1

A STUDY ON SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONDITION OF

PEOPLE IN RAMESWARAM AFTER TSUNAMI

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the

Award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY

JENICO .S

(REG. NO. 071BM029)

Under the guidance of

Dr. T. THAIYAL NAYAKI, M.A., M.Phil., M.B.A., B.Ed., Ph.D

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

RATHINAVEL SUBRAMANIAM COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE

(autonomus)

(Affiliated to Bharathiar University)

Sulur, Coimbatore- 641 402.

2007-2010

2

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “A STUDY ON SOCIAL ECONOMIC

CONDITION ON RAMESWARAM AFTER TSUNAMI ‖ is a bonafide record of

work done by Mr. JENICO.S(REG.NO. 071BM029), and submitted in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Business

Management of the RVS college of Arts & Science(Autonomous) under the guidance

of Dr. T.THAIYAL NAYAKI, MA., M.Phil., M.B.A., B.Ed., Ph.D is a original

project work done by JENICO.S (REG.NO. 071BM029)

Head of the Department Faculty Guide

Viva-Voce examination held on

Principal

Internal Examiner External Examiner

3

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “A STUDY ON SOCIAL

ECONOMIC CONDITION ON RAMESWARAM AFTER TSUNAM”

submitted to R. V. S. College of Arts and Science (Autonomous)

Bharathiar university in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of the Bachelor of Business Management, is a record of orgininal project

work done by me under the guidance of Dr. T.THAIYAL NAYAKI, MA., M.Phil.,

M.B.A., B.Ed., Ph.D.

PLACE: SIGNATURE

DATE: (JENICO.S)

4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincerely thanks to Dr. T. THAIYAL NAYAKI, M.A., M.Phil.,

M.B.A., B.Ed., Ph.D. For the encouragement advice and motivation rendered by him /

her throughout this project.

I express my gratitude to Mr. M. SEKAR M.com. MBA. M.Phil. PGDCA. Head of the

department for the valuable guidance, & support

I express my sincere thanks Dr.P.THIRUNAVUKKARASU M.A., M.Phil.,

Ph.D.Principal of R. V. S College of Arts and Science (Autonomous) Sulur for the help

and support rendered

With great pleasure I express my sincere gratitude to the almighty for his blessings

showered on me. I also express my gratitude to

Mr. K.Senthil Ganesh Managing Trustee RVS Educational Trust. For having given

me an opportunity to be a part RVS College of Arts and Science (Autonomous) &

undertake this project.

I also wish to thank the other staff members, my parents and family members and

my friends for their generosity and support throughout my work.

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CONTENT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

CERTIFICATE

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CONTENT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF CHARTS

LIST OF CHI- SQUARE TEST TABLE

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vii)

(ix)

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE NO

I

INTROODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY

1-9

II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

10-11

III

PROFIL OF RAMESWARAM

12-18

IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRATATION

19-91

V

FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS AND

CONCLUTION

92-96

BIBLIOGRAPHY

97

APPENDIX

98-102

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

IV.1 Age group of the respondents 19

IV.2 Gender of the respondent 21

IV.3 Educational level of the respondent 23

IV.4 Religion level of respondent 25

IV.5 Community of the respondents 27

IV.6 Occupation Of The Respondents 29

IV.7 Income Level Classification 31

IV.8 No Of Dependent 33

IV.9 The Classification Of Type Of Family 35

IV.10 The Classification Of Home 37

IV.11 Tsunami Affected 39

IV.12 The Classification Of Problem In Business 40

IV.13 Analysis The Position Of Fishing Industry 41

IV.14 Climate Change 42

IV.15 Income Effect 44

IV.16 Position Of Export 46

IV.17 Health Factor 48

IV.18 Life Style After Tsunami 50

IV.19 Land Factor 52

7

IV.20 Personal Factor 54

IV.21 House Facilities 55

IV.22 Loan Factor 57

IV.23 Training program 59

IV.24 Fund Provision 61

IV.25 Economic Condition 63

IV.26 Economic Condition After Tsunami 65

IV.27 Transport Factor 67

IV.28 Drinking Water 69

IV.29 Diseases Factor 71

IV.30 Fishing Factor 73

IV.31 Level Of Ground Water 75

IV.32 Natural Resources 76

IV.33 Medical Facilities 78

IV.34 Fund Satisfaction 80

IV.35 Proper Devices 82

IV.36 Types Of Boats 84

IV.37 Satisfaction Of Price 86

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LIST OF CHARTS

CHART NO. TITLE PAGE NO

IV.1.1 Age group of the respondents 20

IV.2.1 Gender of the respondent 22

IV.3.1 Educational level of the respondent 24

IV.4.1 Religion level of respondent 26

IV.5.1 Community of the respondents 28

IV.6.1 Occupation Of The Respondents 30

IV.7.1 Income Level Classification 32

IV.8.1 No Of Dependent 34

IV.9.1 The Classification of Family 36

IV.10.1 The Classification Of Home 38

IV.14.1 Climate Change 43

IV.15.1 Income Effect 45

IV.16.1 Position Of Export 47

IV.17.1 Health Factor 49

IV.18.1 Life Style After Tsunami 51

IV.19.1 Occupied land area 53

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IV.21.1 House Facilities 56

IV.22.1 Loan Factor 58

IV.23.1 Training program 60

IV.24.1 Fund Provision 62

IV.25.1 Economic Condition before Tsunami 64

IV.26.1 Economic Condition After Tsunami 66

IV.27.1 Transport Factor 68

IV.28.1 Drinking Water 70

IV.29.1 Diseases Factor 72

IV.30.1 Fishing Industry Before Tsunami 74

IV.32.1 Natural Resources 77

IV.33.1 Medical Facilities 79

IV.34.1 Fund Satisfaction 81

IV.35.1 Proper Devices 83

IV.36.1 Types Of Boats 85

IV.37.1 Satisfaction Of Price 87

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LIST OF CHI- SQUARE TEST TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 Income level Vs Economic condition after

Tsunami

98

2 Types of family Vs life style after Tsunami in

Rameswaram

99

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CHAPTER: I

I: 1 INTRODUCTION

TSUNAMI

Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, "harbor wave."

Represented by two characters, the top character, "tsu," means harbor, while the

bottom character, "nami," means "wave." In the past, tsunamis were sometimes

referred to as "tidal waves" by the general public and as ―seismic sea waves by the

scientific community. The term "tidal wave" is a misnomer; although a tsunami's

impact upon a coastline is dependent upon the tidal level at the time a tsunami strikes,

tsunamis are unrelated to the tides. Tides result from the imbalanced, extraterrestrial,

gravitational influences of the moon, sun, and planets. The term "seismic sea wave" is

also misleading. "Seismic" implies an earthquake-related generation mechanism, but a

tsunami can also be caused by a non seismic event, such as a landslide or meteorite

impact.

A tsunami is a wave in the ocean but it is very different to normal waves.

Tsunamis have very long wavelengths. Crest to crest they measure between 10 and

500 km and they travel through the ocean at more than 700 km/h. Sometimes there

appears to be just one wave but often there are multiple waves travelling a few

minutes apart.

