A STUDY ON ENGLISH NOUN PHRASES IN FOOTBALL NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST

PUBLISHED DURING THE FIFA WORLD CUP 2006

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ANGELIA MAYA RATRI KUSUMA

Student Number: 024214001

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2007

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Worry about words, Bobby. Your grandmother is right

For whatever else you may do,

you will be using words always.

All day, and every day, words matter.

Though you live in a barrel and speak to nobody but yourself,

words matter……

For words are the tools of thought

A.P. Herbert

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Ya TUHAN,

Aku memberi Engkau kebebasan penuh dalam hidupku

untuk mendatangkan kebahagiaan ataupun kesusahan;

demi memperhalus sifatku,

untuk memuliakan Engkau,

atau untuk belajar apapun

yang ingin Kau ajarkan kepadaku mengenai Engkau.

Aku ingin membiarkan Engkau

menyingkapkan peristiwa-peristiwa dalam hidupku

di dalam kebijaksaan-Mu

sesuai dengan rencana-Mu yang penuh kuasa.

AMIN.

A prayer from Mas Indra ‘n Mba Tatik

29th March 2007

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This thesis is dedicated to

Jesus Christ My caring Papa

My wonderful Mama My beloved brother, Theo

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratefulness is to Jesus Christ for guiding me in everything I

do and pouring me with His miracles. Writing this thesis is a very long journey for

me but I thank Him because He has placed me among people who always support

me to finish this thesis.

I would like to give my deepest thankfulness for Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd.,

M.A., my advisor whom I greatly admire, for understanding my difficulties,

guiding me patiently and encouraging me to finish my thesis. I would also like to

address my thanks to my co advisor Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum, for giving

constructive suggestions and evaluation, and convincing me to finish my thesis as

soon as possible.

I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to all the lecturers for

giving me priceless knowledge and guidance. I would like to thank the staff of

The English Letters Department, especially Mbak Ninik, and the librarians for

their help.

I am deeply indebted to my beloved parents, Mama for being a helpful

companion, Papa for cheering me up when I’m sad, also for my special brother

for being a truly best friend. I thank them for their everlasting love and affection. I

dedicate this thesis to them. I also thank Mbak Tatik and Mas Indra to raise me

up whenever I am down.

It is also a special thing for me to experience the great love from Bapak

and Ibu Satmoko as well as their beloved son, Satriyo Setiawan. No matter what

happens, he always ensures me that life is beautiful!

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I am also grateful to all of my friends. I am thankful to sweet Elisa for

being my truthful pal, for sharing every glittering time. She is the best shoulder to

cry on. I am thankful to my reliable friends: Berbudi Yudhosunu, Ochie, Lira,

Swesty, Grace, Linda, Yani, Lia, Titin, Olive, Kuncup, Thomas, Nuke, Fena,

B’not, Ko David and all my friends in SING 2002 for the unforgettable

friendship. My sincere thanks go to mudika St. Patrick and lektor St. Yohanes

C. They always color my life and show me what a wonderful friendship is. I want

to thank my Sunsmile Kids fellows and Ms. Detty for being very understanding

to me. It is extremely enjoyable to work with them.

Last but not least, my appreciation goes to numerous individuals whose

name I cannot mention. It is their support that makes this thesis possible.

Angelia Maya Ratri Kusuma

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………….. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………….……… iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………. iv DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………….. ix LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………… xi ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….. xii ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………… xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……………………………………... 1 A. Background of the Study ……………………………………… 1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………….. 4 C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………….. 4 D. Definition of Terms …………………………………………… 4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………….. 6 A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………. 6 B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………... 8

1. Theory of Noun Phrases …………………………………….. 8 2. The Elements of Noun Phrases ……………………………... 9

a. The Head …………………………………………………. 9 b. Determiners ………………………………………………. 10

1) Predeterminers ………………………………………… 10 2) Central Determiners …………………………………… 11 3) Postdeterminers ………………………………………... 11

c. Modifiers …………………………………………………. 11 1) Premodifiers …………………………………………… 12 2) Postmodifiers ………………………………………...... 14

3. Theory of the Types of the Noun Phrases …………………... 15 4. The Nature of News ………………………………………… 16

a. Theory of News …………………………………………... 16 b. The Language of News …………………………………... 17

C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………….......... 21

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ………………………………….. 22 A. The Object of the Study ………………………………………. 22 B. Population and Sampling ……………………………………… 23 C. Data Collection and Processing Activities ……………………. 24 D. Data Analysis …………………………………………………. 24

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS …………………………………………... 26 A. The Elements of Noun Phrases ……………………………….. 26

1. The Head ……………………………………………………. 28 2. Determiners …………………………………………………. 31 3. Premodifiers ………………………………………………… 34 4. Postmodifiers ……………………………………………….. 36

B. The Types of Noun Phrases …………………………………… 39 C. The Average Length of the Noun Phrases …………………….. 46

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ……………………………………….. 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………... 52 APPENDIX …………………………………………………………….. 55

Appendix 1 ……………………………………………………….. 55

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Elements of Noun Phrase…………………………………………. 27

Table 2. The Types of Noun Phrase ……………………………………………..40

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ABSTRACT

ANGELIA MAYA RATRI KUSUMA (2007). A Study of English Noun Phrases in Football News in The Jakarta Post published during the FIFA World Cup 2006. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

A noun phrase is a phrase which has a noun as its head. The noun phrase can be found in almost every sentence because a sentence usually consists of a verb phrase and a noun phrase. By understanding noun phrases someone is able to understand a sentence. However, the structure of English noun phrase is different from Indonesian. The difference may cause difficulties in understanding English noun phrase. Concerning the statement above, the writer is interested in studying English noun phrases that occur in football news in The Jakarta Post. In football news, there are many active sentences which require the occurrence of noun phrase to complete the thematic role. Moreover, many people are fond of football thus they are always enthusiastic to know every football news. This thesis has three objectives. The first objective is to identify the elements of noun phrase in football news. The second is to identify the types of noun phrase that mostly occur in the football news. The third objective is to identify the average length of those noun phrases. The method employed in this study is a descriptive study, meaning that it describes the elements of noun phrase, the type mostly occurs and the average length of those noun phrases. The number of the noun phrases used as the data is 451 which are taken from 5 articles in The Jakarta Post published during the FIFA World Cup 2006. The method of sampling was convenient sampling. There were some steps in collecting the data. First, the writer collected and identified all the noun phrases occurred in the football news. Second, the writer identified the element realized the noun phrase. Third, the writer classified the noun phrases into their types and counted them. Last, the writer summed up by putting them in a table. From the analysis, it can be concluded that a head of the noun phrase is mostly realized by countable nouns. A definite article occurs as a determiner of a noun phrase, an adjective phrase as a premodifier, and a prepositional phrase as a postmodifier. The most frequent type of noun phrase is type 1, a noun phrase which only consists of a head. After knowing the type that is mostly used, thus the average length can be identified. On average the noun phrases are one-word length. It is because the news writing style is basically simple and concise. The occurrence of simple noun phrase in the football news in The Jakarta Post makes the readers who are mostly Indonesians easy to understand the articles.

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ABSTRAK

ANGELIA MAYA RATRI KUSUMA (2007). A Study of English Noun Phrases in Football News in The Jakarta Post published during the FIFA World Cup 2006. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Frasa nominal adalah frasa yang memiliki kata benda sebagai induknya. Frasa nominal dapat ditemukan hampir di seluruh kalimat karena sebuah kalimat biasanya terdiri dari frasa verbal dan frasa nominal. Dengan memahami sebuah frasa nominal seseorang dapat memahami sebuah kalimat. Namun, struktur frasa nominal bahasa Indonesia berbeda dengan bahasa Inggris. Perbedaan tersebut menyebabkan kesulitan dalam memahami frasa nominal bahasa Inggris. Berdasarkan pernyataan tersebut, penulis tertarik untuk mempelajari frasa nominal bahasa Inggris yang terdapat dalam berita sepakbola di koran The Jakarta Post. Dalam berita sepakbola, terdapat banyak kalimat aktif yang memerlukan frasa nominal untuk melengkapi pola kalimatnya. Terlebih lagi, banyak orang menyukai sepakbola maka mereka akan selalu bersemangat utuk menyimak setiap berita sepakbola. Studi ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk mengetahui elemen-elemen dari frasa nominal dalam berita olahraga tersebut. Yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui tipe frasa nominal yang paling sering digunakan dalam berita olahraga. Tujuan ketiga adalah mengetahui panjang rata-rata dari kata benda tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah studi deskriptif yang memaparkan elemen-elemen frasa nominal, tipe yang sering muncul, dan panjang rata-rata dari frasa nominal itu. Jumlah frasa nominal yang digunakan sebagai data adalah 451 yang diambil dari 5 artikel di The Jakarta Post yang dicetak selama FIFA World Cup 2006. Metode yang digunakan dalam sampling adalah convenient sampling. Ada beberapa langkah dalam pengumpulan data. Pertama, penulis mengumpulkan dan mengidentifikasi seluruh frasa nominal dalam berita sepakbola. Kedua, penulis mengidentifikasi elemen –elemen dari frasa nominal. Ketiga, penulis mengelompokkan kata frasa nominal menurut tipenya dan menghitungnya. Langkah terakhir, penulis meringkas seluruh frasa nominal dengan memasukkannya ke dalam tabel.

Dari pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa induk dari frasa nominal kebanyakan adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung. Definite article muncul sebagai determiner dari frasa nominal, frasa adjektiva sebagai premodifier, dan frasa preposisi sebagai postmodifier.Tipe yang paling sering muncul adalah tipe 1 yaitu frasa nominal yang terdiri dari induk kata saja. Setelah mengetahui tipe yang paling sering muncul, maka panjang rata-rata dari frasa nominal dapat diidentifikasi. Rata rata frasa nominal hanya terdiri dari satu kata. Hal ini dikarenakan gaya penulisan berita yang sederhana. Penggunaan frasa nominal yang sederhana dalam berita olahraga di koran The Jakarta Post membuat pembaca yang kebanyakan adalah orang Indonesia mudah untuk memahami berita tersebut

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Human beings live in a world of language. Whatever they do when they

come together, whether they play, fight or do the dishes, they talk to each other.

Human beings use a language as their means to communicate to each other, to

express their thought and emotions (Fromkin, Blair and Collins, 1991: 2)

In this globalization era, people are required to master other language

besides their ownlanguage. Freeman in his book An Introduction to Second

Language Acquisition Research, (1991: 1) says,

English, a second language for most of the people of the world, has increasingly become the international language for business and commerce, science and technology and international relationship and diplomacy.

