A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREET TYPOLOGY …

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREET TYPOLOGY AND

HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE PERIPHERY KAMPONG OF KAPUK,

JAKARTA, INDONESIA

Nugroho SUMANTO 1, Seth Asare OKYERE 2, Michihiro KITA 3, Shigeki MATSUBARA 4,

Motoki SHIMODA 5 ,

This study analyzed the relationship between street typology and human behavior activities in Kelurahan Kapuk of West

Jakarta. The study employed mixed qualitative methods of interviews, mapping, and observation of 85 houses and 1142 activities. The survey found that although different street typologies exist, the main influencing factor for street based human activities relates to physical amenities, social-cultural practices and the width of the street/alley. The paper suggests that minor land adjustment through re-blocking with lots, widening of some cul-de-sacs to improve street layout and provision of elderly friendlyopen spaces is necessary to improve the physical environment of Kampong.

Keywords: Kampong, Urban periphery, Human behavior, Street typology, House condition

Consolidated urbanization processes have partly contributed to the shift in population from rural to urban areas since 1950s. Particularly, half of the world’s population resided in urban areas in 2007 and the process has continued unabated in cities of the Global South. The trend is expected to persist and by 2050, the world’s urban population would have reached around 66% or two-thirds of world population (UN DESA, 2014). Likewise, Indonesia, with an average annual rate of change of 1.5% (higher than the world’s 0.9%) is projected to reach an urban population of 71% by 2050 (UN DESA, 2014). Jakarta, a mega city of more than 10 million inhabitants with a rapid urbanization trend, hosts a significant proportion of the 53% of

Indonesians residing in urban areas (UN DESA, 2014). This situation has placed Jakarta on a challenging urban development trajectory where quality and adequate affordable housing, access to livelihoods and socio-economic services remains a daunting challenge, especially for those in low-income settlements such as kampong*1) (Budiarto, 2005). In view of this, urban kampongs have emerged as safe havens for accessible and affordable alternatives for some of those at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder. Indeed, around one-fourth of Jakarta’s population is reported to live in kampong, either in the inner-city or periphery areas (UN Habitat,

2003). Inner-city kampong, by virtue of their strategic locations and access to income-earning opportunities in the city are susceptible to evictions and redevelopment projects usually initiated by the real estate sector with support from public authorities for the so-called urban revitalization. Consequently, a considerable proportion of those living in the inner-city kampong are being forcefully or latently pushed out of the city center to peripheral areas where they seek to rebuild their lives and livelihoods. This has resulted in the gradual consolidation

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, M.Eng.

2 Assistant Prof., Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Dr.Eng.

3 Prof., Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Dr.Eng.

4 Associate Prof., Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Dr.Eng.

5 Assistant Prof., Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Dr. Creative Arts



JAKARTA, INDONESIA


Motoki SHIMODA 5 ,














JAKARTA, INDONESIA


Motoki SHIMODA 5 ,












A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREET TYPOLOGY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE PERIPHERY KAMPONG

OF KAPUK, JAKARTA, INDONESIAインドネシア、ジャカルタ縁辺部のカンポン KAPUK における街路類型と人々の行動との関係に関する研究

Nugroho SUMANTO＊1, Seth Asare OKYERE＊2, Michihiro KITA＊3, Shigeki MATSUBARA＊4 and Motoki SHIMODA＊5

ヌグロホスマント，セスアサレオチェレ，木多道宏，松原茂樹，下田元毅

＊ 1　 Ph.D. Candidate, Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, M.Eng.

＊ 2　 Assist. Prof., Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Dr.Eng.

＊ 3　 Prof., Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Dr.Eng.

＊ 4　 Assoc. Prof., Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Dr.Eng.

＊ 5　 Assist. Prof., Division of Global Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Dr. Creative Arts

大阪大学大学院工学研究科地球総合工学専攻　博士前期課程・修士（工学）

大阪大学大学院工学研究科地球総合工学専攻　特任助教・博士（工学）

大阪大学大学院工学研究科地球総合工学専攻　教授・博士（工学）

大阪大学大学院工学研究科地球総合工学専攻　准教授・博士（工学）

大阪大学大学院工学研究科地球総合工学専攻　助教・博士（芸術）

日本建築学会計画系論文集第86巻第781号，891-901， 2021年3月J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 86 No. 781, 891-901, Mar., 2021