Wave height [amplitude] may not appear to be great in the open ocean (and often goes

unnoticed) but unlike normal waves the tsunami is moving the entire water column,

all the way to the sea floor! The water depth therefore has a major influence on the

behavior and appearance of the wave. In addition because of the wavelength, the first

sign of the arrival of a tsunami may actually be the sea level falling and bays

appearing to empty.

In deep open water the wave is almost impossible to see although modern instruments

can detect it. However as the wave approaches shore and the water shallows it slows

down. The wave rapidly bunches up as the faster rear sections catch up with the

slower front sections resulting in the wave growing in height the closer it gets to

shore. This effect is enhanced if the near-shore sea bed provides a long gradual shall

owing. Many tsunamis are barely distinguishable from normal sea waves but some

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turn into monsters rising 30 meters above the shore line! The damage along a shore

line may vary because of the influence the local shape of the sea floor has on wave

behavior.

Bays and harbors that are funnel shaped also suffer more from a tsunami because they

concentrate the effects. Damage in these areas is further increased by the sloshing

backwards and forwards of the water, just like in a bathtub!

CAUSE OF TSUNAMI

Unfortunately tsunamis have been given numerous names in the past that are

misleading. Even the word tsunami meaning ‗harbor wave‘ is misleading!

All tsunami are caused by the sudden displacement of large volumes of water. All are

the result of violent events with enough power to displace large volumes very rapidly.

However, tsunami may be caused by events that are not local to the tsunami site.

Because the waves have been generated by huge releases of energy and they travel so

effectively through the deep ocean some tsunami are caused by events that literally

happen on the other side of the world.

The usual causes of a tsunami are:

• An earthquake

- Most tsunamis are caused by submarine earthquakes but not all submarine

earthquakes cause tsunamis. Movement on the fault must have a vertical component

that generates sufficient displacement to set a tsunami running a landslide.

- Underwater landslides or coastal landslides that fall into the ocean can displace

enough water to create a tsunami. Sometimes the landslides are caused by

earthquakes.

• A volcanic eruption or explosion.

- Submarine explosions, caldera collapse and massive pyroclastic flows can all cause

sufficient displacement of water to generate a tsunami.

• Impact by a meteorite

- Large meteorites have a high probability of landing in the ocean and causing a

tsunami given that about two thirds of the surface of the Earth is covered by

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TSUNAMI SCENARIOS

1. In November 2004 a magnitude 7.3 earthquake occurred 10km below the surface

south west of West Cape on the South Island of New Zealand. Tsunamis were not

reported for New Zealand or Australia.

Did this earthquake cause a large vertical displacement on the sea floor?

Explain your answer.

2. If an earthquake just off shore of West Cape on the South Island of New Zealand

were to generate a tsunami it would impact on both New Zealand and Australia.

Using a map of the region and assuming a travel time of 950 km/hour how long would

the tsunami take to arrive at Hobart?

How long would it take the same wave to reach Sydney?

3. Examine a map of New Zealand.

Would residents of the coastal city of Christchurch, New Zealand, be affected by this

Tsunami?

Explain your reasoning.

4. Examine a map of Victoria. Assuming this tsunami has the potential to have a run

up height of 20 meters, would residents of coastal villages east of Wilsons

Promontory be affected by this tsunami?

Explain your reasoning?

5. Examine the map below. Tsunamis are known to be caused by earthquakes and

other events off shore of Chile and elsewhere around the pacific.

Is the east coast of Australia threatened by tsunamis generated off shore of Chile?

Explain your answer.

6. If the Big Island of Hawaii has 15 hours to prepare for a tsunami to arrive from

Chile how fast is it travelling?

7. Is Sydney safe from Hawaiian tsunamis?

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CHARACTERISTICS OF TSUNAMIS

All types of waves, including tsunamis, have a wavelength, a wave height,

amplitude, a frequency or period, and a velocity.

Wavelength is defined as the distance between two identical points on a wave (i.e.

between wave crests or wave troughs). Normal ocean waves have wavelengths of

about 100 meters. Tsunamis have much longer wavelengths, usually measured in

kilometers and up to 200 kilometers

Wave height refers to the distance between the trough of the wave and the

crest or peak of the wave.

Wave amplitude- refers to the height of the wave above the still water line,

usually this is equal to 1/2 the wave height. Tsunamis can have variable wave

height and amplitude that depends on water depth as we shall see in a moment

Wave frequency or period - is the amount of time it takes for one full

wavelength to pass a stationary point.

Wave velocity is the speed of the wave. Velocities of normal ocean waves are

about 90 km/hr while tsunamis have velocities up to 950 km/hr (about as fast

as jet airplanes), and thus move much more rapidly across ocean basins. The

velocity of any wave is equal to the wavelength divided by the wave period.

V = l/P

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TSUNAMI AFFECT IN TAMIL NADU

Tamil Nadu is located in the northern hemisphere in the Torrid Zone

between 80and 13

0N latitude, and between 78

0 and 80

0E longitude. It is the 11

th

largest state in India, has a population over 60 million, and occupies an area of

about 130,058 km2. The state of Pondicherry is a tiny pocket within the boundaries

of Tamil Nadu.

More than 4500 km stretch of the Indian coastline was badly affected by the

tsunami on 26th

December 2004. The worst affected state Tamil Nadu faced the loss

of 7993 lives and destruction of about 123,105 houses. In a developing country like

India both socio-economic and climatic aspects largely govern the architectural

development as a whole and, consequently, the extent of damage, as far as

occurrence of natural disasters is concerned

On 26th

December 2004, out of the 7516 km long coastline of India, more than

4500 km stretch was badly affected by the 9.0 magnitude earthquake-triggered

tsunami, resulting in the total destruction of living environment along the coast.

The climate along the coast is warm and humid, and the rainy season is

marked by the onset of the north east monsoon between mid-September and mid-

December. Cyclonic storms occur during this period due to depression in the Bay of

Bengal (Krishna, 2005).

Building stock along the coast generally consists of non-engineered and semi-

engineered constructions, built with locally available materials like mud, coconut

thatch, bricks, wood etc. A typical fishermen hut is a small unit consisting of 1-3

rooms. It has small openings with wide overhanging roof to face the severe climate,

and consists of a living space and a semi-covered cooking space; the floor of which is

finished with cow dung coating and mud to provide a cool and soothing environment

inside. The thatched roof is often tied with coconut ropes.

Very shallow foundations, not more than 900 mm deep, and 150 to 300 mm

high plinth are some of the characteristic features. The houses belonging to rich

families are made of bricks, finished with mud or cement mortar, and are covered

with a tiled roof. Room sizes vary from 10 to 15 square meters. Another type of

dwelling is a brick building with mud or cement and sand mortar. Pitched roofs are

often covered with locally available mud tiles placed on wooden rafters and purlins.

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Majority of tsunami-hit areas consisted of rural houses, which were totally ravaged.

Many reinforced cement concrete framed buildings faced partial collapse and non-

structural damage; here, the extent of damage was attributed to the dashing of floating

objects to the structures, faulty architectural configuration, and poor structural

strength of the structures because of lack of maintenance and aging.

Fishermen of Tamil Nadu live in thatched huts in densely populated hamlets

on the shore. They belong to the lowermost section of Tamil society and traditionally

have to live outside the villages inhabited by the upper and middle class people.

