, arriving late, was not permitted to enter the lecture hall.
(‘arriving late’ does not limit the reference of ‘Henry’)
(taken from Frank, 1972, p.306)
2. The Possible Meaning of Participial Phrases
Participial phrase shows various types of relations in English.
Consequently, there are many possible meanings of participial phrases in showing
the relation between participial phrase and the main clause.
1) The relation of time sequence
It is used to indicate the period that an event in the main clause takes
place. The common time conjunctions to show the relation between participial
phrase and the main clause are after, when, and while. When participial phrase is
placed at the beginning of the sentence, the speaker is generally stressing the
importance of the time indicated.
(http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/subclauses.htm)
a) After
Example:
Ø Having finished all her homework, she sat down to watch television.
(After she had finished all her homework, she sat down to watch television)
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Conjunction 'after' means 'after that moment'. 'After' takes place in the present
for future events and the past or past perfect for past events. The example above
shows that ‘after’ is used to show past perfect event (had+verb3: had finished) for
the past event (verb2: sat).
b) When
Example:
Ø Walking along the street, I met a friend whom I had not seen for a long
time.
(When I walked along the street, I met a friend whom I had not seen for a
long time)
Conjunction 'when' means 'at that moment or at that time’ that takes place
either the simple present or the past. In this case, the action in the “when clause”
happened first. First, I walked along the street, and then I met a friend whom I had
not seen for a long time.
c) While
Ø Listening to the music, he danced following the rhythm.
(While he was listening to the music, he danced following the rhythm)
Conjunction ‘while' means 'during that time'. 'While' is usually used with the
past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' which indicates an
action in progress.
2) The relation of cause-effect
Cause-effect relation defines the reason behind a statement or action in the
participial phrase given in the main clause. Reason conjunctions to show a cause
include because, as, since, due to, and the phrase "that the reason why". They can
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be placed either before or after the main clause. If placed before the main clause,
the reason clause usually gives emphasis to that particular reason.
(http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/subclauses.htm).
Example:
Ø Studying hard last night, she can pass the examination.
(Because she studied hard last night, she can pass the examination).
In this sentence, why she can pass the examination is answered by the
participial phrase ‘studying hard last night (because she studied hard last night)’.
3) The relation of manner
It is to say how something happens or is done. Manner relation is
introduced by conjunctions by, like, as, as if, as though and in that. Manner
relation most often occupies the end position of the main clause. It follows an
intransitive verb, or the direct object of a transitive verb.
(http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/kinds-adverb-clauses-1.htm)
Example:
Ø He did everything requested by his parents.
(He did everything as requested by his parents)
In this example, the participial phrase ‘requested by his parents’ functions
as an adjective that explains ‘everything’ the speaker did. The adjective of manner
quickly follows the direct object ‘everything’ of the transitive verb ‘did’. The
speaker did everything like what his parents requested.
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4) The relation of result
‘Result’ states what has happened or what may happen as a result of the
action mentioned in the main clause. The result clause answers the question "what
is/was the result of the action," making it different from the purpose clause which
answers the question "why something is/was being done." It usually introduced by
conjunctions like so that, thus, and thereby.
(http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/kinds-adverb-clauses-2.htm).
Example:
Ø She did the examination carefully, making possible to be accepted in this
university.
(She did the examination carefully, thus making possible to be accepted in this
university)
The participial phrase ‘making possible to be accepted in this university’ as a
result of an action of the main clause ‘she did the examination carefully’.
Consequently, the relation between the participial phrase and the main clause is
the relation of result.
5) The relation of supposition
The relation of supposition are introduced by the subordinating
conjunctions though, although, even if, etc
(http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/kinds-adverb-clauses-2.htm).
Example:
Ø Becoming a rich woman, she is not happy.
(Although she becomes a rich woman, she is not happy)
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The participial phrase ‘Becoming a rich woman’ is an expression to show
a supposition of assuming that the woman is not happy at all although she
becomes a rich woman. As a result, the meaning will be contrast with the fact and
it is still unknown whether the supposition is true or not.
6) The relation of condition
Conditional relation is usually introduced by subordinating conjunctions if,
unless, whether, provided that and so long as
(http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/kinds-adverb-clauses-2.htm).
Example:
Ø Studying the materials seriously, she will pass the examination.
(If she studies the materials seriously, she will pass the examination)
‘Studying the materials seriously’ is a participial phrase showing a
conditional relation using conjunction ‘if’. It is because the main clause uses
future tense ‘she will pass the examination’. Consequently, the event has not
happened yet and it is just a possibility.
Participial phrase is very interesting to analyze. It has an implicit meaning
which can show the relation between the participial phrase and the main clause.
The possible relations can be the relation of time sequence, cause-effect, manner,
result, supposition, and condition. The analysis of English participial phrase
translation will give contribution in teaching English grammar in academic.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
According to Syamsudin & Damaianti (2006: 24), research methodology
is a research problem solving that is applied precisely with a set of plans to get
fact and conclusion in understanding, explaining, predicting, and controlling the
phenomena. This chapter, therefore, presents the type of research, data and source
of data, sample and sampling technique, methods of data collection, technique of
data analysis, and research procedure.
A. Type of research
This research focuses on the study of the technique and quality of the
translation of participial phrases into Indonesian. Therefore, it is conducted by
applying a descriptive qualitative method. In this research, the researcher only
collects, classifies, and analyses the data and then draws conclusion, without
making a generalization to solve the problem of the research. According to
Dornyei (2007: 24), qualitative research involves data collection procedures that
result primarily in open ended, non-numerical data which is then analyzed
primarily by non-statistical methods.
Descriptive data are needed in a qualitative study. Therefore, the data are
reported in words and pictures, rather than in numbers (Moleong, 1990). In a
qualitative method, all collected data can be the key of the research. This research
is descriptive qualitative research that means by making a note of all phenomena
which are seen, heard, and read (via interview or not, field note, photo, video tape,
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personal document, note or memo, official document, and etc); and the researcher
has to compare it, combine it, make an abstract, and take a conclusion of it
(Hutomo in Bungin, 2001: 56).
This research also applies a single-embedded case study as the research
only focuses in one characteristic of the data. Therefore, this research analyzes the
translation of participial phrases in Lisa Kleypas’ novel entitled Blue-Eyed Devil
into Indonesian in terms of the translation technique and quality.
