Butler University Botanical Studies

Volume 8 Article 4

A study of the distribution of the grasses of IndianaHoward L. Cook

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/botanicalThe Butler University Botanical Studies journal was published by the Botany Department of ButlerUniversity, Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1929 to 1964. The scientific journal featured original papersprimarily on plant ecology, taxonomy, and microbiology.

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Recommended CitationCook, Howard L. (1947) "A study of the distribution of the grasses of Indiana," Butler University Botanical Studies: Vol. 8, Article 4.Available at: http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/botanical/vol8/iss1/4

Butler University Botanical Studies

(1929-1964)

Edited by

Ray C. Friesner

The Butler University Botanical Studies journal was published by the Botany Department of Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1929 to 1964. The scientific journal featured original papers primarily on plant ecology, taxonomy, and microbiology. The papers contain valuable historical studies, especially floristic surveys that document Indiana’s vegetation in past decades. Authors were Butler faculty, current and former master’s degree students and undergraduates, and other Indiana botanists. The journal was started by Stanley Cain, noted conservation biologist, and edited through most of its years of production by Ray C. Friesner, Butler’s first botanist and founder of the department in 1919. The journal was distributed to learned societies and libraries through exchange. During the years of the journal’s publication, the Butler University Botany Department had an active program of research and student training. 201 bachelor’s degrees and 75 master’s degrees in Botany were conferred during this period. Thirty-five of these graduates went on to earn doctorates at other institutions. The Botany Department attracted many notable faculty members and students. Distinguished faculty, in addition to Cain and Friesner , included John E. Potzger, a forest ecologist and palynologist, Willard Nelson Clute, co-founder of the American Fern Society, Marion T. Hall, former director of the Morton Arboretum, C. Mervin Palmer, Rex Webster, and John Pelton. Some of the former undergraduate and master’s students who made active contributions to the fields of botany and ecology include Dwight. W. Billings, Fay Kenoyer Daily, William A. Daily, Rexford Daudenmire, Francis Hueber, Frank McCormick, Scott McCoy, Robert Petty, Potzger, Helene Starcs, and Theodore Sperry. Cain, Daubenmire, Potzger, and Billings served as Presidents of the Ecological Society of America. Requests for use of materials, especially figures and tables for use in ecology text books, from the Butler University Botanical Studies continue to be granted. For more information, visit www.butler.edu/herbarium.

A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GRASSES OF INDIANA

By HOWARD L. COOK

Deam (I) has shown that the flora of Indiana comprises nearly 2,000 species of which approximately 40% of the nativ,e forms are on the limits of their range in Indiana. Friesner (8) has shown that Indiana is a critical botanical area, having approximately 45% of its present-day species on the limits of their range within the state, For the purposes of this paper, such plants are considered to be extraneous species. Apparently, this critical nature of Indiana plant distribution applies to all of the higher types of vegetation: ferns, trees" shrubs, grasses and other herbaceous forms. Lindsey (10) has shown that it applies to the trees, 41 % of which are extraneous. The mass distribution of these extraneous tree species lies in three ge:1eral directions from Indiana, viz., northeast, south and southeast. Trefz (11) has likewise shown that it applies to the shrubs, 56% of which are extraneous, with mass distribution of the extranCOllS forms lying in four general directions from Indiana, viz., north, northeast, northwest and west in order of decreasing importance from the standpoint of numbers. Deam (1) has shown that the distribution of the total extraneous flora lines in nine directions, viz. (in order of decreasing numbers), north, south, west, southwest, east, Atlantic coastal, northeast, northwest and southeast.

The present study was undertaken to determine how the grasses fit into this picture.

INDIANA BOTANICAr.. AREAS

For convenience in discussing distribution within the state, the six botanical areas into which Deam (2) has divided the state were llsed. The accompanying map shown by Guss (9) was used. Description of these areas is based upon Deam (2). The Lakes area presents a variety of habitats. Here are found bogs and marshes. sandy and gravelly areas, prairies and their remnants, mesophytic forests, numerous lakes and river habitats. The Tipton Till Plain is not considered strictly a botanical a'rea by Deam. The area is Telatively level, being marked here and there by numerous terminal

44

moraines. The soil : explains why many entered the Tipton T mnch more acid. Cll many species and cal plants remain as rcli, of the Tipton Till Ph

The Illinois Drift which are, for the I

intervening Unglacia areas and, where mar in the eastern lobc c the soil is acid, prcse type of soiL Sand part of the area is g been so intensely cui are confined to roa' other uncultivatcd sit