Fishing is the only source of income for these downtrodden and powerless people

who constantly live under the threat of big-boat owners, moneylenders and merchants.

Fishermen huts are located one behind the other or in a scattered manner to form a

small settlement called ―Kuppam‖. They are very closely spaced in order to provide

mutual shade to face the severe heat. Coconut mat walls facilitate airflow through the

living areas to create a comfortable living space inside. There are a large number of

people living in such huts and they constitute the largest section of the Tamil society

in the affected districts of Tamil Nadu. These people were badly affected due to the

tsunami.

The tsunami exposed the vulnerability of the fishing community on the Tamil

Nadu coast. Almost all non-engineered huts were washed away, while semi

engineered houses faced heavy damage in many villages along the coast.

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I: 2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the project is to make a detailed study on the effects of Tsunami,

damages of human lives and property, their economy and status of business before

and after Tsunami. Government‘s role in rebuilding the Tsunami damaged areas and

life of fishermen in Rameswaram and the change in climate after Tsunami.

I: 3 AREA OF THE STUDY

The activities of the project highlight every individual personal life with their

fishing business. Hence it is apt to select Rameswaram town to study the effect of

Tsunami.

I: 4 NEEDS FOR THE STUDY

Tsunami affects the environment of Rameswaram district. Though Tsunami

not hit the district but it affects the economic condition of the people.

It totally depleted the natural resources and changed the life pattern of people.

So it is apt to take up his project and find out the changes in the socio- economic

condition of people in Rameswaram.

I: 5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1) To study the effects of Tsunami especially in Rameswaram.

2) To know the socio-economic condition of living in Rameswaram.

3) To observe the change in life style after Tsunami.

4) To know the difficulties faced by fisherman community after Tsunami.

5) To draw conclusion based on the study.

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I: 6 DATA COLLECTION

The activities of data collection were divided in to primary and secondary data.

The sources of primary data were collected directly from the people of

Rameswaram Town.

The sources of secondary data were collected from website, report, and

journals.

I: 7 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

To have equal distribution of 50 samples were collected for the study. This

study used convenience sampling method.

I: 8 STATISTICAL TOOLS

To analyse the data the following tools were applied:

1. Simple percentage analysis

2. Chi square test.

SIMPLE PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS METHOD

Percentage analysis method is the most commonly used method for analyzing

the collected data. Percentage analysis is used in data presentation to simplify

numbers, reducing all of them to 0 to 100. It is obtained by; the calculated response

value of each valuable is divided by sum of response value of a group of related

variables and the resulted figure is multiplied with 100. Generally the value of each

variable is expressed in terms of percentage.

CHI-SQUARE TEST

The chi-square test is an important test amongst the several tests of

significance developed by statisticians. Chi-square is a statistical measure used in the

context or sampling analysis for comparing variances to a theoretical variance.

The chi-square test is a useful measure or comparing experimentally and based

19

on those expect theoretically and based on the hypothesis. It is used as static provides

which observed frequencies are compared.

The objective of chi-square test is determine if real or significant different

exist among various groups it is applied to test the association between the attributes

when the sample data is presented in the form of al contingency table with any

number of rows and column.

Chi-square can be defined by a formula as,

X2=∑(Oi-Ei)

2/Ei

Oi=Observed frequency of ith

element.

Ei= Expected frequency of ith

element.

I: 9 CHAPTER SCHEME

Chapter I: Introduction

Chapter II: Review of concept and literature.

Chapter III: Profile of the Rameswaram.

Chapter IV: Analysis and interpretation.

Chapter V: Conclusion.

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CHAPTER – II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

1. Mr. Shankar said while addressing the inaugural function of a workshop on

Water and Sanitation in Post – Tsunami Reconstruction, organised in the city

on Thursday by the Tsunami Rehab Information Network (TRINet) in

collaboration with Project Management Unit, Tamil Nadu Government.

1. http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121501680600.htm

2. The Hindu dated-it is given that more than 120 girls from six Tsunami-hit

villages near Velankanni and Nagapattinam attended a special training

programme on health awareness and personality development.

2. http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/22/stories/2007012206270200.htm

3. Mr. Swaminathan, chairman, MSSRF, highlighted the importance of pulling

oneself out of the vicious spiral in order to ensure sustainable development.

Prof. Swaminathan also said resilience required not only science and

technology but also social economic and gender equities.

3. http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/27/stories/2006122711930400.htm

4. P. Syprian of pallam said that the NGO‘s had a lot of resources. They wanted

to distribute them to the affected. But they could not approach the affected

directly. Favouritism shown by influential among the villagers prevented

many affected people from getting free vallams, fishing nets, motors and other

benefits from voluntary agencies, he said. The frustration of fisher man has

forced them to float a third association to get their ―due share‖. On the

complaints, Collector Sunil Paliwal said the officials could guide only those

NGOs which were willing to work with the Government. ―We cannot call the

shots for all the NGOs,‖ he said.

4. http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/26/stories/2006122607420500.htm

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5. Paravatamma, a pleasant elderly lady of the village of Savadikkuppam, is a

moving force behind her community. After the Tsunami, she managed to

obtain a loan from the bank for fish-vending women who are members of

SHGs.

5. http://www.disasterwatch.net/resources%20links/community_leaders.pdf

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CHAPTER: III

PROFILE OF RAMESWARAM

CANNEL OF PAMBAN ISLAND

Due to the cause this cannel may occur due to the cause of storms and

Tsunami in 1480‘s. Today‘s 2.7km sea has occurred because of frequent and

simultaneous occurrence of storm and high tide. This is the reason for the formation

12 small island.

Pamban Bar which is 420 feet long is a continuous rocky mountain between

Pamban and Mandappam hindered the marine transportation.

In 1706 the Dutch Government‘s envoy team sought permission from the king

sethupathy to watch whether any foreign skips are crossing Pampan.

In 1822 the ruling authority of pandya‘s kingdom has transferred from nawel

of arcot to the hands of business and they made a detail research on Pamban. In 1828

they started to make the cannel by demolishing the marks.

In 1837 researched were made to set this for the transport of ships. In 1838

based on that research they started to make the cannel deep and wide within 3 year

they dug up to 8 feet. In 1854, 10.5 feet had due in which 200 ton on cargo beats can

be sailed.

But the laterite soil in the river didn‘t allow steam ships to sail. However

finally they made the cannel 14 feet deep, 9232 feet long and 80 feet wide.

In 1858 – 59 when drought occurred in southern parts of Tamil Nadu nearly

100,000 people migrated to Srilanka through this cannel.

[In 1914 Rail road was constructed of 2.7 km long which joined Mandappam and

Pampan.]

In 1846 lighthouse had been constructed which is of 67m height. Gulf of

Mannar and Pakjalasanthi acts as the natural boundary for Ramanathapuram district.

On 21-01-1897 Swami Vivekananda landed in Pampan after a attending the

world religious conference which was help in 1894 in America.

In 1914 Rail road was constructed of 2.7km long which connected

Mandappam and Pampan.

