A TENOR COMPARATIVE STUDY ON NEWS TEXTS IN ...Name : Dewi Winahyu Jati NIM : C1306002 Stated wholeheartedly that the thesis entitled A Tenor Comparative Study on News Texts in The

perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

commit to user

A TENOR COMPARATIVE STUDY ON NEWS TEXTS IN THE

JAKARTA POST AND LONDON EVENING STANDARD

NEWSPAPER RELATED TO THE SMOKING BAN IN

PUBLIC PLACES

(Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement

For The Sarjana Sastra Degree at the English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

By:

DEWI WINAHYU JATI

C1306002

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

2011


commit to user

ii


commit to user

iii


commit to user

iv

PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Dewi Winahyu Jati

NIM : C1306002

Stated wholeheartedly that the thesis entitled A Tenor Comparative

Study on News Texts in The Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard

Newspaper Related to the Smoking Ban in Public Places (Based on Systemic

Functional Linguistics) is originally made by the researcher. This is not plagiarism

nor made by others. The things related to the other people‟s work are written in

quotations and included within the bibliography.

If it is then proven that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to

take the responsibility.

Surakarta, July 2011

The researcher

Dewi Winahyu Jati


commit to user

v

MOTTO

"Health, happiness and success depend upon the fighting spirit of each person. The big

thing is not what happens to us in life - but what we do about what happens to us."

(George Allen)

“Sometimes crying, sometimes getting worse, life isn’t always perfect

But, thankfulness to ALLAH SWT is the best thing

to make us remember who we are”

(Dewi)


commit to user

vi

DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to:

My beloved parents ((alm)bapak samto

& ibu prapti)

My beloved sister (Ika Astuti)

My Thesis Supervisor (Bapak

Djatmika)

My Lecturers

My friends


commit to user

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirrobbil’alamin

All praises just for Allah SWT for the blessing, love and guidance so that

the researcher can complete this thesis. This thesis will not complete without

support and encouragement from many people. Therefore, the researcher would

like to express her gratitude to the following persons who have given important

contribution to this thesis. I would like to express my great appreciation deeply to:

1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed.,

Ph.D., for approving this thesis

2. The Head of Non-Regular English Department, Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd.,

for giving me permission to write this thesis.

3. Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A, my thesis supervisor, for his guidance, patience,

support, and advice in completing this thesis.

4. All my lecturers in English Department thank you very much for all

knowledge given to me.

5. My examiner team: Dr. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum, Karunia Purna K,S.S., M.Si,

Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A and Dr.Tri Wiratno, MA thank you for being my

thesis examiners.

6. My beloved parents, (alm) Bapak Samto and Ibu Sri Suprapti, you are the best

for me. Thank you very much for your time, love, patience, care and attention.

I will be thankful for praying and supporting me both financially and


commit to user

viii

spiritually during my study. I miss you, dad and I love you, mom. You are

everything for me.

7. My beloved sister, Ika Astuti. You are the best sister I have ever had. You are

my inspiration for always making me to move on. I will also be thankful for

your husband (mas Hasim) and your cute child (Ganendra). You are all being

my spirit and happiness. Dedek Ganendra always makes me laugh and cheers

me up, I love you so much.

8. My big family in Boyolali, Purwokerto, Kebumen and Batang, thank you so

much for the support, prayer, and love.

9. Haryanto “Mas Hary”. Thank you so much for always staying with me in

every moment, both in sadness and happiness. You always remind me to be

patient and keep smiling. Thank you for the prayer, support, love, attention

and everything.

10. My ‘bubu’, ‘bory’ and ‘miory’ which always stay with me during finishing my

study in Solo. I love you so much.

11. My best friends Dian and Pina, both of you are sisters for me. Thank you so

much for always staying with me in sadness and happiness. To Dian, thanks a

lot for accompanying me to finish the thesis. To Pina who doesn‟t want to be

called „Fina‟, thank you for your time. To Ti-chan, thank you for the

friendship, I miss to hang out together like what we did in the past. To Citra,

thank you for the nice friendship, when will we meet again, hang out, eat out

and do karaoke? I miss you.


commit to user

ix

12. All my friends in English Department NR ‟06 and „07, thank you for the nice

friendship. Always keep in touch! To „Yume’ and Jenk Tri thank you for

supporting me to finish the thesis, and always cheering me up. To Junior, I am

sorry and thank you for the advice.

13. My lovely friends and sisters in boarding house, Jeng Lisa, Jenk Kemi, Nduk

Teguh, Gini, Rina, Mbak May and Mbak Nita. To Jenk Lisa, thank you so

much for your tasty food, care, support and love. To Dicma‟s family, thank

you so much for the nice friendship.

14. For those who have not been listed yet, it does not mean that I have neglected

your support and help. Thank you so much.

Finally, the researcher realizes that this thesis is not perfect. Therefore, the

comments and suggestions are needed to make this thesis better. I hope that this

thesis will be useful for others.

The researcher

Dewi Winahyu Jati


commit to user

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ……………………………………………

APPROVAL OF THESIS SUPERVISOR ………..

APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS.

PRONOUNCEMENT …………………………….

MOTTO……………………………………………

DEDICATION ……………………………………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………..

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………..

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………….

ABSTRACT ………………………………………

……………………

…………………....

……………………

……………………

……………………

……………………

……………………

……………………

……………………

……………………

……………………

i

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

x

xii

xiv

xv

I. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background …………………………………………….... 1

B. Problem Statements ……………………………………………....... 5

C. Research Limitation ………………………………………………… 5

D. Research Objectives ………………………………………………... 6

E. Research Significance ………………………………………………. 6

F. Research Benefits ………………………………………………...... 6

G. Research Methodology ……………………………………………. 7

H. Thesis Organization ……………………………………………….. 8

II. CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Mass Media ……………………………………………………….. 9

B. Systemic Functional Linguistics ………………………………….. 13

C. Text and Context ………………………………………………….. 14


commit to user

xi

D. Register ……………………………………………………………. 15

E. Tenor as the Realization of Interpersonal Meaning ……………….. 16

F. Lexicogrmmar ……………………………………………………. 18

G. Cohesion ………………………………………………………...... 35

H. Text Structure …………………………………………………….. 38

I. Genre ……………………………………………………………… 38

1. Factual Genre ………………………………………………… 40

2. Story Genre …………………………………………………… 47

III. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research ............................................................................. 52

B. Data and Source Data ....................................................................... 52

C. Sample and Sampling Technique …………………………………. 53

D. Research Procedure ……………………………………………….. 53

E. Technique of Collecting Data ........................................................... 54

F. Procedure Data Analysis …………………………………………... 54

IV. CHAPTER IV: DATA INTERPETATION AND DISCUSSION

A. Introduction ……………………………………………………… ... 56

B. Data Description …………………………………………………… 57

C. Data Interpretation ……………………………………………….… 89

D. Discussion ………………………………………………………… . 108

V. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion ……………………………………………………….… 115

B. Recommendation ………………………………………………...… 118

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES


commit to user

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Table of external conjunction (but) ………………………………... 19

Table 2.2 Table of external conjunction (and) ……………………………….. 19

Table 2.3 Table of hypotactic relation ……………………………………….. 19

Table 2.4 Table of elaboration ……………………………………………….. 20

Table 2.5 Table of extension ………………………………………………..... 20

Table 2.6 Table of enhancement …..…………………….………………….... 21

Table 2.7 Table of locution …………………………………………………... 21

Table 2.8 Table of idea ………………………………………………………. 21

Table 2.9 Table of mood structure …………………………………………… 22

Table 2.10 Table unmarked topical theme …………………………………….. 25

Table 2.11 Table marked topical theme ……………………………………….. 25

Table 2.12 Table of unfused finite of interrogative structure …………………. 26

Table 2.13 Table of mood adjunct …………………………………………….. 26

Table 2.14 Table of polarity adjunct …………………………………………... 26

Table 2.15 Table of vocative adjunct…………………………………………... 26

Table 2.16 Table of comment adjunct ……………………………………........ 27

Table 2.17 Table of continuity adjunct ………………………………………... 27

Table 2.18 Table of conjunctive adjunct ………………………………………. 28

Table 2.19 Table of congruent lexis ….….…………………………………….. 32

Table 2.20 Table of incongruent lexis ………………………………………… 33

Table 2.21 Table of recount genre……………………………………………... 40

Table 2.22 Table of report genre ………………………………………………. 41

Table 2.23 Table of procedure genre…………………………………………... 42

Table 2.24 Table of explanation genre ………………………………………… 43

Table 2.25 Table of description genre ……………………………………...…. 44

Table 2.26 Table of exposition genre ……………………………………….…. 45

Table 2.27 Table of discussion genre….….……………………………………. 46

Table 2.28 Table of recount genre …………………………………………….. 48

Table 2.29 Table of narrative genre ………………………………………........ 48

Table 2.30 Table of anecdote genre ……………………………………............ 50

Table 2.31 Table of exemplum genre …………………………………………. 51

Table 4.1 Table of mood system of text 1 ……………………………………. 57

Table 4.2 Table of type of clause of text 1 ………………………………........ 58

Table 4.3 Table of interdependence and logico-semantic relation of text 1 …. 58

Table 4.4 Table of nominal groups of text 1 …………………………………. 59

Table 4.5 Table of verbal groups of text 1 …………………………………… 60

Table 4.6 Table of text structure of text 1 ……………………………………. 64

Table 4.7 Table of mood system of text 2 ……………………………………. 73

Table 4.8 Table of type of clause of text 2 …………………………………… 74

Table 4.9 Table of interdependence and logico-semantic relation of text 2 …. 74


commit to user

xiii

Table 4.10 Table of nominal groups of text 2 …………………………………. 75

Table 4.11 Table of verbal groups of text 2 …………………………………… 76

Table 4.12 Table of text structure of text 2 ……………………………………. 80


commit to user

xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Figure of tenor …………………………………………………....... 17

Figure 2.2 Figure of mood system ……………………………………….......... 22

Figure 2.3 Figure of modality system ………………………………………… 24

Figure 4.1 Figure of lexical strings of text 1 ………………………………….. 67

Figure 4.2 Figure of conjunctive relation of text 1 ……………………………. 71

Figure 4.3 Figure of lexical strings of text 2 ………………………………….. 88

Figure 4.4 Figure of conjunctive relation of text 2 ……………………………. 92


commit to user

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Social connection is a quite tight to mass media. The role of the mass

media in the communication process is often seen by many as being beneficial.

People easily get a lot of updated information or news everyday which is not only

a politic matters, but also technology, health, education, fashion, sport,

entertainment even regional cuisine. According to Bachtiar Hakim (2008),

newspaper only concerned in politic issue because it is used by politics parties to

keep on their authority. In Washington and Jefferson era, newspaper was really in

dark era, because the news was used as the media to fall down each party.

Moreover, lately centuries, mass media runs rapidly to be more advanced, for

instance it has a part in providing the public opinion columns to express the

people‟s view as a response of that news.

Newspaper is one kind of mass media that has a wide variety of material

consumed by the largest people in the world. The practical, cheap and easy

functions are the reasons they use it. It is practical because of the variety which

contains the editorial opinions, criticisms, persuasions, entertainment features

such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes, weather news and forecast, advice

column, food column and other columns, like reviews of movies, plays and

restaurants. Second, it is cheap. People need a few bucks to buy the printed

newspaper or just to borrow it. The last one it is easy. Many places provide it, for


commit to user

2

instance book shops, stores, even newspaper subscriptions or more than the three

of reasons; the simplest one is reading the news on the internet.

Newspaper on the internet or online newspaper has a similar form with

printed newspaper, but we do not get a problem in searching the previous news.

By clicking what date of publishing the news in „search‟ column, we will get any

date or many local, national and international newspapers that we want.

The largest English language newspaper in Indonesia is The Jakarta post.

It is an influential newspaper oriented towards local English-speaking expatriates

and the diplomatic community. In many ways, it acts as an unofficial mouthpiece

of the Indonesian government into the international community, while in another

country, we know the newspaper namely London Evening Standard. It is the

dominant regional evening newspaper for London and the southeast of England

which covers of national and international news and a strong emphasis on City of

London finance. The researcher uses both of the newspapers as the source of data

in this research.

The Jakarta Post entitled „Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms in public places

and buildings‟ was published on March 30th

, 2010 by Indah Setiawati

(www.thejakartapost.com) while London Evening Standard entitled „should we be

smoke free?‟ was published on October 27th

, 2003 by Ross Lydall

(www.thisislondon.co.uk). Those newspapers have difference writers and

publishers, but they have similar topics which tell about a smoking ban in public

places in Jakarta and London. The topic has been becoming controversial and has


commit to user

3

not been getting the solution yet, because many aspects must be considered before

taking the decision whether it is banned or not.

Smoking ban has been becoming the big issue since 1575 and inviting a

big attention for public in the world. One of the world's earliest smoking bans was

a 1575 Mexican religious council ban that banned the use of tobacco in any

church in Mexico and Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. In the late of the 20th

century, the smoking ban more referred to health reason, particularly for

secondhand tobacco. The industry of tobacco held an awareness campaign as a

tolerance for people who get the impact of smoke when they were in public

places, but the industry avoided smoking ban.

In 2007, America followed to restrict the ban of smoking in public places,

54% of Americans favored a complete ban inside of restaurants, 34% favored a

ban in all hotel rooms, and 29% favored a ban inside of bars. Based on the general

views of smoking ban above, the researcher intends to develop a deeper research

by researching through taking smoking ban issues which occurs in Indonesia and

London in news column from the Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard

newspapers, and it uses Systemic Functional Linguistics as the research approach.

Newspapers need interesting stories. Sometimes the writer even creates

stories where there is no absolute evidence and ambiguous. It relates to the

language and context is used. For example „eyes half closed, he then blew straight

into everyone else‟s face‟. It is not clear what the speaker actually means, about

thing he uses to be, to blow into everyone.


commit to user

4

Suzanne Eggins (1994: 8) says without further contextual information, it is not

possible to determine which meaning is being made. It means that information is

used to know the kinds of meaning which present in language and how these

meanings relate to the context in which people speak, write, hear and read

(Kappagoda, 2009). In Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), contextual

information consists of context of situation and culture.

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is taken as basis to make research

possible to conduct since it is designed to account for how the language is used.

The study of SFL views language as a system of meanings, accompanied by the

forms through which the meaning can be realized. A lot of meanings of text can

be found by this study, start from identifying context of situation (register) in its

text up to the way the writer constructs his/her opinion. Tenor is one of the

register theories concerning with the status, affect, and contact of the participant

who are involved in event of a text. The genre itself is seen as „a staged, goal

oriented social process‟ (Martin, 1992: 505). Genre is a stage because meaning is

made in steps while genre as a goal oriented social process meaning a process of

interaction among member of culture to reach their goal.

Based on the phenomenon above, the research is entitled “A Tenor

Comparative Study on News Texts in The Jakarta Post and London Evening

Standard Newspaper Related to The Smoking Ban in Public Places. “


commit to user

5

B. Problem Statements

Based on the research background, some questions are formulated as

follows:

1. How is the status realized in the news text in “The Jakarta Post and

London Evening Standard” newspaper?

2. How is the affect realized in the news text in “The Jakarta Post and


3. How is the contact realized in the news text in “The Jakarta Post and


4. What are the similarities and differences of the news text in “The

Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard” newspaper?

C. Research Limitation

The research only focuses on the news texts concerning smoking ban news

taken from the online newspapers and published on The Jakarta Post in March

30th

, 2010 and London Evening Standard in October 27th

, 2003.

This research is aimed to know the reaction of the newspapers writer and

public toward the smoking ban in public places between Jakarta (in The Jakarta

Post newspaper) and London (in London Evening Standard newspaper). The

research applies theory of SFL, specifically in the tenor analysis. It limits to

discover the similarities and differences of three elements of tenor; they are status,

affect and contact of both texts through analyzing lexicogrammar, cohesion and

genre.


commit to user

6

D. Research Objectives

The goal of the research is to know how the tenor of news texts published

on the Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard Newspaper concerning the

smoking ban in public places. In more detail, these research objectives are:

1. To describe the status realized in the news text in both newspapers.

2. To describe the affect realized in the news text in both newspapers.

3. To describe the contact realized in the news text in both newspapers.

4. To discover the similarities and differences of the news text in both

newspapers.

E. Research Significance

The research is significant for the researcher to describe and determine the

tenor of texts of news column of The Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard

Newspaper dealing with smoking ban in public places in Indonesia and London.

The description includes many aspects from which the tenor of the text can be

seen through lexico-grammar system, cohesion and genre.

F. Research Benefits

This research contributes at first hand to the greater understanding of text

analysis in the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. The research is

then expected to be beneficial for:

1. The English Department Students

This research can be additional references in learning Linguistics

mainstream, particularly Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).


commit to user

7

2. Other Researchers

This research contributes to other researchers in giving ideas to analyze

further about tenor or other point of view about Systemic Functional

Linguistics.

3. The writers

The result of this research can be used by the writers to create their news

better and to get higher quality of readability.

4. The readers

The result of this research will stimulate the readers in taking part in the

issue and expressing their opinion.

G. Research Methodology

The research moves on with a qualitative research that employs on a

descriptive comparative method. In qualitative research, the data were stated in

form of words or sentences. Moleong describes qualitative research is a type of

research which does not include any calculation or enumeration since the data

contained are words (2001: 2). Since the research employed descriptive method,

the researcher observed the data and drew the conclusion based on the data.

The data of this research were in the forms of lexico-grammar, the

cohesion system, and the genre toward identifying the tenor of the news texts.

Besides, this research was a comparative study that has aimed to know the

similarities and dissimilarities in both of texts. The source of data of this research

was taken from The Jakarta Post in March 30th

, 2010 and London Evening

Standard in October 27th

, 2003 published on the internet.


commit to user

8

H. Thesis Organization

The research systematically is organized into five chapters. They are as

follows:

Chapter I consists of Introduction. In this chapter the research introduces

research background, problem statements, research limitation, research objectives,

Research significance, research benefits, research methodology and thesis

organization.