Since English becomes an international language in this globalization era,

many people begin to learn it. However, English, like all languages, is full of

problems for foreign learners (Swan, 1980: ix). According to Brown, learning a

second language is a long and complex undertaking. Many variables are involved

in the acquisition process. Language learning is not a set of easy step that can be

programmed in a quick do-it-yourself kit (1994: 1). Because of that, people

require years of study and practice to master English as a foreign language.

One of the problems people face in mastering English is the ability to

understand written sentences in textbooks, novels, magazines, newspapers and

articles. Many learners do not have a good ability in reading. One of the causes is

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that many of them are not fully able to understand phrases. There are several types

of English phrases: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial

phrases and prepositional phrases. A phrase contains words in a group and has a

certain function in sentences.

One type of the English phrases that can be found in almost every sentence

is a noun phrase. This is because a sentence usually consists of a verb phrase and a

noun phrase. According to Ronald Wardaugh, a noun phrase is a grammatical

construction usually contains a noun as its central constituent (1977: 247). The

noun phrase typically functions as subject, object, complement of sentences and as

complement in prepositional phrases (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973: 59). Here are

some examples of the noun phrases:

1. My father has bought a very expensive car.

2. The police have arrested the man who married John’s sister.

3. This research requires expensive equipment.

My father, the police, the research, a very expensive car, the man who

married John’s sister, and expensive equipment are all noun phrases. The noun

phrases my father, the police, and this research function as the subjects of the

sentences. Whereas, the noun phrases a very expensive car, the man who married

John’s sister and expensive equipment function as the objects of the sentences.

According to Leech and Svartvik (1975: 251), in the structure of the noun phrase

the noun head can be accompanied by a determiner, a premodifier and a

postmodifer. The noun phrases my father, the police and this research consist of

determiners (my, the, this) and noun heads (father, police, research), while, the

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noun phrase a very expensive car consists of a determiner (a), a premodifier (very

expensive) and a head (car). The noun phrase the man who married John’s sister

consists of a determiner (the), a head (man) and a postmodifier (who married

John’s sister). Finally, the noun phrase expensive equipment consists of a

premodifier (expensive) and a head (equipment).

The structures of English noun phrases are different from Indonesian.

Thus, their differences often make learners confused in learning English. The

problem here is that learners tend to base their interpretation of English noun

phrases on the system and pattern of Indonesian noun phrases. Thus, it will be

difficult then for them if they come to the various forms of English noun phrases.

Learners can misinterpret the text easily.

Concerning the statements above, the writer is interested in investigating

noun phrases in written sentences found in sport news in The Jakarta Post,

especially in its football news. Many people are fond of football. Those football

fans never miss such an outstanding match as The FIFA World Cup which is only

held once in four years. Because of that, football news has become headlines news

that attracts a lot of people to know more about the match. This study is intended

to identify the elements of noun phrase, the types of noun phrases which mostly

occur in the football news and the average length of those noun phrases. The

present study is about the noun phrases in football news in The Jakarta Post

newspaper. The findings of this research are expected to help readers to

understand English noun phrases. By having a better understanding of English

noun phrases, readers can improve their reading comprehension.

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B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the study above, the problems of this study

were formulated as follows.

1. What are the elements of the noun phrases in the football news in The

Jakarta Post newspaper?

2. What types of noun phrases are mostly used in the football news in The

Jakarta Post newspaper?

3. What is the average length of those noun phrases?

C. Objectives of the study

From the problem formulation above, the objectives of the study are

formulated into three parts. First is to identify the elements of noun phrase in the

football news of The Jakarta Post newspaper. After identifying the elements of

the noun phrase, the writer tries to identify the types of noun phrase mostly used

in the football news of The Jakarta Post newspaper. The last objective of this

study is to identify the average length of those noun phrases.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding of terms used in this study, it is

necessary to clarify those important terms as presented below.

A phrase is one or more words that are built around a skeleton consisting

of two levels, a phrase level and a word level and act as syntactic unit (O’Grady

and Dobrovolsky, 1996: 725). According to Collins Cobuild English Dictionary

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for Advanced Learners, a phrase is a small group of words which forms a unit,

either o its own or within a sentence (2001: 1155)

A noun phrase is a grammatical construction usually containing a noun as

its central constituent (Wardaugh, 1977: 247). The noun is shown to be the head

of the phrase by its primary stress and syntactically, by the fact that the whole

group can be replaced by a simple noun (Archibald, 1958: 157).

Sidney Greenbaum categorizes noun phrases into eight types. The types of

the noun phrases are based on the function of the elements such as noun,

determiner + noun, premodifier + noun, determiner + premodifier + noun, noun +

postmodifier, determiner + noun + postmodifier, premodifier + noun +

postmodifier and determiner + premodifier + noun + postmodifier (1989: 60).

Length is the amount of writing that is contained in it (Collins, 2001: 885).

According to Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English

Language, it is a quantity, whether long or short (Webster, 1989: 820).

A newspaper is a publication printed on newsprint, issued at regular and

usually closed intervals, esp. daily or weekly and commonly containing news,

comments, features and advertising (Webster, 1989: 963).

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

Chapter II covers three parts: review of related study, review of related

theories and theoretical framework. The first part contains other studies related to

the topic. The second part contains the theories that help in accomplishing the

study. The last, theoretical framework explains the contribution of those theories

in solving the problem of the study.

A. Review of Related Studies

There have been other researchers who study about noun phrase.

Putuningsih, (2000), in her undergraduate thesis entitled The Difference in

Frequency of Noun Phrases in The Jakarta Post and Newsweek tries to find out

what constitutes noun phrase and what is the frequency of noun phrases in The

Jakarta Post and Newsweek. She takes the noun phrases in the headlines of The

Jakarta Post and Newsweek as the sample of her observation.

In her analysis, she compares the frequency of the noun phrases in The

Jakarta Post and Newsweek. She finds out that the use of noun phrases in The

Jakarta Post is fewer than in Newsweek. According to Putuningsih, there are two

reasons why The Jakarta Post contains fewer noun phrases than Newsweek. The

first reason is because there is interference from the habit of using noun phrases in

Indonesian on The Jakarta Post. The writers of The Jakarta Post are bilinguals,

their first language influences their second language. An individual tends to

transfer his native language structure to their foreign language (Lado, 1957: 59).

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The second reason is the writers of The Jakarta Post want to make the articles

easily understood by the readers who are mostly Indonesian. English, which is

spoken in almost every country as the first or second language will be different

according to the country in which it was spoken.

Another researcher, Yudit, (2004), in her undergraduate thesis entitled

Noun Phrases in “Hills like white Elephants” and “Indian Camp” Revealing

Ernest Hemingway’s styles tries to find out and to analyze phrases and clauses that

occur as the element of noun phrases. Yudit categorizes the phrases and clauses

based on their function in the noun phrase structure. Yudit tries to reveal

Hemingway’s style based on the noun phrases that occur in his two short stories.

Yudit finds out that the occurrence of simple noun phrases dominates

Hemingway’s “Hills like white Elephants” and “Indian Camp”. The simple noun

phrases occur with determiner, a genitive and an indefinite article. The simple

noun phrase also occurs by itself in a bare noun phrase. Meanwhile the complex

noun phrases occur with different types of phrases namely an adjective phrase,

prepositional phrase, verb phrase, noun phrase and clauses. Those phrases and

clauses hold certain function in noun phrases structure as an attribute, adjunct or a

complement. Another function which is required to occur with the noun phrases is

a specifier.

This study differs from the previous studies because it concerns in the

elements and types of the noun phrases in football news in The Jakarta Post.

Since there are no studies discussing the topic and use football news in The

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Jakarta Post as the source of the data, the writer deals with it in the study. This

study tries to give an understanding and contribution of noun phrases in usage.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part contains some theories that help in accomplishing the study. The

theories that are applied in this study are theory of noun phrases, the elements of

noun phrases, the types of noun phrases and theory of news. Those theories will

be explained in the following section.

1. Theory of Noun Phrase

Flor Aarts and Jan Aarts in their book English Syntactic Structures state

that a phrase is a constituent which can be identified on the basis of the word class

membership of its most important constituent. Thus, a noun phrase is a phrase

which has a noun or typically a noun as its most important constituent (1982: 60).

Noun phrases can act as the subject, object or complement of a clause or as

prepositional complement. It is called a noun phrase because the head is typically

a noun. The head noun can be accompanied by the determiners, for example: a,

the, his, and one or more modifiers, either premodifiers or postmodifiers (Leech

and Svartvik, 1975: 251).

The structure of a typical noun phrase may be represented schematically in

the following way, where the parentheses indicate elements of the structure that

may be absent (Greenbaum, 1989: 60).

[Determiners] [Premodifiers] Noun [Postmodifiers]

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Though the parentheses indicate that the elements can be absent,

determiners are more essential to noun phrase structure than modifier (Leech and

Svartvik, 1975: 251). Those elements of the noun phrase will be discussed further

in the following section.

2. The Elements of Noun Phrases

From the explanation above, the elements of noun phrase can be seen

clearly. In the structure of the noun phrase, those elements are also realized by

other elements as follows.

a. The Head

A head is an obligatory element for noun phrase. It is a minimal

requirement for the occurrence of a noun phrase. According to Bas Aarts, all

phrases have something in common, namely the fact that they must minimally

contain a Head (1997: 97). The most usual type of a head of a noun phrase is a

noun. However, according to Flor Aarts and Jan Aarts, if the noun phrase consists

of a head only, the head must be realized by a count noun, books are getting

more and more expensive; an uncountable noun, we are running out of sugar, a

proper noun, Smith is extremely difficult to get on with, and a pronoun, she

never eats meat (1982: 104). According to Jackson, being countable noun means

that for the nouns in those examples the system of number operates. In English,

the number system has two terms namely singular and plural. On the other hand,

the system of number for the uncountable nouns does not operate. Uncountable

nouns refer to undifferentiated mass. They cannot be used with indefinite article

and cannot occur in plural form (1990: 37).

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The head of a noun phrase can also be realized by an adjective phrase

like in the poor, the inevitable (Langacker, 1972: 194). Most commonly

adjectives that become the heads of a noun phrase have personal reference for

example the wise look to the wiser for advice; the young in spirit enjoy life. These

adjectives have generic and plural reference (Quirk & Greenbaum, 1973: 117).