23

Inside view of Rameswaram temple

Rameswaram is a town in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of

Tamil Nadu. It is located on an island separated from mainland India by the Pamban

channel and is less than 40 kilometres from the Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka. Together

with Kashi, it is considered to be one of the holiest places in India to Hindus, and part

of the Char Dham pilgrimages. Hence, it is a bustling pilgrim centre.

It is situated in the Gulf of Mannar at the very tip of the Indian peninsula.

According to legend, this is the place from where Lord Rama built a bridge Ram

Setu(also known as Adam's Bridge) across the sea to Lanka to rescue his consort Sita

from her abductor Ravana. This is also the place where Lord Rama worshipped Lord

Shiva to be absolved of the sin of killing Ravana, who is believed to have been the

greatest worshipper of Lord Shiva - reason why Ravana is also known as

Ravaneeswara (Ravana God) in many parts of Southern India. Both the Vaishnavites

and Shaivites visit this pilgrimage centre which is known as the Varanasi of the south.

Ex-president of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, hails from a fishing hamlet

called Dhanushkodi situated on this island.

24

HINDU HOLY CITY

Panoramic view of Rameswaram City

View Of the West Gopuram of Rameswaram temple

View Of the East Gopuram of Rameswaram temple in the morning

Rameswaram is significant for the Hindus as a pilgrimage to Benaras is

incomplete without a pilgrimage to Rameswaram. The presiding deity here is in the

form of a Linga with the name Sri Ramanatha Swamy, it also happens to be one of the

twelve Jyotirlingas.

25

The masterpiece of South Indian architecture boasts of the largest temple

corridor in India. Different rulers built the Ramanathaswamy Temple over a period of

time starting from the twelfth century. The temple comprises twenty two wells where

the taste of the water of each well is different from the other.

The grandest part of the temple is the 1219 m pillared corridor consisting of

3.6 m high granite pillars, richly carved and well proportioned. The perspective

presented by these pillars run uninterruptedly to a length of nearly 230 m.

PLACES TO SEE

Ramarpadm -

Footsteps of Lord

Rama

Ramarpaadham

Temple,

Rameshwaram

Ramarpaadham

Temple,

Rameshwaram

Ramarpaadham

Temple,

Rameshwaram

Naga Idols at Ram

Temple,

Rameshwaram

Lakshman

Theertham,

Rameshwaram

Sita Kund - Pond

named after Sita

Floating stones

(Hanuman Temple)

Sugreevar theertham,

Lotus pond on the way

to Ramar Padham

26

PAMBAN BRIDGE

Pamban Bridge

The Pamban Bridge on the Palk Strait connects Rameswaram to mainland India. It

refers to both the road bridge and the cantilever railway bridge, though primarily it

means the latter. It was India's first sea bridge. It is the second longest sea bridge in

India (after Bandra-Worli Sea Link) at a length of about 2.3 km.

From the elevated two-lane road bridge, adjoining islands and the parallel rail bridge

below can be viewed.

The railway bridge is 6,776 ft (2,065 m) and was opened for traffic in 1914. The

railroad bridge is a still-functioning double-leaf bascule bridge section that can be

raised to let ships pass under the bridge.

The railway bridge historically carried meter-gauge trains on it, but Indian Railways

upgraded the bridge to carry broad-gauge trains in a project that finished Aug. 12,

2007. Until recently, the two leaves of the bridge were opened manually using levers

by workers. About 10 ships — cargo carriers, coast guard ships, fishing vessels and

oil tankers — pass through the bridge every month.

According to Dr Narayanan, the bridge is located at the "world's second highly

corrosive environment", next to Miami, US, making the construction a challenging

job. The location is also a cyclone-prone high wind velocity zone.

27

Rail Bridge from India Mainland to Rameswaram

GEOGRAPHY

Rameswaram is located at 9°17′N 79°18′E / 9.28°N 79.3°E. It has an average

elevation of 10 meters (32 feet). The religious island is spread in an area of 61.8

square kilometers and happens to be in the shape of a conch. The Ramanatha Swamy

Temple occupies major area of Rameshwaram.The island is connected to mainland

India by the Pamban Bridge.

The beach of Rameswaram is famous for its beautiful sea featured with no

waves at all. The sea waves rise to a maximum height of 3 cm and the view looks like

a very big river. Legend has it that Lord Ram of Ramayana prayed to the sea god to

pave the way for Lanka. The sea god granted a boon saying that he will make the sea

waves less to aid him in building a rock bridge.

CLIMATE

Rameswaram has dry tropical climate, with average annual rainfall 94 cm,

mostly from North East monsoon from October to January. Temperature is a around

30°C to 35°C. Highest ever temperature recorded at Pamban station is 37°C and

lowest is 17°C.

DEMOGRAPHICS

As of 2001 India census, Rameswaram had a population of 38,035. Males

constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Rameswaram has an average

literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%,

28

and female literacy is 66%. In Rameswaram, 13% of the population is under 6 years

of age.

OCCUPATION

The main occupation of Rameswaram people is fishing industry. All peoples

are directly / indirectly depended on fishing industry. They also indulged in export of

fish and fish products. There are 43,271 people who are involved in fishing in which

28,918 are men and 14,855 women. In that only 30,927 people hold the permit to

enter in the sea.

COLLEGES

1 arts and Science College, 2 ITI colleges and 1 poly technique colleges.

SCHOOLS

There are 15 high schools, 6 higher secondary, 6 higher secondary schools and

over 70 primary schools.

SOURCES OF NATURAL WEALTH

Apart from fishing people used to export other sources like algae, fungi, pearl,

shells etc.

At present there are 1500 steamer boats and 2346 catamarans. Every month

they are exporting nearly 22 Tons of prawns.

In order to save the interest of the people who are using catamarans for

fishing, a law was passed by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1994. According to

that the motor boats should enter the sea only 3days in a week and catamarans can

enter four days in a week.

29

CHAPTER - IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

TABLE NO: IV: 1

AGE GROUP OF THE RESPONDENTS

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

The above table shows that 14% of the people are in the age between 20-30,

28% of the people are in the age between 31-40, 40% of the people are belongs to the

category of 41-50, 16% of the people age between 51-60 and 2% of the people are in

men age group of 61-70.

Majority of the Respondents i.e.41% are in the age category of 41-50.

S .No Age level Total Respondents Percentage

1 20-30 7 14

2 31-40 14 28

3 41-50 20 40

4 51-60 8 16

5 61-70 1 2

TOTAL 50 100

30

CHART NO: IV: 1: 1

AGE GROUP OF THE RESPONDENTS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

20-30 31-40 41-50 above 51

Per

cen

tage

Age level

31

TABLE NO: IV: 2

GENDER OF THE RESPONDENT

This table reveals the gender of the Respondents.

S .No Gender No .of

.respondents

Percentage

1 Male 43 86

2 Female 7 14

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

From the above table 86% of the respondents are male and 14% of the

respondents are female category.

32

CHART NO: IV: 2: 1

CLASSIFICATION OF FISHING PEOPLES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Male Female

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Gender

33

TABLE NO: IV.3

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE RESPONDENT

The education level analysis describes how the education has reached among

RAMESWARAM people and how it helped to improve their standard of living. How

is the quality of education and the importance given by the people of

RAMESWARAM?