The Lower Wab on the east bank of tl to the Ohio River. Little Pigeon Creek i cally inundates the Area may be divid~

western part is inc! boundary is Anc1ersc to the glacial bound:u the most part, of hill and valleys. Tbese [­

The Indiana gras: species, varieties an, standpoint of their di the purpose of this r of their range, do n extraneous spccies.· sides of Indiana, i. ( through Indiana, an lists I he extraneous

METHOD OF STUDY

moraines. The soil acidity factor, neutral to slightly acid, probably explains why many plants from the Illinois Drift Area have not entered the Tipton Till Plain. The soil of the Illinois Drift Area is much more acid. Cultivation of the soil of this area has eliminated many species and caused others to become rare. Many Lakes Area plants remain as relics in the extinct lake areas and springy places of the Tipton Till Plain.

The Illinois Drift Area is divided into eastern and western lobes which are, for the most part, separated from each other by the intervening Unglaciated Area. The topography consists of level areas and, where more dissected, of deeply cnt ravines. The "Flats" in the eastern lobe of the area are level, poorly drained areas and the soil is acid, presenting a barrier to plants unable to tolerate this type of soil. Sand dunes are found in the western lobe and this part of the area is generally better drained. The Prairie Area has been so intensely cultivated that its few remaining original species are confined to roadsides, railroad rights-of-way, cemeteries, and other uncultivated sites.

The Lower Wabash Valley is a narrow fringe of alluvial soil on the east bank of the "vVabash River from Parke County southward to the Ohio River. A portion also extends up the Ohio River to Little Pigeon Creek in 'Warrick County. The \Vabasb River periodi­cally inundates the entire area at flood stage. The Unglaciated Area may be divided into an eastern and a western part. The western part is included in the Wabash lowland and its eastern boundary is Anderson Creek to St. Meinrad thence northwestward to the glacial boundary. The eastern section of this area consists, for the most part, of hills and high ridges with intervening deep ravines and valleys. These high ridges are often referred to as the "Knobs."

The Indiana grass flora, according to Deam (3-7), comprises 227 species, varieties and forms. These have been studied from the standpoint of their distribution both within and outside the state. For the purpose of this paper, plants which, somewhere .on the periphery of their range, do not extend beyond Indiana are considered to be extraneous species., Those whose general distribution Occurs 011 all sides of Indiana, i. e., whose periphery of distribution does not pass through Indiana, are considered to be intraneous species. Table II lists '-he extraneous species showing their distribution according to

45

AREAS

'on within the state, the s divided the state were

Guss (9) was used. eam (2). The Lakes

found bogs and marshes , , remnants, mesophytic

The Tipton Till Plain 'j Deam. The area is

by numerous terminal

TION OF THE

etennine how the grasses

f Indiana comprises nearlv % of the native forms ar~ riesner (8) has shown that ng approximately 45% of eir range within the state. 31 ts <lre considered to be

I nature of Indiana plant pes of vegetation: ferns, us forms. Lindsey (LO)

of which are extraneous. tree species lies in three

east, south and southeast. lies to the shrubs, 56% of n of the extraneous forms na, ,·iz., north, northeast

'ng importance from th~ wn that the distribution

directions, viz. (in order outhwest, east, Atlantic

c

E

Tlpton Tlll Plal~

Illlnoh Drift• Plain

UDglaela\e4 Ares

46

botanical areas the state. Nor in tables II an tribes .

. Extraneous the total grass extraneous spe distribution ou 39 distribution same general direction. Di! northwestwar< The species 0'

number, these tribution typt types 1 to 6, f wise to east ( type I and co'

The 36 s~

the total extr Distribution 1

are found lar

Group T~

of the com] throughout t] species and , group type I number. TI total grass f the state. 1 .than 10 spec

Of the t, 98 or 70% Area, 78 or ciated Area, the Lower'

71p\on 7111

llUno1e Dr1f'\ PLUn

UDglacla\e4 APea

Pl&ln

botanical areas within the state and to direction of distribution outside the state. Nomenclature follows that of Deam (3-7). The listing in tables II and III is according to tribes and alphabetically within tribes.

EXTRANEOUS SPECIES

Extraneous forms comprise 141 species and constitute 62% of the total grass flora of the state. Table IV is an arrangement of the extraneous species into distribution types on the basis of their general distribution outside the state. The total grass flora is broken into 39 distribution types. All members 0 f any particUlar type have the same general range (outside the state). with respect to compass direction. Distribution type no. 1 comprises species occurring only northwestward outside Indiana and contains Panicum deami-i only. The species occurring in each distribution type are cited by species number, these being the !1WIlbers assigned to them in table II. Dis­tribution types are regrouped into 12 group types. Distribution types 1 to 6, for example, having a maximum range from west clock­wise to ~ast (by the compass) or within those limits, becomes group t)'()e 1 and comprises 36 species.'