The head of a noun phrase can also realized by a participle like in the

accused, the dying. The head is also realized by a numeral like in these two, all

three. The last, the head can be realized by a genitive like in I am staying at my

aunt’s, the grocer’s is at the corner of the street (Aarts, 1982:104).

b. Determiners

Determiners are words which specify the range of reference of a noun.

Determiners always precede the noun they determine, but they have different

positions relative to one another (Leech and Svatvik, 1975: 224-226). According

to Aarts (1982: 106) determiners are distinguished into three sub functions namely

predeterminer, central determiner and postdeterminer. Those sub functions will be

explained in the following section.

1) Predeterminers

Predeterminers occur before central determiner. The noun head can be

predetermined by means of the items all, both, double, half, twice, many, such

and what (Aarts and Aarts, 1982: 106). The items all, both, half occur before

articles, possessives, or demonstratives like in half an hour, both his last two

newspaper articles, all these expensive school uniform.

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2) Central determiners

The central determiner of the noun phrase follows a predeterminer. It can

be realized by means of a definite article like in double the amount, an

indefinite article like in half a minute, a demonstrative like in both these books,

a possessive pronoun like in all Peter’s clothes, a quantifier like in his many

grievances and wh-determiners like in which university (Leech and Svartvik,

1975: 226). Wh-determiners cannot, as a rule, be preceded by a predeterminer but

it still may occur like in half of whose books (Aarts and Aarts, 1982: 107).

3) Postdeterminers

Items which must follow determiners but precede adjectives in the

premodifier structure include numerals and quantifiers (Quirk and Greenbaum,

1973:65). Postdeterminer is usually realized by cardinal numerals like in some

ten passengers. Next element that can realize postdeterminer is ordinal

numerals. They occur only with count nouns and usually precede any cardinal

numbers in the noun phrase like in the first three years in Edinburgh. Finally, the

postdeterminer can be realized by means of quantifiers like in his many friends,

what few money.

c. Modifiers

Besides determiners, the head noun can also be accompanied by one or

more modifiers. Modifiers which precede the head are called premodifiers, and

those which occur after the noun head are called postmodifiers (Leech and

Svartvik, 1975: 251).

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1) Premodifiers

Premodifiers in a noun phrase are placed after determiners but before the

noun which is the head of the phrase (Leech and Svartivk, 1975: 271). In the

structure of the noun phrase the function of a premodifier may be realized by

means of an adjective phrase. The choice of an adjective phrase in the structure

of a noun phrase is independent of previous choices from the predeterminer,

central determiner or postdeterminer items like in all English poetry, any other

acceptable solution (Aarts and Aarts, 1982: 108).

Next, the function of premodifier may be realized by means of a noun

phrase like in church bazaar, sports review. It is common for the noun phrase

head to be premodified by a noun phrase which, in turn, is premodified by another

noun phrase. Consider for example: Cambridge University Press, London street

guide. It is also possible for the noun phrase head to be premodified by

coordinated nouns like in cheese and cucumber sandwiches, the Eric Morecambe

and Ernie Wise Show (Aarts and Aarts, 1982: 111).

The third, the noun phrase head may be premodified by a classifying

genitive like in a doctor’s degree, a men’s shop (Aarts and Aarts, 1982: 111).

However, this classifying genitive is different from the specifying genitive

functioning as a central determiner. The word preceding the specifying genitive

qualifies the genitive, not the head noun. On the other hand, it is the head noun

which is qualified when the genitive is classifying. The difference can be seen

through the following explanation.

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those men’s wives that men’s shop

The demonstrative those preceding a specifying genitive qualifies the

genitive men’s, not the head wives. On the other hand, it is the head shop which is

qualified when the genitive men’s is classifying (Aarts and Aarts, 1982: 112).

Next, the noun phrase head can be premodified by an adverb phrase like

in the then chairman, an away game, the above photo, the upstairs neighbor.

Then and above are probably the most common adverb phrases used as

premodifier (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973: 129). Leech and Svartivk, state that a

few degree words can modify noun phrases. They include quite, rather, such, and

what. The noun phrase is normally indefinite, and the adverb precedes any

determiners like in he told such a funny story and what a fool he is! (1975: 203).

In the structure of the noun phrase, premodifier can be realized by means

of a participle (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973: 395). Either present or past

participle can premodify the noun head like in his crumbling cottage and his

completed cottage.

In addition, there are modifiers which consist of more than one word but

which make up syntactic construction rather than a compound word. They are

usually hyphenated when they premodify like in a ready-to-wear suit, which

means the suit is ready to wear and the town-hall clock, which means the clock is

on the town hall (Leech And Svartivk, 1975: 272).

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2) Postmodifiers

The noun head can be accompanied by some modifiers. The modifiers

which follow the noun head are called postmodifier (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973:

251). In the structure of the noun phrase the function of postmodifier may be

realize by means of an adjective phrase like in the information available. The

occurrence of the adjective phrase as the postmodification also can be seen as a

temporary status (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973: 377). Thus the noun phrase the

information available would be understood as having reference only to a specific

time. According to Leech and Svartvik (1973: 194) in certain cases,

postmodifying adjective can usually be regarded as a reduced relative clause like

in the people present (the people who were present), the easiest solution

conceivable (the easiest solution which is conceivable).

Next element that can realize the postmodifier is an adverb phrase. Some

adverbs denoting time or place postmodify nouns like in the meeting yesterday,

his journey home. Leech and Svartivk state that the use of adverbs as postmodifer

is more restricted than the use of other postmodifier. The adverbs used as

postmodifying such as home, yesterday, tomorrow, before, ahead, below and

outside (1973: 203 & 271).

The most common type of postmodifiers in English is a prepositional

phrase like in the trees in the park, the path along the canal. A prepositional can

often be expanded to relative clause like in Is this the road to Paris? that can be

expanded into is this the road that lead to Paris? (Leech and Svartvik, 1975:

268).

15

The next element that can postmodify the noun head is a finite clause like

in the news that he had been fired, the problem how this could be solved.

According to Aarts and Aarts, the finite clause function as postmodifier is

introduced by temporal conjuction such as before, after, since, and until (1982:

117). The examples of the noun phrase postmodified by those kind of finite clause

are the days before he died, the time since he has been chairman.

Next, postmodification of the head can be realized by a non-finite clause.

Three types of non-finite clause can occur in postmodification namely infinitive

clause like in he is the man to talk to, -ing participle like in I received letter

asking me to return to England, and –ed participle clause like in the general

impression given by this book is favorable. According to Leech and Svartivk, non

finite clauses that premodify the head noun are equivalent to reduced relative

clauses (1975: 268).

The last element that can postmodify the noun head is a noun phrase like

in girls your age, a rock that shape, and a car that color. However, according to

Aarts and Aarts, posmodification by means of noun phrase is rare (1982: 115).

3. Theory of the Types of Noun Phrases

In the structure of a noun phrase, Aarts and Aarts distinguish three

elements namely head, determiner and modifier (1982: 104). From the element of

the noun phrases, Greenbaum (1989: 60) states eight possible structure of the

noun phrases, as follows.

No Types of noun phrases Examples

1. Noun books

16

2. Determiner + Noun those books

3. Premodifier + Noun history books

4. Determiner + Premodifier + Noun some long books

5. Noun + Postmodifier books about Canada

6. Determiner + Noun + Postmodifier some books on astronomy

7. Premodifier + Noun + Postmodifier popular books on psychology

8. Det + Premodifier + Noun + Postmodifier some popular books on astronomy

The above table shows the types of the noun phrase. However, according

to Leech and Svartvik (1975: 272), the noun head can be accompanied by more

than one premodifier like in the American spring medical conference and a world

political problem. Those two examples belong to the fourth type, Determiner +

Premodifier + Noun. The noun phrases consists of determiners (the, a),

premodifiers (American spring medical, world political) and nouns (conference,

problem). Though those noun phrases belong to the same group but they have

different length, for example the noun phrase the American spring medical

conference consists of five words, while the noun phrase a world political

problem consists of four words.

4. The Nature of News

a. Theory of News

John B. Bogart, a city editor of the New York Sun utters a famous dictum,

when a dog bites a man, that’s not news. But when a man bites a dog, that is news.

17

To some extent it still stands today, because news is often the recount of

something rare or out of ordinary (Metzler, 1986: 21).

According to Reah, news is a late Middle English word that means tiding,

new information of recent events. It is an information about recent events that are

of interest to a sufficiently large group or that may affect the life of sufficiently

large group (2002: 4). Whereas, according to Metzler news is a prompt, “bottom

line” recounting of factual information about events, situations and ideas

(including opinion and interpretations) calculated to interest an audience and help

people cope with themselves and their environment (1986: 23).

Talking about news can not be separated from newspaper. Newspaper has

made itself an important place in people’s life. One of the major functions of the

newspaper is to serve as the eyes of its readers, focusing attention on the

interesting, important and thrilling events of the day. As what Reddick says:

We want to go to a football game but have to work. As soon as the game is over, we buy a sports edition and thrill to the account of the game. We could not go, but someone saw the game for us and told us about it- the sports writer (1941: 6).

b. The Language of News

The language of news today is the product of centuries of linguistic

evolution. It is not a ‘natural’ form of writing. It is particular discourse with its

own rhythms, tones, words and phrases (Keble, 2001: 81).

According to Miller in Mott’s book entitled New Survey of Journalism, the

style of the news writing must observe five principles (1958: 50). First is

correctness. Correctness of news style is essential to clarity and understand the

news. Language is a conventional set of symbols, a refinement of the sign

18

language of the ancient. When the correctness of the conventional set of symbols

is violated, its meaning is uncertain. The reader will not understand the news.

Correctness of news-writing style implies not only accuracy in grammar, spelling

and diction but also conformity to canons of good tastes as well.

Second is simplicity. This necessity for simplicity touches every element

of the news story such as word, sentence and paragraph. The short and well

known words are preferred than the longer words. Sentences in news are compact,

definite in structure and moderate in length. Sentences go directly to the points.

According to Keble, the sense of news values has to be sharp and that only comes

with practice. “KISS (Keep It Short and Simple) and TELL” could be the

journalist’s motto. Complex sentences overloaded with long subordinate clauses

should be avoided. Short, precise sentences are best (2001: 81). The news writer’s

sentences are, on the average, shorter than those employed in literary publications,

text and reference works. Many newspapers currently are asking reporters for

sentence lengths of less than twenty words. Studies have revealed that sentences

of greater length increase the difficulty of reading for the large number of readers

who had little education. There is a need of brevity in news story paragraph. The

news paragraph rarely should exceed a maximum of six standard type written

lines (approximately twelve lines of newspaper body type). As this maximum is

passed, ease of reading is sacrificed. News shall be told plainly with no obvious

straining for effects. Sports writers seem particularly susceptible to this frailty of

style. The following paragraphs are the example of a lead of an account of a Notre

Dame Southern California football game:

19

SOLDIERS’ FIELD, CHICAGO, Nov. 16- Football of a magnificent stature, comparable in every way to the headline position which the game occupied in national affairs was played in this uncompleted, murk filled bowl, laying within earshot of the lapping waters of Lake Michigan here this afternoon.