Chapter II consists of Literature Review. It deals with mass media, news

text, the Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard profile, Smoking ban issue

and Systemic Functional Linguistics.

Chapter III consists of Research Methodology. It covers types of research,

data and source of data, sample and sampling technique, research procedure,

technique of collecting data and technique of analyzing data.

Chapter IV consists of Data Analysis. It deals with data description, data

interpretation and discussion.

Chapter V consists of Conclusion and Recommendation. In this chapter, the

research concludes the result and gives some recommendations.


commit to user

9

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Mass Media

1. Newspaper

Generally, newspaper is one kind of mass media that has a wide variety of

material consumed by the largest people in the world to follow what exactly

happening with this real world. Emery mentions that newspaper belongs to the

oldest mass media carrying the messages in written form (1967: 8). Practical,

cheap and easy functions are the reasons people use it. It is practical because of

the variety which contains the editorial opinions, criticisms, persuasions,

entertainment features, news and forecast, plays and restaurants, etc. As the

second reason, newspaper is cheap because people need some money to get this,

and the last one it is easy because any places provide newspaper, for instance

book shops, book stores, even newspaper subscriptions. People usually choose the

simplest way to read newspaper that is just opening the computer, connecting to

the internet and then looking up to the newspaper online.

2. Internet

Everything can be found on the internet. Therefore it symbolizes the

decentralization, knowledge, information and the data extremely which is also

called as the primary needs. The advanced era has brought human being into

enlarged needs, not only in primary but also in secondary even tertiary needs

because internet provides many kinds of entertainment websites.


commit to user

10

Interconnected networking or internet means an association of thousand of

computer‟s users that communicate with each other through the network (Black,

1999: 1). It is as the communication medium between one and other people or

involved in the large community. Internet provides a lot of kinds of social

networks which are able to communicate with people in many countries in the

world. Internet as the knowledge means that people can dig up millions of the

knowledge in a lot of sciences starting from the traditional or simple knowledge to

the modern one which is used to fulfill the human needs.

Internet as the information and the entertainment gets more excited

attention. Internet provides many local, national and international newspapers that

give the information from many countries. Newspaper on the internet or online

newspaper has a similar form with printed newspaper, but we do not get a

problem in searching the previous news. We can get the news which was

published on yesterday or a week ago even years ago by clicking and choosing the

date what we want in „search‟ column. On the other side, internet as the

entertainment purposes to entertain people who may use to cut the work for a

while or just look for the fun such as the movie, music, game, etc that easily to

access.

3. The Jakarta Post

The Jakarta Post is the largest daily newspaper in English language

published in Indonesia. The newspaper was launched on April, 25 1983 owned by

PT. Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office is in our nation's capital, Jakarta.


commit to user

11

The Jakarta Post is a small but influential newspaper oriented towards

local English-speaking emigrant and the diplomatic community. In many ways, it

acts as an unofficial mouthpiece of the Indonesian government into the

international community. It seems like what Bill Tarrant says that the Jakarta post

becomes a prestigious independent broadsheet with extensive national and

international influence (Tarrant, 2008: 104).

The latest years, we can find the Jakarta Post newspaper on the internet by

clicking www.thejakartapost.com. Furthermore, the online newspaper has similar

content with the printed one such as headlines, national, archipelago, opinion,

reader‟s forum, world, country profile, business, reportage, city, sports, features,

entertainment guide, and the last is people column. The news usually belongs to

the headline column completed with picture in color like the general newspapers.

4. London Evening Standard

The newspaper begins the name The Standard in morning paper from

June, 29 1857 which under ownership by James Johnstone and continued to

evening paper in two years later and then it is called Evening Standard newspaper.

This newspaper is used to report the war event, such as American Civil War,

Austro-Prussian War or Franco-Prussian War. Evening Standard becomes the

annual sponsored of Evening Standard Award since the 1950s, awarded the

annual and the Evening Standard British Film Award since the 1970s.

London Evening Standard is a free local daily newspaper in tabloid format

published on Monday up to Friday in London. It is called Evening, because


commit to user

12

certainly published in evening and it emphasized city of London finance, but

starting On October 12, 2009 the newspaper became a free newspaper.

It covers a mix among local, national and international news, and it also

provides column of business, financial reporting, and has a tradition of extensive

arts coverage. Moreover, London Standard Evening can be read on the internet. It

has the same content with the printed ones that can be accessed through

www.standard.co.uk. It continues with www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/ as of

October 2009. The online newspaper also has various pages. They are home,

news, business, money, comment, sport, video, entertainment, life & style, travel,

showbiz, offers and games, and each of those pages has many columns, for

instance the news has a politics, pictures, news itself, Londoner‟s diary, travel

news, news archive, etc completed with the picture, sponsor and advertisement.

5. The Smoking Ban

A smoking ban is a controversial subject. Those who do not smoke, and

have never smoked, often think that there is no reason to employ a public smoking

ban. Smokers, however, think that it is a personal right to be able to smoke in

public, and the smoking ban issue is important and personal for them. Moreover,

this might seem like a new issue. The disagreement surrounding a motion to ban

smoking in public places has been around for a while.

The first known smoking ban occurred in 1575 and was given by Mexican

religious council. The council banned who ever use of tobacco in any church in

Mexico and Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. The Pope also held ban smoking

in the church, for instance Pope Urban VII in 1590 and Urban VIII in 1624. They


commit to user

13

announced “Anyone who was caught smoking or chewing tobacco near a church

was excommunicated”.

It was not until the twentieth century that the health problems associated

with tobacco use came to light in the public eye. That was the time when

businesses provided smokers with their own separate locations, so they could

smoke without exposing the rest of the customers to the dangers and annoyance of

smoke.

In 1990s, California became the first state to issue a smoking ban, and this

was in restaurants. Since that time, many cities have taken up the drive to ban

cigarette smoking in public locations, particularly restaurants. In fact, recent

estimates show that as many as thirty-four states have cities that have some sort of

ban smoking laws.

B. Systemic Functional Linguistics

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a functionally based theory

which examines the functions that language has evolved to serve in society such

as a view involves the examination of real language events to understand the

purposes language serves in a variety of context, and to understand the way

language itself functions (Harrison, 2004: 1).

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is originally introduced by M. A. K

Halliday in 1960‟s. Halliday considers that function and semantic are basis of

human language and communicative activity. A key concept in Halliday‟s

approach is the “context of situation” which takes the language as the use. Bloor

says people use the language to make meanings. They do so in specific situations,


commit to user

14

and the form of the language that they use in discourse is influenced by the

complex aspects of those situations (2004: 4). The situation affects the form of

written English, which is not only the choice of word but also the grammar that is

used. The situation can also have such a confining effect on language that society

often develops clear conventions of use (like those associated with business

meetings or formal greetings) which have to be learned before newcomers to the

circumstances can behave appropriately. The context in which language is used

frequently leads over time to the development of specific socially recognized

forms that is known as genres and style or register.

C. Text and Context

Text is one of the main elements that play a significant role in

communication. People speak a text, read a text, listen to a text, write a text, and

even translate a text. A text is also defined as unit of language in use to utter the

meaning contextually. A context of the text has a big role to know the meaning of

the text. Widdowson mentions that people may know what the language means

but still not understand what is meant by its use in certain text. It cannot be

separated for both contexts, namely context of situation and culture (2006: 4).

Santosa mentions that context of situation refers to the social process of an

event or occurrence belongs to the participant, time and place, etc that supports

the situation while the context of culture means the value and norm which become

the background of that occurrence (2003: 15-16). In linguistics, there are three

aspects of context in any situation that have linguistic consequences: field, mode

and tenor.


commit to user

15

D. Register

A register is a language variety which is based on the use. It is different

from dialect which is also a language variety based on the user (Santosa, 2003: 47).

A register is related to social context. The register of schools in Indonesia, for

instance, is different from that of schools in Australia.

There are three dimensions of variation which are characterized by register.

First is what is being called field that refers to what is going on in a social process,

second one refers to the people involved in the communication and the relationship

between them that is called tenor and the third is mode which considers how the

language functions in the interaction, whether it is written or spoken.

Field talks about what is happening or what the language is being used to

talk about. Field is the contextual projection of experiential meaning which

describes the question when, where, how and why the event is going on and so on.

In a text, a field can be realized by text structure, cohesion, transitivity, clause

system, group system, and system of lexis.

Mode concerns to the role language which are playing in an interaction.

Mode is a projection of the textual meaning which is divided into channel and

medium. Channel refers to the medium used to express the language whether it is

written, spoken or both while Medium refers to the medium used to express the

language whether it is one way or two way oral communication: audio, audio-

visual, or written communication.

Tenor has to do with who are taking part in the transaction as well as the

“nature of the participants, the status and roles (Halliday, 1985: 12). As with


commit to user

16

interpersonal meaning, in general tenor concerns to semiotics of relationship that

has three dimensions, they are status, contact and affect.

E. Tenor as the Realization of Interpersonal Meaning

Tenor generally is defined as the social role relationship played by the

participants. The role itself has a link between language and context and it is tight

with the situation that will have the impact on how we use language. For instance,

we will not talk to the greengrocer the same way you talk to your mother (Eggins,

1994: 63). Bloor mentions, language here is used by the people to participate in

communicative acts with other people, to take on role and to express and

understand feelings, attitude and judgment (2004: 11).

Tenor refers to whole aspects of the participants who play the role in the

social process. The role itself covers the participants‟ characteristics and their

social status including what kind of the social role played by those participants

and the status relationship whether it is a permanent and temporary. It also refers

to the language in use to express the relationship between the role and social

status (Santosa, 2003: 50-51).

Tenor as the realization of interpersonal meaning refers to the negotiation

of social relationship among participants. It mediates the semiotics of relationship

along three dimensions: status, affect and contact (Martin, 1992: 523).


commit to user

17

Figure 2.1 Tenor

Status Equal

Unequal

Tenor Contact Involved

Distant

Affect Marked Positive

Negative

(Martin, 1992: 526)

1. Status

Status in tenor mainly means the social status or the role relationship of

the participants. Tenor in analysis presents what social status is like and social

role which is played by the participants in a text (Santosa, 2003: 51). Status here

is divided into two aspects: equal and unequal which both refer to a symbolic

relationship between the positions of the participants in the social process. It is

called an equal status when the participants show the democratic or horizontal

relationship such as among students or friends. On the other hand, it is called

unequal when a participant shows the different position or vertical relationship

such as between a doctor and a patient or between a director and a worker.

2. Contact

Contact refers to the language in use. It evaluates the language in the text

that is used to measure the text whether it is familiar or not, whether the

participant in the text is much involved or distant to know how far the language is

understood. Furthermore, contact is also related to the readability of text to

measure the level of the difficulties whether it is complex, easy or easiest to be

understood (Santosa, 2003: 52).


commit to user

18

3. Affect

Affect is different from status and contact. Affect in an analysis is more

related to the evaluation among the participants who are involved in the text.

Poynton in Martin classifies affect into two types: positive and negative

evaluation (Martin, 1992: 533). Affect is called positive when the participants

support, show agreement to the participant‟s opinion or they respect and praise

between one and another participant. However, affect is called negative when the

participants do criticize, attack or mock, and disagree toward the participant‟s

opinion (Santosa, 2003: 51).

F. Lexicogrammar

1. Clause System

Clause is a grammatical unit that consists of one or more groups, and it is

made up of identifiable constituents, each of which has its own structure. There

are two kinds of clause: minor and major clauses. Minor and major clauses have

the same position in telling the rhetoric meaning in the text. Minor clause is a

clause without process that has incomplete functional constituents but the clause

pragmatically has rhetoric function as a major clause.

On the other hand, major clause is a clause with a process that consists of

two types: simplex and complex clause. The clause is called simplex since it has a

single process while another clause is called complex since it has two or more

processes. Complex clause has two relations: interdependency and logico-

semantics relation.


commit to user

19

a. Interdependency Relation

1. Paratactic (1, 2, 3…)

It is a parallel or similar relation. The two clauses are independent each

other or they can stand by themselves. It is signed by the external conjunction

and, but, or, so (that), both…and, not only…but also, and this relation is also

signed by the direct speech, etc.

Table 2.1 External Conjunctions (but)

(7ab) People working in the

buildings can still smoke

but they will have to smoke outside

the buildings.

1 ”2

(Taken from the data analysis text 1)

Table 2.2 External Conjunctions (and)

(7cd) should we follow in the footsteps

of New York

and ban smoking in all public

building

1 +2


2. Hypotactic (α, β, γ…)

It is a super-ordinate and sub-ordinate relation. It means one clause can

stand by itself and the other cannot stand by itself or one/more clauses are

dependent to the main clause. It can be signed by external conjunction after,

before, as, when, if, although, since, while, for, and hypotactic relation can be

signed by the indirect speech, etc.

Table 2.3 hypotactic relation

(5) The city will extend the smoking ban in public places

and buildings

after finding

α Xβ



commit to user

20

b. Logico-Semantic Relation

Logico-semantic relation refers to the expansion relation that is through

the super-ordinate/sub-ordinate semantic expansion, it is a modification. It can be

expanded by hypotactic or paratactic relation.

1. Expansion

a. Elaboration (=)

It expresses the same thing with different wording. Elaboration occurs when

one clause elaborates meaning with another clause by further specifying or

describing it.

Table 2.4 Elaboration

(8) Following research which shows

α =β


b. Extension (+)

It means one clause extends the meaning of another by adding something

new to it, giving an exception/replacement, and offering an alternative or in

other word what is added may be an addition, or an alternation, or an

opposition.

Table 2.5 Extension

(7) Should we follow in the footsteps of

New York

and ban smoking in all public

buildings

1 +2



commit to user

21

c. Enhancement (x)

It means one clause enhances the meaning of another by qualifying it with

some circumstantial features on time, place, cause, condition, reason,

purpose or concession.

Table 2.6 Enhancement

(5) The city will extend the smoking ban

in public places and buildings

after finding

α Xβ


2. Projection

It is a logico-semantic relation of clause complex that one clause projects

the others in verbal and idea, like in reported speech: direct and indirect speech.

a. Locution

It is the verbal projection that verbal and verbal behaviors are signed by

verb: say, tell, ask, claim, suggest, etc and locution is symbolized by (“).

Table 2.7 Locution

(17) The BPLHD [he] said would make an assessment

1 ”2


b. Idea

It is the mental projection in cognition and perception signed by verb:

understand, realize, see and idea is symbolized by („).

Table 2.8 Idea

The Jakarta Environment Management

Board (BPLHD) [head of law enforcement

[Ridwan Panjaitan]] said

his office would revise the

2005 gubernatorial decree

α „β



commit to user

22

1) MOOD System and Structure

Mood system expresses interpersonal meaning realized by four

classifications: giving goods & service that is signed by indicative, declarative

(Ex: here‟s the book), giving information that is signed by indicative, declarative

(Ex: this is the book), demanding goods & service that is signed by imperative

phrase (Ex: find the book), and the last one is demanding information that is

signed by interrogative phrase (Ex: is this the book?). Mood system can be seen

in the following figure:

Figure 2.2 Mood System

Indicative Declarative (S^F)

(S&F) Interrogative (F^S) Polar

Mood system (F^S)

Imperative (P) Wh

(Wh^F^S)

(Adapted from Santosa, 2003: 109)

Mood structure realizes the interpersonal meaning. It refers to the

participant interaction classified in two aspects: giving and demanding. It also

shows a semantic meaning of clause whether it is proposition or proposal.

Proposition is used to exchange the information while proposal enables the

exchange of good and service.

Table 2.9 Mood Structure

Good & service Information

Giving

Demanding

Here‟s the book

Find the book

This is the book

Is this the book?


commit to user

23

Proposal Proposition

(Ibid: 108)

2) Polarity and Modality System

a. Polarity System

Polarity, according to Halliday, is the choice between positive and

negative. It is particularly expressed in the Finite element, for Finite verbal

operator has two forms: positive and negative. The positive form is like in is, was,

has, can, etc while the negative one is the positive form added by ‘not’, such is

not, was not, has not, cannot. The positive polarity is considered as unmarked

theme and the negative one is marked theme.

For example (Taken from the data analysis):

1. 93 percent of the respondents were aware of the regulations (positive polarity).

2. I don’t like being surrounded by smoke (negative polarity).

b. Modality System

Halliday mentions that modality system is defined as the speaker‟s

judgment of the probabilities or the obligation, involved what he/she is saying

(1985: 86). It relates to the modality clause such as must, will, etc. Modality

system is used to know whether the clause belongs to the preposition meaning or

proposal meaning (Santosa, 2003: 112). Modality stands in the middle of the

positive and negative polarity clauses and generally modality is divided into three

degrees; they are high (must), medium (will) and low (may).

Modality consists of two types: modalization and modulation.

Modalization expresses proposition meaning and it is divided into two, probability


commit to user

24

and usuality while modulation expresses the proposal meaning which consists of

two types, obligation and inclination.

Figure 2.3 Modality System

MODALIZATION

(Indicative types)

[probability] [usuality]

It is

Certainly always

Probably usually

Possibly sometimes

It isn‟t

Positive

negative

MODULATION

(imperative type)

[obligation] [inclination]

Do

Required determined

Supposed keen

Allowed willing

Don‟t

(Adapted from Halliday, 1985: 335)

Besides, modalization and modulation can be signed by clauses or verb

groups, for instance I think she is a good girl. The word think shows low

probability. Modality usually can be seen from modal adjunct like probably,

possibly, maybe, generally, etc, for example generally, the crisis will end when

there is a political agreement. The word generally shows medium usuality of

modalization (Santosa, 2003: 113-114).

3) Theme System

Halliday in Eggins states that theme is the element which serves as “the

starting-point for the message: it is what the clause is going to be about”. It means

theme gives the main information that mentions somewhere in the text or is

It must be

It will be

It may be

Must do

Will do

May do


commit to user

25

familiar from the context. Theme is the element which comes first in the clause

(1994: 274). Continuously, there are three types of theme: Topical theme,

Interpersonal theme and Textual theme.

a. Topical Theme

Topical theme can be assigned from the first position in a clause. The main

point to remember of this theme is that every clause must contain one and only

one topical theme, or easy definition. We can stop finding the theme if you has

already found the Topical Theme. It consists of two types such as Unmarked

and Marked Topical Theme.