S .No Particular No .of .Respondents Percentage

1 Up to primary 21 42

2 Hr. Secondary 27 54

3 Under graduate 2 4

4 Post graduate - -

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 42% are educated up to primary level, 54% of

people are educated up to secondary level, 4% are under graduated and no one from

the post graduation level.

34

CHART NO: IV: 3: 1

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE RESPONDENT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Up to primary Hr. Secondary Under graduate Post graduate

Per

cen

tage

Educational level

35

TABLE NO: IV.4

RELIGION LEVEL OF RESPONDENT

This analysis is done to know which community of people are involved in

fishing industry.

S .No Particular No of Respondent Percentage (%)

1 Hindu 9 18

2 Christian 40 80

3 Muslim 1 2

4 Others - 0

TOTAL - 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table infers that 18% of people belong to Hindu religion, 80% of

them belong to Christianity and only 2% falls under Islam communication.

Majority of the respondents in Rameswaram town follow Christianity.

36

CHART NO: IV: 4: 1

RELIGION LEVEL OF RESPONDENT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Hindu Christian Muslim Others

Per

cen

tage

Religion

37

TABLE NO: IV. 5

COMMUNITY OF THE RESPONDENTS

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 SC - -

2 ST 1 2

3 MBC 41 82

4 BC 8 16

5 OC -

TOTAL - 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

This table explains that only 2% of the people belong to scheduled tribe,

majority of 82% belongs to most backward class and 16% belongs to backward class

and none of the respondents are in the category of OC and SC.

Majority of the respondents are in the category of MBC.

38

CHART NO: IV: 5: 1

COMMUNI TY OF THE RESPONDENTS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

SC ST MBC BC OC

Per

cen

tage

Community level

39

TABLE NO: IV.6

OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 84% of the people are involved in fishing, 10% of

them are involved in both business and fishing, 4% are involved only in business and

only 2% of them are involved in other jobs.

Thus majority of the people are depending on fishing for their living.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Fishing 42 84

2 Business 2 4

3 Fishing & Business 5 10

4 Others 1 2

TOTAL - 50 100

40

TABLE NO: IV: 6: 1

OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Fishing Business Fishing & Business

Others

Per

cen

tage

Occupation

41

TABLE NO: IV.7

INCOME LEVEL CLASSIFICATION

This census has taken to analyse the income level of people and their standard

of living and to know whether it satisfies them or not.

S. No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Below 5,000 33 66

2 5,001-10,000 16 32

3 Above 10,001 2 4

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 66% of people monthly income is below 5,000,

32% of people‘s monthly income is between 5,001 and 10,000, only 4% earns is

between 10,001 and 15,000. It is clear that no respondents are earning 15,000 &

above.

42

TABLE NO: IV: 7: 1

INCOME LEVEL CLASSIFICATION

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Below 5000 5001-10000 Above 10001

Per

cen

tage

Income level

43

TABLE NO: IV.8

NO OF DEPENDENT

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Below 5 Member 38 76

2 6-10 Member 11 22

3 Above 1 2

TOTAL - 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

From the table it is identified that 76% of the respondents have live use below

5 members only 2% of the respondents are living with only one member.22% of the

respondents are living with more than 10 members.

44

CHART NO: IV: 8: 1

NO OF DEPENDENT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Below 5 Member 6-10 Member Above

Pe

rce

nta

ge

No of dependents

45

TABLE NO: IV.9

THE CLASSIFICATION OF TYPE OF FAMILY

The main purpose of this table is to analyse what type of family system are

followed by the people of RAMESWARAM and how many percentage of the people

likes in each system.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Nuclear 40 80

2 Joint Family 10 20

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 80% of the people are following nuclear family

system and only 20% of them live in joint family.

46

CHART NO: IV: 9: 1

THE CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILY

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Nuclear Joint Family

typ

es

of F

amily

Percentage

47

TABLE NO: IV.10

THE CLASSIFICATION OF HOME

This analysis is done to know what type of houses are in RAMESWRAM and

to know the living states of people.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Thatched 23 46

2 Brick 12 24

3 Terrace 15 30

TOTAL - 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table describes that 46% of the people are living in thatched house,

24% of them are living in brick house and 30% of them in terrace house.

48

CHART NO: IV: 10: 1

THE CLASSIFICATION OF HOME

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Thatched Brick Terrace

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Type of home

49

TABLE NO: IV.11

TSUNAMI AFFECTED

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 No of persons

affected

- -

2 No of persons not

affected

50 100

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that no persons were affected by tsunami because on

right day.

The sea level is quite calm and it is out of the share.

50

TABLE NO: IV.12

THE CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEM IN BUSINESS

The classification of problem encountered towards the business meets are

accepted with climatic changes as level of with business problem as can change the

needs in making the business attainments.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 33 66

2 No 17 34

TOTAL - 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that about 66% of people are got affected by Tsunami

business and 34%of the people aren‘t affected by Tsunami it their business.

51

TABLE NO: IV.13

ANALYSIS THE POSITION OF FISHING INDUSTRY

This table analysis describes about how fishing industry is after Tsunami and

what its current position is.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Good 20 40

2 Bad 30 60

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 40% of the people are of the opinion that fishing

industry is good and 60% of them are of the opinion that fishing industry got affected

by tsunami.

Majority of the Respondents 60% are of the opinion that fishing industry got

affected by Tsunami.

52

TABLE NO: IV.14

CLIMATE CHANGE

This census was taken to know how the climate was affected due to Tsunami

and whether it had made any impact on climate and weather.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 48 96

2 No 2 4

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table infers that 96% of the people accepted that the climate has

been changed due to tsunami and only 4% has denied it.

53

CHART NO: IV: 14: 1

CLIMATE CHANGE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Yes No

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Climate change

54

TABLE NO: IV.15

INCOME EFFECT

This census was taken to know how Tsunami had affected the people‘s income

and in what all the ways their income got affected.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

From this analysis 74% of people feels that their income has affected badly by

tsunami, 8% feels that they are affected worstly by Tsunami.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Bad 37 74

2 Good 9 18

3 Worst 4 8

TOTAL 50 100

55

CHART NO: IV: 15: 1

INCOME EFFECT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Bad Good Worst

Per

cen

tage

Effect in income

56

TABLE NO: IV.16

POSITION OF EXPORT

This table explains what the current position of export in business is and how

is its position after tsunami and recession.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Normal 29 58

2 Good 18 36

3 Bad 3 6

4 Excellent - -

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

From this analysis 58% of the people admit that their export is normal 36% of

them says that their export is good and only 6% has gone bad and non said that their

exporting position is excellent.