California, trained and schooled in the sun kissed climate of the Pacific Coast, rode 2500 miles from the shadows of the Sierra Madre mountains to meet an eleven coached by the vital Viking of America’s greatest sport (Mott, 1958: 51).

Third is conciseness. Desired brevity is attained not by omission of details

but by tight phrasing, packing fact upon fact. According to Keble, many factors lie

behind the creation of the concise news language. Every reported word involves a

cost. Economic language helps provide economies in production. Speed is the

essence of newspapers. Sentence structure and page design are influenced by the

need to help readers move through the newspaper quickly (2001: 82). Most wordy

stories are the result of lazy writing. The reporter fails to take time to write briefly.

There are some ways to construct the conciseness of style such as; the omission of

unnecessary articles like in a fire which started at 7 A. M., which is better to be

written as in fire which started at 7 A. M. Second is by using a direct statement

like in changes which are going to affect tomorrow’s newspaper, which is better

to be written as in changes affecting tomorrow’s newspaper (Mott, 1958: 53).

Fourth is objectivity. This quality in style is a reflection of the writer’s

point of view. The journalistic ideal of fair play demands not only that the reporter

shall tell both sides of the story but also that the phrasing of his account shall not

be colored by his opinion. According to Miller (Mott, 1958: 53), direct expression

of opinion is barred in all stories except those carrying the writer’s by-line.

Indirect expression through colored words which unconsciously express the

20

writer’s bias should be avoided as well for example in reporting testimony of a

witness, to write that “she admitted” or conceded a fact has implications far

different from the uncolored tag, “the witness said”.

Fifth is interest. Miller says that interest must always be present in news

(Mott, 1958: 53). The news writer always puts his best foot forward in his effort

to maintain reader-interest. Word choice and the organization of sentence and

paragraph must be determined in view of the ever-present. There are some ways

to make the news interesting. The first is the use of vigorous diction like in an

accident occurred at Main and Second streets when…, which is better to be

written as in a loaded school bus and a 10-ton truck collided…. The second is the

variety of paragraph length. Although news writing must be simple, its sentences

should not be uniformly simple. Variety in paragraph length gives the news a

more interesting appearance. The last is the variety of both length and structure in

sentences. If the beginning of a sentence is not interesting, readers will not take

time to read the news. Miller gives the example as follows. An author writes the

beginning of a sentence like in With 2000 spectators in the stands, Skeet’s Motors

defeated the Home Bakers 5 to 3 today to win the Industrial league championship.

The sentence is not interesting for the readers. It is better to write Skeet’s Motors

won the Industrial league championship today, defeating the Home Bakers 5 to 3

before a crowd of 2000 (Mott, 1958: 55).

21

C. Theoretical Framework

This part explains the contribution of the theories in solving the problems

formulated in this study. Those related theories will be used as a foundation and a

guideline for the writer to analyze the object of the study.

In order to gain a deep knowledge about a noun phrase, the elements that

realize the occurrence of a noun phrase must be mastered first. Thus, the writer

put the theory of noun phrases and elements of noun phrases. Those theories

discuss the elements that are possible to realize the occurrence of a noun phrase.

Those theories will be helpful to recognize the elements constitute the noun

phrase. By doing so, the first problem of this study can be solved.

The writer also put the theory of the types of noun phrases. The theory

may give contribution to solve the second problem. This theory discusses eight

possible types of noun phrases. The types of the noun phrases are classified based

on the function of the elements constitute the noun phrases. The writer will use the

theory to classify the noun phrases into their types. By classifying those noun

phrases, the writer can find out the types of those noun phrases which mostly

occur in the sport news. Basically, this theory can help the writer to solve both the

second and third problems of this study. After finding out the most common type

of the noun phrases occurs in the football news, the writer will be able to

recognize the average length of those noun phrases.

Besides those theories, the writer also has some theory of news. Those

theories discuss the nature and the language of the news. Those theories may have

contribution to support the finding of the second and third problems since they

discuss some principles of news writing.

22

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains a discussion of the procedures of the study to gain

the objectives. This chapter covers three parts: the object of the study, the

population and sampling, and method of the study. The third part discusses not

only the method of the study but also the data collection and data analysis.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is the noun phrases that occur in the football news

in certain pages in The Jakarta Post published during the FIFA World Cup 2006.

According to Leech and Svartvik, a noun phrase can act as subject, object or

complement of a clause or as prepositional complement. In the structure of the

noun phrase, the noun head can be accompanied by a determiner, a premodifier

and a postmodifier (1975: 251). A noun phrase can be found in almost every

sentence. This is because a sentence usually consists of a verb phrase and a noun

phrase.

In this study, the writer discusses the noun phrases which occur in football

news. The writer chooses the football news because football is one branch of sport

that commands a large following of enthusiastic and even rabid fans. The writer

chooses 5 articles issued from June until July 2006. It was when the FIFA World

Cup was held. Many people were waiting for the great event that only held once

in four years. Those reasons made the football news interesting to be analyzed.

23

B. Population and Sampling of the Study

According to Spiegel, population is the entire group of individuals or

objects (1961: 1). It is any group of individuals that have one or more

characteristics in common that are of interest to the researcher (Best, 1986: 11). In

this study, the writer takes the noun phrases in the football news in The Jakarta

Post as the population. The Jakarta Post is chosen because the language used is

the standard one. Best states that some populations are so large that it will be

impractical and time consuming to observe the whole population to gain the

objectives of a certain research (Best, 1986: 11).

As mentioned above, it will be time consuming to observe the whole

population. Fortunately, instead of taking the whole population, the researcher can

take a sample of the population. According to Best, sample is a small proportion

of a population selected for observation and analysis. By observing the

characteristics of the sample, one can make certain inferences about the

characteristics of the population from which it is drawn (1986: 12). Referring to

the previous explanation, the writer limits the articles as the sample of the study.

The sample of this study is 5 football news taken from 5 editions of The Jakarta

Post. Those football news are issued on 11, 18, 25 June, 2 and 9 July 2006. Those

football news are published on Sunday. The writer chooses the Sunday edition

because on Sunday people have more leisure time to read their favorite news. The

method used in this research could be categorized into convenient sampling. In

this method, the samples contain subject who are simply available in a convenient

way to the researcher. This method is often the only practical one, particularly for

24

students or others with restricted time and resources

(http:/www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~kate/gmcweb/s8.htm)

C. Data Collection and Processing Activities

The primary data of this study was the noun phrases which occurred in the

football news. The football news was collected from The Jakarta Post issued from

June until July 2006.

There were several steps in the collecting the data. First the writer chooses

the population and the samples that will be used as the data resources. In this

study, the population is The Jakarta Post. The samples are football news in The

Jakarta Post issued from June until July 2006. The second step is collecting all

noun phrases that occur in the 5 football news in The Jakarta Post. After that, the

writer identifies the elements that constitute the noun phrases. Then, the writer

classified the noun phrases according to their types. The next step was to count the

number of the noun phrase according to their types. By doing so, the most

common type of the noun phrase could be identified. At last, the writer put the

data into a table that helped the writer to analyze effectively.

D. Data Analysis

The method employed in this study was a descriptive research. According

to Seliger and Shohamy, a descriptive research involved a collection of techniques

used to specify, describe naturally occurring phenomena without experimental

manipulation (1989: 124). Since this study was descriptive, it just described what

was found and observed.

25

In analyzing the data, there were several steps that are applied based on the

research problem. As stated in Chapter I, the first problem dealt with the elements

of the noun phrases. Here, the writer did a library research to gain knowledge on

the theories of noun phrases from some books. The first step, the writer collected

the noun phrases occurred in the football news in The Jakarta Post. Next, the

writer identified the element that constituted the phrases. In this step, the writer

used some theory of noun phrases as a base.

The next step was dealing with the second problem of the study, that was,

identifying the most common type of noun phrase occurred in the football news.

In the second step, the writer classified the noun phrases into their types. The

theory used was Greenbaum’s theory of the types of the noun phrase.

The next step dealt with the last problem of the study. The head of the

noun phrase could have one or more premodifier (Leech and Svartvik, 1975: 272).

Because of that, some noun phrase might belong to the same type but they had

different length. After identifying the types of those noun phrases, the writer

identified the average length of the noun phrases in the football news in The

Jakarta Post.

26

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter covers the discussion to answer the problem formulated in

Chapter I. The first part discusses the elements of noun phrases that occur in

football news in The Jakarta Post. The second part discusses the types of noun

phrases that mostly occur in the football news. The third part discusses the

average length of those noun phrases.

A. The Elements of Noun Phrases

A noun phrase is a phrase which has a noun or typically a noun as its most

important constituent (Aarts and Aarts, 1982: 60). Many noun phrases in the

football news in The Jakarta Post used as the data appear without other phrases.

Those noun phrases are realized by the occurrence of proper noun; England,

Gammara, countable noun; spells, tears and uncountable noun; control. Besides,

many nouns also take various phrases in their occurrence to realize some

elements, namely determiner, premodifier and postmodifier.

The determiners of those noun phrases occurring in the article are mostly

realized by a definite article, for example the most important thing, and the fastest

keeper substitution in World Cup history. Many premodifiers are realized by the

occurrence of adjective phrases like in a hot afternoon at the Waldstation, a good

start. Prepositional phrases occur to realize the postmodifier of the noun head like

in a free kick inside his area, the organizational aspects of the first day. The most

frequent element which realized the head of a noun phrase is a countable noun for

27

example the fan parks, the 64-match tournaments. The following is the table of

elements that realize the head, determiner, premodifier and postmodifier of the

noun phrases.