Unmarked Topical signed as the usual Subject, like mother, my uncle, etc

while Marked Topical is other than Subject, for instance it can be an Object,

Adjunct (name of place), predicator, complement at the beginning of clause,

etc.

For example (taken from the data analysis text 2):

Table 2.10 Unmarked Topical Theme

The Mory survey [commissioned…London] Also showed

Unmarked topical theme

Table 2.11 Marked Topical Theme

what level of restriction if any They Want

Marked top. theme Rheme

b. Interpersonal Theme

Interpersonal theme is assigned to occur in the beginning of a clause. The

constituent functions as Interpersonal Theme is: the unfazed Finite in interrogative


commit to user

26

structure and the Modal Adjunct: Mood, Polarity, Vocative and Comment

(Eggins, 1994: 276).

1. Unfused Finite in Interrogative structure (do)

Table 2.12 Unfused Finite in Interrogative structure

Do you Give Blood?

Interpersonal Topical

(Ibid: 278)

2. Mood Adjunct (maybe, I think, just)

Table 2.13 Mood Adjunct

Maybe Stephen Could Help


(Ibid: 279)

3. Polarity Adjunct (yes / no)

Table 2.14 Polarity Adjunct

Yes / no

Interpersonal

This adjunct is analyzed as the interpersonal theme when it occurs in cases

yes/no act interpersonally or as the polarity adjunct itself. Note that polarity

adjunct is accompanied by the ellipsis position, so it will not be a following by

topical theme (ibid: 280).

4. Vocative Adjunct

Table 2.15 Vocative Adjunct

Simon, Isn‟t That Where they put the

needle in

interpersonal Interpersonal topical


commit to user

27

It is categorized as the Interpersonal theme although it is not constituent of the

MOOD element. It occurs before the first topical theme and it consists of one

or more than one adjunct in a clause (ibid: 279).

5. Comment Adjunct (fortunately, unfortunately)

Table 2.16 Comment Adjunct

Fortunately, The bomb Didn‟t Explode


This adjunct can be identified from the adverbial expressions of attitude where

the attitude relates to the entire clauses. It is classified into the Interpersonal

Theme when a comment adjunct occurs before the first topical Theme (ibid:

280).

c. Textual Theme

It refers to the cohesive work in connecting between clause and the

context. Textual theme has two types: Continuity Adjunct and Conjunctive

Adjunct (Eggins, 1994: 281).

1. Continuity Adjunct (well, umm, err, oh, no…)

It is usually used in spoken dialogue to indicate that speaker‟s contribution is

somehow continuous with a previous speaker has said in an earlier turn. Yea/

no can be included this adjunct when it is as the first item in a clause.

Table 2.17 Continuity Adjunct

No, You wouldn‟t

Textual Topical

(ibid: 281)


commit to user

28

2. Conjunctive Adjunct (and, then, after, although, but, however, etc)

It occurs before the first topical theme in a clause. The conjunctives (and, but)

which are used to link clauses together within a sentence will necessary occur

in the first position in the clause whereas a conjunctive which links sentences

to other sentences (however) may occur in other positions.

Table 2.18 Conjunctive Adjunct

And He Proposes marriage

Textual Topical

(ibid: 282)

4) Group System

a. Nominal Group

Basically, nominal is made up of single, a noun. Furthermore the

nominal group actually comes from the expansion of the word itself, for

instance, a noun home which only consists of a head because it stands

alone without any modification or called modifier. On the other hand, the

nominal group appears more complicated, consisting of head and the

modifier, for example white house, white is called pre-modifier since it

comes before the head and house is as the head (Bloor, 2004: 138).

There are several kinds of modifier that can be realized by word

classes, most frequently by deictic (D), numerals (Num), epithet (E),

classifier (C), thing (T), and qualifier (Q) (Santosa, 2003: 100).

1. Thing

It is the main item of this nominal group or it is a nominalization

process which becomes the head of the nominal group. It can be noun,


commit to user

29

pronoun, infinitive phrase, and gerund or noun clause (Santosa, 2003:

102).

(13a) The survey said

T


2. Deictic

Deictic in a nominal group functions as the determiner. It is

realized with this, that, these, those, and also by the article the which is

called specific deictic. Meanwhile, non-specific deictic is the indefinite

article a/an, each, every, neither, no, either, all, some, etc (Bloor, 2004:

140). Besides, Santosa mentions that deictic is also realized into

possessive items such as his, their, our, John’s, my sisters’, etc (2003:

101). For example:

(5a) The city will extend

D

(6b) his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial decree.

D

(18) A building will then be given one of four ratings [ poor, satisfactory,

D

good and very good].


3. Numerative

Numerative is a pre-modifier item that is realized by numbers or

numerals like 1, 2, 1st 2

nd, or by such expressions as many, several, a lot

of, etc. (ibid: 140-141)

(13c) and 60 percent of them stated

Num



commit to user

30

4. Epithet

Epithet is a pre-modifier item that describes the quality of thing in

terms of its size, shape, color or condition. In English, epithet can be

realized into adjective, present participle, and past participle (Santosa,

2003: 101).

(13e) to smoke in public closed areas

E T


5. Classifier

It is a pre-modifier item that classifies thing based on the types or

kinds. Classifier can be realized by noun, adjective, and gerund.

(8d) that the non-smoking areas were contaminated by smoking rooms

C T


6. Qualifier

Qualifier functions in the nominal group as the post-modifier that

adds information about the thing. It can be realized by adjective clause,

present participle phrase, past participle phrase, infinitive phrase, adjective

phrase, prepositional phrase and ordinal/cardinal phrase (Santosa, 2003:

103).

(5c) … smoke [[infiltrating non-smoking area]]

Q


b. Verbal Group


commit to user

31

Mainly, it is a verb group that has a verb as the main point of the

group itself. In transitivity, verbal group expresses the event concept such

as what is going on, happening, saying, doing, sensing, acting, etc.

In English, based on the form, this verbal group consists of finite

and non-finite, the secondary tenses and based on the voice it has active

and passive. The finite involves the tenses (past, present, future) and

modal (can, must, should, etc) components while the non-finite does not.

The active verb shows agent as subject while passive verb shows goal of

process, phenomenon, value or verbiage as subject in passive clause

(Santosa, 2003:104).

For example:

(15) The survey follows the introduction of smoking bans

F / P


The verbal group also has logical structure meaning as it realizes

the system of tenses, consisting of primary (α) or modal and secondary

tense (β, γ, etc), or event. Those tenses have three signs, they are (-) for

past, (о) for present, and (

+) for future.

(8b) Smoking free regulation would be imposed on all spaces in buildings

αmod

βpass

γevent


5) Lexis System

Lexis is a system which realizes the ideational, interpersonal and

textual meaning of the verbal social process or text. Lexis in textual

meaning refers to the congruent and incongruent system continuing with


commit to user

32

technicality and abstraction. However lexis in interpersonal meaning

explains the descriptive and attitudinal lexis (Santosa, 2003: 12).

a. Congruent and Incongruent Lexis

Congruent is a process which is realized by a direct process

taken from the physical reality change to symbolical reality. It for

example noun is symbolized by nominal group, process/activity is

symbolized by verbal group, circumstance is symbolized by adverbia

groupl, etc.

For example:

Arinda got an accident yesterday

Table 2.19 Congruent Lexis

Physical reality

Arinda, an accident (noun)

Got (process)

Yesterday (cir.time)

Symbolical reality

Nominal group

Verbal group

Adverbial group

Based on the example above, we can see those words are called

congruent since physical reality match to the symbolical reality, for

instance the words Arinda, an accident are in the physical reality

called noun and then it is still functioned as nominal group in the

symbolical reaality, the word got is in the physical reality called

process and it is called verbal group in the symbolical reality, and the

last is the word yesterday is in the physical reality called circumstance

and it is called adverbial group in the symbolical relaity.


commit to user

33

Meanwhile, incongruent is a process in which symbol has

indirect process with the reality. It is realized by changing a group into

other grammatical system. It is called grammatical metaphor that

consists of two types: nominalization and abstraction. Abstraction and

nominalization is a process of changing verb into noun. This

nominalization is used for neutralizing some idea and making brief

defiinition so that it is effective in scientific written text. Moreover,

there is another type which is made by means of nominalization called

technicality. Technicality is a nominalization or abstraction of process

that produces the specific terms of certain field (ibid: 123-124).

For example:

The factor of cold lava flood in Boyolali was the explosion of Merapi

Mountain on October, 30th

.

Table 2.20 Incongruent Lexis

Physical reality

factor (logical relation )

cold lava flood (process)

explosion (process)

Symbolical reality

noun

noun

noun

The words factor, cold lava flood and explosion are classified into

incongruent in which the symbol has indirect relation with the physical

reality.


commit to user

34

b. Descriptive and Attitudinal Lexis

Descriptive lexis is a lexis that describes the experiential reality

without any opinion or implicit meaning while attitudinal lexis tells

about the experiential reality that has any implicit meaning, opinion,

sense and attitude of the writer toward the reality. Moreover,

attitudinal lexis shows the interpersonal meaning of words/text (ibid:

126).

For example:

1. The livestock sector in Nigeria is characterized by low productivity

(descriptive lexis)

2. If there is any specimen lower than a fornicating preacher, it must

be a shady scientist (attitudinal lexis)

(Adapted from Santosa, 2003: 127)

In number 1, the words livestock, sector and low show descriptive lexis

since those words describe the experiential reality without any opinion

from the writer whereas the words specimen, fornicating and shady in

number 2 show the attitudinal lexis because those words contain certain

ideology opinion that can be used to attack the other writer. The

descriptive lexis is appropriate to use on academic text that describes the

phenomena objectively, but attitudinal lexis is appropriate for popular

essay such as politic, economic, and social field essay, etc (ibid: 127).

6) Metaphor


commit to user

35

Metaphor is related to the meaning as a part of variation expression

that describes how the meaning is expressed but it does not describe how

the word is used. Halliday divides metaphor into two types: ideational and

interpersonal metaphor (1994: 341). Ideational metaphor occurs when

non-living things do activities like what living things do; for example, the

city will extend the smoking ban in public places (taken from the data

analysis text 1). Interpersonal metaphor turns on two conditions: mood and

modality metaphors. Mood metaphor expresses the function of speech

such as statement, question, offer and command, for example, I’ll shoot

the pianist while modality metaphor happens when the speaker‟s opinion

concerns to the probability, for instance using the word „I think’, I think, it

is going to rain (ibid: 363).

G. COHESION

Cohesion in a text tells about a relationship between first paragraph and

the next one that has the correlation meaning. In addition, cohesion also shows the

identification of a relationship between the previous paragraph and the next

paragraph whether it is recognized as the cohesion or not (Widdowson, 2006: 48),

or simply, cohesion is used to link the parts of a text together. The important thing

in the course of cohesion is the writer can establish in the reader‟s mind toward

the understanding previous context to the next/new context.

There are two types of cohesion: Grammatical and lexical cohesion.

Grammatical cohesion is a unit of form (symbol/textual) and meaning

(experiential, logical, rhetorical, or interpersonal) as a result of grammatical


commit to user

36

connection in internal clauses or often called „agreement‟ between subject and the

finite or verb and the external clauses. Martin divides internal clause into 4 types,

they are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction (Martin, 1992: 384).

First, reference generally is a pronominal that is used to refer thing (it, she,

he, her, his, they, etc) or idea (this, that, etc). Eggins states that reference is related

to how the writer or speaker introduces participants and then keeps track of them

once they are in the text (1994: 95). For example, Andi and Ali are brothers, they

always together. The words Andi and Ali refer to thing with the word they, so it is

called reference relation.

Second, substitution is a replacement of the constituent element in a clause

into grammatical form. Grammatically, those constituent is predicator and the

compliments. This substitution is used to have effectiveness in avoiding repetition

word, for example: Father gives money to Ika, so do I. the word so do is one of

substitution in English.

Third, Ellipsis is used in an effective need in language. It can be done by

omitting a little part or whole constituent element of a sentence. The spoken

language like conversation often uses this cohesion, for example:

Andara : “Hi, Ana. How are you today?”

Ana : “Fine”

Andara : “Your shirt is nice?”

Ana : “Thanks”

Actually the words fine and thanks are derivied from I’m fine and thank you.

However they use the simple answer or it is called ellipsis cohesion. The word

fine is called an causal ellipsis since in answering question it uses either in form of


commit to user

37

yes/no question or WH question while the word thanks is called nominal ellipsis

that is an ellipsis within nominal group.

Fourth, conjunction is as we know a connector idea among clauses in

grammatical cohesion. This function consists of two conjunctions: internal and

external conjunction. Internal conjunction connects the idea of two simplex

clauses or two ideas in a paragraph while external conjunction which connects

two ideas in complex clauses.

Meanwhile, lexical cohesion describes the lexical connection on a text that

has a taxonomic or non-taxonomic relation. Taxonomic relation consists of super-

ordinate and composition relation and non-taxonomic has nuclear relation and

expectancy activity (Santosa, 2003: 66).

Super-ordinate relation is a lexical relation as the result of a phenomena

both of natural and social or scientific. Super-ordinate relation has two types:

inclusion and taxonomic relation. Inclusion relation consists of hyponym and co-

hyponym and similarity types belonged to antonym, repetition and synonym. On

the other hand, taxonomic relation has composition in part-whole cohesive

relation, for example garden-plants.

Nuclear relation is a cohesion relation that expands between the nuclear

and the peripheral in clause degrees, verbal and noun group. The functions are to

add the idea (extension), for example: win-race, try-to win, large-elephant, and the

second is to modify the idea (enhancement), for example run-track, run-quickly,

boat-in the water. The next type of non-taxonomic relation is an expectancy

activity which refers to the chronological activity done by the participants on an


commit to user

38

event which is signed by the chronological of time (take a bath - have breakfast -

go to school - study - go home) and logical/consequential relation (getting ill - see

doctor - get medicine - heal).

H. Text Structure

Martin (1992: 505) says that text structure refers to “schematic structure”.

It means text structure is defined as staged, goal-oriented social process realized

through register. Santosa also mentions that text structure is a unity of form and

meaning of text form and its meaning represents one organism structure of

opening, body and closing (2003: 60).

Text structure implies genre. The staging of text structure is the unity part

of the text and then we should view the general tendency of the staging structure

and social function of the text to interpret a text in certain genre. In the staging of

text, there may have more than one social function, but the other social function is

still more general function of the text. Thus, a text only has one social function

and one genre (Ibid: 62).

Wiratno (2003: 4) says a text has a text structure. Generally text structure

consists of opening, body and closing, but it does not always run in that ways or it

can be mentioned that the different text also has different text structure. A

brochure text does not have an opening or preface and a letter does not have

conclusion although it has a closing text.

I. Genre

Genre is generally defined as a social process, realized from the cultural

value and norm in society. The social process here means using the language as a


commit to user

39

center medium in verbal field such as listening to the radio, sharing, reading

newspaper, etc and non-verbal field like in an economic, sport or politic field

(Santosa, 2010: 70).

Swales in Santosa (2003: 26) defines genre as a class or type that has

certain communication purpose. Therefore, there are variations of those purposes

in society and it also means they have many kinds of genre, like in the discourse

community; journalist has news, advertisement, reader‟s forum, editorial, etc.

In the latest century, genre has brought wide definition in linguistics study,

belongs to the SFL. Linguists still have different opinion about this definition, but

it provides the same concept that genre consists of two types: macro and micro

genre. Macro genre takes place in the super-ordinate culture while genre is in the

sub-ordinate culture, like in English Specific Purposes called micro genre. Genre

considers to change if it is on the different culture, and time and purpose will do

change. This purpose and the stage also will confine the use of language belonged

to the text structure (Santosa, 2010: 76).

Micro genre consists of two types based on the social function: factual

genre and story genre (Martin, 1992: 562). Factual genre is taken from the daily

activity, academic, journalistic, etc which is divided into eight genres: recount,

report, procedure, explanation, description, exposition, exploration, and

discussion genre. On the other hand, story genre is taken from story social

process purposed to entertain or somehow it is used to tease social phenomena. In

fact, this genre is unrelated with literature such as in western (Santosa, 2010: 79).

This genre contains four types: recount, anecdote, exemplum and narrative.


commit to user

40

1. Factual Genre

a. Recount Genre

Recount is used to retell past event or something which happened

in the past. It purposes to inform or even just to entertain. Recount text does

not function to generalize the issue, but having activity structured based on

the sequence of time (Santosa, 2010: 77).

This genre is belonged to the factual genre because it is a note of

an event, such as newspaper report, police report, scientific experiment

report, etc. The structure of recount consist of three stage: orientation

(giving the information which answers who, when and where the text

happened), event (ordered in a chronological sequence), and reorientation

(closing text which usually contains personal comment).

Table 2.21 Recount Genre

My Adventure at Leang-Leang Cave

On Sunday, my parents, my best friend Novi, and I visited

a cave at Maros called Leang-leang .

It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet; my best

friend came to visit it with me!

The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings

which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The

cave and its surroundings were turned into a national park,

so it was taken care of.

My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the

park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a

guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave,

because the cave was embedded into a small mountain.

Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the

ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The

guide said that these piles of seashells are called

Kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who

lived here are the shells and dumped the left over in their

'kitchen'.

Orientation

Events 1

Event 2

Event 3


commit to user

41

The last place was a small museum where they have

skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The

skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and

weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The

walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken

when they did an excavation there.

After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided

it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our

lives!

Event 4

Reorientation

(Taken from http://najibblog2010.blogspot.com)

b. Report Genre

Generally report genre presents information about something. It

reports a whole non-living and living thing of the social sequence as a result

of observation and analysis (Wiratno, 2003: 41).