The 36 species comprising group type I represent about 25% of tbe total extraneous species and about 16% of the total grass flora. Distribution types 3 and 4 of this group comprise 23 species which are found largely in the Prairies and Lakes Area.

Group Type X has 32 species distributed atong seven directions of the compass outside Indiana. Their distribution is gel)eral throughout the state. This group comprises about 14% of the total species and about 23 % 0 f the total extraneous species. Species of group type IX extend in six directions outside Indiana and are 29 in number. This is 20% of the extraneous species and 12% of the total grass flora. Their Indiana distri~ution is general throughout the state. The remaining group types are represented by not more than 10 species each.

Of the total number of extraneous species of grasses in the state 98 or 70% are found in the Lakes Area, 90 or 64% in the Prairie Area, 78 or 55% in the Tipton Till Plain, 74 or 52% in the Ungla­ciated Area, 72 or 51 % in the Illinois Drift Plain, and 48 or 34% in the Lower \iVabash Valley. This is shown graphically in table I.

47

TABLE I

Distribution of Extraneous Species according to Botanical Arras within the State.

NumbeT Percentage of Total Botanical Areas of Species Extraneous Species

Lakes Area Prairie Area Tipton Till Plain Unglaciated Area Illinois Drift Plain Lower Wabash Valley

98 90 78 74 72 48

70 64 SS S2 Sl 34

All Areas 141 I 100

INTRANEOUS SPECIES

Eighty-six species (38% of the total) are distributed along all eight points of the compass outside Indiana. Of these intraneous species 71 or about 83 % are found in all botanical areas of the state. An additional 14% of the total species have a distribution outside Indiana along seven of the eight .compass directions used in this study. Since 38% of the total species are completely intraneous, this additional 14% makes a total of '52% of the grasses which are practically intraneous.

. DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOTAL GRASSES OF THE STATE

Table V gives the nl1Inber of extraneous and intraneous species iound in each botanical area of the state. It will be noted that in the Lakes Area are found 79% of the total grasses of the state, 93% of the intraneous species and 70% of the extraneous species. The Prairie Area follows with 75% of the total, 91 % of the intraneous and 64% of the extraneous species. The Tipton Till Plain is third with 68% of the total, 88% of the intraneous and 55% of the extraneous species. The Illinois Drift Plain and the U nglaciated Area are strikingly similar in regard to numbers of both intraneous and extraneous species. Eac~1 had 67% of the total species while they have 92% and 91 % respectively of the intraneous, and Sl % and 52% respectively of the extraneous species.

The Lower 'Wabash Valley contains the smallest number of species of all the areas. Fifty-nine per cent of the total species have been reported for the area. -:rhe low number of species found here is

48

probably due in to the fact that I

eliminates those

Reference to are limited to 0

Unglaciated Ar cuspidata, Hordl tense, and j'v!1,hl, the Lakes Area, B. 1nollis, Glyce; losa, Milium ef. asperifolia., O. p; P. lucidum, P. j

nICOSU.111., P. lOJi

Summary of Di

Arec1s

Prairie Lakes Tipton Till Illinois Dri it Ung1aciated Lower Wabash V

nacea, and S. CG

gn'.Velly slope a harmonize with It may be are: Festu.ca capiltGi Prairie area a~

Schizachne purj

Er-iant11Us Sl

setigera, and C. Plain while LeJ

to the Lower \

Table II a1 distribution to

E"traneOllS Intraneous Number ::Vumber Total Spe<:ies

Areas of Specie. % of Species % Number %

Prairi~ 90 64 78 91 168 75 Lakes 98 70 80 93 178 79 Tipton Till 78 55 76 88 154 68 Illinois Dri f t 72 51 79 92 151 67 Unglaciated 74 52 78 91 152 67 Lower Wabash Valley 48 34 " 77 90 135 59

TABLE V

probably due in part to the small size of the area, but much more to the fact that the Wabash River periodically floods the area which eliminates those species which cannot survive such conditions.