DOI https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.86.891【カテゴリーⅡ】�

─ 891 ─

of kampong in peripheral areas which were hitherto rural in character. The periphery kampongs have therefore become important areas for self-built and affordable housing. This has also resulted in gradual densification, although density could be various depending on the level of economic activity in surrounding areas. In following with this shifting geography of kampong from inner-city to outlying or peripheral areas of Jakarta, this paper submits that it is necessary to contextually comprehend the intersections of socio-physical aspects of the street system to support proper physical organization of kampong. While there are several factors that influence the characteristics or functions of streets such as facilities and economy (see Mehta, 2007; Mehta and Bosson, 2010), this paper focuses on the street pattern to comprehend the relationship between human behavior and street typology in kampong. This study extends an earlier work by the authors which looked the relationship between human behavior and street typology in an inner-city kampong (Sumanto et al, 2019). For the purposes of this paper, the focus shifts from inner-city kampong to peripheral kampong to comprehend the kind of mechanisms and strategies that are necessary to improve socio-physical aspects in the on-going process of urban consolidation in peripheral areas of Jakarta. The structure of this paper is organized as follows. The next section presents previous studies on this topic, then the research methodology,

the results and discussion and finally the conclusions and recommendations in the last section.

The existence of urban kampong in Indonesian cities has attracted a lot of scholarly attention, especially within the built environment disciplines. For example, Jellinek (1991) highlighted the evolution of Kampong Kebon Kacang since the 1920s including its rural origins, transformations, settler experiences and the external forces that shaped it. Based on field-based interviews, she found that a rehousing project and the demolition practice executed by government have disrupted lots of residents every day life in terms of livelihoods and social ties and that such interventions were short-lived and faded over time. Her study points to the critical issue of contextualization of kampong improvement to local needs and the urgency of inclusive participation in planning and design programs for the urban poor. Funo (1987) has detailed out the transitional process and housing system of kampong. In Surabaya Metropolitan Area, he described the

transformation before and after the kampong improvement projects execution in including fringe and rural kampong. He argued that every single kampong is a unique entity with diverse characteristics in terms of location, composition of income groups, mobility of population, history, and physical condition. Funo suggested that integrated, incremental, participatory process of improving kampong with emphasis on prototype house, use of local building materials, and conservation of positive aspects. In a later study, Funo et al (2009) observed rising population density and modification of old houses into multi-story units. Their conclusions correspond to what other scholars have found with regards to the socio-spatial fluidity and diversity of informal residents in rapidly urbanizing developing cities of the global South (Okyere et al, 2017; Okyere, 2018; Nazire and Kita, 2016) Additionally, Budiarto (2005) explores the correlation between the typology of kampong settlement and the socio-economic activity of

kampong inhabitants in three different types of kampong in Jakarta—the inner-city, peripheral and woodland. He adopted space syntax to ascertain the spatial structure of a kampong, the socio-economic life of its residents and the specific way these kampongs connect to the larger city. His study revealed that kampong, which is not pre-conceptually designed to accommodate its inhabitants’ economic activity, produces adaptive space sustaining inhabitants’ everyday socio-economic activities by means of organizing either the access or desired level of interaction between dwellers and strangers. The case of inner-city kampong showed that the great number of junctions between kampongs and the secondary level super grid that ensures spatial permeability is significant to inhabitants’ street-level businesses. Sumanto et al (2019) have analyzed the relationship between human behavior and street typology in the inner-city Kampong Kebon

Kacang. They focused on the micro-level analysis revealed that house condition is related to street openness, while the type of activity in the settlement is determined by the width of the street, openness, and amenities. Their study attempts to improve the physical environment without disrupting the positive aspects of the urban kampong structure. However, the case of peripheral kampong is not yet comprehended even though urban kampongs are still being consolidated in peripheral Jakarta. This study therefore extends the current discourse on inner city kampong to include peripheral kampong. The emphasis and categorization of street typology in this study follows the work of Nabizada and Kita (2013) and Hakim (2010) who classified streets according hierarchy and physical structure to investigate residents use of public or open space and also the relationship between the hierarchy of streets and land-use pattern in Afghanistan and Tunisia respectively. By adapting their categorization using the physical form of streets, this study aims to provide insights regarding the spatial structure and human behavior in the periphery kampong which can support proper evidence-based planning and policy interventions in the so-called enclaves of unplanned urban expansion in large developing cities of Asia.