In a text, report has two stages: general statement and the

classification, and the description. Report text also has language features

like using conditional logical connection (when, so, etc) and using simple

present tense.

Table 2.22 Report Genre

Komodo Dragon

Do you know what the largest lizard is? This lizard is

called komodo. It lives in the scrub and woodland of a

few Indonesian islands.

Komodo dragon is the world's heaviest lizard, weighing

150 pounds or more. The largest Komodo ever measured

was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366

pounds (166 kg) but the average size of komodo in the

wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200 pounds (91

kg).

Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful

limbs and a muscular tail. They use their keen sense of

smell to locate decaying animal remains from several

miles away. They also hunt other lizards as well as large

General

statement &

the

classification.

Description


commit to user

42

mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.

The Komodo dragons‟ teeth are almost completely

covered by its gums. When it feeds, the gums bleed,

creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria

that lives in the Komodo dragons saliva causes

septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon

will bite its prey, and then follow it until the animal is too

weak to carry on.

This lizard species is threatened by hunting, loss of prey

species and habitat loss.

(Taken from http://understandingtext.blogspot.com )

c. Procedure Genre

Procedure tells a set of steps which must be completed in the right

way or sequence to reach the goal (Wiratno, 2003: 20). In daily life, most of

our activities are related to the procedures. For example, early in the

morning, as a student we perform some steps to prepare our school starting

take a bath to take breakfast. In doing this, we have to follow the procedure

in order to get a good preparation.

There are two generic structures of procedure namely goal (title of

the text) and step (a series steps oriented to achieving the Goal). However

the generic feature of procedure uses simple present tense and conjunction

like numbers to indicate sequence especially in written text.

Table 2.23 Procedure Genre

How To Insert SIM Card

First off all, switch off the phone Second, pull the battery lock on the back the phone, and

hold it in thus position. Next, slide the cover, and lift the battery. Then, insert the SIM card into its slot. But, remember, do

it carefully.

Um, one more thing, don t forget to make sure the golden

Goal

Steps


commit to user

43

connectors on the card face into the phone and ah, the

opposite end of the battery until it snaps into place.

Now, slide the cover back onto the mobile phone Finally, switch on your phone and you will see the signal

of your SIM card on the phone screen and, do you know

what that means? Good, it means you can start using

your phone.

(Taken from http://yuan212.wordpress.com)

d. Explanation Genre

In the scientific term, it is used to explain the theory from the

beginning and the next growth, and then why choose that theory to solve the

problem until how that theory is applied (Wiratno, 2003: 50).

Generally, explanation is a process in the activities which is related

to natural phenomena, the scientific world, socio-cultural, or other purpose.

The structure of this genre consists of three stages: general statement and

explanation process while the language feature usually uses simple present

tense and passive voice.

Table 2.24 Explanation Genre

Tsunami

The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which

means harbor ("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A tsunami is a

series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea

is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly

deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water.

Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can

occur at plate boundaries.

Subductions of earthquakes are particularly effective in

generating tsunami, and occur where denser oceanic

plates slip under continental plates.

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence

of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the

ocean like ripples on a pond.

General

statement

Explanation

process


commit to user

44

Tsunami always brings great damage. Most of the

damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the

initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising

fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.

(Taken from http://understandingtext.blogspot.com)

e. Description Genre

Description genre in a text purposes to describe a particular place,

thing or person. Wiratno also says that a description text usually describes

the process of doing something written in simple present tense and reflects

the part-whole relation (2003: 25).

Description genre consists of two stages: identification (mention

the special participant) and description (mention the part, quality and

characteristic of subject). This genre often uses adjective and compound

adjective.

Table 2.25 Description Genre

Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of

the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah

Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.

Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of

Queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a

vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an

elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house

(to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The

Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river

Jamuna behind it.

The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186

feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal

octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking

arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its

own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It

uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and

asymmetry of architectural elements.

Identification

Description


commit to user

45

Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises

to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary

domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets

are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and

four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels

of Islamic decoration.

Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning

architectural beauty is beyond adequate description,

particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow

in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the

visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed

from across the Jamuna River.

(Taken from http://bos-sulap.blogspot.com)

f. Exposition Genre

Exposition genre tells about a piece of text which presents one side

of an issue purposing to persuade or convince the reader or listener in order

to follow that side. The opinion usually can stand in a right side or in an

opposite side. Exposition constructs in the three steps: thesis (mention the

author‟s point of view), argument (mention arguments in one side), and

conclusion (mention the summary of the argument).

Table 2.26 Exposition Genre

Why They Turn to the Sea

As the job opportunity is increasing limited on the land,

more and more young man are turning to the sea for a

living. Some of them choose to work on a ship only after

they have failed to get a job. However, many young men

actually would rather work on the sea than on land. In

my opinion, there are several reasons that account for

increasing interest in pursuing maritime professions.

Firstly, our country is made up of many lands. We are

surrounded by water. It is not surprising that many

people have grown to love the sea. In order to be able to

spend more time near the sea, they decide to work on it.

Many of them spend their whole lives on the water.

Thesis


commit to user

46

Secondly, the many school dropouts in the country as

well as those young men who have just finished their

education in school are looking for jobs at the same

time. Competition for jobs is therefore great. Many fail

to get work in office or factories, so these people turn to

the sea as a last resort.

Thirdly, some young men face problem at home. They

want to get as far away from these problems as possible.

The sea becomes a popular means of escape.

Finally, young people are naturally advantageous. They

love to explore new places. They enjoy the excitement

that comes with this. By working on a ship, they are able

to travel far and wide. Besides, food and lodging on

board the ship are free. Thus, many young men are

attracted to maritime profession.

Arguments

Conclusion

(Taken from http://misriyantosma6.wordpress.com)

g. Discussion Genre

Discussion is a genre that processes to find the middle point

between two different ideas (Wiratno, 2003: 69). In social activities,

discussion is important and effective to calm down any friction and

difference in thought, perception and recommendation.

Discussion has four steps of generic structure namely issue,

supporting point, contrastive point and the recommendation.

Table 2.27 Discussion Genre

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power.

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is

a metal mined in various part of the world. The first

large scale of nuclear power station was opened at

Calder Hall in Cambria, England in 1956.

Some military ships and submarines have nuclear

power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around

11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge

amounts of energy. It causes no pollution as we would

Issue

Supporting point


commit to user

47

get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of

nuclear plant are as follow:

It costs about the same coal, so it is not

expansive to make.

It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so

it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

It produces huge amounts of energy from small

amount of uranium.

It produces small amount of waste.

It is reliable.

On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very

dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many

years to allow the radioactivity to die away.

Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has

to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a

nuclear accident can be a major accident.

People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In

the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing

source of power in many parts of the world.

Contrastive point

Recommendation

(Taken from http://understandingtext.blogspot.com)

2. Story Genre

Martin says a majority of the discourse created by human are of the story

genre (1997). Story genre concerns to the record progress of events.

Furthermore, the story genre is divided into four types: recount, narrative,

anecdote and exemplum.

1. Recount Genre

Recount genre is used to record a certain event such as a social

phenomenon. It purposes to inform the event in the past. Recount text

consists of three steps: orientation, record and reorientation. It uses past

tense and verb in the physical action as the language features.

Table 2.28 Recount Genre


commit to user

48

I had a heavy meal (pasta + chicken ptarmigan) right

before the surgery. Big mistake. I was getting food coma

every time they left alone.

More testing was done. My left eye really will just never

be able to see 20/20, so it's 20/20 for my right eye and

20/30 for my left - just what I expected.

Surgery was somewhat painless. They put a million drops

in my eyes. Come surgery time, I was still able to feel

everything they stuck in my eyes. There was no stinging

or burning feeling but I did feel a lot of pressure on my

eyes, like my eyeballs were being pressed on a lot, and it

felt like there was something running around in my eyes.

Good thing they gave me that small pillow to hug

throughout the operation. That was about it.

I took that picture of myself and couldn't see how it

turned out. Now I see - horrible.

I went home and rested my eyes for four hours and when

I woke up, I could see again. I went for a workout after

because I wanted to test out my new eyes and since I had

so much energy.

Right now, I'm still seeing a lot of halos. Everything that

emits light has halos around them. Hopefully it'll be all

gone come tomorrow morning.

I'm gonna have to put two types of drops on my eyes 4

times a day and Refresh teardrops every other hour.

Remind me guys!

Orientation

Record

Reorientation

(Taken from www.chezjeff.net/essay/)

2. Narrative Genre

Narrative genre purposes to entertain, and sometimes to teach or inform.

For example, narrative usually is used to entertain children or daughter

before sleeping. Narrative it is seen as a complication creating the problem

which needs solution. The step of this genre consists of abstract,

orientation, complication, evaluation, resolution and coda.

Table 2.29 Narrative Genre

Little Red Riding Hood


commit to user

49

Once upon a time there was a little girl who lived with her

mummy and daddy in a house near a big dark forest.

She was a very pretty and good little girl (just like you,

darling) and she often visited her grandmother who lived

in the middle of the forest.

One lovely spring day she put on her red coat and hood

and took a basket of food and set off to visit her granny.

She skipped and laughed and picked flowers and soon she

arrived at her grandmother's house. She went inside but

didn't see her so, she went into the bedroom where she

saw her granny lying in bed and not looking very well.

"What big eyes you have today, granny!" she said

"the entire better to see you with!" said granny in a funny

voice.

"What the big nose you have today, granny!" she said

"All the better to smell you with!" answered granny.

"What big teeth you have today, granny!" she said.

"All the better to EAT you with!"

And with those words, the Big Bad Wolf who had been in

her grandmother's nightclothes, jumped up from the bed

and grabbed her! Little Red Riding Hodd screamed and

cried and kicked.

Luckily a brave woodcutter heard her and rushed in with

his axe. He saved the frightened little girl by chopping the

wolf in half and there in the wolf's stomach, who they

should find but Red Riding Hood's granny, who fell into

her granddaughter's arms, crying with joy. And what do

you think happened then, darling?

They all lived happily ever after! That's right, happily ever

after. Now, off to sleep like a good girl.

Abstract

Orientation

Complication

Evaluation

Resolution

Coda


3. Anecdote Genre

Anecdote genre retells funny and unusual incidents which purposes to

invite certain emotion of readers, sympathetic feeling, a laugh, a feeling of

sadness, etc. Martin says that anecdote is seen as a crisis stage that given


commit to user

50

with a surge of effect such a discord, insecurity, frustration, satisfaction,

security or fulfillment (1992: 565). Anecdote consists of five generic

structures such as abstract, orientation, crisis, reaction and coda.

Table 2.30 Anecdote Genre

Blessing Behind Tragedy

Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the

dream will come true, there is something wrong last

minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?

The Clark family lived in Scotland. They had dream to

travel to America. They prepared well for their plan

Few days before they went to America, his youngest son

was bitten by a dog. It made they were being quarantined.

They had to forget their plan.

Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger.

The father was angry with his son and God. The family

failed to travel to America and the father could not accept

it.

The father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He

thank to God because of saving the family from sinking.

He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a

blessing.

Abstract

Orientation

Crisis

Reaction

Coda

(Taken from anecdotetext.blogspot.com)

4. Exemplum Genre

Exemplum genre purposes to invite a judgmental response among readers.

Therefore exemplum can be said to be the moral equivalent of anecdotes.

Martin says exemplum tells about the uncommon sequences as the

incident which makes a point to give description on how the world should/

shouldn‟t be (1992: 565). This genre consists of five generic structures

namely abstract, orientation, incident, interpretation, and coda.


commit to user

51

Table 2.31 Exemplum Genre

The Two City Dwellers and the Country Man

A father tells the first story from The Scholar's Guide, and

his son tells the second [story from the Norton Anthology

of Western Literature].

Three travelling companions of the tale's title are on a

pilgrimage to Mecca. Near their destination, their

provisions are nearly depleted, and the two city dwellers

attempt to cheat the country man by telling him that

whoever of them dreams the most extraordinary dream

shall get the last of their bread.

As the city dwellers sleep, the country man, alert to their

intended deception, eats the half-baked bread before

retiring.

The city dwellers relate their made-up dreams. One says

he was taken to heaven and led before God by angels. The

other says that angels escorted him to hell.

The country man says he dreamed the same things that his

companions dreamed and, believing them to be forever

lost, one to heaven and the other to hell, ate the bread.

The son tells his father the moral of the story: "As it says

in the proverb, 'He who wanted all, lost all.'" He says that

the two city dwellers got their just comeuppance.

Abstract

Orientation

Incident

Interpretation

Coda



commit to user

52

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research

This research is qualitative employing descriptive and comparative

method. According to Sutopo, a research is identified as qualitative since the data

used in the research are in the forms of words, sentences or pictures rather than

the numbers (2002: 35). In addition, Mardalis states that descriptive method is

used to explain the certain phenomena based on the data collected that happens

currently (2002: 26).

Moreover, the research also applies a comparative method. A comparative

method is realized by making comparison between two sets of things, person, and

role of activities which were known to differ in some other respects (Miles and

Huberman, 1984: 237). This research has also similar purposes to describe the

tenor analysis of news text in The Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard

about smoking ban in public places and compares the similarities and differences

between both texts.

B. Data and Source of Data

Source of data in a research means the subject from which the data are

acquired (Arikunto, 2006: 129). Furthermore, the data are materials that are used

in the research. It can be in the form of words, sentences, phrases, clauses of

discourse (Subroto, 1992: 35).

The source data of this research are the news texts of smoking ban in

public places published by different media: The Jakarta Post and London Standard


commit to user

53

Evening and both were taken from online newspapers. Meanwhile, the data of this

research are in the form of lexicogrammar, cohesion, genre and their text structure

of the two news texts within the frame of Systemic Functional Linguistics.

C. Sample and Sampling Technique

Sample is a part of representative of population that will be investigated

(Arikunto, 1998: 117). In addition, sample is a part of population that becomes a

direct object research and sample should represent the whole population (Subroto,

1992: 32). In this research, a total sampling was employed. The technique was

used since the researcher took and analyzed all the clauses provided by the source

of data namely the news texts of The Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard.

D. Research Procedure

Research procedure refers to steps of the research taken by the researcher

in conducting the research. This research is arranged as follows:

1. Collecting both news texts taken from internet.

2. Reading and taking all clauses from the two texts.

3. Analyzing the data consisting of contextual configuration, lexicogrammar,

cohesion, genre and the text stucture.

4. Making interpretation of the data analysis covering status, contact, and affect

realized by the lexicogrammar, cohesion, genre and the text structure.

5. Making the discussion by comparing the two interpretation of the data

analysis to find out the similarities and differences

6. Drawing conclusion and giving recommendation.


commit to user

54

E. Technique of Collecting Data

In this research, the researcher applied library technique continued by

observing and recording technique to collect the data. Subroto describes that a

library technique or in his book called “Teknik Pustaka” is a technique that

collects written sources (1992: 42). The written sources here include magazine,

book, newspaper, literary work, internet, etc. The data of this research were taken

from online newspaper published by www.thejakartapost.com accessed on April

4th

2010 at 07.20 PM and www.thisislondon.co.uk accessed on April 3th

2010 at

03.19 PM.

The next techniques are observing and recording technique. Those

techniques are called “teknik simak dan catat” (Subroto, 1992: 41). Teknik simak

refers to the way of observing the use of language while teknik catat is a

technique of noting toward the data that are suitable with the purpose of the

research. After collecting the data by the library technique, the researcher

continued to observe the language used in both news texts and then the researcher

noted and explored the data in terms of lexicogrammar, cohesion, genre and the

text structure.

F. Procedure of Data Analysis

The following steps were analyzed after collecting the data by applying the

following procedure:

1. Identifying contextual configuration.

2. Analyzing lexocogrammar system including MOOD system, clause system,

logicosemantic relation and interdependency system, modality, polarity,


commit to user

55

descriptive and attitudinal lexis, nominal group, verbal group, metaphor,

technicality and nominalization.

3. Identifying cohesion, text structure, and genre of both texts.

4. Interpreting the analysis data to find out status, affect and contact

5. Comparing the two interpretations to find out the similarities and differences

6. Drawing conclusion and giving recommendation.


commit to user

56

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

This chapter deals with the data analysis of the research. It consists of

three sub-chapters: data description, data interpretation and discussion. Data

description refers to the finding of the analysis based on the texts consisting of

contextual configuration, lexicogrammar, cohesion, text structure and the genre.

Contextual configuration explains the analysis of both texts based on the

illustration which in the first text is taken from the Jakarta Post entitled “Jakarta to

scrap smoking rooms in public places and buildings” and the second one is taken

from the London Evening Standard entitled “Should we be smoke-free?”

Meanwhile, lexicogrammar description explains MOOD system, clause system,

logicosemantic relation and interdependency system, modality, polarity,

descriptive and attitudinal lexis, nominal and verbal group, technicality and

nominalization both of news texts.

Data interpretation is carried out to interpret the data description; they are

the analysis of status, affect and contact. The last subchapter is called discussion.

It explains the total interpretation on both texts to find the answers for the problem

statements of the research.


commit to user

57

B. Data Description

1. Text 1

a. Contextual Configuration

Text 1 is a headline of news text entitled Jakarta to scrap smoking

rooms in public places and buildings which was taken from The Jakarta

Post published on Tuesday, March 30th

, 2010. This news is used to inform

the society about smoking ban in public places, particularly in Jakarta.

This text has several elements: the name of the newspaper (The

Jakarta Post), the name of the column (headlines), title, date of publication

and the issue. The whole text is written in black color except the date of

publication which is written in grey color. It aims to grab the reader‟s

attention. The illustration shows that the society in Jakarta will agree to

extend the rule of smoking-ban law if the public do not smoke in

infiltrating non-smoking areas anymore. Generally, the text tells the reader

about some arguments which are in the one side support the issue of

smoking ban in public places.

b. Lexicogrammar Description

1. MOOD system

Table 4.1 Mood System of Text 1

MOOD

system

Clause number Total %

Indicative:

Declarative:

Proposition

3, 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c, 8a,

8b, 8c, 8d, 8e, 9a, 9b, 9c, 11a, 11b, 11c,

11d, 11e, 11f, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b, 13c,

13d, 14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e, 14f, 15,

16, 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 18, 19a, 19b,

20a, 20b, 20c, 21a, 21b, 21c, 22, 23a,

57 100


commit to user

58

23b, 24a, 24b, 25.