Reference to table II shows that 39 species, varieties' or forms are limited to one botanical each. Of these, 7 are limited to the Unglaciated Area, ,;,iz., Glyce.ria awtiflo·ra, Melica mUlica, Poa cuspidata, H I'Jrdeum 1l.odosu:/11., Panicum yadkinense, P. nwttamuskee­tense, and Muhlenbergia capillaris. Twenty-two forms are limited to the Lakes Area, viz., Bromus brizaeformis, B. ciliatus f. denudatus, B. mollis, Glyceria pallida, A1twphila breviligulata, Aristida tubercu­[osa, lvIiliull1, effusum, lvIuhleHbergia foliosa f. ambigua, Oryzopsis asperifolia., O. pungens, Panicum aubenle, P. columb·ianum, P. demnii, P. lucidttm, P. meridionale, P. scoparioides, P. subvillosum, P. ver­rucosu.m, P. longifol·ium, Zizania aq·uotica var. inferior, Stipa ave­

nacea, and S. conwta. The presence of this last-named species on a gravelly slope above Diamond Lake in Noble COl1nty is difficult to harmonize with its absence in prairie sites farther west in the state. It may be a relic of a retreating prairie flora. Two species, viz., Fesl1~ca capillata and 111uhlenbergia cusp·jdata are limited to the Prairie area and two are limited to the Tipton Till Plain, viz" Schizachne purpurascens and Poa nemoralis.

Erianthus· saccharoides v. compactu$, Mlthlenbergia sobolifera f. setigem, and Gy'1nnopogon ambigu:ns are limited to the Illinois Drift Plain while Leptochloa panicoides and Festuca paradoxa are limited to the Lower Wabash Valley.

Table II also shows 17 forms which are limited in their state distribution to two botanical areas each. Of these, 12 are found in

49

Summary of Distribution of the Grasses within Botanical Areas of the State.

70 64 55 52 51 34

\ 100

Percentage of Total Extraneous Species

-­ ------­

98 90 78 74 72 48

141

according to Botanical Areas within

~~ .__ .. _~-----

\L GRASSES OF THE STATE

-"traneous and intraneotls species state. It will be noted that in

he total grasses of the state, 93 % of the extraneous species. The lhe total, 91 % of the intraneous

The Tipton Till Plain is third 'Ie intraneolls anel 55% of the rift Plain and the Unglaciated to numbers of both intraneol1s

67% of the total species while of the intraneous, ancl 51 % and.

species. s the smallest nl1mber of species of the total species have been lber of species found here is

e total) are distributed along all de Indiana. Of these intraneolls in all botanical areas of the state. ecies have a distribution olltside compass directions used in this

i are completely intraneous, this 52% of the grasses which are

the .Prairie and Lakes Areas, 2 in the Illinois Drift Area and the U nglaciated Area, and one each in the following combinations of areas: P.rair~e with Tipton Till Plain, Lakes with Tipton Till Plain, and Lakes with Illinois Drift Area.

From these data it might be concluded that the Prairie and Lakes . Areas have more selective habitats and are thus more critical botanical areas than the other areas of the state. Such a conclusion is in accord with conclusions of Friesner (8) who showed that the Lakes Area possesses both a larger percentage of the total flora of the state and a Very much higher per.centage of the extraneous species than any other area.

The mass distribution of the Indiana grasses outside the state shows 90% of the total grass flora to extend northeastward from the state, 84% to extend eastward, 85% westward, 80% northwest­ward and 75% northward. The weakest affinity (67%) is south­ward, with southwest showing 70% and southeast 72%. Thus, while the grasses show the strongest affinity northeastward, Lindsey (10) found the same direction to be strongest for trees and Trefz (11) found north to be strongest and northe.ast second in the case of the' shrubs. These data are summarized in tables VI and VII.

Indiana has no species of grasses wholly endemic to the state. The species coming nearest to being endemic are; Panicmn deamii, found only in Iowa outside Indiana ;,Muhlenbergia sobolifera f. setigera, found only in Arkansas and Texas outside Indiana; and Leptochloa panicoides, a rare species found only in Posey County and in Mis­sissippi, Louisiana, and Texas~ in the United States outside Indiana.

TABLE VI Mass Distribution and Percentage of Extraneous Forms in Total Flora,

Trees, Shrubs, and Grasses.

Direction of Mass Au~bori~y GrouP Sll,died % Extraneous Distribution Ol1tside the grate

Deam (1) 1924 Total Flora 40 North, south, west, e.ast, Atlantic coastal, north­east, northwest, southeast

Friesner (8) 1936 Total Flora 45 Lindsey (10) 1932 Trees 41 Northeast, south and

southeast Trefz (11) 1935 Shrubs 56 North, northeast, north­

west and west Cook (present paper) Grasses 62 Northeast. east, west,

northwest and north

50

Distril

Direction

'Vest ~orthwest

North Northeast East Southeast South Southwest

The Indiana ~

istic of the lowl" Five of these spel Panic-u1n a-uburnl l-ucidum (Porter) sacrharoides Val' rUCOSU1n is foull' yadkinense is lim to the Lakes Are sperma occurs III

the Lower vVaba~

two areas and Al and the Unglatia

Sixteen speci~

an additional fi\ PaniCU11t longifol to Tippecanoe; j

Schizaclme prlrfn son; M. c-uspidat, gon ambil~.us to P. aubunle and villoSHltl to Lak Perry. Glyceria Counties (Ungl; and St. Joseph