Located in the periphery area of West Jakarta and closed to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Tangerang City, Banten, Kelurahan Kapuk is the most populated Kelurahan*2) within Cengkareng Sub-district (figure 1c). Kelurahan Kapuk has an area of 563 hectares and

─ 892 ─

is divided into 16 Rukun Warga (RW) and 272 Rukun Tetangga (RT) *3). It is bordered by the intersection of major streets such as Kapuk Raya, Pedongkelan Raya and Daan Mogot. Its area is geographically divided into the two sections by the main river—residential area to the west and industrial area to the east. Furthermore, the existence of high-income residential areas of Pantai Indah Kapuk at its northern part is a stark demonstration of spatial inequalities that is common in several areas of the city, including the urban peripheries.

Historically, Kelurahan Kapuk was a rice field during the late Dutch colonial period with very limited access to other areas of Jakarta and dispersed farming communities. This location was a remote area which was inconvenient for many, especially urban migrants. Since then, kapok (originally a Javanese term to describe disillusion) was used to replace its former name—Kampong Kayu Besar. For many Indonesians unfamiliar with Javanese language, the name Kapok is mispronounced as Kapuk—an Indonesian syllable that refers to Kapok tree. Over time, improved infrastructure in this urban village appealed to the clustering of industrial activities. The existence of industrial areas and the movement from the city center to the periphery areas in order to get affordable housing or as an impact of eviction in the branding of inner-city redevelopment have extremely changed the evolution and circumstances of the area from an agricultural field to densely populated residential area. Kampong Kapuk, typical of periphery kampongs, shares similar characteristics with inner-city kampong (e.g. diversity in size, structure, and housing style) but with denser population density and worse conditions of living environment. In recent times, Kampong Kapuk with its hundreds of houses lining up along narrow alleys has become one of the densest kampongs with limited open spaces. In this sense, streets and alleys have become an important component of the residential environment beyond passages to encompass adaptable spaces for everyday urban living.

The case study design method was adopted and executed in Kelurahan Kapuk. The settlement was selected due to the density of residential land use (densest kelurahan within Cengkareng Sub-district of West Jakarta with 274 people/ha) and the clustering of industrial activities which has contributed to the settlement consolidation over time. In terms of land size, Kampong Kapuk is about 560 hectares with 16 RWs. Specifically, RW13 was selected for this study due to its spontaneous physical configuration of dense and crowded houses units and the apparently poor conditions of the living environment which provides a challenging situation to reconsider its physical development. Secondly, compared to other RWs, RW13 has not been redeveloped and thus provides the needed contextual scope to critically reflect future improvement in light of existing spatial structure.

The field survey was conducted into two phases. The first phase (August 18 – September 1, 2018) involved household interviews about respondents’ profile and observation of house conditions based on their willingness to be interviewed. In RW13, 85 houses were surveyed (five houses in each RT). The second phase (September 2 – 8, 2018) focused on observation of street-based human behavior activities in one weekday (09:30-17:30). Observations were augmented with self-taken photographs. Secondary data was collected from the administrative office of Kelurahan Kapuk to triangulate other sources acquired from published research papers and local government reports.

─ 893 ─

Due to respondents’ restriction and privacy concerns, the condition of surveyed houses was observed based on the physical appearance of each house and classified into four categories as good, fair, poor, and very bad conditions (see table 1 and figure 2). The classification of streets and alleys was based on the physical form, following previous research in similar contexts. The classifications are as follows: M (main street and most opened), I (street parallelly connecting M-type streets in a straight line and more opened), L (street passing through the block in L-shape and opened), Z (meandering street passing the block and closed), U (U-shape street attached to any type of street, connected only houses and more closed) and C (cul-de-sac and most closed) (figure 3). With regard to human behavior, the field observation focused on human activities in all streets and alleys of RW13 under three broad classifications: social, economic, and stationary. Social activities involve two or more people, for instance chatting and playing. Economic activities refer to income generating activities such as selling of items and services. Stationary refers to sedentary individual actions such as sitting alone and napping. A brief explanation regarding the process of field survey is presented as follows:

• Literature review of published research materials in scientific journals on kampong in Indonesia. • Physical measurement of all streets and alleys in the studied area. Streets and alleys were classified based on physical form. • Questionnaire: an open-ended questionnaire instrument was used for one-on-one interview with heads of households in all 85

houses in RW13 of Kelurahan Kapuk. Questions covered aspects such as age, occupation, length of stay, and property ownership. • Observation survey: all human activities on the streets were recorded on maps prepared after the physical measurement. This

was done by walking on the routes to record as many activities as possible.