Table 1. The Elements of Noun Phrases

No Element Head Deter-miner

Pre- modifier

Post- modifier

Number of occurrence %

1. Proper Noun 113 - - - 113 11,55

2. Countable Noun 273 - - - 273 27,91

3. Uncountable Noun 57 - - - 57 5,83

4. Numeral 6 - - - 6 0,61

5. Indefinite article - 61 - - 61 6,24

6. Definite article - 131 - - 131 13,39

7. Demonstrative - 1 - - 1 0,10

8. Possessive pronoun - 53 - - 53 5,42

9. Quantifier - 8 - - 8 0,82

10. Cardinal number - 22 - - 22 2,25

11. Ordinal number - 19 - - 19 1,94

12. Adjective Phrase 2 - 85 - 87 8,90

13. Noun Phrase - - 56 - 56 5,73

14. Participle - - 15 - 15 1,53

15. Prepositional phrase - - - 55 55 5,62

16. Finite Clause - - - 15 15 1,53

17. Non finite Clause - - - 6 6 0,61

TOTAL 978 100

28

From the table above, it can be seen clearly that the elements occured to

construct a noun phrase. The elements occur to realize the head, determiner,

premodifer and postmodifer of a noun phrase. Actually, there are other elements

that can realize the head, determiner, premodifer and postmodifer of a noun

phrase but do not occur in the observed data. For example, there is no occurrence

of all, both, wh- determiner to realize the determiner of a noun phrase; a

classifying genitive to realize the premodifier of a noun phrase; and an adverb

phrase to realize the postmodifer of a noun phrase.

1. Head

The head is the most dominant member which characterizes the noun

phrase. It is the minimal requirement for the occurrence of a noun phrase. The

previous table shows five elements that realize the head. The heads of the noun

phrases are mostly realized by the occurrence of a countable noun, that is 273

(27, 91 %). The examples are as follow.

1. officials 2. major clashes 3. the tournament 4. the country 5. some 1,5 million foreign fans

According to Jackson, being countable means that for the nouns in those

examples the system of number operates. In English, the number system has two

terms namely singular and plural (1990: 37). In example 3 and 4, the nouns

tournament and country are in the singular form since they refer to one individual

thing. The example No. 1, 2 and 3 are in the plural form since they refer to more

29

than one thing. Jackson (1990: 37) added that the plural form is marked, usually

by an inflectional suffix written –s like in officials, fans or –es like in clashes.

The second frequent one is the occurrence of a proper noun to realize the

head of the noun phrase like in.

6. Eriksson 7. Michael Owen 8. Paraguay 9. Friday 10. FIFA

Proper nouns have a unique reference, that is they refer to one particular

person, country, town, and so on. They occur in singular and normally take no

determiner (Aarts and Aarts, 1982: 226). The proper nouns Eriksson and Michael

Owen refer to a particular person whom the readers have already known. The

proper noun Paraguay refers to a particular country while the proper noun FIFA

refers to a particular event which is very well-known among the readers.

Meanwhile, the author uses the proper noun Friday to refer to a particular day.

Thirdly, the other kind of element that is most frequently used is an

uncountable noun. It has 57 (5, 83 %) number of occurrences. The following are

the examples.

11. their luck 12. control 13. Germany’s opening victory in Munich 14. drunken behavior 15. Portugal’s progress

Unlike the countable nouns, the system of number for the noun luck, control,

victory, behavior and progress does not operate. Those noun head refers to

undifferentiated mass. Uncountable nouns cannot be used with indefinite article

30

and cannot occur in plural form (Jackson, 1990: 37). Therefore, there is no *a

control or *lucks.

The fourth element occurring as the head of the noun phrase is a numeral

with 6 (0, 61 %) number of occurrences. The following are examples.

16. the last eight 17. the second 18. the 62nd 19. its thousand of fans 20. the 65th

There are two sets of numerals namely cardinal and ordinal number. In those

examples, the cardinal numbers eight, thousand and the ordinal numbers second,

62nd, 65th are the head of the noun phrases. According to Leech and Svartvik, the

ordinals are normally preceded by a determiner, usually the definite article like in

the second, the 62nd and the 65th.

The last element occurred as the head of the noun phrase is an adjective

phrase. The writer only found two examples in the observed data, as follows.

21. the left 22. the best of the action

A noun phrase is a grammatical construction usually contains a noun as its

constituent (Wardaugh, 1977: 247). However, in fact some noun phrases do not

consist of the noun at all, for example the rich. The head of the noun phrase can

also be realized by an adjective phrase (Langacker, 1972: 194). Most commonly

adjectives that become the heads of a noun phrase have personal reference for

example the wise look to the wiser for advice; the young in spirit enjoy life. These

adjectives have generic and plural reference (Quirk & Greenbaum, 1973: 117)

31

In the observed data, there are only two noun phrases which have adjective

phrase as the main constituents. The heads of the noun phrases 21 and 22 are

realized by adjective phrases left and best. According to Aarts and Aarts, if the

head is realized by an adjective phrase, the noun phrase is usually introduced by

definite article the, like in the left and the best of the action (1982: 104).

2. DETERMINERS

Leech and Svartvik specifically noted that determiners are words which

specify the range of reference of a noun in various ways (1975: 225). There are

some elements occurred to realize the determiner of a noun phrase as follows.

In this study, the most frequent determiner is an article, especially a

definite article. Here are the examples of articles as determiners.

23. the danger zone 24. the World Cup 25. a penalty 26. a superb start 27. an ill-tempered first period

The head selects the definite article as the determiner because the identity

of the object has been mentioned earlier. The noun head zone and World Cup in

the examples above, select the definite article the as a determiner. The occurrence

of the indicates that the noun zone and the proper noun World Cup are already

mentioned earlier.

The second element occured as the determiner of the noun phrase is an

indefinite article. In example 25-26, the head is penalty and start which occur

with the indefinite article a. The last example selects the indefinite article an as a

determiner of the head first period. The difference of the indefinite article a and

32

an is simply on the sound that they are followed. The indefinite article a occurs

before a consonant sound and an occurs before a vowel sound (Aarts and Aarts,

1982: 46).

The third frequent element that occurs as a determiner is a possessive

pronoun. The occurrence of a possessive pronoun gives specific information

about the head, like in.

28. his pierce shot 29. his third goal of the tournament 30. their opening game 31. Portugal’s second goal

The noun phrases in 28-29 select the possessive pronoun his as a

determiner of the noun head. The possessive pronoun his shows gender

distinction. In example 28 and 29, the possessive pronoun his indicates that the

pierce shot and the third goal belongs to a man not a woman. Next, the noun

phrase in 30 shows that the head goal selects the possessive pronoun Portugal’s

as a determiner. It indicates that the second goal is the Portugal’s and does not

belong to other teams.

Next, the occurrence of a cardinal and ordinal number, especially a

cardinal number realizes the determiner of a noun phrase like in:

32. three points 33. four minutes 34. 250,000 police 35. the first round 36. the first 12 minutes

. In example 32-34, the noun heads are preceded by cardinal numbers. The

noun head points is preceded by a cardinal number three. The noun head minutes

takes the cardinal number four as the determiner. Next, the cardinal number

33

250,000 is selected as the determiner of the noun head police. The cardinal

number gives additional information about the amount of the noun head.

The ordinals are normally preceded by another determiner, usually by the

definite article (Leech and Svartvik, 1975: 320). In the noun phrase 35 and 36, it

can be seen that the noun heads round and minutes are preceded by the definite

article the. An ordinal number occurs only with count nouns and usually precedes

any cardinal number in the noun phrase like in example 36. The ordinal number

first occurs with count noun minutes. The ordinal number first also precedes the

cardinal number 12.

The next element occurring as a determiner of the noun phrase is a

quantifier like in the following examples.

37. several crunching tackles by both sides 38. some 1,5 million foreign fans 39. some bad-tempered exchanges 40. some heavy challenges 41. more anxious moment

Quantifiers can occur as a head or a determiner of noun phrase. Some

quantifiers can function both as the head of a noun phrase and a determiner. The

examples are some, any, each, both, most, enough, and several. In the examples

37-41, the quantifiers occurred as the determiner of the noun phrase, not as the

head. The quantifiers more, some, several precede the noun head tackles, fans,

exchanges, challenges, moments. They occur to indicate the quantity or amount of

the noun head. The quantifier some preceded the noun head fans to show the

quantity of the head.

34

The last element occurring as a determiner in the structure of the noun

phrase is a demonstrative. There is only one example, as follows.

42. these kinds of temperatures, covering the grass.

A demonstrative can function both as a pronoun and a determiner. In the

example above, the demonstrative these function as a determiner. It precedes the

noun head kind. The use of the demonstrative these indicates that the object is not

singular, but plural. These also identifies that the object is near to the speaker

(Leech and Svartvik, 1975: 58). The author points to the kind of temperatures

which is covering the grass which had been mentioned earlier.

3. PREMODIFIERS

Premodifier in a noun phrase are placed after determiners but before the

noun which is the head of the phrase (Leech and Svartvik, 1975: 271). There are

the following types of premodifiers that occur in this study.

The first phrase which functions as a premodifier is an adjective phrase.

It is the most frequent form. The following are the examples:

43. the most important thing 44. the first real hot,hot day 45. the late challenge on Larsson. 46. two yellow card

The adjective phrase important gives specific information about the head

thing. It is not the common thing but the important one. The occurrence of the

adjective most as the premodifier of the noun phrase 43 is significant because the

readers will recognize the thing that the author referring to is the most important

one. The thing is the prior one indicated by the adjective phrase in superlative

35

form most. The noun phrase 44 takes two adjective phrases real and hot to

premodify the noun head day. The adjective phrase hot is written twice to

emphasize what is really referred by the author. The use of repeated adjectives

convinces the reader that the day the author referred is really hot. Next, the

adjective phrase late is taken by the noun head challenge as a premodifier. It

indicates that the challenge is not the early one but the late one. In the noun phrase

46, the adjective phrase yellow occurs to denote the color of the noun head card. It

gives the detail information about the card by giving the information about the

color. Thus, the reader will recognize that the card the author referring is the

yellow one, not the red one.

Second, the premodifier position is also filled by a noun phrase. Its

occurrence as a premodifier is optional. However, it contributes more to the text

by giving the specific information. Here are the examples.

47. a penalty shootout 48. goal keeper Ebrahim Mirzapour 49. the danger zone 50. the ticket control system 51. 20 English, German and Polish soccer fans

In the noun phrase 47, the head shootout takes the noun phrase penalty as its

premodifier. Penalty gives the specific information about the shootout. The noun

phrase spot occurred to premodify the noun head kick. In example 48, the noun

phrase takes a noun phrase goal to premodify the noun head keeper, while the

noun phrase 49 takes a noun phrase danger to premodify the noun head zone.