Tota I Specie. Number

of Species Percentage

99 73 185 83 91 67 177 80 82 60 168 75

112 82 '198 90 101 74 187 84 75 55 161 72 63 46 149 67 76 56 152 70

Extraneous Species Number

of Species Pcrceutage

Distribution of Indiana Grasses outside the State,

])iJ"t~ctiou

West Xorthwest ~orth

Northeast East Southeast South Southwest

TABLE VII

The Indiana grass flora contains a number of species character­istic of the lowland areas of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal states. Five of these species are limited, in Indiana, to one county each, viz., Panicum auburne (Porter County), P. longifolium (Starke), P. lucidum, (Porter), P. mattamuskeetense (Lawrence), and Erianthus .faccharoides Var. c011lpactus (Perry). In addition, Panicum ver­rucosum is found in Porter and Jasper Counties only; while P. yadkinense is limited to the Unglaciated Area, and P. albemarlense to the Lakes Area and the Tipton Till Plain. Arundinaria mae-ro­spenna occurs in the Illinois Drift Area, the Unglaciated Area, and the Lower \Vabash Valley; Paspalum fluitans is limited to the latter two areas and Andfopogon elliottii occurs in the Illinois Drift Area and the Unglatiated Area.

Sixteen species are rare and limited to but single counties while an additional five species are limited to but two counties each. Panic·um longifolium, is limited to Starke County; F estltca capillata to Tippecanoe; F. parada,Ta and Leptochloa panicoides to Posey; Schizaclme purpurascens to Cass; Muhlenbergia capiltaris to Harri­son; M. cuspidata to Tippecanoe; Stipa comata to Noble; Gymnopo­gon ambiuus to Daviess; Panicum mattamuskeetense to Lawrence; P. auburne and P. lucidum to Porter; P. scoparioides and P. sub­villos'um to Lake; and Erianthus saccharoides var. compactus to Perry. Glyceria acutiflora is limited to Lawrence and Harrison Counties (Unglaciated Area); Deschampsia caespitosa to Porter and S1. Joseph Counties (Lakes Area); Oryzopsis pungens and

51

Dil·celion of ~Iass Distribution Outside the Stale

eluded that the Prairie and Lakes nd are thus more critical botanical teo Such a conclusion is in accord who showed that the Lakes Area of the total flora of the state and

the extraneous species than any

-----­ -~-----4{) X orth, south, west, e.ast,

Atlantic coastal, north­east, northwest, southeast

Indiana grasses ol1tside the state to extend northeastward from

85% westward, 80% northwest­'cakest affinity (67%) is south­and southeast 72%. Thus, while 'ty northeastward, Lindsey (10) ngest for trees and Trefz (11)

rthe.ast second in the case of the in tables VI and VII.

wholly endemic to the state. The nic are: Panicu1n deamii, found

Itlenbergia sobolifera f. setigera, outside Indiana; and Leptochloa y in Posey County and in Mis­e United States outsi.de Indiana. VI

f Extraneol;s Forms in Total Flora,

45

41 l\ortheast, so uth and southeast

56 North, northeast, north­west and west

62 Northeast, east, west, northwest and north

n the Illinois Drift Area and the in the following combinations qf ain, Lakes with Tipton Till Plain,

O. aspenfolia are both limited to Porter and La Porte Counties (Lakes Area) ; and Panicum columbianum is limited to Starke and Steuben Counties (Lakes Area). '

Three species have probably disappeared from the state, VIZ ..

Schizachne purpurascens, Panicum auburne, and P. luddum.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. There are 227 species, varieties and forms of grasses found outside of cultivation in Indiana.

2. Eighty-six or 38% of these grasses are intraneous to the state in their distribution.

3. Eighty-three per cent of the intraneous forms are found in all of the botanical areas of the state. Very little difference exists in the numbers of intraneous species found in each of the botanical areas of the state. The Tipton Till Plain is the lowest in numbers with 88% and the Lakes Area is the highest with 93% of the total lllunber of intraneous species. .

4. One hundred and forty-one, or 62%, of the total species are on the limits of their range in Indiana and are considered to be extraneous in their distribution. The largest number of these extraneous species (70% of them) occur in the Lakes Area. The other areas in order of decreasing percentages are: Prairie, 64; Tipton Till Plain, 55; unglaciated, 52; Illinois Drift, 51; Lower Wabash Valley, 34.