B. Data and Source of Data
The data of this research are all English participial phrases in the novel
‘Blur-Eyed Devil’ that are placed in the beginning of the sentence or before the
main clause and their Indonesian translations in the novel ‘Cinta Tak Terduga .
The other data are the information taken from the questionnaires assessed by the
informants. This research involves informants which consist of three groups. The
first group comprises three raters who assessed the quality of the translation in
term of accuracy. The second group comprises three raters who assessed the
quality of the translation in term of acceptability. The third group comprises nine
respondents who commented on the readability of the translation. The researcher
distributed questionnaires to them to gain information needed.
The source of data used in this study is the original Lisa Kleypas’ novel
entitled ‘Blue Eyed Devil’ published by St. Martin’s Press, New York, 2008
which consists of 340 pages and its Indonesian translation, ‘Cinta Tak Terduga ,
translated by Dewi Anggraeni, published by Dastan Books, Jakarta, 2010 that
consists of 441pages. The other data sources are the questionnaires which are
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distributed to the raters and respondents. The decision to take the novel ‘Blue-
Eyed Devil’ as the source of data based on the following considerations:
1. The novel is well known among readers. It was one of The New York Times
Bestseller Fiction Novels as stated in the front cover of the novel.
2. It contains many participial phrases expressed in different situations and
contexts in the novel with its possible meanings that show the relation
between participial phrase and main clause.
3. There are different ways of expressing participial phrase in the original novel
and its Indonesian translation, which influences the meaning. Therefore, the
translator should apply the right and proper technique in translating the
participial phrases into Indonesian in order to get the right meanings in
Indonesia.
C. Sampling Technique
The researcher selectively used sampling technique concerning on the
theoretical concept used and the personal curiosity of the researcher in conducting
this research. Moleong (1990: 165) states that sampling technique is used to
collect information from various sources and its constructions as many as possible
to classify the particularity of the unique context. The information is then used as
the basic of the design and theory. Therefore, the researcher employs purposive
sampling technique because the researcher gives a limitation of the data obtained
that can represent the information of participial phrases found in the novel.
The data was selected based on the certain criteria to obtain the point of
the research. The data were limited on the translations of participial phrases that
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come in the beginning of sentence or is placed before the main clause found in
Lisa Kleypas’ Novel Entitled Blue-Eyed Devil into Indonesian. Meanwhile, the
informants of the research come from different backgrounds.
Criteria for raters who assess the accuracy of translation in this research
are:
1. mastering English and Indonesian languages
2. having knowledge about translation theory
3. having competency and experience as a translator
4. willing to take part in the research
The three raters are a lecturer of UPTP2B UNS and two editors of PT. Pakar
Raya, Klaten.
Criteria for raters who assess the acceptability of translation in this
research are:
1. mastering Indonesian language
2. having knowledge and competency about Indonesian language theory
3. willing to take part in the research
The three raters are the lecturers of Indonesian department.
Criteria for respondents who assess the readability of translation in this
research are:
1. mastering Indonesian language
2. about more than 20 years old
This novel is about love, family, and marriage. People in those ages are the
possible target readers.
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3. willing to take part in the research
The eleven respondents are 4 students of FKIP UNS and 5 students of FMIPA
UNS.
D. Method of Data Collection
Nazir (1988: 211) states that data collection is a systematic and standard
procedure to obtain the data which are needed for the research. There must be a
strong relationship between the method of data collection and the research
problem. It is because research problem gives the direction and affects the data
collection method. In collecting data, the researcher applies non-interactive
method consisting of content analysis and questionnaire distribution.
1) Content Analysis
In conducting content analysis, the researcher followed the following steps:
a. reading the novel entitled “Blue-Eyed Devil” and its indonesian translation
entitled “Cinta Tak Terduga”
b. comparing participial phrases in both original version and its translation
c. taking the data from the source data and its translation to know the
translation technique used by a translator
d. analyzing the techniques used by the translator to render participial
phrases into Indonesian.
2) Questionnaire distribution
The data were collected from the raters and respondents after they
assessed translation quality in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and
readability. The questionnaire aims to get opinion, response, and further
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information from the raters and respondents. This research used two types of
questionnaire: (1) closed format and (2) open format questionnaire.
The closed format is a questionnaire form used to assess the
translation’s accuracy, acceptability, and readability by giving an appropriate
scale based on the certain criteria. The researcher then distributed the
questionnaires containing the scales for translation accuracy and acceptability
to the raters. Meanwhile, questionnaires containing the scales for translation
readability were distributed to the respondents.
The open format is a questionnaire for the informant’s comments in
form of columns. Both of raters and respondents can give comments in the
columns provided by the researcher.
The scales for accuracy are as follows:
Table 3.1 The scales of translation accuracy
Scale Description
3 AccurateThe message of participial phrase translation in the target text isthe same as the message of participial phrase in the source text.
2 Less accurateThe message of participial phrase in the source text is lessconveyed to the target text. There are some messages of participialphrase missing in its translation.
1 InaccurateThe message of participial phrase in the source text is notconveyed at all to the target language. The message of participialphrase translation in the target text is different from the messageof participial phrase in the source text and or lost because it is nottranslated.
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The scales for acceptability are as follows:
Table 3.2 The scales of translation acceptability
Scale Description
3 AcceptableThe translation of participial phrase has natural expression in thetarget text. The sentence structure in the target language isgrammatically correct.
2 Less acceptableThe translation of participial phrase from the source language to thetarget language sounds awkward (not usual) because the expressionis less natural. It contains a few of grammatical mistake.
1 UnacceptableThe translation of participial phrase from the source language to thetarget language uses unnatural expression. There are manygrammatical mistakes in the sentence.
The scales for readability are as follows:
Table 3.2 The scales of translation Readability
Scale Description
3 ReadableThe translation of participial phrase is easy to understand. It isunderstandable after the reader reads it once.
2 Less readableThe translation of participial phrase is less easy to understand. It isunderstandable after the reader reads it text twice.
1 UnreadableThe translation of participial phrase is difficult to understand or cannot be understood at all. It is understandable after the reader reads itmany times.
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E. Technique of Data Analysis
The data collected were analyzed in the following steps:
1. The researcher observed the participial phrases and its Indonesian translation.
Then, the researcher analyzed the translation technique applied by the
translator in translating participial phrases into Indonesian by comparing ST
and TT. After the analysis is completed, the researcher made classification
based on the translation technique.