57

CHART NO: IV: 16: 1

POSITION OF EXPORT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Normal Good Bad Excellent

erce

nta

ge

Current position of Export

58

TABLE NO: IV.17

HEALTH FACTOR

This table explains whether there is any change in health due to tsunami and

whether their health condition got affected after Tsunami.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 92% people‘s health got affected and only 8% of

the people health was not affected after the climate change.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 46 92

2 No 4 8

TOTAL 50 100

59

CHART NO: IV: 17: 1

HEALTH PROBLEM

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Yes No

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Health problem

60

TABLE NO: IV.18

LIFE STYLE AFTER TSUNAMI

This table analysis shows how the life style of people had been affected (or)

changed due to tsunami and how was the life style of people before and after tsunami.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 72% of the people say that their life style is normal

and 12% says that their life style is still good and 16% tells that their life style has

gone bad.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Normal 36 72

2 Good 6 12

3 Excellent - -

4 Bad 8 16

TOTAL 50 100

61

CHART NO: IV: 18: 1

LIFE STYLE AFTER TSUNAMI

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Normal Good Bad Excellent

Per

cen

tage

Life style after tsunami

62

TABLE NO: IV.19

LAND FACTOR

This table describes whether the land area had been occupied (or) not since

Rameswaram is an island though one side water drew back on its opposite side the

water occupied some land area.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 43 86

2 No 7 14

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

From the table it is find out that 86% of the people in Rameswaram say that

the land area is occupied by water and only 14% of the people denied this.

63

CHART NO: IV: 19: 1

OCCUPIED LAND AREA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Yes No

Per

cen

tage

Occupied land area

64

TABLE NO: IV.20

PERSONAL FACTOR

This table infers whether boats have been damaged due to tsunami.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 7 14

2 No 43 86

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that only 14% of the people‘s boats were affected and

86% of people boats were not affected due to Tsunami.

65

TABLE NO: IV.21

HOUSE FACILITIES

This analysis is done to know whether Government had provided any loan

facilities (or) to build any new houses for the damaged ones.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 30 60

2 No 20 40

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that for 60% of the people the Government had built

houses and 40% of them say no.

66

CHART NO: IV: 21: 1

HOUSE FACILITIES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Yes No

Pe

rce

nta

ge

New house provision

67

TABLE NO: IV.22

LOAN FACTOR

The table analysis is meant to know whether the Government had cancelled

any loans for the benefit of fishermen after Tsunami.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that for 60% of the people has got loan cancellation on

the on certain basis and 40% of them were not any offerings from Government.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 30 60

2 No 20 40

TOTAL 50 100

68

CHART NO: IV: 22: 1

LOAN FACTOR

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Yes No

Per

cen

tage

Loan cancellation

69

TABLE NO: IV.23

TRAINING PROGRAM

This table describes to know whether any training had been provided by the

Government for Aqua related business.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

Thus the above table shows that only 20% of the people are involved in

training programmes and the rest 80% of the people are not in such training programs.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 10 20

2 No 40 80

TOTAL 50 100

70

CHART NO: IV: 23: 1

TRAINING PROGRAM

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Yes No

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Training for aqua related business

71

TABLE NO: IV.24

FUND PROVISION

This analysis is taken to know whether any funds had been provided by the

Government due to cause and effects of tsunami and for the welfare of the people.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

In this 66% of the people have got funds and 34% of them were not get any

funds from the government.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 33 66

2 No 17 34

TOTAL 50 100

72

CHART NO: IV: 24: 1

FUND PROVISION

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Yes No

Per

cen

tage

Provision of funds

73

TABLE NO: IV.25

ECONOMIC CONDITION BEFORE TSUNAMI

This table is to analyse the economic condition of the people of Rameswaram

and their living capacity and also to know whether fishing Industry has made them

economically found (or) not.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

Thus the table clearly shows that 66% of the people economic condition is in

normal state, 26% of them are in good state and only 8% of the people are

economically backward.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Bad 4 8

2 Normal 33 66

3 Good 13 26

4 Excellent -

TOTAL 50 100

74

CHART NO: IV: 25: 1

ECONOMIC CONDITION BEFORE TSUNAMI

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Bad Normal Good Excellent

Per

cen

tage

Economic condition before tsunami

75

TABLE NO: IV.26

ECONOMIC CONDITION IN AFTER TSUNAMI

This analysis is taken to know whether any change in economic condition has

been occurred due to Tsunami.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that after Tsunami the normal economic condition of

has fallen from 52%of the respondents said economic condition after tsunami is bad.

42% of the respondents said normal. 6% of the respondents said that economic

condition after Tsunami is good.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Bad 25 52

2 Normal 21 42

3 Good 3 6

4 Excellent -

TOTAL 50 100

76

CHART NO: IV: 26: 1

ECONOMIC CONDITION IN AFTER TSUNAMI

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Bad Normal Good Excellent

Per

cen

tage

Economic condition after tsunami

77

TABLE NO: IV.27

TRANSPORT FACTOR

This table shows what are the modes of transportation used by the people of

Rameswaram in their daily life.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Road 45 90

2 Rail 4 8

3 Sea 1 2

4 Air - -

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 90% of the people used road transportation, 8% of

them uses trail transportation and only 2% of them uses transportation.

78

CHART NO: IV: 27: 1

TRANSPORT FACTOR

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

RoadRail

SeaAir

Per

cen

tage

Mode of transportation

79

TABLE NO: IV.28

DRINKING WATER

This table explains the condition of drinking water in Rameswaram.

S.NO Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Bad 37 74

2 Normal 7 14

3 Good 6 12

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

In this 74% of the fresh water is bad, 14% of the water condition is normal and

only 12% of the water is in good condition.

80

CHART NO: IV: 28: 1

DRINKING WATER

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Bad Normal Good

Per

cen

tage

Condition of drinking water

81

TABLE NO: IV.29

DISEASES FACTOR

The factor is given to know whether any new diseases have caused to the

people of Rameswaram due to Tsunami.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 92% of the people are affected by new diseases

and only 8% of them were not affected.

S. No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 46 92

2 No 4 8

TOTAL 50 100

82

CHART NO: IV: 29: 1

DISEASES FACTOR

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Yes No

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Are you affected by any disease

83

TABLE NO: IV.30

FISHING FACTOR

This factor is used to analyse how the marine resources got affected by

Tsunami and whether there is any change in marine habitats.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table infers that 8% of them said that the marine resources are

badly affected 58% said that the resources are normal and 32% of them said that its

still good and 2% of them said it is excellent.

S. No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Bad 4 8

2 Normal 29 58

3 Good 16 32

4 Excellent 1 2

TOTAL 50 100

84

CHART NO: IV: 30: 1

FISHING INDUSTRY BEFORE TSUNAMI

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Bad Normal Good Excellent

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Fishing industry before tsunami

85

TABLE NO: IV.31

LEVEL OF GROUND WATER

This table describes whether the Ground water levels have affected or not and

how was it affected.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The table shows that 70% of the ground water got affected and only 30 % of

men reviled remaining it is same.

S. No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Bad 35 70

2 Good 15 30

TOTAL 50 100

86

TABLE NO: IV.32

NATURAL RESOURCES

This analysis is done to know whether the natural resources have got affected

due to Tsunami and in what case.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 32 64

2 No 18 36

TOTAL 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table describes that 64% of the natural resources got after adversely

and 36% of them opined that they have not at face that much awareness.