The next two examples (50-51) take two noun phrases to premodify the noun

head. The noun phrase in example 50, takes two noun phrases ticket and control to

36

premodify the noun head. Those premodifiers restrict the noun head. It shows that

the author only refers to the ticket control system not the other system. Next, in

example 51, the noun head fans take two noun phrases English, German and

Polish and soccer. The noun head fans becomes more specific with the

occurrence of those noun phrases as the premodifier.

Thirdly, a participle, both –ing and –ed participle become the premodifiers of

the noun head. Here are the examples.

52. their opening game 53. a deflected drive 54. an injured leg 55. a rousing version of “Rule, Britania!”

Noun phrases 52 and 55 take the –ing participle opening and rousing as the

premodifiers of the noun heads. The –ing participle rousing in example 55 gives

additional information about the head version. It emphasizes that the version of

“Rule Britana” is the one which can rouse the spirit of the player, while the noun

phrase 53 and 54 take the – ed participle deflected and injured as the premodifier

of the noun heads. The head becomes more specific with the presence of a

participle as a premodifier. The occurrence of the participle injured as the

premodifier of the head leg gives the information about the condition of the legs.

The participles give the specific and additional information about the head.

4. POSTMODIFIERS

In football news in The Jakarta Post, there are three elements realize the

postmodifier namely a prepositional phrase, a finite clause, and a non-finite

clause.

37

The most frequent element that realizes the postmodifier is a prepositional

phrase. Prepositional phrases are by far the most common type of postmodifier in

English. It gives more information about the head like in

56. central midfield where the Swedes were mostly outnumbered 57. preparation for Sunday’s World Cup final 58. a great chance for Portugal in the 78th 59. storms in Berlin on Friday

The noun phrase in example 56 takes a prepositional phrase as its

postmodifier. The noun head midfield is postmodified by a prepositional phrase

where the Swedes were mostly outnumbered. It gives additional information about

the noun head midfield. The midfield the author referred is the one where the

Swedes were mostly outnumbered, not the other midfield. In example 57, the

prepositional phrase restricts the noun head preparation. It indicates that the

preparation is the one for Sunday’s World Cup final, not the preparation for the

other events.

The noun phrase 58 takes two prepositional phrases to postmodify the noun

head chance. It restricts the head chance. The first prepositional phrase gives

information that the chance is the one which belongs to Portugal and not for other

team. The second prepositional phrase is in the 78th. It tells about the time when

the chance happens. Therefore, those prepositional phrases give the specific and

additional information about the head chance.

Next, the head of the noun phrase in 59 is storms. It also takes two

prepositional phrases in Berlin and on Friday as its postmodifiers. Those

prepositional phrases give different information about the head. The first

prepositional phrase in Berlin tells about the place or the position of the storms.

38

The storms are the ones which happen in Berlin. The second prepositional phrase

is on Friday. It postmodifies the noun head. It tells about the time when the

storms happen. Thus, those prepositional phrases occurred to give specific

information about the place and the time when the storms happen.

Second, a finite clause can occur as a postmodifier of the noun head as

follows:

60. a thrilling contest that broke the record for goals in The World Cup openers

61. England which had lost two and drawn one of the opening in its last three tournaments

62. Deco whose first time shot sailed into right corner 63. the booming free kick in the 83rd that Ricardo blocked with a dive

The occurrence of the finite clause that broke the record for goals in The

World Cup openers limits the head contest. It emphasizes that the contest is the

one that broke the record for goals in The World Cup openers not the other

contest. Next, the noun head England is postmodified by a finite clause which had

lost two and drawn one of the opening in its last three tournaments. It gives

detailed information about the head. In the example 62, the head Deco is

postmodified by the finite clause whose first time shot sailed into right corner.

The finite clause gives additional information about the head. The author only

refers to a person named Deco whose first time shot sailed into right corner. In

the example 63, the noun head kick takes a finite clause as the postmodifier. The

finite clause that Ricardo blocked with a dive occurs after a prepositional phrase

to give specific information about the head kick.

A non-finite clause that occurs as a postmodifier of the noun phrase is the

smallest number. The followings are the examples.

39

64. Germany, performing with great power and belief and backed by extraordinary support

65. The Germans, buoyed by their two-goal blitz 66. the German fans, heavily outnumbering the Swedes in a 66,000 sell out

crowd at the Allianz area.

The example 64 takes an –ing participle performing with great power and

belief and backed by extraordinary support as a postmodifier to give additional

information about the head. The author only refers to the Germany team which

performs with great power and backed by extraordinary support. The non-finite

clause describes the action of the noun head. The noun phrase 66 also takes an –

ing participle as a postmodifer of the noun head. The –ing participle heavily

outnumbering the Swedes in a 66,000 sell out crowd at the Allianz area gives

additional information about the head fans. The noun phrase 65 takes an –ed

participle buoyed by their two-goal blitz to postmodify the head Germans. The –

ed participle clarifies that the head Germans buoyed because of the two-goal blitz

they made.

B. The Types of Noun Phrases

In the structure of a noun phrase, there are three elements namely head,

determiner and modifier. The occurrence of those elements can be used to

construct a noun phrase. According to Greenbaum, there are eight possible

structures of the noun phrases, as follows; Head, Determiner + Head,

Premodifier + Head, Determiner + Premodifier + Head, Head +

Postmodifier, Determiner + Head + Postmodifier, Premodifier + Noun +

Postmodifier, and Determiner + Premodifier + Noun + Postmodifier (1989:

40

60). The following is the table showing the number of each type of the noun

phrases occur in the football news.

Table 2. The Types of Noun phrase

No Type of Noun Phrases Number %

1. Head 138 30,60

2. Determiner + Head 125 27,72

3. Premodifier + Head 25 5,54

4. Determiner + Premodifier + Head 74 16,41

5. Head + Postmodifier 12 2,66

6. Determiner + Head + Postmodifier 42 9,31

7. Premodifier + Head + Postmodifier 1 0,22

8. Determiner + Premodifier + Head + Postmodifier 34 7,54

TOTAL 451 100

From the table above, it could be seen that the noun phrase structure type 1

(Head) has the highest frequency in its occurrence. Type 2 (Determiner + Head)

has 125 numbers of occurrence. It is followed by type 4 (Determiner + Head +

Postmodifier) with 74 numbers of occurrence. Next, type 6 (Determiner + Head +

Postmodifier) has 42 numbers of occurrence followed by type 8 (Determiner +

Premodifier + Head + Postmodifier) with 34 numbers of occurrence. Afterwards,

type 3 (Premodifier + Head) occurs with 25 of occurrence, followed by type 5

(Head + Postmodifier) with 12 numbers of occurrence. The last one is type 7

(Premodifier + Head + Postmodifier) with 1 number of occurrence.

41

The most frequent type of noun phrase occurred in this study is type 1 (Head)

with 138 number of occurrences. Here are the examples.

67. control 68. reporters 69. Javad Nekounam 70. England

In the above examples, the noun phrase is only constructed by a head. There is

no determiner, premodifier or postmodifier that occurs. The head is realized by

some elements. In the example 67, the uncountable noun control occurs as the

head of the phrase, while in noun phrase 68, the countable noun reporter occurs in

a plural form reporters as the head of the phrase. In example 61, the noun head

takes no determiner. It is possible because the noun head is a plural noun. The

head of noun phrases in the example 69-70 is realized by proper nouns Javad

Nekounam and England.

The second frequent type of noun phrase in the observed data is type 2

(Determiner + Head). The followings are the examples.

71. an afternoon 72. a thunderstorm 73. the box 74. the ball 75. Bobadilla’s gloves 76. his penalty

In the examples 71-72, the noun heads occur with indefinite articles. The

indefinite article an precedes the noun afternoon. Meanwhile, the indefinite article

a precedes the noun head thunderstorm. The difference of the use of the

indefinite article a and an is simply on the sound that they are followed. The

indefinite article an follows the vowel sound whereas a follows the consonant

42

sound. The noun phrases in example 73-74 take a definite article as the

determiner. The indefinite article the occurs as the central determiner of the noun

phrase. The use of the definite article indicates that the noun heads box and ball

have been mentioned earlier. The readers have already understood the box and

ball the author referred. Besides, the indefinite and definite article, the noun head

can also be preceded by a possessive pronoun. The same as indefinite and definite

article, a possessive pronoun also occurs as a central determiner. It can be seen in

the examples 75 and 76. The possessive pronoun shows that the noun head gloves

belong to Bobadilla and the penalty belongs to someone who is male.

Third, the type of noun phrase occurring in the observed data is type 4

(Determiner + Premodifier + Head). The following are the examples.

77. a good start 78. Vahid Hashemian’s powerful header 79. two yellow cards 80. the opening goal 81. more anxious moments

In the example 77, the noun phrase takes the noun start as the head. It occurs

with an adjective phrase good as the premodifier and an indefinite article a as the

central determiner. The next phrase, the noun head header occurs with an

adjective phrase powerful as the premodifier. It also selects a possessive pronoun

Vahid Hashemian’s as a central determiner. Next, the noun phrase in 79 has a

plural noun cards as the head, an adjective phrase yellow as a premodifer and a

cardinal number two as its postdeterminer. The noun phrase in example 80 selects

the noun goal as its head. It is premodified by an –ing participle opening. The

definite article the occurs as the central determiner. The last example has the

43

plural noun moments as the head, an adjective phrase anxious as the premodifer

and a quantifier more as its postdeterminer.

Fourth, the type that occurs with 42 numbers of occurences is noun phrase

type 6 (Determiner + Head + Postmodifier). The followings are the examples.

82. the atmosphere in the stadium 83. the outside of his right boot 84. their first feel for the final venue 85. the time the final kicks off

In example 82, the noun phrase takes the countable noun atmosphere as the

head. It is preceded by a definite article the as its central determiner and

postmodified by a prepositional phrase in the stadium. The next noun phrase, the

head is the noun outside, which occurs with the definite article the and a

prepositional phrase of his right boot. The following noun phrase their first feel

for the final venue takes the uncountable noun feel as the head. The head is

preceded by two determiners namely their and first. The possessive pronoun their

occurs as a central determiner while the ordinal number first occurs as a

postdeterminer. It is postmodified by the prepositional phrase for the final venue.

The noun phrases in example 82-84 take prepositional phrases as the

postmodifiers. Prepositional phrase is different from other types of phrase because

it cannot stand independently. It needs other elements to complete it. There are

three prepositions occur in examples 82-84 namely in, of, for. The preposition in

takes a noun phrase the stadium to complete its occurrence. The preposition of

takes a noun phrase his right boot, while preposition for takes a noun phrase the

final venue to complete the occurrence. Those prepositions in, of, for take a noun

phrase to complete its meaning because they cannot occur by themselves.