CONDITION DESCRIPTION

Very Bad Structural deformation (roof/column/beam) and/or combination of two or more conditions written in poor category, requires major restoration.

Poor The physical conditions adversely affect building operations (tilted wall, non-plastered wall, temporary materials, exfoliated plaster, moldy wall, broken/rotten doors/windows) and requires significant updating or restoration.

Fair Hairline cracks or outdated paint, and requires minor restoration. Good Without any damage, painted, and suitable for continued use with normal maintenance.

RW13 having a total land area of approximately 57 hectares is located on the southwest of Kelurahan Kapuk and neighboring to Kelurahan Cengkareng Timur. There are three mosques, eight prayer rooms, several schools, public toilets and a semi-public open space. The housing typology here is not different from the ones in the inner-city, where detached single-story houses are still predominant. Some of these have been renovated incrementally into two stories for either personal or business purposes such as renting a room for newcomers and selling food items. The survey revealed that more than half of the interviewees (52%) are self-employed persons engaged in informal enterprises such as food vendors, tailors, and motorcycle drivers. There are respectively 7 and 1% of residents who are able to work in the private sector (usually as factory workers/drivers) and governmental organizations. The proportion of residents retired or housewife are as 4 and 36%

─ 894 ─

respectively (figure 4a). The link between the educational attainment level and lack of formal and public sector employment could be understood in figure 4b. The data revealed that almost all respondents (99%) have no tertiary level education and 10% have never been to school.

With regard to the period of stay, the proportion of residents who have been living in this settlement for more than 40 years represent

11.8%. On the other hand, however, results show that about 35.3% have just been living there for 10 years or less. The data on length of stay of the residents indicates that the densification of the area is more recent. As shown in Table 2, about 20 years ago (since 1998), about forty-five new households have settled in the area. One major reason is due to the evictions from the city center or nearby strategic locations, in addition to real estate market forces which priced people out of inner-city areas. In terms of ownership, the field survey revealed that 69.4% of respondents are house owners while the proportion of tenants is 30.6%. It appears the ownership or tenancy is strongly related to length of residence in the study area. For example, among those with 20 years’ residency or more, owners constituted 43.6% as compared to only 3.6% who rent. On the contrary, the proportion of owners and renters living less than 20 years’ occupancy is similar: 25.9 and 27% respectively. This trend is perhaps influenced by situational shift from isolated area where few people wanted to live to the most populated and sought-after low-income settlement in West Jakarta. Moreover, the existence of industrial areas within Kelurahan Kapuk and other redevelopments of the surrounding areas have led to increase in the land value which until about two decades ago was considered relatively cheap.

Generally, the field mapping showed that in terms of distribution of street typology, C-type is the predominant, followed by Z, L and U-type streets. There are no M and I-type streets in RW13 (see figure 5 and 6). Based on data of 85 houses surveyed, the study found that the majority of houses are in poor and very bad condition. In relation to the street typology, for instance, the study found that there are 5 houses (5.9%) along L-type streets in poor condition, while Z-type has higher number of houses in poor condition (30 houses or 35.3%, see figure 6). The data in figure 7 which represents the conditions of houses and the width of streets illustrates the reasons behind this phenomenon. The total number of houses which are in poor and very bad condition is increasing in line with the narrowing of the streets. Particularly, mN streets (1-2 m) which is the most common width in any of the street typologies (figure 5) have higher proportion of houses in poor and very bad condition: 30 (35.3%) and 6 houses (7.1%) as compared to m streets (>2-3 m) having 10 (11.8%) and 1 house (1.2%) respectively. Observations during field work indicate this could be due to the physical form of the streets as narrower streets make it difficult to transport necessary building materials for house improvement and thereby limit improvement intentions or efforts.