2. The researcher also made classification of the translation accuracy,
acceptability, and readability applied by the raters and respondents after the
questionnaires had been distributed.
3. The researcher counted the percentage of each classification by calculating
the total number of it.
4. The researcher draws a conclusion and gives some recommendations from
the results of the analysis.
F. Research Procedure
Research procedures carried by the researcher to obtain the final results are as
follows:
1. reading the original novel that has been decided and also its translation novel.
2. collecting the data, participial phrases and its translation, found in the source
of data.
3. identifying and classifying the data based on the types of participial phrases
and its impossible meanings in the target language.
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4. coding all data in order to make the data classification and the data analysis
easy to understand.
For example : 04 /BED-012-02/ CTT-024-06/
04 : number of datum
BED-012-02 : Blue-Eyed devil in the page 12 at row 2
CTT-024-06 : Cinta Tak Terduga in the page 24 at row 6
5. analyzing and classifying the data based on the translation techniques
occurred in the translation of participial phrases into Indonesian.
6. distributing the questionnaires to the raters and respondents for checking the
translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
7. taking back and checking questionnaires which have been filled by raters and
respondents.
8. collecting scores given by the raters and respondents.
9. identifying and classifying the data based on their characteristics.
10. making statistical calculation of the classified data.
11. analyzing the finding by relating them to theoretical context of the study.
12. drawing conclusions in order to find the answer of the problem statements
based on the analyzed data and also providing suggestions.
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CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains three main parts. The first part is the analysis of
translation techniques used by the translator in Lysa Kleypas’ novel entitled ‘Blue
Eyed Devil’. The second part is the analysis on the quality of participial phrase
translations. The third part is the discussion of the analysis results.
A. Translation Technique
This part presents the analysis of translation techniques used by the
translator in Lysa Kleypas’ novel entitled ‘Blue Eyed Devil’. There are four kinds
of techniques applied by the translator in translating participial phrases found in
Lysa Kleypas’ novel ‘Blue Eyed Devil’. They are linguistic amplification (59 data
or 73,75%), transposition (9 data or 11,25%), literal translation (11 data or
13,75%), and addition technique (1 datum or 1,25%). The analysis of each
technique is presented in the following part.
1. Linguistic Amplification
Linguistic amplification is a translation technique which is used to add
linguistic elements (Molina & Albir, 2002). Since the data are participial phrases,
linguistic amplification technique is marked by the addition of linguistic element
like a conjunction that can show the relation between the phrase and the main
clause. The technique is often used by the translator in translating participial
phrase to show the implicit meaning in it. Most of the data are translated using
this technique. There are 59 data of 80 data (73, 75%) applying this technique.
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The Indonesian conjunctions used are sambil, setelah, and ketika to show time
sequence relation, karena to show cause-effect relation, seperti and seolah-olah to
show the relation of manner. The followings are the examples of data in the
category of linguistic amplification.
The example of participial phrase translation employing linguistic
amplification technique using the conjunction ‘sambil’ is presented below:
ST: Huddling in the corner, I leaned my head against the wall and breathed, and
waited.
TT: Sambil menempel di pojok, aku menyandarkan kepalaku di dinding dan
menarik napas, lalu menunggu.
(datum number 47)
The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling about the
situation when Haven was stuck in an elevator in the garage. Haven used her
laptop to get the lighting until the battery run out by itself. She waited for help to
come to her with feeling of fear because the water had flooded the elevator as high
as her chest.
The participial phrase in the ST ‘huddling in the corner’ shows the
relation of time in sequence with the main clause that two events happen in the
same time. It is translated into sambil menempel di pojok . The translator applied
linguistic amplification technique by adding conjunction ‘sambil’ in the TT that
means ‘during that moment’.
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Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there are
42 data translated using conjunction ‘sambil’ in the translation of participial
phrase.
The example of participial phrase translation employing linguistic
amplification technique using conjunction ‘setelah’ is presented below:
ST: Opening it, I found Gretchen’s bracelet with all its jaunty, jingly little
charms.
TT: Setelah membukanya, kutemukan gelang Gretchen dengan semua
amulet kecilnya yang mengeluarkan suara gemerincing gembira.
(datum number 17)
The example above is found in the part of the novel which tells that
Haven heard from Liberty by phone that her aunt (Gretchen) died. Haven
could not attend the funeral of Gretchen because her husband did not allow.
One day, Haven received the postal packets in which the content was
deliberately Gretchen’s bracelet promised by her aunt when Haven was a kid.
The participial phrase in the ST ‘opening it’ shows the relation of time
sequence relation between the participial phrase and the main clause that
happens in past perfect tense for past event. The translation of participial
phrase ‘opening it’ in the TT is setelah membukanya . Linguistic
amplification technique applied by the translator is indicated by the addition of
conjunction ‘setelah’ in the TT that means ‘after that moment’.
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Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there are 3
data translated using conjunction ‘setelah’ in the translation of participial
phrase.
The example of participial phrase translation employing linguistic
amplification technique using the conjunction ‘ketika’ is presented below:
ST: Stopping at the door, I began to punch numbers into the combination
touch pad.
TT: Ketika berhenti di depan pintu, aku mulai menekan sejumlah tombol di
pad nomor kombinasi.
(datum number 32)
The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven
got nervous when she took Hardy to his apartment. She tried to press the pad
containing the combination to open the door to her apartment for a couple of
times.
The participial phrase ‘stopping at the door’ shows time sequence
relation that happens in the same time with the main clause. The participial
phrase ‘stopping at the door’ is then translated to ketika berhenti di depan
pintu in the TT. The translator employed linguistic amplification technique
by adding the conjunction ‘ketika’ which shows an event that takes place at
that time or at that moment.
Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there is
only 1 datum translated using conjunction ‘ketika’ in the translation of
participial phrase.
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The example of participial phrase translation employing linguistic
amplification technique using the conjunction ‘karena’ is presented below
ST: Needing to break the silence, I finally found my voice.
TT: Karena perlu memecahkan keheningan, akhirnya aku bersuara.
(datum number 35)
The example above is found in the part of the novel which tells that the
atmosphere in the Haven’s apartment was so calm when Hardy was there.
Haven tried to make the atmosphere more interesting by asking Hardy’s job
before he became a successful man.