87

CHART NO: IV: 32: 1

NATURAL RESOURCES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Yes No

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Deterioration of natural resource

88

TABLE NO: IV.33

MEDICAL FACILITIES

This table is to know whether any Medical facilities are provided by the

Government for the people of Rameswaram during the period of Tsunami.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

This table show that only 10% of the people have got medical aid and 90% of

them were not got any Medical aids.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 5 10

2 No 45 90

TOTAL 50 10

89

CHART NO: IV: 33: 1

MEDICAL FACILITIES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Yes No

Me

dic

al f

acili

tie

s

Percentage

90

TABLE NO: IV.34

FUND SATISFACTION

This analysis is to know whether the fund given by the government is enough

and whether it solved their financial crises.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 30% of the people are satisfied by the fund and

70% of them are not satisfied.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 15 30

2 No 35 70

TOTAL 50 100

91

CHART NO: IV: 34: 1

FUND SATISFACTION

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Yes No

Per

cen

tage

Fund satisfaction

92

TABLE NO: IV.35

PROPER DEVICES

This table is to analyse whether proper devices are there to warn about the

natural disaster in advance.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 36 72

2 No 14 28

TOTAL - 50 100

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 72% of them said that there is a proper device for

this but 36% of them denied this opinion.

93

TABLE NO: IV: 35: 1

IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Yes No

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Implementation of device

94

TABLE NO: IV.36

TYPES OF BOATS

This table is meant to know what are the types of boats used by the fishermen

to catch fishes.

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

Interpretation:

The above table infers that 72% of them uses streamer boats 10% of them uses

catamarans and 18% of them uses other types of boats.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Steamer 36 72

2 Catamaran 5 10

3 Others 9 18

TOTAL - 50 100

95

CHART NO: IV: 36: 1

TYPES OF BOATS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Steamer Catamaran Others

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Types of boats

96

TABLE NO: IV.37

SATISFACTION OF PRICE

This table describes to know whether the price offered to the fish is satisfied

(or) not.

Interpretation:

The above table shows that 42% of the people are satisfied with the price and

58% of them are not satisfied.

S .No Particular No of respondents Percentage

1 Yes 21 42

2 No 29 58

TOTAL 50 100

97

CHART NO: IV: 37: 1

SATISFIED OF PRICE OFFERED TO FISH

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Yes No

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Satisfied of price offered to fish

98

CHI- SQUARE TEST -1

Income level Vs Economic condition after Tsunami

Aim:

To find out the Relationship between income level of the Respondents and the

economic condition after Tsunami in Rameswaram.

Ho:

There is no significant Relationship between income level of the Respondents

and the economic condition after Tsunami in Rameswaram.

Ha:

There is a significant Relationship between income level of the Respondents

and the economic condition after Tsunami in Rameswaram

TABLE NO – 38

Significant relationship between income level of the Respondent and the economic

condition after Tsunami in Rameswaram.

Income

Level

ECONOMIC CONDITION AFTER TSUNAMI

Bad Normal Good Excellent Total

Below

5,000

16.64(20) 13.44(10) 1.92(2) 0 32

5,001-

10,000

8.32(6) 6.72(9) 0.96(1) 0 16

Above

10,000

0 0.84(2) 0.12(0) 0 2

Total

26 21 3 0 50

.

99

∑ [(Oi –Ei) /Ei] =5.6975

Hence, the calculated value of χ2 = 5.6975

Degree of freedom:

χ2∞(r-1) (c-1) df

Level of significance 5%

χ2=0.05 (3-1) (4-1) df

χ2=0.05(6) df

Table value=12.592

From the above table, it could be inferred that the calculated value of

χ2 =5.6975 is refer than the table value (12.592). Hence the alternative hypothesis is

rejected. It is concluded that there is no significant relationship between Income level

of the respondents and their economic condition after tsunami in Rameswaram. The

null hypothesis is accepted.

100

CHI- SQUARE TEST -2

Types of family Vs life style after Tsunami in Rameswaram

Aim:

To find out the Relationship between types of family and the life style of after

Tsunami in Rameswaram.

Ho:

There is no Relationship between types of family and the life style of after

Tsunami in Rameswaram.

Ha:

There is a Relationship between types of family and the life style of after

Tsunami in Rameswaram.

TABLE NO: 39

Significant relationship between types of family and the Life style after Tsunami in

Rameswaram.

Types of

Family

LIFESTYLE AFTER TSUNAMI

Bad Normal Good Excellent Total

Nuclear

family

6.4(7) 28.82(8) 4.5(5) 0 40

Joint family 1.6(1) 7.2(8) 1.2(1) 0 10

Total

8 36 6 0 50

101

∑ [(Oi –Ei) /Ei] =0.5478

Hence, the calculated value of χ2 = 0.5478

Degree of freedom:

χ2∞(r-1) (c-1) df

Level of significance 5% χ2=0.05 (2-1) (4-1) df

χ2=0.05(3) df

Table value=7.815

From the above table, it could be inferred that the calculated value of

χ2 =0.5478 is refer than the table value (7.815). Hence the alternative hypothesis is

rejected. It is concluded that there is no significant relationship between family types

and their life style after tsunami in Rameswaram. The null hypothesis is accepted.

102

CHAPTER – V

FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

AGE:

40% of the people were belongs to the category of 41-50.

GENDER:

86% of the respondents are male.

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL:

54% of people are educated up to secondary level.

RELIGON:

80% of them belong to Christianity.

COMMUNITY:

82% belongs to most backward class.

OCCUPATION:

84% of the people are involved in fishing.

INCOME LEVEL:

64% of people monthly income is below 5000.

NUMBER OF DEPENDENT:

76% of the respondents have live use below 5 members

TYPE OF FAMILY:

80% of the people are following nuclear family system.

TYPES OF HOUSE:

46% of the people are living in thatched house.

TSUNAMI AFFECTED:

The above table shows that no persons were affected by tsunami

because on right day. The sea level is quite calm and it is out of the

share.

103

POSITION OF BUSINESS:

66% of people are got affected by Tsunami business.

POSITION OF FISHING INDUSTRY:

60% are of the opinion that fishing industry got affected by Tsunami.

CLIMAYE CHANGE:

96% of the people accepted that the climate has been changed due to

tsunami.

INCOME EFFECT:

74% of people feel that their income has affected badly by tsunami.

POSITION OF EXPORT:

58% of the people admit that their export is normal.

HEALTH FACTOR:

92% people‘s health got affected.

LIFE STYLE AFTER TSUNAMI:

72% of the people say that their life style is normal.

LAND FACTOR:

86% of the people in Rameswaram say that the land area is occupied

by water.

PERSONAL FACTOR:

86% of people boats were not affected due to Tsunami.

HOUSE FACILITIES:

60% of the people the Government had built houses.

LOAN FACTOR:

60% of the people has got loan cancellation on the on certain basis.

TRYNING PROGRAM:

80% of the people are not in such training programs.

FUND PROVISION:

66% of the people have got funds.

104

ECONOMIC COUNDITION:

66% of the people economic condition is in normal state.

ECONOMIC CONDITION IN AFTER TSUNAMI:

52%of the respondents said economic condition after tsunami is bad

TRANSPORT FACTOR:

90% of the people used road transportation.

DRINKING WATER:

74% of the fresh water is bad.

DIESASES FACTOR:

92% of the people are affected by new diseases.

FISHING FACTOR:

58% said that the resources are normal.

LEVEL OF GROUND WATER:

70% of the ground water got affected.

NATURAL RESOURCES:

64% of the natural resources got after adversely.

MEDICAL FACILITES:

90% of them were not get any Medical aids.

FUND SATISFACTION:

70% of them are not satisfied.

PROPER DEVICES:

72% of them said that there is a proper device.