Indicative:

declarative:

proposal

- - -

Indicative:

Interrogative:

proposal

- - -

Imperative:

Proposal

- - -

Total 57 100

Table 4.1 shows that whole clauses of text 1 belong to indicative,

declarative functioning proposition (100%).

2. Clause system

Table 4.2 Types of Clause of Text 1

Table 4.2 shows that text 1 applies dominant complex clauses (68%),

followed by simplex clauses (16%) and minor clauses (4%).

3. Type of Interdependence and Logico-Semantic Relation

Table 4.3 Type of Interdependence and Logico-Semantic Relation of

Text 1

Type of Logico-

Semantic

Relation

Type of Interdependency

Hypotactic Paratactic

Projection

- Locution (“) (5b-5c)=1 (7c-7a)=1, (14f-a)=1,

(14a-14b)=1, (17a-

17b)=1, (19a-19b)=1,

(20c-20a)=1, (23b-

23a)=1.

Type of Clause Clause number Total %

Minor (Ellipsis) 1, 2, 4, 10 4 16

Major:

Simplex 15, 16, 18, 25 4 16

Complex 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19,

20, 21, 22, 23, 24

17 68

Total 25 100


commit to user

59

- Idea („) (6a-6b)=1, (8a-8b)=1,

(8a-8d)=1, (9a-9b)=1,

(11a-11b)=1, (12a-

12b)=1, (24a-24b)=1

-

Expansion

- Elaboration (=) - -

- Extension (+) (11c-11d)=1, (11d-

11e)=1, (11d-11f)=1,

(13b-13c)=1.

(7a-7b)=1

- Enhancement (x) (5a-5b)=1, (6b-6c)=1,

(8b-8c)=1, (8d-8e)=1,

(9b-9c)=1, (11b-

11c)=1

(14b-14c)=1, (14b-

14d), (14a-14e)=1,

(17b-17c)=1, (17b-

d)=1, (20a-20b)=1,

(21b-21c)=1

Table 4.3 shows that text 1 has one hypotactic locution, seven

paratactic locutions, seven hypotactic ideas, four hypotactic

extensions, one paratactic extension, seven hypotactic enhancements

and six paratactic enhancements.

4. Nominal Groups

Table 4.4 Nominal Groups of Text 1

Nominal

clause

Clause number total %

Complex 5c(iii), 6a(i), 7a(i), 9c(ii), 10 (ii),

11d(i), 12b (i), 15(i), 16(iii), 18(iii),

21a(i), 22(ii), 23a(iii), 24b(v).

14 23.73

Simplex 1, 2, 3 (iv), 4, 5a(iv), 6b(ii), 6c(i),

7b(ii), 7c(i), 8a(i), 8b(iii), 8c(i), 8d(ii),

8e(ii), 9a(ii), 9b(i) 11a(i), 11b(i),

11c(v), 11e(i), 11f(ii), 12a(i), 13a(i),

13b(iii), 13c(i), 13d(iii), 14a(i),

14b(ii), 14c(i), 14e(i), 14f(i), 17a(i)

17b(ii), 17c(iv), 17d(i), 19a(iii),

19b(ii), 20a(iii), 20b(iv), 20c(i),

21b(ii), 21c(i), 23b(ii), 24a(i), 25(iv).

45 76.27

Total 59 100


commit to user

60

Table 4.4 shows that text 1 dominantly applies simplex nominal

groups (76.27 %) and followed by complex nominal groups (23.73 %).

5. Verbal Groups

Table 4.5 Verbal Groups of Text 1

Nominal

clause


Complex 7(b) 1 1.79

Simplex 3, 5(a), 5(b), 5(c), 5(d), 6(a), 6(b),

6(c), 7(a), 7(b), 7(c), 8(a), 8(b), 8(c),

8(d), 8(e), 9(a), 9(b), 9(c), 10, 11(a),

11(b), 11(c), 11(d), 11(e), 11(f),

12(a), 12(b), 13(a), 13(b), 13(d),

14(a), 14(b), 14(c), 14(d), 14(e),

14(f), 15, 16, 17(a), 17(b), 17(c),

17(d), 18, 19(a), 19(b), 20(a), 20(b),

20(c), 21(a), 21(b), 21(c), 22, 23(a),

23(b), 25.

55 98.21

Total 56 100

Table 4.5 shows that text 1 mostly applies simplex verbal groups

(98.21%) followed by complex verbal groups (1.79 %).

6. Modality

a. Modulation

There is no modulation in this text because all of the clauses only

have mood system which consists of indicative, declarative

functioning proposition.

b. Modalization

(5a) the city will extend the smoking… (medium probability)

(6b) his office would revise the 2005… (medium probability)

(7a) people working in the buildings can still smoke (low

probability)

(7b) but they will have to smoke outside the buildings (medium

probability)


commit to user

61

(8b) the smoking free regulation would be imposed on all…

(medium probability)

(11c) the new regulation could spark opposition in night clubs…

(low probability)

(11e) would comply once.. (medium probability)

(14b) that 62 percent of the respondents would still visit

restaurants (medium probability

(14c) although they would not be allowed (medium probability)

(17b) would make an assessment (medium probability)

(18) a building will then be given one of four ratings… (medium

probability)

(19a) we will also publish data on buildings… (medium

probability)

(20b) will be more effective than law enforcement… (medium

probability)

(21b) the city should impose stern sanctions (medium

probability)

(22) … the regulation in the media will only affect them for a

while (medium probability)

(23) the city should impose sanctions with a financial…

(medium probability)

7. Polarity

(5c) that smoking rooms in buildings do not stop smoke…

(Negative polarity)

(8d) that the non-smoking areas were contaminated… (Positive

polarity)

(8e) when they were available (positive polarity)

(9b) that people are not allowed (negative polarity)

(11d) but he was confident the entertainment… (Positive polarity)


commit to user

62

(13b) 93 percent of the respondents were aware of the regulations

(positive polarity)

(14e) after the ban is imposed (positive polarity)

From the finding above, text 1 has seven numbers of polarities that

consist of two negative polarities and five positive polarities.

8. Descriptive and Attitudinal Lexis

1. Descriptive Lexis

Smoking rooms (3)

Public places (3, 5a, 10)

Public buildings (3, 5a)

Non-smoking areas (5a)

Office (6b)

People (7a, 9b)

Monday (7c)

Laboratory test (8c)

Law on air pollution control (9a)

Five types of facilities (9c)

New regulation (11c, 13b, 13d, 19b)

Night clubs, bars, and restaurants (11c)

Food industry (11d)

Survey (13a, 14a, 15, 16, 24b)

Public closed areas (13d)

Females, males (16)

Public buses and minivans (24b)

2. Attitudinal Lexis

Free regulation (8b)

Supported the plan (12b)

Not be allowed to smoke (14c)


commit to user

63

Encourage implementation (17d)

We hope prestige and shame (20a)

More effective than law enforcement (20b)

Stern sanctions (21b)

Affect them for a while (22)

9. Metaphors

1. Ideational Metaphors

(3) Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms…

(5a) the city will extend the smoking ban in public places and

buildings

(5c) that smoking rooms in buildings do not stop smoke…

(6b) his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial decree

(9a) the 2005 by law on air pollution states…

(13a) the survey said…

(14a) the survey revealed…

(16) the survey comprised 65 percent females and 34 percent

males…

(18) a building will then be given one of four ratings…

(21b) the city should impose stern sanctions…

2. Interpersonal Metaphors

(19) We will also publish data on buildings that breach the

regulation in the mass media.

(22) Publishing information on buildings violating the

regulations in the media will only affect them for a while.

10. Technicality and Nominalization

a. Technicality

Headlines (2, 4)

Laboratory test (8c)


commit to user

64

Pollution (9a)

Industry (8d)

Respondent (12b, 13b, 14b, 15)

Survey (13a, 14a, 15, 16, 24b)

Mass media (19b, 22)

b. Nominalization

Smoking room (3, 5c)

Smoking ban (5a)

Non-smoking areas (5c)

Enforcement (6a,8d,20b)

Regulation (8b, 11c, 13d, 19b)

Entertainment (11d)

Education (16)

Implementation (17d)

Assessment (17b)

11. Text Structure and Genre

Table 4.6 Text Structure of Text 1

Clause Activity sequence Rhetorical

function

Text

structure

3 Stating the title- Jakarta

to scrap smoking rooms

in public places and

buildings.

Introducing the

main point of the

issue to the

readers.

Title

5 Stating by the city,

Jakarta will extend the

smoking ban since may

non-smoking area still

infiltrating the smoke.

Announce the

issue about the

reason why the

city will extend

the ban.

Thesis

6-7 Stating by the head of

law enforcement

Ridwan P. that his

office would revice the

2005 gubernatorial

decree.

Giving the

information

about the plan

will be done by

the BPLHD to

consider toward

the issue.


commit to user

65

8 Stating by Ridwan P.

about the reason why

the smoking free

regulation would be

imposed in building by

giving the true condition

of the building.

giving more

detail about to

support the point

of the argument

1

Supporting

Point

9-10 Stating from the new

regulation of law on air

pollution control-people

are not allowed to

smoke in public places.

Giving more

argument to

support the point

of argument 1.

11 Stating by Ridwan P.

about the new

regulation will find the

optimist result in food

industry and

entertainment.

Giving the

information

about the

probability of

people who will

disagree or agree

toward the

smoking ban in

public places.

12-14 Stating by Ridwan P.

according to the survey

done by BPLHD about

the respondents who

support the plan for

100% free smoking

areas, aware of the

regulation- they still

visit the restaurant

although they would not

be allowed to smoke.

Giving more

information

more about the

people who

support the plan

and it support

the point of

argument 2

15-16 Stating by the survey

about 747 respondents

living in the five

municipalities in the

city, 65% females and

34% males (aged 20-49

with education

background of Senior

High School.

Giving

information

about the kind of

the people who

will be the

respondents.

17-18 Stating by the BPLHD

about the plan to make

an assessment to

encourage

implementation and a

Giving the

information

about the ways

to know the

level of


commit to user

66

building will be given

one of four ratings

(poor, satisfactory, good

and very good).

compliance of

building owners.

19-20 Stating by the BPLHD

will also publish the

data on buildings that

breach the regulation in

the mass media and they

hope this way will be

affective.

Giving more

information to

support the point

of argument 4.

21 Stating by Tulus of

YLKI about the plan,

the city should impose

stern sanction in order

to the plan work well.

Giving the

information

about the

sanction for the

city that

disobeys the

plan.

22-23 Stating by the YLKI

about the plan-the

publishing information

on buildings will only

affect them for a while

and the city should

impose sanctions with a

financial impact.

Giving the

information that

people who

disobeys the

regulation

should get the

heavy sanction

24-25 Stating by YLKI that

89% of 549 public

buses, minivans and 60

cities of malls also do

the violation of smoking

ban.

Giving more the

information

about people

who violates the

smoking ban.

Table 4.6 shows that text 1 is Exposition Genre. Text structure above

shows that the text starts from the title (clause 3), thesis (clause 5),

arguments that shows the supporting point in one side (clause 6-23),

and there is no conclusion.


commit to user

67

67

12. Cohesion (Lexical Strings TEXT 1)

Figure 4.1 Lexical String of Text 1

1

2

3

4

5a

5b

5c

5d

5e

6a

6b

6c

7a

7b

7c

8a

The Jakarta

Post

Rep

The Jakarta

Post

Rep

Jakarta

Syn

The city

Smoking

Rooms

Rep

Smoking

Rooms

Rep

Public

Places

Rep

Public

Places

Buildings

Rep

Buildings

Rep

Buildings

Rep

Buildings

Rep

Buildings

Rep

Smoking ban

Non-smoking

area

ant

Smoke

Rep

Smoke

Rep

Smoke

BPLHD

Syn

His

office

Ridwan P.

Syn

He

People

Rep

People


commit to user

68

68

8b

8c

8d

8e

9a

9b

9c

10

11a

11b

11c

11d

11e

11f

12a

12b

13a

13b

Smoking

Rooms

Rep

Smoking

Rooms

Rep

Public

places

Mer

Buildings

Syn

Smoking area

Rep

Rep

smoke

Rep

Rep

BPLHD

Syn

Ridwan

Syn

He

Rep

He

Syn

Ridwan

Syn

They

Syn

People

Syn

They

Syn


commit to user

69

69

13c

13d

14a

14b

14c

14d

14e

14f

15

16

17a

17b

17c

17d

18

19a

19b

Rep

The City

Public

closed area

C0-hyp

Rep

Buildings

Rep

Buildings

Rep

Buildings

The ban

Non-smoking

area

smoke

Rep

Ridwan

Syn

He

People


commit to user

70

70

20a

20b

20c

21a

21b

21c

22

23a

23b

24a

24b

25

The Jakarta

Post

Rep

The City

549 public

buses &

minivan

co-hyp

Half of 60

city malls

Rep

Smoking ban

Syn

The ban


commit to user

71

71

13. Cohesion (Conjunctive Relation Text 1)

Figure 4.2 Conjunctive Relation of Text 1

Internal

(and) imp/add

1

2

3

4

5a

5b

5c

6a

6b

6c

7a

7b

7c

8a

8b

8c

8d

8e

9a

9b

9c

10

11a

11b

11c

11d

11e

11f

12a

12b

13a

13b

13c

13d

14a

14b

14c

14d

14e

14f

15

16

External

Exp/temp

Exp/loc

Exp/purp

Exp/ opp

Exp/rea

Exp/loc

Exp/temp

Exp/loc

Exp/purp

Exp/opp

Exp/add

Exp/loc

Exp/loc

Exp/cond

Exp/purp

Exp/temp

after

that

to

but

because

that

when

that

to

but

and

that

that although

to

after

The Jakarta Post

Headlines

Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms in public

places and buildings

Indah Setiawati, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta |

The city will extend the smoking ban in public

after finding

that smoking rooms in buildings do not stop

The Jakarta Environment Management Board

his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial

to do this.

“People working in the buildings can still

smoke,

but they will have to smoke outside the

buildings,” he said Monday.

He said

the smoking free regulation would be imposed

on all

because a laboratory test found

that the non-smoking areas were contaminated

when they were available.

The 2005 bylaw on air pollution control states

that people are not allowed

to smoke at all in five types of facilities,

namely public transportation, healthcare

buildings, schools, children‟s areas and places

of worship. In offices and public spaces,

including malls, restaurants, terminals airports

and train stations.

but he was confident the entertainment and

food industry would comply once they knew

the rules.

He said according to a survey by BPLHD and

the Swisscontact Indonesia Foundation with

the University of Indonesia Demography

Institute

The survey said

93 percent of the respondents were aware of

and 60 percent of them stated

that the non-smoking areas regulation should

prohibit people to smoke in public closed

that 62 percent of the respondents would still

although they would not be allowed

to smoke

after the ban is imposed,”

Ridwan said.

The survey, held from October to November

in 2009, involved 747 respondents living in

five municipalities in the city. The survey

comprised 65 percent females and 34 percent

males aged 20-49 years old with education

background of Senior High School and above.


commit to user

72

72

(and) imp/add

17a

17b

17c

17d

18

19a

19b

20a

20b

20c

21a

21b

21c

22

23a

23b

24a

24b

25

Exp/purp

Exp/purp

Exp/loc

Exp/purp

to

to

that

to

The BPLHD, he said, would make an

assessment

to measure “the level of compliance” of

building owners

to encourage implementation.

A building will then be given one of four

“We will also publish data on buildings

that breach the regulation in the mass media.

We hope prestige and shame will be more

effective than law enforcement,” he said.

Tulus Abadi from the Indonesian Consumer

Protection Foundation (YLKI) said the city

should impose stern sanctions

to make this work.

“Publishing information on buildings violating

the regulations in the media will only affect

them for a while. The city should impose

sanctions with a financial impact, like

revoking permits,” he told The Jakarta Post.

YLKI found there were violations of the

smoking ban in 89 percent of 549 public buses

and minivans surveyed in July 2009. In 2008,

the foundation found violations of the ban in

half of 60 city malls.


commit to user

73

73

Text 2

a. Contextual Configuration

The text entitled Should We Be Smoke-free? was taken from News

column in the London Evening Standard online newspaper published on

October, 27 2003 by Ross Lydall. The title and the whole text are written in

Times New Roman font with different size and then they are written in black

color. The structure consists of the name of the newspaper, web address, title

and writer, illustration and the last is the text itself.

The illustration of the text tells about the debate of smoking ban in

public places in London, certainly whether the society should follow the

footstep of New York to campaign banning the smoking and to rule the ban of

smoking in all public places. Meanwhile, the text generally describes about the

effort of government and some opinions from the participants.

b. Data Description

1. MOOD system

Table 4.7 MOOD System of Text 2

MOOD

system


Indicative:

Declarative:

Proposition

3, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d,

9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11,

12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 13a, 13b, 13c,

13d, 14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e, 15, 16,

17a,17b, 17c, 18, 19, 19b, 19c, 19d, 19e,

19f, 20a, 20b, 20c, 21, 22a, 22b, 23a,

23c, 24a, 25, 26, 27a, 27b, 27c, 28.

61 100

Indicative:

declarative:

proposal

- - -

Indicative:

Interrogative:

- - -


commit to user

74

74

proposal

Imperative:

Proposal

- - -

Total 61 100

Table 4.7 shows that text 2 applies indicative; declarative; proposition

(100%).

2. Clause System

Table 4.8 Type of Clause of Text 2

Type of

Clause


Minor

(Ellipsis)

1, 2, 4 3 11

Major:

Simplex 3, 5, 11, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28. 11 39

Complex 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23,

24, 27.