The participial phrase in the ST ‘needing to break the silence’ shows
cause-effect relation with the main clause. The translator then translates it into
karena perlu memecahkan keheningan . Linguistic amplification technique
is employed by the translator marked by the addition of conjunction ‘karena’
in the translation of participial phrase to give a particular reason to the main
clause.
Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there are 6
data translated using conjunction ‘karena’ in the translation of participial
phrase.
The example of participial phrase translation employing linguistic
amplification technique using the conjunction ‘dengan’ is presented as
follows:
ST: Resting my head in the crook of his arm, I slept for a little while.
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TT: Dengan mengistirahatkan kepalaku di lekukan lengannya, aku
tertidur beberapa saat.
(datum number 76)
The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven
calmed Hardy who was getting confused with the problems in his family by
having sex with him.
The participial phrase in the ST ‘resting my head in the crook of his
arm’ shows the relation of manner with the main clause. The translator then
translated it into dengan mengistirahatkan kepalaku di lekukan lengannya .
Linguistic amplification technique is employed by the translator indicated by
the addition of conjunction ‘dengan’ in the translation of participial phrase to
show ‘how something is done’.
Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there are 6
data translated using conjunction ‘dengan’ in the translation of participial
phrase.
The example of participial phrase translation employing linguistic
amplification technique using the conjunction ‘seolah-olah’ is presented
below:
ST: And, adding injury to insult, he’d given me a mean look and
dropped her.
TT: Seolah-olah menambahkan garam di atas luka, dia menatapku kejam
lalu menjatuhkan bonekaku.
(datum number 08)
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The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven
remembered her childhood when she was disturbed by two of her brothers
(Jack and Joe) who are nosy. Jack made Haven’s doll, Bootsie, to be a toy
parachutists. Haven pleaded to them but her words were not heard.
The participial phrase in the ST ‘adding injury to insult’ shows that
the participial phrase and the main clause have the relation of manner. The
translator then translated it into seolah-olah menambahkan garam di atas
luka . Linguistic amplification technique is employed by the translator signed
by the addition of conjunction ‘seolah-olah’ in the translation of participial
phrase to show ‘how something is done’.
Among the data showing linguistic amplification technique, there is
only 1 datum translated using conjunction ‘sambil’ in the translation of
participial phrase.
The list of data using linguistic amplification technique can be seen in
the table below:
Table 4.1 The data translated using linguistic amplification technique
Technique Kinds ofRelations
Data number Total
LinguisticAmplification
1. TimeSequence
a) sambil 01, 05, 06, 07, 10, 12, 13,18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26,28, 29, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40,41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59,60, 69, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80
42
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b) setelah
c) ketika
17, 71, 75
32
3
1
2. Cause-Effect (karena)
14, 30, 35, 37, 64, 68 6
3. Manner
a) Dengan
b) seolah-olah
16, 31, 55, 61, 63, 76
08
6
1
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2. Transposition
Transposition is a translation technique by changing the grammatical
category from the ST to the TT (Molina & Albir, 2002). It can be the
transposition of structure, class, and unit. From the data analysis, there are
only two kinds of transposition techniques applied by the translator in
translating participial phrase. They are transposition from phrase to clause and
transposition from passive to active phrase. There are 9 data (11, 25%) of 80
data applying this technique
a) Transposition from phrase to clause
This kind of transposition is to change the grammatical category in the
form of unit rank that is from a phrase to a clause and vice versa.
For example:
ST: Filling it with water from the sink, I drank in big quenching gulps.
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TT: Aku mengisinya dengan air keran, lalu minum dengan tegukan besar.
(datum number 04)
The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling about Haven
who drank champagne and it then made her thirsty. She went to the kitchen for
a glass and then filled it with tap water to drink.
The participial phrase ‘filling it with water from the sink’ in the ST
has function as a phrase. However, the translator translates it into aku
mengisinya dengan air keran in the TT that functions as a clause. It means
the translator employed transposition technique in translating participial
phrase by changing the phrase mengisinya dengan air keran to a clause
aku mengisinya dengan air keran . The translator gave a subject in the
translation of participial phrase by moving the translation of subject ‘I’ in the
main clause to aku in the translation of participial phrase in the TT.
Among the data showing transposition technique, there are 8 data
translated using transposition from phrase to clause in the translation of
participial phrase.
b) Transposition from passive phrase to active phrase
This kind of transposition is to change the grammatical category in the
form of unit rank, from a phrase that has a passive verb to a phrase that has
active verb.
For example:
ST: Alerted by the racket, Gage had come and rummaged through the
ligustrum until he found Bootsie.
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TT: Mendengar keributan yang terjadi, Gage datang dan menggeledah
semak ligustrum hingga menemukan Bootsie.
(datum number 09)
The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven
ran to find her doll, Bootsie, which fell in the bushes. His eldest brother
(Gage) was trying to help her to find her sister's favorite doll.
The participial phrase ‘alerted by the racket’ functions as a passive
phrase. Meanwhile, the translator translates it to mendengar keributan yang
terjadi that functions as an active phrase. If the participial phrase is translated
to a passive phrase, the translation potentially sounds unnatural in the TL. The
application of transposition technique in translating participial phrase is shown
by the changing of the passive verb of terdengar to active verb mendengar
in the translation of participial phrase ‘mendengar keributan yang terjadi in
the TT.
Among the data showing transposition technique, there is only 1 datum
translated using transposition from passive phrase to active phrase in the
translation.
The list of data using transposition technique can be seen in the table
below:
Table 4.2 The data translated using transposition technique
Technique Kinds of transposition Data Number Total
Transposition a) Transposition
from phrase 04, 19, 23, 27, 36, 46, 8
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to clause 66, 73
b) Transposition
from passive
to active phrase
09 1
9
3. Literal Translation
This technique is used to translate a word or an expression word
for word (Molina &Albir, 2002). Besides, it can also be used to translate
phrase to phrase and clause to clause. Because the data are participial phrases,
the data considered to be literal translation when the participial phrase is
translated word for word without any changing of the phrase structure. There
are 11 data (13, 75%) of 80 data applying this technique.
For example:
ST: Leashed and restrained in civilized clothing, he seemed more a force
of nature than ever.
TT: Diikat dan dibelenggu dalam balutan pakaian yang beradab, ia
kelihatan lebih alamiah dibandingkan sebelumnya.