Self-employed

person52%

Private employee

7%Retired 4%

Housewife36%

Government employee 1%Never10%

Primary School35%

Junior High School19%

Senior High

School35%

University 1%

0.5%

1.4%

5.1%

6.9%

3.7%

13%

24.1%

0.9%

27.8%

0.9%

2.3%

13.4%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

L

Z

U

C

W(>4m) mW(>3-4m) m(>2-3m) mN(1-2m) N(<1m)

RW 13 Owner Tenant

No. % No. %

0-10 years 10 11.8 20 23.5

11-20 years 12 14.1 3 3.5

21-30 years 10 11.8 1 1.2

31-40 years 17 20 2 2.4

> 40 years 10 11.8 0 0

Total 59 69.4 26 30.6

a)

N=85

b)

N=85

N=216

─ 895 ─

4.7% (4) 1.2%(1)2.4%(2)

29.4%(25)

4.7%(4)5.9% (5)

35.3%(30)

1.2% (1)

7.1% (6)1.2%(1)

5.9% (5)

1.2%(1)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

L Z U CGood Fair Poor Very Bad

N= 85

4.7% (4)1.2%(1)2.4%(2)

11.8%(10)

21.2%(18)

1.2%(1)

11.8%(10)

35.3%(30)

2.4%(2)

1.2%(1)

7.1% (6)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

mW (>3-4 m)

m (> 2-3 m)

mN (1-2 m)

N (< 1 m)

Good Fair Poor Very Bad

N=85

4.7% (4) 1.2%(1)2.4%(2)

29.4%(25)

4.7%(4)5.9% (5)

35.3%(30)

1.2% (1)

7.1% (6)1.2%(1)

5.9% (5)

1.2%(1)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%


N= 85

4.7% (4)1.2%(1)2.4%(2)

11.8%(10)

21.2%(18)

1.2%(1)

11.8%(10)

35.3%(30)

2.4%(2)

1.2%(1)

7.1% (6)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

mW (>3-4 m)

m (> 2-3 m)

mN (1-2 m)

N (< 1 m)


N=85

4.7% (4) 1.2%(1)2.4%(2)

29.4%(25)

4.7%(4)5.9% (5)

35.3%(30)

1.2% (1)

7.1% (6)1.2%(1)

5.9% (5)

1.2%(1)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%


N= 85

4.7% (4)1.2%(1)2.4%(2)

11.8%(10)

21.2%(18)

1.2%(1)

11.8%(10)

35.3%(30)

2.4%(2)

1.2%(1)

7.1% (6)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

mW (>3-4 m)

m (> 2-3 m)

mN (1-2 m)

N (< 1 m)


N=85

─ 896 ─

The study also sought to understand how residents, classified within age cohorts utilize the streets in the study area by observing human behavior. This was necessary to comprehend how the streets supported or deprived the actualization of behaviors from a demographic perspective. Data was obtained by walking around the study area and recording all activities classified into social, economic and stationary. Age cohorts are divided into 0-9 years (children), 10-19 years (teenagers), 20-39 years (young adults), 40-59 years (middle age) and above 60 years (elderly). The field survey revealed that economically active and working age groups within 20-59 years dominated economic activities. For instance,

32 young adults (2.8%) and 50 middle-age people (4.4%) were recorded involved in economic activities (see figure 8). Besides, the study found that all age cohorts were involved in both social and stationary activities including elderly residents. However, the number of elderly were lower as only 49 (4.3%) and 28 people (2.5%) engaged in social and stationary activities respectively. Elderly interviewees explained that their tendency to stay indoors was because they did not find the street characteristics friendly or supportive to their everyday space demands. In view of limited mobility of the elderly and their dependency on assistance from others, public spaces that could protect them from the extreme heat and allow them to stay longer in a particular spot without being disturbed by the vehicular traffic is crucial to foster their social interactions and behavior activities in public areas as open streets. Regarding social activities, the study showed that residents chatting, children playing and eating together on the streets are the most common activities. The survey showed that children and teenagers socializing on the streets are predominant (370 out of 720 people) compared to young adults, middle-age and elderly groups engaged in similar activities. A similar situation is recorded for stationary activities where children constitute the majority of groups. As presented on figure 8, there were 125 children, 45 teenagers, 54 young adults, 77 middle-age and only 28 elderly engaged in stationary activities.

