DTUDate Title

Which factors affect handheld phone use in traffic?

– A survey study in Denmark and the Netherlands

2

Rebecca Brandt, Mette Møller, Sonja Haustein and Marjan Hagenzieker

DTUDate Title

Laws and sanctions are widely

used means to regulate

behaviours in traffic

3

Behavioristic explanation

The law works as an inhibitor

by adding a (new) risk (a fine)

with a higher probability

- Åberg, 1998

Systemic explanation

The law alters culture and

indirectly affects behaviours by

changing the perceived safety risk

- Nadler, 2017

DTUDate Title

The practical framework

Case: The ban on handheld phone use in The Netherlands

- mixed methods: interviews and surveys

- compare to Denmark, specifically with focus on culture

4

Ban of Hhuse in NL

Interviews DK Interviews NL

Survey DK + NL

Interviews NL

Survey DK + NL

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov May

2018 2019 2020

DTUDate Title

Country characteristics

Denmark The Netherlands

Population size5.806.081

(Q1, 2019)

17.101.084

(2018)

Area sq.km 42.933 42.508

Risk by exposure:

Deaths per billion

kilometres cycled

9

(2011-2015)

8

(2011-2015)

Trips by bicycle18 %

(2008)

26 %

(2008)

Statistics Denmark / Danmarks Statistik

Statistics Netherlands / Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek

OECD/IFT (2018) Roundtable 168 Summary and Conclusions

Buehler, R. & Pucher, J. (2012): Walking and Cycling in Western Europe and the United Stated, TR News 280 May – June

DTUDate Title

Theoretical background

• Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991, 2006 and more)

6

DTUDate Title

Method

Semi-structured, qualitative pre-survey

interviews

DK n =9 NL n =10

Web survey

Distributed by Epinion

Response collection: May 13 to June 11

2019

Inclusion criteria:

• Age 17<

• Phone ownership

• bike frequency>never

Language: Danish and Dutch

• Analysis performed in SPSS

7

DTUDate Title

Sample description

8

Denmark The Netherlands Test of difference

N (completed) 580 509

Age (SD) 46 (15.8) 45.7 (14.8) T-test: p = 0.734

Gender (F/M/O) % 55.1/44.9/0 52.7/47.3/0Fisher's Exact Test p =

0.427

Education level

(Low/high) %49/51 33.1/66.9

Fisher's Exact Test p =

0.000

DTUDate Title

Handheld use within country

9

63,1 63,5

36,9 36,5

DK = 601 NL = 515No Yes

Fisher’s Exact test p = 0.755

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Most frequent bike type, within country

10

4,79,7

74,8

7,831,4

21,6

70,6

3,1 3,3

Racing bike (incl. Fixieand SS)

Two-wheeled e-bike orspeedpedelec

Regular two-wheeledbike

Mountain bike Other

DK = 600 NL = 514

Fishers Exact Test: p =<0.000

DTUDate Title

Law beliefs by country

11

16,1

54,9

2,7

22,821,2

38,6

5,2

33,8

No law Hh ban Hf ban Hh + hf ban

DK = 580 NL = 509

Fishers Exact Test: p = <0.000

DTUDate Title

Helmet use (for most freqent bike type)

12

34,3

8,6 10 9,5

37,7

82,7

5,3 6,93,3 1,8

Never Almost never Occasionally Often Very often

DK = 581 NL = 509

Pearson Chi-Square: p = <0.000

DTUDate Title

Perceived risk of handheld phone use

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DK NL Mean difference (CI)

4.32 4.12 0.20 (0.98, 0.31) ***

HH legal HH banned Mean difference (CI)

4.17 4.24 -0.08 (-0.20, 0.05)

By law belief

By country

* p ≤ 0.05

** p ≤ 0.01

*** p ≤ 0.001

DTUDate Title

Principal Component AnalysisComponent

Perceived Self

(responsible)

Social

Norms

Neg.