(datum number 43)
The above extract is found in the part of the novel which tells that
Hardy met Haven's father in his apartment just wearing ordinary clothes.
The participial phrase ‘leashed and restrained in civilized clothing’
in the ST is translated to diikat dan dibelenggu dalam beradab pakaian in
the TT. The example above shows literal technique since the phrase is
translated into phrase. It consists of verb, preposition, and noun phrase.
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However the translator still keeps the phrase form although making some
adjustments by translating the noun phrase civilized clothing in the ST to
‘balutan pakaian yang beradab in the TT.
Among the data showing literal translation technique, there are 11 data
translated literally.
The list of data using literal translation technique can be seen in the table
below:
Table 4.3 The data translated using literal translation technique
Technique Data Number Total
Literal translation 02, 11, 15, 42, 43, 58, 62, 65, 67, 70, 72 11
4. Addition
This technique is applied by the translator by adding some words to
make the translation clearer (Suryawinata & Hariyanto, 2003). By adding
some words in the TT, the meaning and the message of the ST will be easily
understood by the target readers. There is only 1 datum (1, 25%) of 80 data
applying this technique.
For example:
ST: Appalled by the edge of jealousy in my own voice, I continued quickly.
TT: Takjub mendengar nada cemburu yang ada dalam suaraku sendiri,
buru-buru aku melanjutkan.
(datum number 03)
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The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven
asked for her father's blessing to marry Nick, but her father refused.
Meanwhile, her brother, Gage, got a very blessed wedding from him.
The participial phrase ‘appalled by the edge of jealousy in my own
voice’ in the ST is translated to takjub oleh nada cemburu yang ada dalam
suaraku sendiri that still functions as a phrase. However, the translator adds
the word mendengar after the word takjub in the TT. As a result, the
translator applied addition technique in translating the participial phrase since
the translator considers the next words nada cemburu yang ada dalam
suaraku sendiri .
The list of data using literal translation technique can be seen in the table
below:
Table 4.4. The data translated using addition technique
Technique Datum Number Total
Addition 09 1
B. Translation Quality
In this sub chapter, the researcher analyzed the quality of participial phrase
translations in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The detail analysis
of each category is presented as follows:
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A. The Accuracy of Translation
In the analysis on translation accuracy, the data can be classified into two
categories; they are accurate and less accurate translation. None of them can
be categorized as inaccurate translation.
1. Accurate translation
The data included in this classification are the translations of which the
message is the same as that of participial phrase in the source text. There are
45 data (56, 25%) from 80 data that belong to this classification. The
followings are some examples of accurate translations:
Example 1:
ST: Glancing at Liberty, I saw she ha turned pal.
TT: Sambil melirik ke arah Liberty, kulihat wajahnya memucat.
(Datum number 13)
The above extract is taken from the part of the novel which tells that
Haven became tense when Hardy was discovered by her brother (Jack). Her
brother told him to leave the party because Hardy was not the invited guest.
Hardy came there to congratulate her ex-girlfriend, Liberty, who is married to
Haven’s brother. Haven witnessed the incident and glanced at Liberty’s pale
face seeing Hardy kicked out by her brother-in-law.
As seen, the participial phrase ‘Glancing at Liberty’ is translated into
Sambil melirik ke arah Liberty . In the ST, the participial phrase shows the
relation of time in sequence. The conjunction ‘sambil’ in the TT accurately
shows the relation of time in sequence in the ST which means that the action
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is still in progress. Since the message of the translation is the same as that of
the ST, the above extract is considered to be accurate. All raters agree that the
above datum is accurate.
Example 2:
ST: Stopping at the door, I began to punch numbers into the combination
touch pad.
TT: Ketika berhenti di depan pintu, aku mulai menekan sejumlah tombol
di pad nomor kombinasi.
(Datum number 32)
The above extract is taken from the part of novel which tells that Haven
got nervous when she took Hardy to her apartment. She tried to press the pad
containing the combination to open the apartment’s door for a couple of times.
The participial phrase ‘stopping at the door’ in the above datum is
translated into ‘ketika berhenti di depan pintu . The use of the conjunction
‘ketika’ accurately shows time in sequence relation that means 'at that moment
or at that time’ of the ST. All raters considered that the message of participial
phrase is accurately and totally conveyed in the TT.
Most of the data included in this classification are resulted from the
translation technique of linguistic amplification.
2. Less accurate Translation
This classification includes all data that are considered less accurate. The
message of the data in the ST is less accurately transferred in the TT. There
are parts of the message which are lost in the translation or there are some
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additional information. There are 35 data or 43, 75% from 80 data that belong
to this classification. The followings are some examples of less accurate
translations from the data.
Example 1:
ST: Having become familiar with his solid recall of facts and details, I
wasn’t all that surprised.
TT: Karena sudah terbiasa dengan semua ingatannya yang mantap
mengenai fakta dan detail, maka aku tidak terlalu terkejut dengan
jawabannya nanti.
(Datum number 68)
The above extract is found in the part of the novel which tells that Hardy
invited Haven to go home together while Haven would like to see the rest of
the exhibition of the "rigs-to-reefs". Hardy then said that Haven did not have
to see it because he could tell all about the "rigs-to-reefs".
The participial phrase ‘having become familiar with his solid recall of
facts and details‘in the ST is translated into ‘karena sudah terbiasa dengan
semua ingatannya yang mantap mengenai fakta dan detail’ in the TT. It is
clearly shows the use of conjunction ‘karena’ in the TT to show cause-effect
relation. However, the translations of the noun phrase ‘his solid recall‘ into
ingatannya yang mantap does not convey the message well. The translation
should be ingatannya yang tajam so that the translation will be accurate in
the TL. As a result, the translation of participial phrase in the TT becomes
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‘karena sudah terbiasa dengan semua ingatannya yang kuat mengenai
fakta dan detail .
Example 2:
ST: Checking the phone messages, I saw nothing but two hang-ups, both of
them from a Dallas number.
TT: Aku memeriksa pesan di ponsel, aku tidak melihat apa-apa selain dua
kali telepon yang tidak diangkat dan dua-duanya berasal dari nomor
di Dallas.
(Datum number 73)
The above example is found the part of the novel telling that Haven was
expecting a call from Hardy and then she checked his cell phone. Apparently,
there was a missed call from Dallas and it was possibly the call from Nick (her
ex-husband) in Dallas.