This section identifies the kind of activities that occurred on each specific type of street/alley and the underlying rationale. As shown in figure 9, the study results show that economic activities took place in any type of street including U-type (more closed) and C-type street (the most closed). However, the total number of economic activities observed in the U and C-type was relatively lower compared to other street types. Additionally, economic activities were concentrated in Z-type street as about 79 people (6.9%) were recorded engaging in economic activities (figure 9). This could be explained by the economic strategy of informal street vendors who would run their informal economic activities in strategic or open streets where the opportunity of profit can be ensured based on the volume of prospective consumers walking on the street. Nonetheless, it is worthy to note that the study area is dominated by C-type street and the number of L-type street is very limited. With regards to the role of the width of the street, the field survey also indicated that frequency of economic activities diminished as the width of the street decreases to below 2 meters. The exception to this result was the informal mobile vendors, who typically ply their trade by moving across streets/alleys in the area in search of customers. Interestingly, m-streets (>2-3 m) have higher proportion of people doing economic activities—38 people (3.3%) as compared to the mW streets (>3-4 m) having 23 people (2%) (see figure 10). Two main field observations probably account for this situation. Firstly, there are few medium wide streets (>3-4 m) in the study area and most of these are characterized by heavy vehicular traffic which makes it difficult for residents to organize informal economic activities. Secondly, informal street vendors face difficulties in getting permission from landowners whose houses are located along such streets due to demand for rent. Consequently, residents appropriated narrower streets into commercial alleys in front of their houses where there are no rental fees / even move within the settlement from one street to another (mobile informal vendors) to avoid such rental payments. In terms of social activities, the study revealed that social activities are dominant along L and Z-type streets (figure 9). By constituting

562 residents (49.2%) of activities, Z-type street was identified as the most sociable street. However, the study found an anomaly on C-type streets which are classified as the most closed but still had 56 social activities (4.9%) such as residents chatting, doing physical exercise or helping their neighbors preparing for socio-cultural events. For instance, in figure 12, (cul-de-sac), the study observed that residents sometimes blocked the alley to organize traditional wedding activities (e.g. cooking) based on collective agreement with neighbors.

23.6%(269)

10.9% (125)

8.8% (101)

3.9%(45)

12.1% (138)

2.8%(32)

4.7%(54)

14.3%(163)

4.4%(50)

6.7% (77)

4.3% (49)

1% (11)

2.5%(28)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

STATIONARY

N=11420-9 10-19 20-39 40-59 >60

─ 897 ─

5.2% (59)

25.3%(289)

32.6%(372)

2% (23)

3.3% (38)

2.7% (31)

4.3% (49)

11.8% (135)

12.6% (144)

Stationary 0.1% (1)Social

0.1% (1)0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

mW (>3-4m)

m (>2-3m)

mN (1-2m)

N (<1m)

Social Economic Stationary

N= 1142

8% (91)

49.2%(562)

4.9%(56)

0.9%(10)

6.9% (79)

0.3%(3)

3.4%(39)

23.6%(270)

Stationary0.2%(2)

Economic0.1%(1)Social1%(11)

1.6% (18)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

L Z U CSocial Economic Stationary

N= 1142

5.2% (59)

25.3%(289)

32.6%(372)

2% (23)

3.3% (38)

2.7% (31)

4.3% (49)

11.8% (135)

12.6% (144)


0.1% (1)0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

mW (>3-4m)

m (>2-3m)

mN (1-2m)

N (<1m)


N= 1142

8% (91)

49.2%(562)

4.9%(56)

0.9%(10)

6.9% (79)

0.3%(3)

3.4%(39)

23.6%(270)

Stationary0.2%(2)


1.6% (18)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%


N= 1142

5.2% (59)

25.3%(289)

32.6%(372)

2% (23)

3.3% (38)

2.7% (31)

4.3% (49)

11.8% (135)

12.6% (144)


0.1% (1)0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

mW (>3-4m)

m (>2-3m)

mN (1-2m)

N (<1m)


N= 1142

8% (91)

49.2%(562)

4.9%(56)

0.9%(10)

6.9% (79)

0.3%(3)

3.4%(39)

23.6%(270)

Stationary0.2%(2)


1.6% (18)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%


N= 1142

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Furthermore, strong social activities also occurred on the narrower street between 1-2 m, 372 people, higher than those in medium (>2-3 m) and medium wide (>3-4 m) (figure 10). This phenomenon is influenced by some factors such as the existence of amenities such as benches and canopies, natural elements such as trees, the width of the street, attractions for children as well as socio-cultural events (figure 11,12,13). Figure 11 shows in detail that on Z-type street, physical devices such as benches and canopies influence gathering and socialization on the street. Such devices symbolize the appropriation of the streets by local residents. Natural elements such as trees (shown in figure 13) based on their shading effect offer comfortable environment for residents to use for relaxation or chatting. However, stationary activities, occurred on any type of street. Z-type street with 270 people (23.6%) constitutes the highest, followed by L-type (39 people or 3.4%), C-type (18 people or 1.6%) and U-type (2 people or 0.2%). In view of the foregoing, the study results show that mN streets (1-2 m) are the most diverse and lively, clustering 372 social activities, 31 economic activities and 144 stationary activities.