S. The Lakes Area contains the largest percentage of the total grass species of any area in the state (79%). The other areas in order of decreasing percentages are: Prairie, 7S; Tipton Till, 68; Illinois Drift and Unglaciated, 67 each; and Lower Wabash Val­ley, 59.'

6. Twenty-five per cent of the total extraneous species are distributed from west through north to east, or within those limits, outside Indiana.

7. The mass distribution of Indiana grasses shows strongest affinity to the northeast, viz., 90% of the species, varieties or forms. Other directions are: east, 84%; west, 83%; northwest, 8070; north, ·75%; southeast, 72%; southwest, 70%; and south, 67%.

8. No grass species is endemic to the state though there are a few with very limited distribution outside the state.

9. A number of Atlantic or Gulf cOi,l.stal species occur in the' state.

.52

10. Sixteen spe an additional five a

11. Three speci

The writer wish~

l'riesner whose genu inspiration and an

1. DEAM, CHARLES C fern allies and flov

2. Flora

3, , ET AL.

Sci. Proc. 50 :72-78

4.

5. 6. -- J

7. -- J

8. FRIES NEll, RAV C. Proc. 46 :28-45. (i

9. Guss, JOANNA. T; of Indiana. ButlcI

10. LINDSEY, ALVA J. tion according to pi 1932.

11. TREFZ, LETTJE PA

distribution accord 3 :105-128. 1935.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

53

LITERATURE CITED

The writer wishes to express sincere appreciation to Dr. Ray C. Friesner whose genuine interest and helpful advice have served as an inspiration and an invaluable. aid in the completion of this work.

1. DEAM, CHARLES C. Flora of Indiana: On the distribution of the ferns, fern allies and flowering plants. Indiana Acad. Sci.. Proc. 34 :39-53. 1924.

2. . Flora of Indiana. Indiana Conservation Department. 1940.

3. , ET AL. In'diana plant distribution records, 1940. Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc. 50 :72-78. (1940) 1941.

4. Ibid., II. 1941. Loc. cit. 51 :120-129. (1941) 1942.

5. Ibid., III. 1942. Loc. cit. 52 :97-108. (1942) 1943.

6. Ibid., IV. 1943. Loc. cit. 53 :105-115. (1943) 1944.

7. Ibjd., V. 1944. Loc. cit. 54 :91-99. (1944) 1945.

8. FRIESNER, RAY C. Indiana as a critical botanical area. Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc.46:28-45. (1936) 1937.

9. GU5S, JOANNA. The.origin of the flora of the Chestnut-oak Upland region of Indiana. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 9 :117-133. 1942.

10. LINDSEY, ALVA J. The trees of Indiana in their local and general distribu­tion according to physiographic divisions. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 2 :93-124. 1932.

11. TREFZ, LETTIE PAGE. The shrubs of Indiana in their local and general distribution according to physiographic divisions. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 3 :105-128. 1935.

10. Sixteen species are rare and limited to single counties and an additional five are found in but two counties each.

11. Three species have probably disappeared from the state.

CONCLUSIONS

se grasses are intraneous to the

e intraneous forms are found in tate. Very little difference exists 'es found in each of the botanical ill Plain is the lowest in numbers the highest with 93% of the total

disappeared from the state, VIZ ••

auburne, and P. luddum.

• or 62%, of the total species are Indiana and are considered to be

The largest number of these ) occur in the Lakes Area. The g percentages are: Prairie, 64; el, 52; Illinois Drift, 51; Lower

Indiana grasses shows strongest of the species, varieties or forms. ; west, 83%; northwest, 80%;

thwest, 70%; and south, 67%. ic to the state though there are a outside the state. Gulf coastal species occur in the'

ieties and forms of grasses found

Porter and La Porte Counties tnhianun~ is limited to Starke and

the total extraneous species are rth to east, or within those limits,

the largest percentage of the total state (79%). The other areas in

: Prairie, 75; Tipton Till, 68; each; and Lower Wabash Val­

TABLE 11

Distribution of extraneous species according to botanical areas within the state and in compass directions outside the state. P, Prairie; L, Lakes Area; TP, Tipton Till Plain; 1, Illinois Drift Area; U, Unglaciated Area; LW, Lower Wabash Valley.