The participial phrase in the ST ‘checking the phone messages’ is
translated into aku memeriksa pesan di ponsel in the TT. The translation of
participial phrase in the example above is less accurate in the TL. It does not
show the relation of participial phrase and its main clause. It should be better
to add conjunction ‘ketika in the translation of participial phrase to show time
in sequence relation in which two events happen in the same time. The
translation of participial phrase will be “ ketka aku memeriksa pesan di
ponsel . Consequently, the message can be accurately transferred in the TL.
The classification of translation accuracy is shown in the table below:
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Table 4.5. The classification of translation accuracy
Category Datum Number Total
number
Percentage
Accurate 01, 05, 07, 08, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 21, 25, 26, 27, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45,
48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
69, 70, 72, 74, 79
45 56, 25 %
Less
Accurate
02, 03, 04, 06, 09, 10, 18, 19,
20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 40, 44, 46, 47, 49,
51, 59, 62, 68, 71, 73, 75, 76,
77, 78, 80
35 43, 75 %
B. The Acceptability of Translation
In the analysis on translation acceptability, the data can be classified into
two categories; they are acceptable and less acceptable translation. None of
them can be categorized as unacceptable translation.
From the 80 data, there are 58 (72, 5%) acceptable data, 22 (27, 5%) less
acceptable data, and no unacceptable data. It means that the translation has
natural expression and right grammatical structure.
The followings are detail analysis of each classification:
1. Acceptable translation
All data considered acceptable in the TL are categorized in this
classification. The acceptable data are the data which use natural expression
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and have no grammatical error. Most data belong to this classification and
there are 58 (72, 50 %) data from the entire data. The following data are the
examples of acceptable data:
Example 1:
ST: Having taken a stand against my marriage to Nick, Dad went through
with his threat to cut me off entirely.
TT: Karena menentang pernikahanku dengan Nick, Dad melaksanakan
ancamannya, yakni memutuskan hubungan denganku sepenuhnya.
(Datum number 14)
The above extract is taken from the part of the novel which tells that
Haven’s father did not approve her marriage with Nick so that he would not
give a penny to their money and also disconnected the relation between father
and daughter.
The participial phrase ‘having taken a stand against my marriage to
Nick’ in the ST is translated into karena menentang pernikahanku dengan
Nick in the TT. The datum above is acceptable in the TL because the
translation sounds natural. Besides, the translation is grammatically correct in
the TT. In translating participial phrase, the translator uses conjunction
‘karena’ to show the relation of cause-effect.
Example 2:
ST: Stopping at the door, I began to punch numbers into the combination
touch pad.
TT: Ketika berhenti di depan pintu, aku mulai menekan sejumlah tombol di
pad nomor kombinasi.
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(Datum number 32)
The above extract is taken from the part of the novel which tells that
Haven got nervous when she took Hardy to her apartment. She tried to press
the pad containing the combination to open the door to her apartment for a
couple of time.
The participial phrase ‘stopping at the door’ in the ST is translated into
ketika berhenti di depan pintu in the TT. Similar with the first example, the
datum above sounds natural and no grammatical error. The use of conjunction
‘ketika’ in the translation makes the structure more acceptable in the TL in
showing time sequence relation. The translator can maintain the form of
complex sentence that consists of two clauses. All raters agree that the
translation of participial phrase above is acceptable in the TL.
2. Less acceptable translation
This classification consists of all data that are considered less acceptable in
the TT. The translation has some grammatical errors and sounds awkward in
the TT. There are 22 data (27, 50%) belonging to this classification. The
followings are the examples of less acceptable translations.
Example 1:
ST: Coming from a respectable middle-class background, this was a
shock to his system.
TT: Datang dari kelas menengah yang cukup terhormat, acara seperti ini
tentu membuatnya kaget.
(Datum number 02)
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The above extract is taken from the part of the novel with the context that
Nick looks awkward when he was attending the wedding of Haven’s brother,
Gage, held massively and festively. Nick is a man from the middle class while
Haven is a girl from the upper class.
The participial phrase ‘coming from a respectable middle-class
background’ in the ST is translated into ‘datang dari kelas menengah yang
cukup terhormat in the TT. As seen, the translation of participial phrase
sounds clumsy in the TT. Although the translation ‘Datang dari kelas
menengah yang cukup terhormat is translated well in the TT, it does not
have a relation with the subject of the main clause ‘acara’. The translation of
participial phrase should refer to the subject of the main clause. Some raters
agree that the above datum is less acceptable in the TL. The translation of
participial phrase will be more acceptable in the TL if it is translated to
‘Datang dari kelas menengah yang cukup terhormat, Nick merasa kaget
dengan acara seperti ini .
Example 2:
ST: Left alone with Gage, I smiled up at him uncertainly, wondering if I was
about to get a lecture.
TT: Ditinggal sendirian bersama Gage, aku tersenyum rikuh ke arahnya
sambil bertanya-tanya apakah saat itu aku akan dikotbahi olehnya.
(Datum number 70)
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The context of the datum above is that Hardy left Haven along with his
brother, Gage, when he received a phone call. Haven was afraid if she would
be preached by his brother about her relationship with Hardy.
The participial phrase ‘left alone with Gage’ in the TT is translated into
ditinggal sendirian bersama Gage in the TT. The translation of participial
phrase in the TT is less acceptable because it is less grammatically correct.
The second rater suggested giving a conjunction to show the relation of the
clause. Because it is a cause-effect relation, the translation should be better
‘karena ditinggal sendirian bersama Gage . Besides, the translation also
sounds less natural. The third rater argued that the words sendirian besama
in the TT have contrast meaning. The translation will be more acceptable in
the TT if it is translated to karena ditinggal sendirian dengan Gage
The classification of translation acceptability is shown in the table below:
Table 4.6. The classification of translation acceptability
Category Datum Number Total
number
Percentage
Acceptable01, 03, 04, 07, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27,
28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45,
46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66,
67, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 79, 80
58 72, 5 %
Less
acceptable
02, 05, 06, 08, 09, 10, 13, 17, 26,
29, 30, 33, 35, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44,
47, 51, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 77
22 27, 75 %
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C. The Readability of Translation
In the analysis on translation readability, the data can be classified into two
categories; they are readable and less readable translation. None of them can
be categorized as unreadable translation. From the total data, there are 28
(35%) readable data, 52 (62%) less readable data, and no unreadable datum.