This study has shed light on the relationship between human behavior activities and street typology in peripheral kampong of Kelurahan Kapuk of West Jakarta through mapping of streets, interviews and observation of human activities. By focusing on empirical case of peripheral kampong, this provides an understanding of the street layout within the human dimension of the living environment. As kampongs gradually emerge in the peripheral areas of Jakarta, this paper submits that comprehending the social-physical aspects of street and human behavior activities is necessary for the (re)organization of the spatial structure to improve the living environment of kampong. On the basis of the analysis of the streets / alleys and human behavior activities, the following conclusions are drawn:

• In terms of distribution of street typologies, C-type (cul-de-sac) streets are the most common (44.9%) as compared to Z-type (34.7%), L-type (19.5%) and U-type (0.9%) streets. Furthermore, more than half of all streets (65.8%) and alleys can be classified as medium narrow (mN: 1-2m) in terms of width. Relatedly, there was a relationship between the house condition and the width of the street.

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The study found that the house condition deteriorated in line with the narrowing of the streets. So, some houses along very narrow, closed and winding streets / alleys (0-2m) such as U and C-type are in very bad conditions compared with L and Z-type.

• With regards to human behavior activities, Z-type streets are the most diverse as it combines a higher proportion of social (49.2%), economic (6.9%) and stationary (23.6%) activities. This contrasts with the other street typologies that are primarily social oriented. To some extent, this was due to both the width and openness of Z-type street as compared to C-type which is more closed with mainly narrow and medium narrow width. Both L and U-type streets are limited in terms of distribution in the study area.

• The detailed map of human behavior in selected streets revealed that street furniture, amenities and surrounding physical elements influenced the type of activities organized. For instance, social and stationary activities were commonly observed on streets and alley with benches, trees / canopies for shading. Such areas also appealed to children playful activities. On other hand, the detailed map also indicates that alleys surrounded by houses were common with socio-cultural activities such as washing, cooking and traditional ceremonies. This is a typical case of socio-cultural appropriation of street space based on agreement and negotiation. Thus, the surrounding condition (amenities / facilities) are important to explain human behavior on the streets.

• Finally, in terms of age cohorts, human behavior activities were limited among the elderly. For all human activities in the various street typologies, those above 60 years were the least observed age cohort (88 out of 1142). The lack of appropriate and supportive open spaces may explain this situation. To promote inclusive spaces that support the diversity of age cohorts, there is the need to reorganize the current spatial structure to provide open spaces that can also be used by the elderly.

Overall, given the physical layout of the street and its connection with human behavior, this paper recommends minor land adjustment to improve current street layouts by reblocking with lots. Specifically, some U and Z-type streets can be modified and widened to support diverse human activities. Such adjustments should also make provisions for redefining vacant lots into open spaces that can provide socially active spaces for all aged groups, especially children and elderly. Additionally, some cul-de-sacs should also be modified and widened to improve accessibility, especially in case of future disasters risks such as fire outbreaks. Clearly, this would require time-consuming, transparent and active engagement and negotiation with local residents, landowners and the local government. In sum, this paper argues for conserving the socio-spatial structure while improving the current street layouts to ensure a better living environment.

1) UN Desa: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, The United Nations, New York, USA, 2014 2) Budiarto, L.: Magersari: The spatial-culture of kampung settlements as an urban strategy in Indonesian cities and urban housing, World Congress on

Housing, Transforming Housing Environments through Design, Pretoria, South Afrika, 2005 3) UN Habitat: The Challenge of Slums, UN Commission for Human Settlements, Nairobi, Kenya, 2003 4) Mehta, V.: Lively streets: Determining environmental characteristics to support social behavior, Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 27, pp.