Botanical Areas Compass Directions Species P L TP I U LW W NW N NE E SE S SW

I. t\rundinaria. macrosperma x x x x x x x 2. BrOnlus brizaeformis x x x x x x 3. B. eiliatus x x x x x X X X X x 4. B. c. f. denudatus x x x x x X x 5. B. kalmii x x x x x X x 6. B. latiglumis x x x x X x x x x x x'x 7. B. moll is' x x x x x x 8. :Festuca capillata x x x x x x x

Ul 9. F.ovina x x x x x x x x X x x

10. F. paradoxa x x x x x x II. Glyeeria acutiflora x x x x 12. G. borealis x x x X X x 13. G. canadensis x x x x X x· x ]4. G. grandis x x x x x X x x 15. G. pall ida x x x x x x 16. Melica mutica x x x x x x 17. M. nitens x x x x x x X x x x 18. Phragmites communis x x x x x x x x x x x 19. Poa aJsodes x x x x x x x x 20. P. autumnal is x x x x x x X x x x 21. P. chapmaniana x x x x x X x x x x 22. P. cuspidata x x x x 23. P. languida x x x x x x x

TABLE Il-(Continued)

CQmpass Directions Botanical Areas P L TP 1 U LW W NW N NE E SE S SW

Specie.

x x x xx24. P. nemoralis x . x x x

25. P. paludigena x xx x x xx x x26. P. palustris x X x xx x x27. 1'. wolfii

· r:I(JOll:;l x x x x x x 1I. Glyceria acntiflora x x x x 12. G. borealis x x x x x X 13. G. canadensis X x x x x X x 14. G. grandis x x x x x X x x 15. G. pall ida x x x x X x 16. Melica mutica x x x x x x 17. M. nitens x x x x X x x x x x 18. Phragmites communis x x x x x x x x x x x 19. Poa alsodes x x x x x x x x 20. P. autumnal is x x x x x x x x x x 21. P. chapmaniana x x X x x x x x x x 22. P. cuspidata X x x x 23. P. languida x x x x x X x

TAllLE lI-(Continued)

Compass DirectionsBotanical Areas P L TP 1 V LW W NW N NE E SE S SW

Specie.

24. P. ncmoralis. x x x x x

25. P. paludigena x x X X x

26. P. palustris x x x x X X x x

27. P. wo!fii x x x x x X x

28. Schjzachne purpurascens 29. Triodia flava x x

x x x x x

x X

x X

X x x

x

x x x x

30. Vniola latilolia x X x x x X x x x x x

31. Agropyron pauciflorum 32. A. repens 33. A. subsecl1ndum

x x

x x x x

x x x X

x x

x x x

x X

X

x x x x

x x x

(Jl (Jl

34. Elymus riparius 35. E. villosus v. arkansanus 36. E. virginicus v. australis 37. E. v. var. glabriflorus 38. E. v. var. submuticus x

X

x

x x

x

x x x x

x x X

x

x

x x x x

x x X

X

X

x

x x x x x

X

X

X

X

X

x x x

x x x x

x x x x x

39. Hordeum jubatum 40. H. nodosum

x x X x x x

x x x

x x

x x x

x x x

x

41. Hyslrix patula val'. bigeloviana 42. Latium perenne 43. Arrhenatherum e1atius

x x

Xi x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x

x x X

x x x

x x

x x x x x

x

44. Dcschampsia caespitosa 45. Holeus lanatus

x x x x x x' x

X x X

X

x x

x x x x

46. Koe1erra cristata x X x x x X x

47. Agrostis elliottiana 48. A. pal ustris '49. A!opecurus aequalis

x x x

x x

x __ ]S__

x

x x x

x x

x x x x

x x x

x x x x

x x x

x x x

TABLE lI-(Continued)

Botanical Areas Compass Directions Species P L TP I U LW W NW N NE E SE S SW

SO. A. pratenSLs x x x X X X X X

51. Ammophila breviligulata X X X X

52. Aristida dichotoma X X x x x x X X X X x 53. A. intcrmedia x X X x X X x 54. A. longispica X X X x x x x X x x X X x 55. A. ramosissima x X X X X X X X x

56. A. tuberculosa X x X X X X X

57. Calamagroslis canadensis x x X x x X X X x X X X

58. C. inexpansa x x X X X X

59. Calamovilfa longifoJia x X X X X

60. Milium ef fusum X X X X tn 0­ 61. Muhlenbergia brachyphylla. x x x x x X x

62. M. capillaris x X x x x X x 63. M. cuspidata x X X X X x 64. M. frondosa f. commutata x X X X x X x X X X x 65. M. glabri flora X X X X x X x 66. M. mexicana x x X X X x x X X x x X x 67. M. m. f. ambigua X X X X X X X X

68. M. setosa x X x X X X X X X x 69. M. sabalifera X X X x x X x X X ·.... x X' x 70. M. s. f. setigera X x 71. Oryzopsis asperifalia X X X X X