14 50

Total 28 100

Table 4.8 shows that text 2 consists of complex clauses (50%), simplex

(39%) and Minor clauses (11%).

3. Type of Interdependence and Logico-Semantic Relation

Table 4.9 Type of Interdependence and Logico-Semantic Relation of Text 2

Type of Logico-

Semantic

Relation

Type of Interdependency

Hypotactic Paratactic

Projection

- Locution (“) (8c-8d)=1, (9a-9b)=1,

(12c-12d)=1, (14a-

14b)=1.

(19d-19e)=1, (23a-

23b)=1, (27a-27b)=1.

- Idea („) - -

Expansion

- Elaboration (=) (8b-8c)=1, (14b-14c) =1,

(17b-17c)=1, (19a-

19b)=1, (22a-22b)=1,

(27b-27c)=1.

-

- Extension (+) (7c-7d)=1, (9c-9d)=1, (19e-19f)=1, (20b-


commit to user

75

75

(12b-12c)=1, (14c-

14d)=1, (19b-19c)=1

20c)=1

- Enhancement

(x)

(7a-7b)=1, (8a-8b)=1,

(9b-9c)=1, (10a-10b)=1,

(10b-10c)=1, (10c-

10d)=1, (12-12b)=1,

(12d-12e)=1, (13a-13b),

(13b-13c)=1, (13c-

13d)=1, (14d-14e)=1,

(17a-17b)=1, (24a-

24b)=1.

(6a-6b)=1, (7a-7c)=1,

(20a-20b)=1, (23b-

23c)=1.

Table 4.9 shows that text 2 has four hypotactic locutions, three paratactic

locutions, six hypotactic elaborations, five hypotactic extensions, two

paratactic extensions, fourteen hypotactic enhancements and four

paratactic enhancements.

4. Nominal Groups

Table 4.10 Nominal Groups of Text 2

Nominal

clause


Complex 8a(i), 9a(i), 10d(iv), 11(ii) (iii),

13d(i), 14c(i), 14e(ii), 15(iii), 17c(i),

18(ii), 19a(i), 22a(i) (ii), 25 (i) (ii),

26(iii), 27b(i).

18 27. 28

Simplex 3, 4, 5, 6(a), 6(b), 7(a), 7(b), 7(c),

7(d), 8(b), 9(b), 9(c), (d), 10(a),

10(b), 10(c), 12(a), 12(b), 12(c),

12(d), 12(e), 13(a), 13(b), 13(c),

14(a), 14(b), 16, 17(a), 19(b), 19(c),

19(d), 19(e), 19(f), 20(a), 22(b),

20(c), 23(a), 23(b), 23(c), 24(a),

24(b), 27(a), 27(b), 28.

48 72. 72

Total 66 100

Table 4.10 shows that text 2 is dominated by simplex nominal groups

(72.72 %) and followed by complex nominal groups (27.28).

5. Verbal Groups


commit to user

76

76

Table 4.11 Verbal Groups of Text 2

Nominal clause Clause number Total %

Complex 12(d), 14(b), 14(c), 16, 20(a) 5 8.06

Simplex 3, 5, 6(a), 6(b), 7(a), 7(b),

7(c), 7(d), 8(a), 8(b), 8(c),

8(d), 9(a), 9(b), 9(c), 9(d),

11, 12(a), 12(b), 12(c), 12(e),

13(a), 13(b), 13(c), 13(d),

14(a), 14(d), 14(e), 15, 17(a),

17(b), 17(c), 18, 19(a), 19(b),

19(c), 19(d), 19(e), 19(f),

20(b), 20(c), 21, 22 (a),

22(b), 23(a), 23(b), 23(c),

24(a), 24(b), 25, 26, 27(a),

27(b), 27(c), 28.

57 91.94

Total 62 100

Table 4.11 shows that text 2 mostly consists of simplex verbal groups

(91.94 %) and followed by complex verbal groups (8.06 %).

6. Modality

1. Modulation

There is no modulation in text 2 because all of the clauses only have

mood system which consists of indicative, declarative functioning

proposition.

2. Modalization

(3) Should we be smoke-free… (medium probability)

(6b) Should smoking be banned… (medium probability)

(10b) the London Health Commission will begin… (Medium

probability)

(11) the result from internet poll… will be passed to… (Medium

probability).

(17a) the poll will give Londoners… (Medium probability)

(20a) we want to give them… (Medium probability)

(20c) whether smoking should or should not be allowed…

(medium Probability)


commit to user

77

77

(24a) it would be a real improvement if smoking… (Medium

Probability)

(27b) to say that a person cannot smoke in a public… (Low

Probability).

7. Polarity

In this text II have positive and negative polarity since the text

contains the finite elements, they are:

(7a) the debate is set to split the capital… (positive polarity)

(8a) the biggest-ever survey about the contentious issue is launched this

week (positive polarity)

(9b) that seven out of 10 are bothered by other… (positive polarity)

(9c) while around out of 10 have left or avoided a restaurant or pub as a

result (positive polarity)

(12a) though The Mayor doesn’t have the power to introduce…

(negative polarity)

(12d) he says he is committed to working with partner… (positive

polarity)

(16) In the UK, they are also being considered by… (positive polarity)

(19b) which was set up by the Mayor three years ago… (positive

polarity)

(19d) smoking is something that affects all Londoners whether they

smoke or not (positive polarity)

(21) arguments are already raging in London‟s bars (positive polarity)

(22b) which has smoking and no-smoking zones… (positive polarity)

(23b) I don’t like being surrounded by smoke (negative polarity)

(25) even smokers I know don’t like the smell of smoke when they are

eating (negative polarity)

(27b) to say that a person cannot smoke in a public place is, in my

opinion… (positive polarity)

(28) obviously, that isn’t fair (negative polarity)


commit to user

78

78

From the finding above, text 2 has four negative polarities and eleven

positive polarities.

8. Descriptive and Attitudinal Lexis

1. Descriptive Lexis

Public places (6b, 8d, 12e, 27b, 27c)

The capital (7b)

Public buildings (7d)

Research (8b)

People (8d, 9b)

Survey (9a)

Seven areas (18)

Public health (19a, 19c)

Londoners (19e)

Smoking and non-smoking zones (22b)

Real improvement (24a)

2. Attitudinal Lexis

We follow in the footsteps of New York (7c)

The contentious issue (8a)

Support a ban (8d)

Widening no smoking areas or introducing bans (10d)

Smoking ban (12b, 15)

Mayor ability (13c)

Arguments (21)

Infringement (27b)

Obviously (28)

9. Metaphors

1. Ideational Metaphors

(7) The debate is set to split the capital…


commit to user

79

79

(8b) following research which shows that three out of four…

(9) The Mori survey, commissioned by pressure group Smoke Free

London, also showed that

(10b) the London Health Commission will begin…

(13a) The Government could also decide…

(15) The survey follows the introduction of smoking bans…

(17) The poll will give Londoners the chance to say what level…

2. Interpersonal Metaphors

(3) should we be smoke-free?

(6) … should smoking be banned from public places?

(7) should we follow in the footsteps of New York and ban

smoking in all public buildings?

(14) … I look forward to hearing what the public wants done about

smoking in enclosed public places…

(20) We want to give them the chance to have their say on whether

smoking should or should not be allowed in a range of public

settings.

10. Technicality and Nominalization

a. Technicality

Debate (7a)

Survey (8a, 9a)

Research (8b)

Internet (11)

Mayor (13c)

Liberties (27b)

b. Nominalization

Smoking (6b, 7d, 14c, 24b)

Decision (11)


commit to user

80

80

Government (13a)

Restrictions (13d, 17c)

Non-smoking zones (22a)

Smoking zones (22a)

Improvement (24a)

Infringement (27b)

Developer (26)

11. Text Structure and Genre

Table 4.12 Text Structure of Text 2

Clause Activity sequence Rhetorical function Text

structure

3, 6 Asking the readers

about the smoking ban

that –should we

(Londoners) be smoke-

free or smoking be

banned from public

places?

Announce the title

by giving question

to the readers.

Title

7 Stating the issue about

the debate held in

London with the issue-

should we follow in the

footsteps of New York

and ban smoking in all

public buildings?

Giving more detail

about the main point

of issue by giving

the question to the

readers whether

they support or not.

Issue

8-9 Stating the big survey

by Mory survey about

the Londoner‟s vote

that three out of four

people support a ban in

public places and seven

out of ten people are

bothered by other

people‟s smoke.

Giving the

information many

Londoners agree to

follow the smoking

ban.

10 Stating by the London

Health Commission

will hold a vote on the

possibility of widening

no smoking areas or

introducing bans across

Giving the

information about

the effort to

promote the

smoking ban in

public.


commit to user

81

81

the city.

Supporting

Point

11-14 Stating by the Big

Smoke Debate that

introducing Ken

Livingstone, first

mayor of London who

work to cut smoking in

public places.

Giving the

information about

the effort which

done by Mr.

Livingstone to

support the smoking

ban.

15-16 Stating the survey by

introducing the

smoking ban in New

York, San Francisco

and UK.

Giving more detail

by showing the

example about the

place which are

considered by

smoking ban to

support the point of

the argument 2.

17-18 Stating based on the

polling that Londoners

will give the chance to

choose the level

restriction in seven

areas; cafes,

restaurants, pubs, and

bars.

Giving more

information to


the argument 2

19 Stating by Len Duvall

of LHC was set up by

the Mayor Ken

Livingstone to improve

public health-smoking

is something that

affects all Londoners

whether they smoke or

not.

Giving more

information about

Len Duval who help

Ken Livingstone to

promote the health

by avoiding the

smoking.

20-22 Stating by Len Duval

about the chance that

will be given to

Londoners to decide

whether they are

allowed smoking or

not, especially in bars.

Giving more

information to


the argument 3

23-25 Stating by one of the

Londoners –Miss

Hollamby- she does not

like being surrounded

by smoke particularly

in restaurant and she

Giving more detail

by giving the

example to support

the smoking should

be banned in public

places. It support


commit to user

82

82

state that some smokers

also do not like the

smell of smoke when

they are eating.

the point of

argument 3

26-28 Stating by the other

Londoners namely

Dominic Woods, a

properly developer that

he disagree if the

smoking is banned in

public places, it is not

fair.

Giving the

information by

showing the

opposition point to

support free

smoking in public

places.

Contrastive

point.

Table 4.12 shows that text 2 is belong to the Discussion Genre. It contains

the title (clause 3, 6), the issue (7) the arguments that support the issue

(clause 8-25) and attract the issue (26-28). The writer does not present a

recommendation as the conclusion of the text.


commit to user

83

83

12. Cohesion (Lexical Strings TEXT 2)

Figure 4.2 Lexical Strings of Text 2

1

2

3

4

5

6a

6b

7a

7b

7c

7d

8a

8b

8c

8d

9a

9b

Smoke

Rep

Smoking

Rep

We

Syn

The capital

Rep

We

Banned

Co-hyp

Ban

smoking

Hyp

Ban

Public

Places

Co-hyp

Public

Buildings

Rep

Public

Places

Co-hyp

The debate

Co-hyp

NewYork

Ant

Survey

Co-hyp

Mory

survey

3 out of 4

people

Mer

7 out of 10

4 out of 10


commit to user

84

84

9c

9d

10a

10b

10c

10d

11

12a

12b

12c

12d

12e

13a

13b

13c

13d

14a

14b

14c

14d

Smoking

Rep

smoking

Syn

Government

Rep

Bans

Rep

Smoking

ban

Co-hyp

Restaurant

Or pub

Rep

Public

places

Co-hyp

Enclosed

public places

The big

smoke debate

London

Mer

Ant

Mory

result

Syn

The result

Hypo

Londoners

Mer

The city

Co-hyp

2 million

smokers

Hyp

The public

LHC

co-

hyp

Ken L.

Syn

The

mayor

Syn

He

rep

He

Syn

The

mayor

Co-

hyp

Mr. L.

Smoking area

Ant


commit to user

85

85

14e

15

16

17a

17b

17c

18

19a

19b

19c

19d

19e

19f

20a

20b

20c

21

22a

22b

Rep

Smoking

Rep

Smoke

Rep

Smoking

Rep

Rep

We

Rep

A ban

NY & SF

Ant

UK

Co-hyp

hyp

Londoners

Syn

They

Rep

They

Rep

Londoners

Rep

They

Syn

Them

Syn

Their

Co-hyp

Mer

Len D.

Non-smoking

zone

Tammy

H.

Syn


commit to user

86

86

23a

23b

23c

24a

24b

25

26

27a

27b

27c

28

Smoke

Rep

Smoking

Rep

Smoke

Rep

Smoke

Syn

It

Rep

Banned

Syn

That

Smokers

Mer

Person

Co-hyp

The smoking

side

Miss H.

Syn

I

Rep

I

Property

deliver

Syn

Mr.

woods


commit to user

87

87

13. Cohesion (Conjunctive Relation text 2)

Figure 4.4 Conjunctive Relation of Text 2

Internal

(and) imp/add

1

2

3

4

5

6a

6b

7a

7b

7c

7d

8a

8b

8c

8d

9a

9b

9c

9d

10a

10b

10c

10d

11

12a

12b

12c

12d

12e

13a

13b

13c

13d

14a

14b

14c

14d

14e

15

16

17a

17b

17c

18

External

Exp/purp

Exp/add

Exp/elab

Exp/loc

Exp/loc

Exp/time

Exp/alter

Exp/purp

Exp/cond

Exp/purp

Exp/purp

Exp/purp

Exp/purp

Exp/ela

Exp/add

Exp/purp

Exp/purp

Exp/ela

to

and

which

that

that

while

or

to

though

to

to

to

to

what

and

to

to

what

London evening standard Standard.co.UK

Should we be smoke-free?

By Ross Lydall, Evening Standard Last updated at 00:00am on 27.10.03

Add your view Put it out:

should smoking be banned from public places?

The debate is set

to split the capital –

should we follow in the footsteps of New York

and ban smoking in all public buildings?

The biggest-ever survey about the contentious issue is launched this week, following research

which shows

that three out of four people support a ban in public

places - from pubs and bars to railway stations, shopping centers and offices.

The Mori survey, commissioned by pressure group

that seven out of 10 are bothered by other people's while around four out of 10 have left or avoided a

restaurant

or pub as a result. Following the Mori results, the London Health

Commission will begin asking Londoners tomorrow

to vote on the possibility of widening nonsmoking

areas or introducing bans across the city.

The results from the internet poll - known as the Big Though the Mayor does not have the power

to introduce a smoking ban, he says he is committed

to working with partners

to cut smoking in public places. The Government could also decide

to pass laws giving the Mayor the ability to introduce restrictions on the estimated two

million smokers in London.

Mr Livingstone said: "I look forward to hearing

what the public wants done about smoking in places

and to working to increase Londoners' access to healthier, smoke-

free venues."

The survey follows the introduction of smoking bans in bars and restaurants in New York and San

Francisco.

to say what level of restriction - if any - they want. They

will be asked about seven areas - cafes, restaurants, pubs and bars, shopping centres, railway stations,

taxis and offices.


commit to user

88

88

(and) imp/add

(but)imp/opp

19a

19b

19c

19d

19e

19f

20a

20b

20c

21

22a

22b

23a

23b

23c

24a

24b

25

26

27a

27b

27c

28

Exp/ela

Exp/purp

Exp/loc

Exp/ela

Exp/purp

Exp/ela

Exp/ela

Exp/cond

Exp/cond

Exp/opp

Exp/purp

Exp/loc

which

To

that

whether

to

whether

which

if

even

but

to

that

Len Duvall, chairman of the London Health

Commission, which was set up by the Mayor three years ago

to improve public health, said: "Smoking is

something that affects all Londoners

whether they smoke or not.

"We want to give them the chance

to have their say on whether smoking should or

should not be allowed in a range of public settings." Arguments are already raging in London's bars. In

Clapham Common's SW4 bar

which has smoking and no-smoking zones - Tammy

Hollamby, a nursery nurse from Borough,

welcomed the idea of a ban.

Miss Hollamby, 24, said: "I don't like being

surrounded by smoke. It would be a real

improvement if smoking was banned altogether from certain

places, particularly restaurants.

Even smokers I know don't like the smell of smoke

when they are eating."

But on the smoking side of the bar, property developer Dominic Woods disagreed. Mr Woods,

"To say that a person cannot smoke in a public place that individual's civil liberties. Obviously, that isn't

fair."


commit to user

89

89

C. Data Interpretation

1. Data Interpretation of Text 1

Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms in public places and buildings

Based on the data descriptions of lexicogrammar, cohesion system, text

structure and genre, the tenor of the text can be analyzed. Tenor consists of status,

affect and contact.

a. Status

Status means the relative position of interlocutor in a social hierarchy.

Its basic opposition is between equal and unequal status, depending on the

social ranking of the participants (Martin, 1992, p. 525-526).

The participants inside text 1 are the 2005 bylaw on air pollution

control, Swisscontact Indonesia Foundation, University of Indonesia

Demography Institute, head of law enforcement from BPLHD (Ridwan

Panjaitan), and Tulus Abadi from Indonesia Consumer Protection Foundation

(YLKI).

The status between the writer, the reader, and the participants inside

the text is equal. It can be seen through the use of MOOD system since it

reflects the same position of the writer. There is no proposal clause in the text

since the writer does not use her role as „adviser‟ who has greatest position. It

means that all of the clauses in this text are indicative, declarative functioning

proposition clause due to the function of the text informing the issue to the

readers. The dominance of full indicative, declarative clauses indicates that the

text share a common focus on the giving of information. The writer tries to


commit to user

90

90

give detail information and description in the form of statement about the

society in Jakarta will agree to extend the rule of smoking-ban law if the

public do not smoke in infiltrating non-smoking areas. The total of indicative,

declarative, proposition is 100 %.

b. Affect

Affect concerns to the degree of emotional charge in the relationship

between the participants (Martin 1992, p.525). Affect refers to the judgment of

the writer toward the case exposed and the participants involved in the text.

The judgment itself can be positive or negative.