44

The last example, the noun phrase takes time as the head, a definite article the

as the central determiner and a finite clause the final kicks off. The finite clause

postmodified the noun head is introduced by nothing. The use of finite clause can

shorten the text. It should be calmer by the time the final kicks off is better than It

should be calmer by the time. It is when the final kicks off.

The next type of noun phrase occurs in this study in noun phrase type 8

(Determiner + Premodifier + Head + Postmodifier). The following are the

examples.

86. a free kick inside his area 87. several crunching tackles by both sides 88. the luckless Lucic, who with partner Olof Mellberg struggled to contain

the movement and interchanges of Klose and Podolski 89. Germany’s opening victory in Munich

The noun phrase in example 86, is constructed by the head noun kick, an

indefinite article a and a prepositional phrase inside his area. Afterwards, the

noun phrase 87 selects a countable noun tackles as the head. The quantifier

several occurs as the postdeterminer. It is premodified by the participle –ing

crunching and postmodified by the prepositional phrase by both sides. Next, the

proper noun Lucic is the head of the noun phrase 88. It selects a definite article the

as a central determiner, an adjective phrase luckless as a premodifier and a finite

clause who with partner Olof Mellberg struggled to contain the movement and

interchanges of Klose and Podolski as a postmodifier. The last example consists

of a possessive pronoun Germany’s as a central determiner, an –ing participle as

opening premodifier, a noun victory as the head and a prepositional phrase in

Munich as the postmodifier.

45

Next, the type occurring in the study is noun phrase type 3 (Premodifier +

Head) with 25 numbers of occurrence. The following are the examples:

90. skillful opponents 91. BBC television 92. Saturday evening

The noun phrases in examples 90 - 92 only consist of premodifier and head.

The noun phrase in 90 appears without any determiner. It only takes a plural

countable noun opponents as the head, and an adjective phrase skillful as the

premodifier. In the second example, the noun phrase consists of a countable noun

television as the head and a noun phrase BBC as the premodifier. In the last

example, the head of the noun phrase is an uncountable noun evening. It occurs

with a noun phrase Saturday as the premodifier.

Next, the noun phrase occurring in this study is noun phrase type 5 (Head +

Postmodifier). The examples are as follows:

93. England, which had lost two and drawn one of the opening games in its last tournaments

94. spokesman for the local organizers 95. preparation for Sunday’s World Cup final 96. Germany, performing with great power and belief and backed by an

extraordinary support

The noun phrase in 93 is constructed by a proper noun England and a finite

clause which had lost two and drawn one of the opening games in its last

tournaments. It takes no determiner or premodifier. Afterwards, noun phrases 94

and 95 both take a prepositional phrase to postmodify the noun head. In example

94, the countable noun head spokesman takes a prepositional phrase for the local

organizers as the postmodifier. The following example, noun phrase in 95 is

constructed by the head preparation and a prepositional phrase for Sunday’s

46

World Cup final. The last example selects a proper noun Germany as the head and

a non-finite clause performing with great power and belief and backed by an

extraordinary support as the postmodifier. The use of the non finite clause as a

postmodifier can shorten the text.

Last, noun phrase type 7 (Premodifier + Head + Postmodifier) has the least

occurrence in the observed data with only one number of occurrence. Here is the

example:

97. torrential rain in Berlin on Saturday

The above noun phrase does not take any determiner in its occurrence. The

uncountable head rain selects an adjective phrase torrential as a premodifier, two

prepositional phrases in Berlin and on Saturday as the postmodifiers.

C. The Average Length of Those Noun Phrases

From table 2, it can be seen the 8 types of the noun phrase occur in the

football news and the number of their occurrences. According to Leech and

Svatvik (1975: 272), the noun head can be accompanied by more than one

premodifier like in organizing committee spokesman Gerd Graus and a David

Beckham free kick. Because of that, some noun phrases may belong to a same

type but they have different length.

These noun phrases his own net, the ticket control system, the German’s

high tempo opening spell belong to the same type, that is, type 4 (Determiner +

Premodifier + Head). The noun phrase his own net consists of three phrases. It is

constructed by a determiner (his), a premodifier (own) and a head (net). Next, the

noun phrase the ticket control system consists of four phrases. It is constructed by

47

a determiner (the), two premodifers (ticket, control) and a head (system).

Whereas, the noun phrase the German’s high tempo opening spell consists of six

phrases. It is constructed by determiners (the, Germans), premodifiers (high,

tempo, opening) and a head (spell). Although those three noun phrases belong to

the same type but they have different length.

Table 2 reveals not only the most frequent type that occurs in the football

news but also the average length of the noun phrases. From Table 2, it can be

identified that 30, 60% of the noun phrases consist of head only. In average, the

noun phrases only consist of one word, like in:

98. Paraguay 99. Costa Rica 100. Saturday 101. defenders 102. reporters

Noun phrases that occur in the observed data have one word length in

average. Noun phrases in 98-102 have simple structure. They occur in simplest

form without any determiner, premodifier and postmodifier. The use of simple

noun phrases in the football news shows the basic principles in news writing

namely, simplicity and conciseness.

According to Miller (Mott, 1958:52), there is a necessity of simplicity in

news writing. The short and well known words are preferred than the longer

words Here are the examples:

103. officials 104. command 105. chance

48

The news writer selects simple and well-known words rather than its

longer, less common synonym (Mott, 1958: 52). The news writer selects officials

instead of bureaucrats, command instead of sway, and chance instead of

likelihood. By doing so, the news can be easily understood by all of the readers,

from a college presidents to those possessing least education.

Next, conciseness in news writing is necessary. Many newspapers

currently are asking reporters for sentence lengths of less than twenty words. The

news writer’s sentences are, on the average, shorter than those employed in

literary publication, text and reference works (Mott, 1958: 52). The following are

noun phrases occur in the observed data:

106. Germany 107. Germany, performing with great power and belief and backed by

extraordinary support

The noun phrase Germany belongs to Type 1 (Head) while the noun

phrase Germany, performing with great power and belief and backed by

extraordinary support belongs to Type 5 (Head + Postmodifier). The noun phrase

Type 1 occurs more frequently than Type 5. According to Keble (2001: 81), short

and precise words are the best. The news writer keeps the news short and simple

as the journalist motto KISS, Keep It Short and Simple. The noun phrase

German, will be easier to be understood than the noun phrase the German, buoyed

by their two –goal blitz. By reading the noun phrase German, the readers will

directly understand that the author is referring to the German team. Longer noun

phrase can sacrifice the ease of reading. Word or sentences of greater length

49

increase the difficulty of reading for the large number of readers who had little

education.

According to Keble (2001: 82), there is another factor that lies behind the

creation of the concise news language. Every reported word involves a cost.

Economic language helps to provide economies in production. It is said that a

press release should be the length of woman’s skirt, short enough to attract

attention and long enough to cover the subject (Mott, 1958: 52). It is better to

write the cancellation of a gala concert in the Central Berlin on Friday than the

cancellation of a gala concert. The gala concert was held in the Central Berlin on

Friday.

It its clearly stated that news writing should be simple and concise.

However, according to Mott, sentences in news should not be uniformly short and

simple in structure. Monotony in style can be avoided only by variety in sentence

length and structure (Mott, 1958: 55). The news writer must give variety in both

length and structure in sentences. The variety of sentences length avoid the

boredom the readers of a monotonous form. The news will become more

interesting to read.

50

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

From the analysis done in the previous chapter, the writer presents some

conclusions as follows. Football news in The Jakarta Post published during the

FIFA World Cup 2006 consists of both simple and complex noun phrases. Most

noun phrases occur in a simple form. They only consist of head like in officials,

Germany and Ronaldo.

The noun phrase is not always constructed by a head. It also occurs with

determiner, premodifier and postmodifer. In the analysis, some elements occur to

realize the head, determiner, premodifier and postmodifer of a noun phrase. The

heads are realized by five elements namely a countable noun like in the country, a

proper noun like in FIFA, an uncountable noun like in control, a numeral like in

the second, and an adjective phrase like in the left.

The determiners of a noun phrase are realized by a definite article like in

the tournaments, an indefinite article like in a penalty, a possessive pronoun like

in Ashley Cole’s attempt, a cardinal an ordinal number like in three points, the

first round, a quantifier like in some heavy challenges, and a demonstrative like in

these kind of temperatures, covering the grass.

There are three elements that realize the premodifier of a noun phrase.

They are an adjective phrase like in the late challenge on Larson, a noun phrase

like in a penalty shootout, and a participle both –ing and –ed participle like in

their opening game, and an injured leg.

51

Last, the postmodifiers of noun phrase are realized by a prepositional

phrase like in preparation for Sunday’s World Cup final, a finite clause like in

Deco whose first time shot sailed in the right corner, a non-finite clause like in

the Germans, buoyed by their two –goal blitz.

In the football news, the type of noun phrase which mostly occurred is the

noun phrase Type 1. The noun phrase only consist of head like in Saturday,

towels, Mexico and Beckham. Thus, the average length of the noun phrases can

be identified. Mostly the noun phrases only consist of one word.

The average length of the noun phrases occur in this study shows the basic

principles of news writing namely simplicity and conciseness. By the simple and

concise noun phrases the author chose, the football news can be easily understood

by all newspaper readers even by those possessing little education.

.