TYPES OF BOATS:

72% of them use streamer boats.

SATISFACTION OF PRICE:

58% of Them Are Not Satisfied

105

CHI- SQUARE TEST:

Types of family Vs life style after Tsunami in Rameswaram:

From the above table, it could be inferred that the calculated value of

χ2 =5.6975 is refer than the table value (12.592). Hence the alternative

hypothesis is rejected. It is concluded that there is no significant

relationship between Income level of the respondents and their

economic condition after tsunami in Rameswaram. The null hypothesis

is accepted.

Types of family Vs life style after Tsunami in Rameswaram:

From the above table, it could be inferred that the calculated value of

χ2 =0.5478 is refer than the table value (7.815). Hence the alternative

hypothesis is rejected. It is concluded that there is no significant

relationship between family types and their life style after tsunami in

Rameswaram. The null hypothesis is accepted.

SUGGESTIONS

1. The government should give more awareness and tryning program about the

aqua related business.

2. Educational quality and qualification of the people by educational increasing

number of college in Rameswaram.

3. Price offered for fishing should be increased.

4. Hospital facilities can be improved with latest technology to use the effected

person.

5. Current position of the export can be increased.

6. Proper measures should undertaken by the government to provide good

drinking water facilities.

7. Government can implement more devices to detect the occurrence of tsunami

in advance.

106

CONCLUSION

The basic businesses of the Rameswaram people are fishing. Since

Rameswaram in surrounded by sea and the people made it as their main

occupation.

Majority of population in Rameswaram is directly (or) indirectly depend on

fishing Industry for their livings. They adopted different methods to and

techniques to do this business.

There are no much preferences of education. In modern day the joint family

systems got collapsed and nuclear family was formed. Their income level is

low.

The cause of damage due to Tsunami is low in Rameswaram because the sea

drawback rather than hitting those areas. But the natural resources got

deteriorated.

But the economy of the fishing industry got affected. The life style of the people

has changed their standard of living has come down.

The climate has been drastically changed. New diseases were occurred and the

health of people was affected.

Nowadays the sea is occupying the land area slowly.

The ground got affected. There is no bygenic water supply.

The remedial measures taken by the Government is not effective.

107

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Books :

Climate change (The science of climate change contribution of

working group 1)To the second assi (J.T.Hongton, L.G.Meria filho,

B.A. Callander, N.Haris, A.Kattenherg and K. Maskrl)

Analytical Study of Living Environment In The Tsunami Affected

Areas Of

Tamil Nadu, India. (Vasudha A.Gokhale)

2. Web site:

http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121501680600.htm

http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/22/stories/2007012206270200.htm

http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/27/stories/2006122711930400.htm

http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/26/stories/2006122607420500.htm

http://www.disasterwatch.net/resources%20links/community_leaders.p

df

3. Journals :

ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Technical Note, Vol.42,

No.4, December 2005, pp. 219-225

Analytical study of living environment in the Tsunami- affected areas

of Tamil Nadu, India.

108

APPENDEX

CHI- SQUARE TEST -1

Income level Vs Economic condition after Tsunami

S.

No

Oi

Ei

(Oi-Ei)

(Oi-Ei)2

∑ (Oi-Ei)2/ Ei

1 20 16.64 3.36 11.28 0.6778

2 10 11.83 -3.44 11.83 0.8802

3 2 0.92 0.08 0.006 0.003

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 6 8.32 -2.32 5.38 0.6466

6 9 6.72 2.28 5.19 0.772

7 1 0.96 0.04 0.001 0.001

8 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 1.04 -1.04 1.08 1.0384

11 2 0.84 1.16 1.34 1.5952

12 0 0.12 -0.12 0.01 0.0833

13 0 0 0 0 0

χ2=5.6975

109

CHI- SQUARE TEST -2

Types of family Vs life style after Tsunami in Rameswaram

S.

No

Oi

Ei

(Oi-Ei)

(Oi-Ei)2

(Oi-Ei)2/Ei

1

7

6.4

0.6

0.36

0.056

2

28

28.8

0.8

0.64

0.22

3

5

4.8

0.2

0.04

0.008

4

0

0

0

0

0

5

1

1.6

-0.6

0.36

0.225

6

8

7.2

0.8

0.64

0.088

7

1

1.2

-0.2

0.04

0.03

8

0

0

0

0

0

χ2=0.5478

110

A STUDY ON SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONDITION OF PEOPLE IN

RAMESWARAM AFTER TSUNAMI

QUESTIONNAIRE / SCHEDULE

1. Name :

2. Age :

3. Gender : MALE FEMALE

4. Educational level : UP TO PRIMARY / SECON DARY /

GRADUATION / POST GRADUATION

5. Religion : HINDU / CHRISTIAN / MUSLIM / OTHERS

6. Community : SC / ST / MBC / BC / OC

7. Occupation : FISHING /BUSINESSS / OTHERS

8. Income (monthly) : 5,000 / 10,000 / Above 10,000

9. No .of. Dependents : 5 MEMBER / 10 MEMBER / ABOVE

10. Type of family : NUCLER / JOINT FAMILY

11. Type of home : THATCHED / BRICK / TERRACE

12. Are you affected by tsunami?

YES / NO

13. Before tsunami do you have problem related to fishing?

YES / NO

14. After tsunami how was the fishing industry?

GOOD / BAD

15. Is there was any climate change after tsunami?

YES / NO

16. How tsunami had affected your income?

BAD / WORSE / WORST

17. What is the current position of your export?

NORMAL / GOOD / EXCELLENT

18. Are you affected by any health problem due to tsunami?

YES / NO

111

19. How is the lifestyle after tsunami?

NORMAL / GOOD / EXCELLENT

20. Whether tsunami has occupied land area?

YES / NO

21. Whether tsunami had damaged your boats?

YES / NO

22. Whether government had built new houses for people?

YES / NO

23. Whether any loan has been cancelled due to tsunami affect?

YES / NO

24. Whether government is providing any training for any aqua related business?

YES / NO

25. Does government provided any funds?

YES / NO

26. What is your economic condition before tsunami?

BAD/ NORMAL / GOOD / EXCELLENT

27. What is your economic condition after tsunami?

BAD/ NORMAL / GOOD / EXCELLENT

28. Which mode of transportation is mostly used by people?

ROAD /RAIL / SEA / AIR

29. What do you feel about the condition of drinking water in Rameswaram after

tsunami?

BAD / NORMAL / GOOD

30. Whether you are affected by any disease due to tsunami?

YES / NO

31. How was fishing before tsunami?

BAD / NORMAL / GOOD /EXXCELLENT

32. Whether there is any change in ground water level?

YES / NO

33. Whether any new disease has spread after tsunami?

YES / NO

34. Whether there is any deterioration in natural resources after tsunami?

YES / NO

112

35. Whether any medical facilities have been provided for your society?

YES / NO

36. Are satisfied with the funds provided by the Government?

YES / NO

37. Whether government had implemented any device to detect the occurrence of

tsunami in advance?

YES / NO

38. What are the boats by you to catch fish?

STEAMER / CATTAMARAN / OTHERS

39. Whether the price offered for the fish is satisfied?

YES / NO

Signature of the Respondents