The degree of affect can be seen from the polarity analysis. This text is

dominated by positive polarity and followed by negative polarity. The positive

polarity consists of five clauses such as in clause “that the non-smoking areas

were contaminated…” (8d), “when they were available” (8e), “but he was

confident the entertainment”(11d), “93 percent of the respondents were aware

of the regulations” (13b), and “after the ban is imposed” (14e). It means that

the writer employs the positive judgment toward the issue presented in the

text. The writer also carries positive tendency by showing the support of

smoking ban in public spaces to the readers. Besides, the text has negative

polarity which is applied in clause “that smoking rooms in buildings do not

stop smoke…”(5c), “that people are not allowed…”(9b). Although this text

applies the negative polarity, it is actually only to show the fact that there are

still many people who did not obey the rule of smoking ban. Therefore, the


commit to user

91

91

text tries to show the effort on holding a change in order to the city would

obey the rule to avoid the smoking in public spaces.

The judgment toward the participants (The Jakarta Environment

Management Board (BPLHD), the 2005 bylaw on air pollution control,

Swisscontact Indonesia Foundation, University of Indonesia Demography

Institute, and Consumer Protection Foundation (YLKI)) is obviously positive.

In this case, the writer attempts to give detail information about the

participant‟s effort through giving the facts that they support the issue. By the

nominal group system, the illustration about the expressing of the speaker‟s

attitude will be known. These facts can be found in some clauses, such as “…

don‟t stop smoke [Infiltrating non-smoking areas]” (5c), “people [working in

the buildings]” (7a), “…of facilities [namely public transportation, healthcare

buildings, schools, children‟s areas and places of worship” (9c), “According

to a survey [by BPLHD and the Swiss contact Indonesia Foundation with the

University of Indonesia Demography Institute, [that 96 percent of

respondents]] supported the plan for 100 percent free]” (12b), The survey

comprised 65 percent females and 34 percent males “[aged 20-49 years old

[with education background of Senior High School and above]]” (16), etc.

Those examples indicate that the writer shows the positive judgment toward

the issue since the participants show the positive tendency to solve the

smoking in public places.

Furthermore, the positive judgment can be detected through the

employment of modality expression. There are low and medium probability


commit to user

92

92

presented the text. The low probability are applied in clauses “people working

in the building can still smoke” (7a) and “the new regulation could spark

opposition in night club…” (11c). However, the readers are also known by

some clauses seem like giving a negative opinion, but they still show the

positive judgment. Those clauses actually only give more fact to support the

previous clause that is stated by BLHD as the Environment Management in

Jakarta will revise the 2005 law on air pollution since there are still people

who do not allow to smoke in five types of facilities, such as public

transportations, healthcare buildings, schools, children‟s areas and train

stations. Moreover, the medium probability in this text presents the positive

judgment. It can be proved by applying the positive tendency to support the

issue, for example in the clauses “the city will extend the smoking…” (5a),

“his office would revise the 2005 by law air pollution…” (7a), “the smoking

free regulation would be imposed on all…”(8b), etc.

Furthermore, the judgment from the writer to the readers can be seen

through the attitudinal. The employment of attitudinal lexis of text 1 are Free

regulation, supported the plan, not be allowed to smoke, encourage

implementation, we hope prestige and shame, more effective than law

enforcement, stern sanctions, and affect them for a while. Those clauses show

that the judgment from the writer to the readers is positive. The writer wants to

give much positive side of the issue, for example by saying supported the

plan, and implicitly it shows that the writer wants the readers have the same

judgment that is the positive judgment.


commit to user

93

93

The employment of descriptive lexis in the text indicates that the writer

wants to describe detail information about the issue. The descriptive lexis in

this text is presented by the terms; smoking rooms, public places, public

buildings, non-smoking areas, office, people, Monday, laboratory test, law on

air pollution control, five types of facilities, new regulation, night clubs, bars,

and restaurants, food industry, survey, public closed areas, females, males,

and public buses and minivans. By applying descriptive lexis in text 1, the

writer expresses and describes the experiential reality to the readers in order to

have similar opinion with the writer.

In addition, the positive judgment can be seen through the genre that is

the Exposition genre. In this case, the writer mentions that the smoking should

be banned in the public places. The writer also tries to explore and describe

detail by giving some facts about the smoking occurring in public places in

Jakarta. Implicitly, the writer tends to judge positively toward the issue by

taking more positive arguments in the text.

c. Contact

Martin says that contact concerns the degree of involvement among

interlocutors (1992, p. 528). Contact is divided into two, such as involved and

uninvolved contact depending on a number of factors influencing the

familiarity of participants with other. Moreover, contact relates to the degree

of language familiarity applied by the writer in exposing the issue. It

evaluates the language used in the text whether the language is familiar or not


commit to user

94

94

to the readers. Contact can be realized through cohesion system, grouping

system, clause system, metaphor system, lexis system, and text structure.

The contact of this text seems to be familiar. It can be seen from the

clause system. The text consists of simplex clauses 68%, complex clause 16%

and followed by minor clauses 4%. The use of minor clauses is still easy to

comprehend. Minor clause functions giving detail information about location

of the issue. Complex and simplex clauses relate to the logical relation as

proved in conjunction relation. The use of complex clauses implies the use of

explicit logical relation while the simplex group implies the use of implicit

logical relation that requires high ability to understand the text. Due to the

level of The Jakarta Post‟s readers this kind of relations does not give many

difficulties for the readers to understand. The use of hypotactic and paratactic

enhancement in the text also made the text easy to understand since the

sequences of the event is clear and the content can be caught clearly by the

reader.

Contact is related to the degree of nature of involvement of the

participants. Poynton in An Introduction to Systemic Functional linguistics

book by Suzanne Eggins says that actually there are correlations between

contact and the choice of vocatives (2004, p. 65). Vocative or term of address

is the words that people call each other. The status is called equal when the

vocative is reciprocal and unequal if the vocative is non-reciprocal. Text 1 has

two kinds of vocatives: „he‟ and the possessive pronoun „his‟ and „we‟ is used

in some clauses such as „He said the smoking free regulation would be


commit to user

95

95

imposed on all spaces in buildings because a laboratory test…” (8), “the

Jakarta Environment Management Board (BPLHD) head of law enforcement

Ridwan Panjaitan said his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial decree

to do this” (6), and “We will also publish data on buildings that breach the

regulation in the mass media” (19). The clause number six shows that equal

status since the writer call Ridwan P. without title like mister, etc. The writer

uses those vocatives in her some clauses aims to show the equality status

between her and the participants inside the text. The writer does not apply any

advice, force, and dictate to the participants inside the text. Besides, the use of

“we” creates the intimate communication between the writer and the readers.

This is the one strategy to persuade the readers in order to follow the writer‟s

mind.

From the analysis of group system, the text is dominated by simplex

nominal group (76.27%) and simplex verbal group (98.21%). It indicates that

the text is easy to be understood by the readers since the writer describes the

sequences of event in simple ways. There are also some complex nominal and

verbal groups in the text with embedded functioning as qualifier. It means that

the text is still easy to understand since the target readers are well-educated

people who master English.

Furthermore, the employment of technicality and nominalization is

also influent of the text whether the text is easy or not. The use of technicality

in the text are headline, laboratory test, pollution, industry, survey, mass

media and the use of nominalization such as smoking room, smoking ban, non-


commit to user

96

96

smoking areas, enforcement, regulation, entertainment, education,

implementation, assessment. All those terms are familiar in the smoking case

so that the readers who mostly are educated people will not find difficulties in

understanding the technicality and nominalization presented in the text.

The Jakarta Post is an influential newspaper oriented towards local

English-speaking expatriates and the diplomatic community. The background

of The Jakarta Post readers is people who have high educational level and they

belong to middle and high level of social background. In short, the readers of

The Jakarta Post are capable of understanding the text constructed in solid and

written style.

Besides, this text has some ideational metaphors that also can measure

the level of understanding a text. The employment of the metaphor is “Jakarta

to scrap smoking rooms…” (3), “the city will extend the smoking ban in public

places and buildings” (5a), “that smoking rooms in buildings do not stop

smoke…” (5c), “his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial decree (6b),

“the 2005 by law on air pollution states…” (9a), “the survey said…” (13a),

“the survey revealed…” (14a), “the survey comprised 65 percent females and

34 percent males…” (16), “a building will then be given one of four

ratings…” (18) “the city should impose stern sanctions…” (21b). The

presence of those ideational in the text does not make the text difficult to

comprehend since the readers of the Jakarta Post are educated people who

master English. Those metaphors are used by the writer since she wants to

make variation in expressing her ideas.


commit to user

97

97

Contact can be detected through the cohesion system analysis

consisting of lexical string and conjunctive relation. It aims to measure

whether the text is cohesive or not. The lexical strings of the text 1 consist of

repetition, synonymy, antonym, meronymy, and co-hyponymy. The repetition

are shown by term: the Jakarta post (1) – the Jakarta post (5a) – the Jakarta

post (23b), smoking rooms (3) – smoking rooms (5b) – smoking rooms (8d) –

smoking rooms (13a), public places (3) – public places (5c) – public places

(10), buildings (3) – buildings (5a) – buildings (5b) – buildings (7a) –

buildings (7) – buildings (8b) – buildings (17c) – buildings (18) – buildings

(19a), non-smoking areas (5c) – non-smoking areas (13d), smoke (5c) – smoke

(7a) – smoke (7b) – smoke (9c) – smoke (13d), BPLHD (6a) – BPLHD (12b),

he (7c) – he (11b) – he (11d) – he (17b), the ban (14e). Repetition is used

when a lexis term is repeated. In this case, repetition is to emphasize freedom

of expression and conflict that is discussed in the text. The use of synonymy is

to describe the issue clearer and to avoid monotonous word since the text uses

various words which have similar meaning. The employment synonymy in the

text, such as Jakarta (3) – the city (5a), BPLHD (6a) – his office (6b), smoking

ban (5a) – the ban (14e), people (7b) – they (8e). The use of antonym aims to

show one side opinion as the reason to show another one that may have more

important information. The employment of antonym of this text is non-

smoking ban (5c) – smoking area (8d). However, the use of the meronymy is

to show the part and whole relation which applies more specific part in the

text so that it makes clearer. The employment of meronymy of this text are


commit to user

98

98

public places (10) – public closed-area (13d). Moreover, the use of co-

hyponymy in the text is to show the relation of class of words included into

the same class. The writer wants to give clear explanation to the case. The

employment of co-hyponymy of this text is public closed-area (13d) – public

buses and minivan (24b) – city mall (25). Due to the use of meronymy and co-

hyponymy, the writer can easily explore the idea in broader language use.

Furthermore, the employment of explicit conjunctions is to connect

information in the text that makes the logic of text is easy and clear to

comprehend. The explicit conjunctions of this text are temporal (clause 5b, 8e,

14e), locution (clause 5c, 8d, 9b, 13d, 14b, 19b), purpose (clause 6c, 9c, 14d,

17c, 17d, 21c), opposition (clause 7b, 11d) reason (clause 8c), addition

(clause 13c), and condition (clause 14c) . The use of implicit conjunction is to

link the ideas within sentences. The implicit conjunctions of this text are

locution (clause 6b, 8b, 11b, 11c, 12b, 13b, 14f, 17b, 20a, 23a, 24b), and

addition (clause 11e, 11f, 20b). Although there are some implicit conjunctions

that come out in text 1, it still shows that the text is easy to comprehend since

the target readers are educated people who do not get difficulties in

understanding English.

In addition, text structure also supports the familiarity of the text. The

text structure of text 1 consists of title, thesis, and supporting points. The text

begins with the title; then it is followed by the thesis that describes the issue

being discussed in the text. The next step is only supporting points presented


commit to user

99

99

text 1. It is signed that the writer wants to stand on one side of the issue. The

writer also gives many facts and elaborations to support the thesis of the issue.

2. Data interpretation of Text 2

Should we be smoke-free?

Based on the data descriptions of lexicogrammar, cohesion system, text

structure and genre, the tenor of text 2 can be analyzed. Tenor consists of status,

affect and contact.

a. Status

Status means the degree of relationship among the participants. Its

basic opposition is between equal and unequal status, depending on the social

ranking of the participants (Martin, 1992, p. 525-526). The participants in this

text are the writer, the reader, and the participants inside the text.

Based on the analysis of lexicogrammar, the status among participants

is equal. The participants in text 2 are Smoke Free London, London Health

Commission, Big smoke debate, and the government.

In this text, the status between the writer and the participants inside the

text is equal. It can be built from the MOOD system. The text is dominated by

indicative, declarative clauses which indicate that these clauses are in the form

of statement, for example Mr. Livingstone said: "I look forward to hearing

what the public wants done about smoking in enclosed public places and to

working to increase Londoners' access to healthier, smoke-free venues." The

writer provides the statement given by Mr. Livingston who wants to hear the


commit to user

100

100

public toward the smoking ban. By applying that statement, the writer wants

the readers to know and consider avoiding smoke in public places. The

proposition clauses included in the text are used to give description about the

effort which was done by the participants to ban the smoking in public places.

b. Affect

Affect concerns with the degree of emotional charge in the relationship

between the participants (Martin 1992, p.525). Affect refers to the positive or

negative judgment of the writer toward the case exposed and the participants

involved in the text.

Affect can be seen from the writer judgment to the case and the writer

to the readers. It can be detected through the polarity analysis. This text is

dominated by positive polarity and followed by negative polarity. The positive

polarity consists of 11 clauses they are in clause “the debate is set to split the

capital…” (7a), "the biggest-ever survey about the contentious issue is

launched this week” (8a), “that seven out of 10 are bothered by other…” (9b),

“while around out of 10 have left or avoided a restaurant or pub as a result”

(9c), “he says he is committed to working with partner…” (12d), “In the UK,

they are also being considered by…” (16), “which was set up by the Mayor

three years ago…” (19b), “smoking is something that affects all Londoners

whether they smoke or not” (19d), “arguments are already raging in

London‟s bars” (21), “which has smoking and no-smoking zones…” (22b).

“to say that a person cannot smoke in a public place is, in my opinion…”

(27b). It means that the writer employs the positive judgment to the readers.


commit to user

101

101

The writer carries more positive tendency to the readers by showing the

support of smoking ban in public spaces in London.

Besides, the text has negative polarity which is applied in clause “I

don‟t like being surrounded by smoke” (23b), “even smokers I know don‟t

like the smell of smoke when they are eating” (25). Although, the writer

applies the negative polarity, it has positive judgment to support the smoking

ban in public places in London. Those clauses show that a Londoner gives

argument that she does not like surrounding and smelling of smoke. However

the negative polarity in clause "though The Mayor doesn‟t have the power to

introduce…” (12a) also indicates that positive judgment toward the issue. The

mayor Ken Livingstone of London Health Commission doesn‟t have power to

introduce smoking ban to Londoners so the government help him to do this.

There are another negative polarity clause that is shown in the term

“obviously, that isn‟t fair” (28). It is different from the other negative polarity

since the clause indicates the negative judgment toward the issue. The writer

puts her negative assessment to show disagreement toward the case in some

clauses. The clause argues that the smoking ban should not be banned in

public places since it relates to the individual‟s civil liberties. The writer

provides the negative polarity to fulfill the discussion text that is in the form of

demanding information, „should smoking be banned from public places?‟. It

conclude that text 2 still belongs to positive judgment between the writer and

toward the issue since the writer provides more positive side while the

negative side is applied in weakness opinion.


commit to user

102

102

The judgment between the writer and the participants (Smoke Free

London, London Health Commission, Big smoke debate, and the government)

is positive. In this case, the writer tries to provide detail information about the

participants inside the text to support the smoking ban in the public areas. By

the nominal group system, the illustration about the expressing of the

speaker‟s attitude will be proved. These facts can be supported in some

clauses, such as “the survey follows the introduction of smoking bans [in bars

and restaurants]” (15), “They will be asked about seven areas [cafes,

restaurants, pubs and bars, shopping centres, railway stations, taxis and

offices]” (18), etc. Those clauses indicate that the writer provides the positive

judgment toward the issue since the participants show the positive tendency to

solve the smoking in public places in London.

The positive judgment can be detected through the employment of

modality expression. The low and medium probability is also applied in this

text; they are in clause “should we be smoke-free…” (3), “should smoking be

banned…” (6b), “the London Health Commission will begin…” (10b), “the

result from internet poll… will be passed to…” (11), “we want to give

them…” (20), “whether smoking should or should not be allowed…” (20c),

and “it would be a real improvement if smoking…” (24a). The writer

expresses the positive judgment toward the case. Those clauses indicate that

participants in the text provide many ways to introduce smoking ban in

society.


commit to user

103

103

Further, the writer tries to show the positive tendency by creating the

positive judgment from the view of the writer to the reader through the

attitudinal lexis. The employment of the attitudinal lexis can be found in the

clauses we follow in the footsteps of New York, the contentious issue, support

a ban, widening no smoking areas or introducing bans, smoking ban. The

writer provides the supporting issue by giving the positive information in the

text. However, the clause contentious issue and infringement shows negative

judgment toward the issue. The writer applies the participant that they do not

agree avoiding smoking ban. He said that the smoking bans will disturb the

individual‟s civil liberties. It concludes that in the case of judgment seen from

the use of attitudinal lexis, the judgment between the writer toward the issue is

negative by showing the disagreement case while the judgment between the

writer to the readers is positive since the writer aims to show more positive

side in her text.

Furthermore, the judgment between the writer and the readers can be

seen from the descriptive lexis. The employment of descriptive lexis in the

text indicates that the writer wants to describe the same experiential reality to

make clear information without giving any opinion. The descriptive lexis in

this text is presented by the terms; Public places, the capital, public buildings,

research, people, survey, seven areas, public health, Londoners, smoking and

non-smoking zones, real improvement.