The followings are the detail analysis of each classification:
1. Readable translation
The data considered readable for the target readers are categorized in this
classification. The readers can easily understand the meaning of the participial
phrase translation. This classification covers 28 data or 35% of the entire data.
The followings are some examples of readable data:
Example 1:
TT: Sambil menempel di pojok, aku menyandarkan kepalaku di dinding
dan menarik napas, lalu menunggu.
(Datum number 47)
The above extract is taken from the part of the novel telling that Haven
used his laptop to get the lighting until the battery run out by itself. She waited
for help to come to her with feeling of fear because the water had flooded the
elevator as high as her chest.
From the data analysis, all respondents understood the meaning of
participial phrase translation ‘sambil menempel di pojok in the TT after
reading the translation once. Besides, the translation also uses simple words
that could be easily understood by the respondents as the target readers.
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Example 2:
TT: Karena pernah hidup dengan seorang suami yang menghabiskan
sebagian besar waktunya demi memompa ego-nya yang rapuh,
aku menghargai sifat Hardy yang sangat percaya diri.
(Datum number 64)
The above extract is found in the part of the novel telling that Haven
realized that Hardy is a man of great concern to her. Hardy wanted to confess
if he was considered wrong, while Nick was always bestow all the blame to
Haven.
The example above clearly shows a readable translation that can be easily
understood by the target readers. The translation of participial phrase ‘karena
pernah hidup dengan seorang suami yang menghabiskan sebagian besar
waktunya demi memompa ego-nya yang rapuh in the TT uses right
conjunction ‘karena’ which can show the relation with the main clause as a
cause-effect relation. The respondents just read it once and the meaning can be
easily caught.
2. Less Readable Translation
This classification covers the data which are considered less readable in
the TL. The respondents read the data twice to understand the meaning of
participial phrase translation. There are 52 data (65%) belonging to this
classification. The followings are some examples of less readable data:
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Example 1:
TT: Sambil mencoba berpikir terlepas dari denyut yang menyakitkan di
kepalaku, aku mempertimbangkan pilihan-pilihan yang kupunya saat itu.
(Datum number 20)
The above extract is taken from the part of the novel which tells that Nick
dragged Haven out of the apartment and Nick locked the door from the inside.
Haven tried to run away from Nick by walking toward the sidewalk. She
thought what she can do to be free from Nick at the time his body was weak
and helpless.
Most respondents considered that the translation of participial phrase
sambil mencoba berpikir terlepas dari denyut yang menyakitkan di
kepalaku above is less readable for the target readers. They have different
reasons why they considered the datum above as less readable translation.
Some of them found it rather difficult to understand since it uses long sentence
and difficult words. To make the meaning of participial phrase translation
clearer, the translation can be changed into ‘Sambil mencoba berpikir agar
terlepas dari denyut yang menyakitkan di kepalaku .
Example 2:
TT: Sambil masih memegang pistol itu, aku lari ke dapur dan mengambil
beberapa lembar lap kering yang terlipat.
(Datum number 79)
The example above is found in the part of the novel telling that Nick
(Haven’s ex-husband) came to the apartment again and hurt Haven because
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she had left him in Dallas previously. Haven left Nick since he was a cruel and
inconsiderate. Nick put a gun to Haven’s head and Hardy even came to rescue
her. Hardy beat Nick until he was unconscious while Haven took Nick’s fallen
gun. Seeing Hardy was also getting injured, she took a rag to clean the wound.
Generally, most respondents considered that the words sambil masih in
the translation of participial phrase ‘Sambil masih memegang pistol itu’
made them get confused. The translation can be sambil memegang pistol itu
so that the meaning will be more readable for the target readers.
The classification of translation readability is shown in the table below:
Table 4.7. The classification of translation acceptability
Category Datum Number Total
number
Percentage
Readable 10, 18, 23, 26, 28, 33, 39, 41, 44,45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59,60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 71, 74, 77,80
22 27, 75 %
LessReadable
01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20,21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32,34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 46,49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 61, 66, 67, 68,70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79
58 72, 25 %
C. Discussion
Translation technique and its impact on the translation quality of
participial phrase in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability will be
discussed in this sub chapter. The summary of the analysis can be seen in the
following table:
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Table 4.8 The influence of translation strategy to translation quality
Translation
Quality
Technique
Accurate
Data
Less accurate
Data
Acceptable
Data
Less Acceptable
Data
Readable
Data
Less Readable
Data
Linguistic
amplification
01, 05, 07, 08, 12,
13, 14, 16, 17, 21,
25, 26, 35, 37, 38,
39, 41, 45, 48, 50,
52, 53, 54, 55, 56,
57, 60, 61, 69, 74,
79
06, 10, 18, 20, 22,
24, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 40, 44,
47, 49, 51, 59, 63,
64, 68, 71, 75, 76,
77, 78, 80
1, 01, 07, 12, 14,
16, 18, 20, 21,
22, 24, 25, 28,
31, 32, 34, 37,
39, 41, 45, 48,
49, 50, 52, 53,
54, 55, 56, 57,
59, 60, 61, 64,
74, 75, 76, 78,
79, 80
05, 06, 08, 10, 13,
17, 26, 29, 30, 33,
35, 38, 40, 44, 47,
51, 63, 68, 69, 71,
77
10, 18, 26, 28,
33, 39, 41, 44,
45, 47, 48, 52,
53, 55, 57, 59,
60, 69, 71, 74,
77, 80
01, 05, 06, 07,
08, 12, 13, 14, 6,
17, 20, 21, 22,
24, 25, 29, 30,
31, 32, 34, 35,
37, 38, 40, 49,
50, 51, 54, 56,
61, 68, 75, 76,
78, 79,
Total/Percentage 31
(52, 54 %)
28
(47, 46 %)
38
(64,41%)
21
(35,59%)
24
(40,68 %)
35
(59,32 %)
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Transposition 27, 36, 66 04, 09, 19, 23, 46,
73
04, 19, 23, 27,
36, 46, 66, 73
09 23 04, 09, 19, 27,
36, 46, 66, 73
Total/Percentage 3
(33, 33 %)
6
(66, 67 %)
8
(88,89%)
1
(11,11%)
1
(11,11 %)
8
(88,89 %)
Literal
Translation
11, 15, 42, 43, 57,
65, 67, 70, 72
02, 62 11, 15, 58, 62,
65, 67
02, 42, 43, 70, 72 58, 63, 65 02, 11, 15, 42,
43, 67, 70, 72
Total/Percentage 9
(81, 82 %)
2
(18, 18 %)
6
(54,55%)
5
(45,45%)
3
(27,27%)
8
(72,73 %)
Addition - 03 03 - - 3
Total/Percentage - 1 (100 %) 1 (100%) - - 1 (100%)
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The above table shows that there are 4 techniques applied by the
translator in translating participial phrases. They are linguistic amplification,
transposition, literal translation, and addition.