165-187, 2007 5) Mehta, V. and Bosson, J. K.: Third places and the social life of streets, Environment and Behavior, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 779-805, 2010 6) Sumanto, N., Okyere, S. A., Kita, M., Matsubara S., and Shimoda M.: A study on relationship between street typology and human behavior in the inner-city

Kampong of Kebon Kacang, Jakarta, Indonesia, Journal of Architecture and Planning, (Transactions of AIJ), Vol. 84, No. 765, pp. 2291-2300, 2019. 11 7) Jellinek, L.: The Wheel of Fortune: The history of a poor community in Jakarta, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1991 8) Funo, S.: Study on changes in Indonesian living environment and how to improve it, 1987 (in Japanese) , 1987 9) Funo, S., Takahashi, S., Kawai, M. and Chantanee, C.: Considerations on transformation 1984-2006 of kampung and kampung houses, Journal of

Architecture and Planning, (Transactions of AIJ), Vol. 74, No. 637, pp. 593-599, 2009. 3 10) Okyere, S. A., Diko, S. K., Hiraoka, M. and Kita, M.: An Urban “Mixity”: Spatial dynamics of social interactions and human behaviors in the Abese informal

Quarter of La Dadekotopon, Ghana, Urban Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1-13, 2017. 4 11) Okyere, S. A.: A study on socio-spatial structure and community management system in Abese indigenous quarter, La, Accra, Ghana: Rethinking urban

informality and informal settlement improvement, PhD Dissertation, Osaka University, 2018. 3 12) Nazire, H. and Kita, M.: Specifying characteristics of informal settlements by comparing four areas from the aspects of houses, land tenure and social

factors in Kabul, Afghanistan, Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), Vol. 81, No. 728, pp. 2197-2206, 2016. 10 13) Nabizada, T. and Kita, M.: A study on the relationship between the spatial structure of open spaces and outdoor activities in the typical residential areas

in Kabul city, Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), Vol. 78, No. 686, pp. 817-827, 2013. 4 14) Hakim, B. S.: Arabic-Islamic Cities: Building and planning principles, Routledge, New York, 2010

*1) Literally, kampong refers to ‘village’. It has however come to mean a poorer neighborhood within a city. They usually comprise mix residents of low and middle class segments with some permanent dwellings and land tenure.

*2) Kelurahan is an urban village in the local government system in Indonesia. The hierarchy of local government administration system operates from municipality to sub-district and to administrative urban village.

*3) Urban villages in Indonesia are further divided into two: Rukun Warga (RW, community groups) and Rukun Tetangga (RT, neighborhood units). In each Rukun Tetangga (RT) are a composition of houses or households. RT is the lowest administrative unit in the local government system.

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53

Kelurahan Kapuk16 RW Rukun Warga 272 RT Rukun Tetangga

RW13 85

RW13 1142

M I M L L ZC 5

52Informal sector 20

43.6 20 25.9 85

20-39 40-59 2m3-4m 2-3m 3-4m

1-2m60

The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between human behavior and street typology in kampong. This research study is an extension of earlier work by the authors which looked at the relationship between human behavior and street typology in the inner-city kampong. For the purposes of this paper, the focus shifts from inner-city to peripheral kampong to comprehend the kind of mechanisms and strategies necessary to improve socio-physical aspects in the on-going process of urban consolidation in peripheral areas of Jakarta.

The study was undertaken in RW13 of Kelurahan Kapuk of West Jakarta administrative city, selected based on physical characteristic and poor living environment. Also, the fact of no redevelopment project exist here provides opportunities to critically consider the needed interventions for its future development. The study employed mixed qualitative methods of questionnaires-based interviews, street mapping, and field observation of 85 houses and 1142 activities.

The results of the study show that although different street typologies exist, the main influencing factor for street based human activities relates to physical amenities, social-cultural practices and the width of the street / alley. Besides, in relation to house condition, the study reveals that the condition of houses deteriorated in line with the narrowing of the streets due to physical accessibility.

The study recommends minor land adjustment to improve current street layouts by rebuilding with lots. Specifically, some U and Z-type streets can be modified and widened to support diverse human activities. Moreover, some cul-de-sacs should also be modified and widened to improve accessibility, especially in case of disasters risks such as fire outbreaks. The study concludes that conserving the current socio-spatial structure while improving street layouts with needed open spaces will ensure an inclusive support that is friendly to all age cohorts, including the elderly.

（2020 年 4 月 10 日原稿受理，2020 年 12 月 7 日採用決定）

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A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREET TYPOLOGY …