52

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55

APPENDIX I

DATA REPRESENTATION

Five football news in The Jakarta Post published during the FIFA World Cup 2006 June 11, 2006 Title: England Grinds Out Win over Paraguay

1. England 2. an own goal by Paraguay captain Carlos Gamara 3. a 1-0 victory 4. Saturday’s Group B opener 5. England 6. a dream 7. a hot afternoon at the Waldstadion 8. Gammara 9. a David Beckham free kick 10. his own net 11. three minutes 12. the killer instinct coach Sven-Goran Eriksson 13. times 14. their luck 15. skillful opponents 16. England, which had lost two and drawn one of the opening games in its last

three tournaments 17. a winning start in a physical encounter 18. Eriksson 19. BBC television 20. the first real hot, hot day 21. the second half 22. the most important thing 23. three points 24. a good start 25. the first attack 26. a goal 27. Beckham’s ball 28. the danger zone 29. Gamarra 30. a glancing header 31. keeper Justo Villar 32. pressure 33. Michael Owen 34. John Terry 35. things 36. Paraguay

56

37. four minutes 38. an injured Villar 39. 20-year-old reserve Aldo Bobadilla 40. the fastest keeper substitution in World Cup History 41. the newcomer 42. a free kick inside his area 43. Frank Lampard’s shot 44. the wall 45. the follow up 46. the midfielder 47. Bobadilla’s gloves 48. a 25-meter drive 49. England 50. control 51. several crunching tackles by both sides 52. Paraguay 53. distance 54. the match 55. thousands of raucous England fans 56. the sunny squares and bars of this Germany’s financial center Frankfurt 57. FIFA and the German organizing committee 58. the organizational aspects of the first day 59. hosts Germany 60. Costa Rica 61. a thrilling contest that broke the record for goals in the Worlds Cup Opener 62. a superb start 63. the organizational aspects of the first day 64. spokesman for the local organizers 65. reporters 66. the ticket control system 67. the atmosphere in the stadiums 68. the fan parks 69. Germany’s opening victory in Munich 70. a surprise 2-0 win for Ecuador over Poland on Friday night 71. the 64-match tournaments 72. full stride 73. Saturday 74. England’s match 75. Paraguay 76. the western city of Dortmund 77. two-time World Cup winners Argentina 78. Ivory Coast 79. Hamburg 80. Friday 81. German police 82. 20 English, German and Polish soccer fans

57

83. drunken behavior 84. officials 85. major clashes 86. the German police 87. the tournament 88. months 89. NATO AWACS radar aircraft 90. the skies 91. the World Cup 92. 250,000 police 93. duty 94. the country 95. some 1,5 million foreign fans 96. Germany 97. the tournament of teams from 32 nations

June 18, 2006 Portugal Through, First Time Since 1966 98. Portugal 99. the World-Cup knock-out stages 100. the first time in 40 years 101. Saturday 102. a 2-0 win over Iran 103. Iran 104. robust resistance 105. an hour 106. Brazzilian-born Deco’s unstoppable opener 107. the matter 108. a penalty 109. 10 minutes from the end 110. the win 111. Portugal’s progress from Group D 112. Mexico 113. Angola 114. contention 115. the other qualification spot 116. the first time 117. Portugal 118. the first round 119. Eusebio 120. third place in England 121. some bad-tempered exchanges 122. Portugal’s class 123. the 63rd minute 124. the left

58

125. captain Luis Figo 126. Deco whose first time shot sailed into the right corner 127. Iran’s goalkeeper 128. chance 129. Iran 130. Vahid Hashemian’s powerful header 131. a smart stop from Ricardo 132. captain Yahya Golmohamma 133. his opposite number Figo 134. the box 135. Ronaldo 136. his penalty 137. the top right-hand corner 138. Portugal 139. the attack 140. the game 141. the best of the action 142. an ill-tempered first-period 143. some heavy challenges 144. protests 145. coach Luiz Felipe Scolari 146. half-time 147. Miguel’s run and shot from an acute angle 148. goal keeper Ebrahim Mirzapour 149. the face of goal 150. Figo 151. Deco 152. the box 153. his pierce shot 154. a free-kick to Maniche 155. his volley from distance 156. the Iranian defense 157. the trick-filled Ronaldo 158. a busy first half 159. the ball 160. the edge of the area 161. one point 162. the outside of the post 163. a frustrated figure at half-time 164. a series of decisions 165. Iran’s way 166. Iran’s action 167. Javad Nekounam 168. the post 169. offside 170. Ronaldo

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171. the break 172. a sharp save from Mirzapour 173. his near post 174. Pauleta 175. a Nuno Valente cross 176. the outside of his right boot 177. the flick 178. the other end 179. Iran 180. a long ball 181. Rasoul Khatibi 182. the area 183. his shot 184. the face of the goal 185. Portugal’s second goal 186. Iranian resolve 187. center-half Golmohammadi 188. the match 189. the defensive 190. Portugal 191. Angola 192. their opening game 193. Mexico

June 25, 2006 Title: Podolski Helps Brush Swedes aside

194. Lukas Podolski 195. the first 12 minutes 196. Saturday 197. host 198. Germany 199. the World Cup quarterfinals 200. a 2-0 win over 10-man Sweden 201. the 21-year-old striker 202. four minutes 203. a deflected drive 204. eight minutes 205. a precise finish from a clever pass by Miroslav Klose 206. the three-times champions 207. masterful control 208. Germany, performing with great power and belief and backed by

extraordinary support 209. Argentina 210. Mexico 211. the last eight

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212. Berlin 213. Friday 214. Sweden 215. spells 216. a man 217. Hendrik Larsson 218. a second-half penalty 219. an afternoon 220. the German’s high-tempo opening spell 221. 10 men 222. 35 minutes 223. central defender Teddy Lucic 224. the luckless Lucic, who with partner Olof Mellberg struggled to contain the

movement and interchanges of Klose and Podolski 225. two yellow cards 226. eight minutes 227. fouls on Klose 228. Sweden 229. its way 230. the game 231. the interval 232. Zlaton Ibrahimovic 233. a low shot on the turn from eight meters 234. an athletic low save from Jens Lehman 235. the Germanz, buoyed by their two-goal blitz 236. command 237. Torsten Frings 238. Michael Ballack 239. the pace and shape of their game 240. central midfield where the Swedes were mostly outnumbered 241. the opening goal 242. Klose who won a ball in the air 243. two defenders 244. his shot 245. Podolski 246. Lucic 247. the shot 248. the second 249. Klose 250. three defenders 251. a diagonal run 252. a reverse 253. the area 254. Podolski 255. his third goal of the tournament 256. the goals

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257. the German fans, heavily outnumbering the Swedes in a 66,000 sell out crowd at the Allianz area

258. a series of near-misses by their team 259. warm sunshine 260. the 32 degrees Celsius heat 261. Sweden 262. a harsh-looking penalty 263. 52 minutes 264. Christoph Metzelder 265. a late challenge on Larsson 266. the 34-year-old striker 267. his spot kick 268. the bar 269. Ballack 270. a 23-meter shot 271. Andreas Isaksson’s left post 272. the Germans 273. their composure 274. Sweden 275. their credit 276. more anxious moments 277. the end

July 2, 2006 Title: Portugal Wins, England Weeps

278. Portugal 279. the semifinals of the World Cup 280. England 281. a penalty shootout 282. a 0-0 draw 283. Simao Sabrosa 284. Helder Prostiga 285. Cristiano Ronaldo 286. the shootout 287. Owen Hargreaves 288. England 289. England 290. captain David Beckham 291. striker Wayne Rooney 292. Beckham 293. the 52nd minute 294. an injured leg 295. Rooney 296. the 62nd 297. a Portugese player

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298. Cristiano Ronaldo 299. a few steps from Argentina referee Horacio Elizondo 300. Beckham 301. seven minutes 302. the second half 303. five minutes 304. Nuno Valente 305. his right ankle 306. a challenge 307. Beckham 308. Aaron Lennon 309. Beckham 310. the bench 311. his head 312. his hands 313. tears 314. the ground 315. his leg 316. towels 317. its captain 318. England 319. new energy 320. its thousand of fans 321. their team 322. a rousing version of “Rule Britania!” 323. Frank Lampard 324. an open volley from Steven Gerrard in the 53rd 325. his shot 326. the ground 327. Lennon 328. a deft move in the 59th minute 329. defenders 330. the ball 331. Rooney 332. the middle 333. Ashley Cole’s attempt 334. the bar 335. Rooney 336. Ricardo Carvalino 337. midfield 338. his arm 339. his thigh 340. Carvalho 341. the field 342. Ronaldo 343. Rooney

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344. Rooney 345. a look of disbelief on his face 346. the red card 347. Elizondo - the same referee who ejected Beckham during Manchester

United’s Opener in the 2000 World Cup Championship in Brazil 348. Peter Crouch 349. Joe Cole 350. the 65th 351. Rooney 352. England’s lone striker 353. Louis Figo 354. a great chance for Portugal in the 78th 355. goalkeeper Paul Robinson 356. the ball 357. the other end 358. Lampard 359. the booming free kick in the 83rd that Ricardo blocked with a dive 360. enough pace 361. the goalkeeper 362. few good chances in a dull first half 363. England press 364. the early part 365. energy 366. the heat 367. Rooney 368. a 20-meter shot in the ninth minute that Ricardo stopped 369. Robinson 370. the ball 371. four minutes 372. English defenders 373. Tiago, who couldn’t get off a shot

July 9, 2006 Title: Rain slows preparations for France, Italy final

374. torrential rain in Berlin on Saturday 375. preparation for Sunday’s World Cup final 376. the French and Italian players 377. the day 378. their respective training camps 379. the downpour, which started Friday evening after days of uncustomary hot

weather 380. FIFA 381. the Italians 382. their first feel for the final venue 383. a Saturday morning training session

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384. spokesman Andreas Herren 385. the decision 386. the state of the pitch 387. the heavy rainfall in Berlin over the last couple of days 388. Marcello Lippi 389. his men 390. their Duisberg base in the west of the country 391. Berlin 392. a charter flight 393. Saturday evening 394. opponents France 395. its base near Hanover 396. the day 397. a training session at another stadium in Berlin 398. the evening 399. storms in Berlin on Friday 400. the World Cup organizers 401. the final between France and Italy 402. the Olympic Stadium 403. Sunday 404. storms in the German capital on Friday 405. the possibility of rain 406. a thunderstorm 407. the course of the afternoon 408. the time the final kicks off 409. organizing committee spokesman Gerd Graus 410. the match 411. qualms 412. Graus 413. a media briefing 414. Saturday 415. the pitch of the stadium 416. a lot of rain 417. the pitch 418. the condition 419. reason 420. these kinds of temperatures, covering the grass 421. FIFA spokesman Markus Siegler 422. the event of a major storm during the match which put the safety of players

and spectators at risk 423. the organizers 424. the kickoff 425. the evening 426. Monday 427. the worst case scenario 428. Monday

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429. the stormy weather 430. the cancellation of a gala concert in the Central Berlin on Friday 431. South Africa’s hosting of the 2010 World Cup 432. coach Raymond Domenech 433. the French squad 434. an hour-long final training session 435. its base 436. the last five weeks 437. Friday evening 438. Brazil’s conqueror 439. a clean bill of health 440. the final 441. reserve striker Louis Saha 442. suspension 443. a second yellow card 444. a substitute 445. the 1-0 semifinal win 446. their drive to the final which has taken them from strength to strength past

Spain, Brazil and Portugal 447. opinions 448. home 449. 86 percent of French people 450. their aging team 451. the World Cup on Sunday