In addition, text 2 presents the discussion genre as deciding whether

the text is positive or negative judgment to the readers. In the text structure,


commit to user

104

104

the writer actually puts clause “should smoking be banned from public

places?”. It aims to make the readers consider their own opinion that the

smoking should be banned in public places or not. The next step the writer

applies two different opinions in its structure text; support and contrast

argument. Text 2 is dominated by support argument (8-9, 10, 11-14, 15-16,

17-18, 19, 20, 20-22, 23-25) and followed by contrast argument (26-28). The

dominantly of support argument that is presented in this text indicate the

writer wants the readers to have same judgment since the writer only applies

the weakness contrast argument. However, the contrastive argument is used by

the writer to show her negative argument toward the issue. In short, the

readers implicitly will know the smoking in public areas is needed to be

banned, although the writer does not provide any recommendation in her text.

3. Contact

Contact concerns to the degree of involved and uninvolved among

participants. It means that contact relates to the familiarity of participants with

other. Contact can be realized through cohesion system, grouping system,

clause system, metaphor system, lexis system, and text structure.

Contact is related to the degree of nature of involvement of the

participants. The involvement between the writer and the readers in this text is

infrequent. The intimacy between the writer and the readers is far. The writer

uses title plus sure name such as mayor, Mr., Miss, etc in addressing to the

participants in the text and she does not show “I” to call herself. Those

vocatives are employed in clauses “following the Mori results, the London


commit to user

105

105

Health Commission will begin asking Londoners tomorrow to vote on the

possibility of widening no smoking areas or introducing bans across the city”

(10), “Though the Mayor does not have the power to introduce a smoking

ban” (12), he says he is committed to “Mr. Livingstone said: "I look forward

to hearing what the public wants done about smoking in enclosed public…”

(14), and “Miss Hollamby, 24, said: "I don't like being surrounded by smoke”

(23). The use of address form “we” in clause “we want to give them the

chance to have their say on whether smoking should or should not be allowed

in a range of public settings” (20) only indicates that the writer tries to share

same experience and knowledge to the readers dealing with the case.

The text is categorized into familiarity language. It is supported by

clause system. This text consists of simplex clauses 50%, complex clauses

39% and followed by minor clauses 11%. Minor clauses in this text show that

the text is easy to comprehend since the clause functioning to give detail

information about the location of the issue. The use of complex clauses

implies the use of explicit logical relation while the simplex clauses indicate

the use of implicit logical relation that requires high ability to understand the

text. This text is taken from the dominant regional evening newspaper for

London and the southeast of England which covers national and international

news, so this kind of relations does not give many difficulties for the readers

to understand.

Further, the text provides technicality and nominalization which also

give the role in deciding a text whether easy or not to be understood. The


commit to user

106

106

employment of technicality in the text is debate, survey, research, internet,

mayor, and liberties while the nominalization are smoking decision,

government, restrictions, improvement, infringement, developer. The less of

technicality and nominalization gives the readers will not find the difficulties

in understanding the text.

London Evening Standard is a free local daily newspaper published on

Monday - Friday. It is dominant regional evening newspaper for London and

surrounding area. It covers national and international news. The background

of London Evening Standard readers is people who use English as the main

language, so they do not have difficulties to comprehend the meaning of text.

Besides, this newspaper covers many important columns, such as politics and

social scene. It indicates that the readers of this newspaper are middle to upper

class of educated people.

Contact can be detected through cohesive system analysis. Its system

aims to measure whether the text is cohesive or not. The first cohesive system

is lexical string. Text 2 provides repetition, synonymy, antonym, meronymy,

and co-hyponymy. The repetition for example is shown by terms of: smoke (3)

– smoking (6b) – smoking (12e) – smoking (14c) – smoking (19d) – smoke

(19f) – smoking (20c) – smoke (23c) – smoking (24b) – smoke (27c). The

repetitions above indicate that the issue concerns in one topic “the smoking”

so that the words come out in the most clauses of inside the text. The use of

synonymy is to describe the issue clearer and to avoid monotonous word since

the text uses various words which have similar meaning. The employment


commit to user

107

107

synonymy in the text is we (3) – the capital (7b) – the government (13a),

people (8d) – Londoners (10c) – the city (10d) – the public (14c). The use of

antonym purposes to apply one side opinion as the reason to show another side

opinion which may have more important information. The employment of

antonym of this text is smoking area (10d) – non-smoking zone (22a).

However, the use of meronymy and co-hyponymy purpose to explore the idea

in language use, such as public places (6b) – restaurant or pub (9c), survey

(8a) – Mory survey (9a).

Text 2 is dominated by simplex nominal groups (72.72%) and simplex

verbal groups (91.94%). It is categorized in easy text since the text is arranged

by simple sequence of events. However, the complex nominal (27.28%) and

verbal groups (8.06%) presented in the text are embedded functioning as

qualifier. It means that the text is still easy to understand since the target

readers do not have difficulties in using language.

The employment of ideational and interpersonal metaphor in this text

is also influent to measure whether the text is easy or not to be understood.

The ideational metaphor in this text does not make the text difficult to

comprehend since the readers of the London Evening Standard newspaper are

English-speaking expatriates and the diplomatic community in London. Those

metaphors are used by the writer since she wants to make variation in

expressing her ideas. The ideational and the interpersonal metaphors are for

example applied in the clauses “The Mori survey, commissioned by pressure

group Smoke Free London, also showed that…” (9), “the London Health


commit to user

108

108

Commission will begin…” (10b), “… should smoking be banned from public

places?” (6), “should we follow in the footsteps of New York and ban

smoking in all public buildings?” (7).

Further, explicit and implicit conjunction in text 2 relates to the

connection information in the text. It logically makes the text is clear to

comprehend and link the ideas between one sentence to another sentences.

The explicit conjunctions of this text are purpose, addition, elaboration,

temporal, alternative, locution, and condition. Another side of the implicit

conjunction comes out in this text, such as addition, purpose, and locution. It

still shows that the text is easy to comprehend since the target readers belong

to English speaker.

The last system to know the familiarity of the text is presented by

genre and its text structure. The writer applies the supporting points is stronger

than the contrastive point. It is signed that the writer implicitly wants to stand

on one side of the issue. This structure is applied in simple ways and sequence

steps starting from the title, followed by supporting points and finally applied

the contrastive point without giving recommendation. It concludes that the text

has high familiarity and readability even the target readers use English as their

language.

D. DISCUSSION

This subchapter discusses the general interpretation of all texts on news

column based on the data description and interpretation that has been analyzed.

The discussion is intended to get answers of the problem statements.


commit to user

109

109

1. Status of Both Texts

Tenor involves three aspects, i.e. status, affect and contact. The first is

status. Status refers to the relative position of interlocutors in a cultural social

hierarchy. Status consists of two aspects: equal and unequal status which

depends on the social ranking of participants (Martin, 1992: 528). Based on

the data interpretation above, it can be seen that the status between the writers,

the participants inside the text and the readers is equal. Both writers try to put

the readers in equal position in giving information. The equal of both texts can

be detected through lexicogrammar,

By seeing the interpretation of data, text I and text II are dominated by

indicative, declarative, proposition clauses. It means that the writers tend to

give and demanding information rather than giving and demanding good or

services in describing smoking ban in public places.

2. Affect of Both Texts

Affect concerns to the degree of judgment among participants. The

judgment itself consists of two aspects: positive and negative judgment. The

affect both texts can be seen from two views: the writer toward the issue and

the writer to the readers.

The judgment of both texts between the writers to the readers is

positive. It is supported by the use of positive polarity in both texts. This

positive polarity means that the writers want to describe and give positive

value about the ban smoking in public places.


commit to user

110

110

The judgment of both texts between the writers toward the issue has

different judgment. Text 1 shows positive judgment since the writer provides

positive judgment toward the issue. Meanwhile text 2 shows negative

judgment toward the issue since the writer applied negative polarity to show

disagreement in that case.

Positive judgment is also supported in giving the positive judgment

through the presence of attitudinal lexis such as supported the plan, not be

allowed to smoke (text 1). Text 1 provides the positive judgment between the

writer toward the issue and between the writer to the readers. Text 2 also

applies positive judgment between the writer to the readers such as support a

ban, widening no smoking areas or introducing bans. Those clauses prove that

both writer wants to show the positive article of smoking ban to the readers.

Meanwhile, text 2 also provides negative judgment between the writer toward

the issue which is through the attitudinal lexis such as contentious issue and

infringement.

The participants in both texts also give the important role to provide

the positive judgment toward the issue. Those participants support the ban of

smoking in public places in both texts. It also can be proved by the nominal

group system due to give the facts to support the ban smoking.

Furthermore, the employment of descriptive lexis of both texts

indicates that the writer wants to describe the same experiential reality to

make clear information without giving any opinion. The use of low and


commit to user

111

111

medium probability of both texts also can be signed as providing the positive

judgment since the writers express the positive opinion toward the issue.

Moreover, the positive judgment can be detected from the genre and

the structure. The writers of both texts provide the description of smoking ban

in public places in such a way that makes the issue is proper to read and

understand by the readers in smoking danger. The genre of text 1 is exposition

genre that provides the positive judgment toward the issue and the readers.

Meanwhile, the text 2 applies discussion genre that also support positive

judgment since the supporting arguments which are stronger than contrast

argument.

3. Contact of Both Texts

Contact relates to the familiarity of language used among participants.

The familiarity of language means the use of language which is easy or

difficult to comprehend by participants.

The target readers of both texts are people who master English and

educated people. In Jakarta Post, the readers are people who have high

educational level and they belong to middle and high level of social

background while in London Evening Standard‟s readers are people who use

English as the main language including people in the politic and social

environment.

Further, the writers tend to use the familiar language which aims to

easily comprehend. It can be seen from the use of lexicogrammar, cohesion,

and text structure realized in both texts.


commit to user

112

112

Both texts are categorized into familiarity of language. They are

supported by clause system consisting dominantly of simplex clauses and

followed by complex clauses and some minor clauses. This means that the

writers try to make the texts easy to understand. The presence of minor clauses

as the title and subtitle in both texts also indicate that the writers try to make

the readers easy to follow the contents of the text.

Both text are also dominated by simplex nominal and simplex verbal

groups which indicate the texts are arrange by simple sequence of events.

There are complex nominal and complex verbal groups in some clauses; it

means that the texts are still easy to comprehend since the target readers do

not have difficulties in language use.

The familiarity of language can be measure through the analysis of

cohesion system: lexical string and conjunction relation. The employment of

lexical string of both text dominantly are repetition, synonymy and meronymy

which aims to make the texts are clear and to avoid monotonous words since

the texts use various words having similar meaning. Meanwhile, the use of

explicit and implicit conjunction in both texts relates to the connection

information in the text and makes the text is clear to comprehend and link the

ideas in one sentence to another sentence.

The employments of ideational and interpersonal metaphor in both

texts indicate that the texts easy to understand since the target readers are

people who master English. The writers apply the two kinds of those

metaphors aim to make variation in expressing their ideas.


commit to user

113

113

Although both of texts apply some technicality and nominalization,

they are quite familiar for the readers since the readers are people who master

English and in political world. The writers aim to attract and invite the readers

to analyze and finally lead them to involve in the text.

In addition the use of genre and its structure of both texts prove that

the texts are familiar in language use. The writers want to give detail about the

news through the simple structure. The writers do not provide the

recommendation as close text. They purpose to make the readers have their

own conclusion.

Contact also relates to the degree of involvement among participants.

Based on both of texts, there is different degree of involvement. Text 1, the

writer applies address form „we‟ which indicate that the writer involve the

readers in the text. The writers try to build intimate communication to the

readers. In contrary, text 2 applies address form „mayor‟, Mr., Miss, etc which

indicate the writer does not involve in the text. The writer does not build

intimacy between the writer and the readers.

4. The Similarities and Differences of Both Texts

From the description and data interpretation that have been analyzed,

the similarities and differences of texts displayed in news column can be

found. Those are summed up as follows:

The status of both texts is equal. It is supported by the use of

indicative, declarative functioning as proposition. From the analysis of affect,

the judgment between the writer to the readers is positive. The positive


commit to user

114

114

judgment of both texts is proved by the use of modality system, the use of

polarity system, the use of attitudinal lexis and clause system. Meanwhile,

both texts have different judgment between the writers toward the issue which

is indicated by the use of attitudinal lexis and polarity system. The judgment

of text 1 is positive while the judgment of text 2 is negative.

Furthermore, viewing from the contact of both texts, the language is

used in those texts is quite familiar and readable. It can be proved by the use

of dominant simplex nominal and verbal groups, less percentage of the

numbers of complex nominal and verbal groups, the use of cohesive relation:

lexical string and conjunction relation, metaphors: ideational and interpersonal

metaphors, technicality and nominalization, and exposition genre in text1 and

discussion genre in text 2. Moreover, contact refers to the degree of

involvement among participants. Text 1 belongs to frequent or close intimacy

relation between the writer to the readers. It is proved by the use of address

form „we” that is presented in both texts. Meanwhile, the use of address form

such as mayor, miss, Mr., etc indicate the intimacy between the writer and the

readers is far.


commit to user

115

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion

Based on the data analysis in the previous chapter, the conclusion can be

drawn as follows:

1. Status

Both texts show that the status both of texts between the writers and

the participants, and between the writers and the readers is equal. Based on the

lexicogrammar analysis, equal status can be seen from MOOD system in

which is all of the clauses are indicative, declarative and proposition clauses.

Those clauses mean that the writers give detail information about smoking ban

in public places to the target readers.

2. Affect

The news texts of smoking ban in both online newspapers: The Jakarta

Post and London Evening Standard apply positive judgment. It can be seen

from the relation between the writer toward the issue and the writer to the

readers.

The employment of positive judgment of both texts can be detected

from polarity system. The texts are dominated by positive polarity. The

writers of both texts carry positive tendency by showing the support of

smoking ban in public spaces to the readers. The employment of negative

polarity in text 2 shows the writer does not agree toward he case.


commit to user

116

Besides, the use of attitudinal lexis in both texts also supports the

positive judgment between the writer and the readers. The use some negative

attitudinal clauses make the judgment between the writer and the reader in text

2 is negative judgment.

The employment of low and medium probability of both texts can also

be signed as providing the positive judgment since the writers express the

positive opinion to the readers. In addition, by applying the genre and the text

structure, the writers arrange the texts for the readers by describing the attempt

of the institutions and government mentioned in the texts to support the issue

to support the smoking ban in public places by revising the old rule,

campaigning to introduce the ban, voting and giving the sanction. In the case

between the writer toward the issue, text 1 is positive judgment with its

exposition genre and text 2 negative judgment with its discussion genre in

3. Contact

Based on the data interpretation, the writers of both texts

categorize their texts into familiarity language. It can be seen from clause

system of both texts which are dominated by simplex nominal and simplex

verbal groups and followed by the complex one. It means that the texts

absolutely become familiar and easy to be understood by the readers.

The use of cohesive relation (lexical strings and conjunction relation)

also supports the familiarity of both texts. It aims to make the texts are clear

and to avoid monotonous words since the texts use various words having

similar meaning. The employments of ideational and interpersonal metaphors


commit to user

117

in both texts indicate that the texts are easy to understand since the target

readers are people who master English.

Further, both texts provide technicality and nominalization which

prove that both of texts are familiar for the readers since the readers are people

who master English. The use of genre and its structure of both texts prove that

the texts are also familiar in language use. The writers want to give detail

about the news through the simple structure of the texts. The writers do not

provide the recommendation in their texts. They purpose to make the readers

have their own conclusion. In addition, the writer of text 1 provides the use of

address form ‘we’ which indicates that the writers involve the readers in the

text. The writers try to build intimate communication to the readers.

Meanwhile, the writer of text 2 applies address form such as ‘mayor’, ‘miss’,

and ‘Mr.’ etc which indicate that the intimacy the writer to the readers is far in

the text.

4. Similarities and Differences of Both Texts

Based on tenor analysis of both texts, there are similarities and

differences between the two texts. Both texts have equal status between the

writer, the participants and the readers. It is supported by the use of indicative,

declarative functioning as proposition.

From the analysis of affect, the judgment between the writer to the

readers is positive. It is proved by the use of modality system, the use of

polarity system, the use of attitudinal lexis and clause system. Meanwhile,

both texts have different judgment between the writers toward the issue. The


commit to user

118

judgment of text 1 is positive since the writer shows agreement toward the

issue while the judgment of text 2 is negative since the writer shows

disagreement toward the issue. It can be proved by the use of attitudinal lexis

and polarity system.

In addition, the contact of both texts shows quite familiar in using

language. It can be proved by the use of dominant simplex nominal and verbal

groups, less percentage of the numbers of complex nominal and verbal groups,

the use of cohesive relation: lexical strings and conjunction relation,

metaphors: ideational and interpersonal metaphors, technicality and

nominalization, and exposition genre in text1 and discussion genre in text 2.

Moreover, contact refers to the degree of involvement among participants.

Text I is involvement contact which is proved by the use of address form we

while text 2 is not involvement contact since the text provide address form

miss, Mr., and mayor to show the far intimacy between the writer to the

readers in the text.

Finally, form the description of tenor analysis, text 1 is more effective

in applying the issue than text 2. In text 1, the writer provides one side opinion

that is presented in title and subtitle in the text structure. Although, the text

does not have conclusion, the readers still can decide their opinion through the

writer’s text.

B. Recommendation

This research is proposed to be an additional knowledge in analyzing text

to the next researcher. These recommendations are as follows:


commit to user

119

1. The researcher recommends the next researcher especially those who are

interested in Systemic Functional Linguistics, to study Systemic Functional

Linguistics more deeply since this theory is very useful in comprehending and

analyzing the text.

2. This research still applies two texts to find out the comparative study. This is

expected to the next researchers to analyze more than two texts from another

local and international newspaper to result in more comprehensive tenor

analysis.

3. The researcher recommends the next researchers to conduct a further research

using other element of SFL such as textual and ideational meaning.

Documents

A TENOR COMPARATIVE STUDY ON NEWS TEXTS IN ...Name : Dewi Winahyu Jati NIM : C1306002 Stated wholeheartedly that the thesis entitled A Tenor Comparative Study on News Texts in The