The most frequently technique used is linguistic amplification. There are
59 data (73, 75%) of 80 data showing linguistic amplification technique which is
marked by the use of conjunction. This finding is in line with Molina & Albir’s
statement that linguistic amplification technique is applied by adding linguistic
element (Molina & Albir, 2002). In this case, it is shown by the addition of
conjunction that can show the implicit relation between the participial phrase and
the main clause. The Indonesian conjunctions used are sambil, setelah, and ketika
to show time sequence relation, karena to show cause-effect relation, dengan and
seolah-olah to show the relation of manner.
Among the data using linguistic amplification technique, there are 31 data
(52, 54%) considered as accurate translations with the right conjunction. The
conjunction can show the sentence relation between the participial phrase and the
main clause in the above examples. There are 28 data (47, 46%) considered as less
accurate translations. It is because the translator sometimes applies wrong
conjunction to show the sentence relation. Consequently, linguistic amplification
technique applied does not give accurate message to the target readers. There are
38 data (64, 41%) considered as acceptable translations and 21 data (35, 59%)
considered as less acceptable translations. The acceptable data also use
appropriate conjunction in the TL so that the meaning sounds natural. Besides, the
conjunctions in the phrase can make the grammatical structure more acceptable in
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the TL. However, linguistic amplification technique results in only 24 data (40,
68%) considered as readable translations and 35 data (59, 32%) considered as less
readable translations. It is not because of the linguistic amplification technique
used but the use of inappropriate diction in the translation that can influences the
meaning.
The second technique mostly used is literal translation that is employed by
11 data (13, 75%) of the total data. Among the data using literal translation
technique, there are 9 data (81, 82 %) considered as accurate translations and 2
data (18, 18 %) considered as less accurate translations. There are 6 data (54,
55%) considered as acceptable translations and 5 data (45, 45%) considered as
less acceptable translations. It means that the application of literal technique in the
simple participial phrase form results in many translations with natural expression
and good grammatical. There are 3 data (27, 27%) considered as readable
translations and 8 data (72, 73 %) considered as less readable translations. It
means that this technique results in unclear translations that make the readers find
it difficult to understand and they may read the translation twice to catch the
meaning.
The third technique used is transposition technique. There are two kinds of
transposition techniques applied by the translator in translating participial phrase.
They are transposition from phrase to clause and transposition from passive to
active phrase. It is in line with Molina & Albir’s statement that transposition is a
translation technique by changing the grammatical category from the ST to the TT
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(Molina & Albir, 2002). This technique is applied by 9 data (11, 25%) of the total
data.
Among the data using transposition technique, there are 3 data (33, 33 %)
considered as accurate translations and 6 data (66, 67 %) considered as less
accurate translations. Some of the data resulted from this technique are
ambiguous. There are 8 data (88, 89%) considered as acceptable translations and 1
datum (11, 11%) considered as less acceptable translations. By changing the
grammatical structure of the participial phrase, the translations sound more natural
in the TL. However, there is only 1 datum (11, 11%) considered as readable
translation and 8 data (88, 89 %) considered as less readable translations. They are
caused by ambiguous relation between the participial phrase translation and the
main clause.
The last technique that is used is addition technique. There is only one
datum showing addition technique. It is considered to be acceptable but less
accurate and less readable.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
Considering the analysis results based on two problem statements in this
research, the conclusion can be drawn as follows:
1. There are four techniques applied by the translator in translating participial
phrases in the novel ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’. They are linguistic amplification (59
data or 73, 75%), transposition (9 data or 11, 25%), literal translation (11 data
or 13, 75%), and addition (1 datum or 1, 25%). Linguistic amplification is the
technique mostly used by the translator to translate participial phrases found
in the novel.
2. The participial phrases found in the novel ‘Blue-Eyed Devil’ are generally
well translated in the TT, based on the quality of translation.
The analysis on the accuracy of the translation shows that 45 data (56,
25%) are considered to be accurate and 35 data (43, 75%) are considered to
be less accurate. The technique which results in translations with high level
of accuracy is linguistic amplification. Meanwhile, the technique which
results in translations with low level of accuracy is transposition.
The analysis on the acceptability of the translation shows that 58 data
or (72,50%) are considered to be acceptable and 22 data or (27,50%) are
considered to be less acceptable. The techniques which results in translations
with high level of acceptability are linguistic amplification and transposition.
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Meanwhile, the technique which results in translations with low level of
acceptability is literal translation.
The analysis on the readability of the translation shows that 28 data
(35%) are readable and 52 data (65%) are less readable. However, most of
the readable translations with high percentage than others are resulted from
the linguistic amplification technique.
B. Recommendation
1. The translator
Linguistic amplification technique is appropriately needed in translating
participial phrase to show the sentence relation between the participial phrase
and the main clause. Generally, by using this technique the translation of
participial phrase in the TT becomes accurate, acceptable, and even readable.
Before translating participial phrase, a translator should analyze the
context to find out the implicit meaning of the relation between the participial
phrase and the main clause. By understanding the relation of the participial
phrase and the main clause, the translator will be able to find more accurate,
acceptable, and readable translation for the target readers.
2. Other researchers
This research is trying to find out the translation techniques applied to
translate the participial phrase from English to Indonesian language. Besides,
it focuses on the quality of translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability,
readability of participial phrase translations in the novel ‘Blue-eyed Devil’.
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Other researchers may conduct the research about participial phrase not only
taken from the novel but also other literary works. The use of conjunction by
applying linguistic amplification technique in translating participial phrase is
interesting to be taken as a research since there are many other conjunctions of
sentence relation that are not analyzed in this research.