Perceived

Behavioural

Control

Behavioural

beliefsSafe cycling 0.73 -0.12 0.10 -0.07

Compliance with traffic laws 0.67 0.01 0.24 -0.25

Concern about others 0.58 0.05 0.27 -0.23

General norms -0.06 0.55 -0.19 0.30

Peers attitude -0.03 0.77 -0.16 0.13

Peers use -0.01 0.80 -0.08 0.21

Wobble (HH) -0.04 -0.07 0.17 -0.12

Skills 0.01 -0.12 0.70 -0.24

Attention 0.19 -0.07 0.70 -0.25

HF pleasant 0,10 0.13 0.18 0.43

No disturbance 0.24 0.22 -0.31 0.39

HH pleasant -0.16 0.12 -0.12 0.73

Perceived safety (HH) -0.12 0.18 -0.23 0.62

Cronbach’s Alpha 0.71 0.68 0.79 0.58

14

DTUDate Title

Denmark: Handheld phone useDemographic variables only With psychological variables

B Exp(B) 95% C.I. B Exp(B) 95% C.I.Age -0.08 *** 0.93 (0.91, 0.94) -0.06 *** 0.95 (0.93, 0.96)Male (1) 0.34 1.41 (0.93, 2.14) -0.07 0.94 (0.58, 1.98)Cycling in minutes 0.38 *** 1.46 (1.19, 1.80) 0.45 *** 1.56 (1.24, 1.98)Number of

inhabitants in

municipality0.18 * 1.20 (1.04, 1.40) 0.24 ** 1.267 (1.07, 1.50)

Higher education

(1)0.22 1.25 (0.83, 1.88) 0.30 1.37 (0.84, 2.15)

Constant 0.94 2.55Perceived self:

responsible-0.08 0.93 (0.62, 1.38)

Social Norms 0.55 ** 1.73 (1.21, 2.47)Neg. PBC -0.63 *** 0.53 (0.39, 0.72)Behavioural beliefs 0.94 *** 2.56 (1.73, 3.79)Lawbelief HH

banned (1)-0.58 0.56 (0.31, 1.02)

Constant -0.67 0.51Nagelkerke R

Square0.36 0.53

15

* p ≤ 0.05

** p ≤ 0.01

*** p ≤ 0.001

DTUDate Title

The Netherlands: Handheld phone useDemographic variables only With psychological variables

B Exp(B) 95% C.I. B Exp(B) 95% C.I.Age -0.09 *** 0.91 (0.90, 0.93) -0.06 *** 0.94 (0.92, 0.96)Male (1) 0.94 *** 2.56 (1.62, 4.03) 0.71 ** 2.03 (1.22, 3.39)Cycling in minutes 0.17 1.18 (0.97, 1.43) 0.16 1.180 (0.93, 1.48)Number of

inhabitants in

municipality0.06 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) 0.08 1.09 (0.93, 1.28)

Higher education

(1)0.41 1.50 (0.92, 2.44) 0.52 1.68 (0.96, 2.92)

Constant 2.10 *** 8.14Perceived self:

responsible-0.52 * 0.60 (0.40, 0.90)

Social Norms 0.80 *** 2.22 (1.49, 3.30)Neg. PBC -0.77 *** 0.47 (0.34, 0.63)Behavioural beliefs 0.09 1.10 (0.73, 1.65)Lawbelief HH

banned (1)-0.50 0.61 (0.35, 1.06)

Constant 3.53 ** 34.00Nagelkerke R

Square0.38 0.54

16

* p ≤ 0.05

** p ≤ 0.01

*** p ≤ 0.001

DTUDate Title

Comparison across countriesDK NL

B Exp(B) 95% C.I. B Exp(B) 95% C.I.Age -0.06 *** 0.95 (0.93, 0.96) -0.06 *** 0.94 (0.92, 0.96)Male (1) -0.07 0.94 (0.58, 1.98) 071 ** 2.03 (1.22, 3.39)Cycling in

minutes0.45 *** 1.56 (1.24, 1.98) 0.16 1.18 (0.93, 1.48)

Number of

inhabitants in

municipality0.24 ** 1.27 (1.07, 1.50) 0.08 1.09 (0.93, 1.28)

Higher education

(1)0.30 1.35 (0.84, 2.15) 0.52 1.68 (0.96, 2.92)

Perceived self:

responsible-0.08 0.93 (0.62, 1.38) -0.52 * 0.60 (0.40, 0.90)

Social Norms 0.55 ** 1.73 (1.21, 2.47) 0.80 *** 2.22 (1.49, 3.30)Neg. PBC -0.63 *** 0.53 (0.39, 0.72) -0.77 *** 0.47 (0.34, 0.63)Behavioural

beliefs0.94 *** 2.57 (1.73, 3.79) 0.09 1.10 (0.73, 1.65)

Lawbelief HH

banned (1)-0.58 0.56 (0.31, 1.02) -0.50 0.61 (0.35, 1.06)

Constant -0.67 0.51 3.53 ** 34.00Nagelkerke R

Square0,53 0,54

17

* p ≤ 0.05

** p ≤ 0.01

*** p ≤ 0.001

DTUDate Title 18

Rebecca Karstens Brandt

rebbr@dtu.dk

Phone: (+45) 45254444