72. O. pungens X X X X X

73. O. racemasa X x X X X X X

74. Sporabalus asper x X x X X x x X X X X X

75. S. callavi rcns x x X X X x x X x X X X x

TABLE lI-(Continued) Compass Directions

Botanical Area!l ~wSLW W NW N NE E S£P L TP I U

Species X X X x X X

X X x76. S. cryptandrus X X

x X X X X X X X XX X

77. S. c. var. involutl1~ XX X XX 78. S. hcterolepis X X

X X X X X X

79. Stipa avcnacca Xx X

a 63. M. clIspidata x

x .x. x x X

JC

x x x x x

x 64. M. {rondosa f. commlltata X x x x x x x x x x x 65. M. glabriflora 66. M. mexicana

X

X x x x x

x x

x x

x x

X

X x X x x x x

67. M. m. f. ambigua 68. M. sctosa x

x x x

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x x

x x x

x

69. M. sobolj{era x x x x x X X X x 'oX x' x 70. M. s. f. setigera x x 71. Oryzopsis asperifolia x x x x x 72. O. pllngens x x x x X 73. O. racemosa x x x x x x x 74. Sporobofus asper x x x x x x x x x x x x 75. S. canovirens x x x x x x x x x x x x x

TABLE lI-(Continucd) ----~._ .._---­

Compass Direct,oIlSBotanlc3.1 Areas P L TP I U LW W NW N NE E SE S sw

Species

76. S. cryptandrus 77. S. c. var. involutlls

x x

x x

x x

x x

x x

x x

x X

x x

x x

x x

x x

78. S. hcterolepis 79. Stipa avenacea 80. S. comata

x x x x x

X

x

x X

X

x X x x x

x x x

81. S. spartea 82. Cynodon dactylon 83. Leptochloa IiliIormis

x x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

X x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x

84. Gynmopogon ambiguus x x x x x

85. Leptochloa panicoides x x x

86. Spartina pectinala x x x x x x x x x x x x

~ 87. Anthoxanthum odoratum x x x x x x x x x x x x

88. Hierochloc odorata x x x x x x x

89. Phalaris arundinacea x x x x x x x x X x x

90. Lcersia lenticularis x x x x x x x x x x

91. Zizania aQl1atica x x x x x x x x x x

92. Z. a. vaL angustifolia x x x x x x x x

93. Z. a. vaL interior x x x x

94. Leptoloma cognatum x x x x x x x x x x x x x

95. Panicum addisonii x x x x x x

96. P. albemarlense x x x x x x x x

97. P. anceps x x x x x x x x x

98. P. ashei x x x x x x x x x x x

99. P. aubume x x x x x

100. P. bicknellii x x x x x x x x

101. P. boreale x x x x x x

TABLE II-(Continued)

Botanical Areas Compass Directlons Species P L TP I U J,W W NW N NE E SE S SW

102. P. boscii X 'x X X X X X X X X X

103. P. b. var. molle X X X X X X X X X X X

104. P. columbianum X X X

105. P. commutatum X X X X X X X X X X

106. P. deamii X X

107. P. depauperatum var. psilophyllum X X X X X X

108. P. flexile X X X X X X X X X X X X X

109. P. gattingeri x X x X x X x x X X X X x 110. P. implicatum x x x x X x x 111. P. latifolium x x x x x x x x X x x x 112. P. leibergii x x x x x x

<X> V>

113. P. lucidum x x X x x x x 114. P. mattamuskeetense x x x x 115. P. meridionale x x x x x x x 116. P. microcarponn x x x x x x X x x x x :x 117. P .. oligosanthes x x :x x x x x x X x :x 118. P. perlongum x x x X x x 119. P. polyanthes x x x x x x x x x :x 120. P. praecoeius x x x x x x x x 121. P. pseudopubescens x x x x x x x x x x 122. P. scoparioides x x x x 123. P. sphaerocarpon x x x x x x x x x x x x 124. P. spretmn x x X x X x x 125. P. stipitatum x x x x x x x 126. P. subvillosum x x x x x 127. P. tsugetorum x x x x x X x

TABLE II-CContinued) Compass Directions Botanical Areas SWN NE E SE S

P L TP I U LW W NW Species

xx x x x128. P. verrucosum x x x x x x x x129. P. xalapense v ... Y

---

US. P. meridionale x x :It X x x x X X116. P. microcarponn

x x x x x x

x x x

X X117. P .. olig-osanthes x x X X X x 1J8. P. perlongum

x x x x x x x x x x x

119. P. polyanthes x x

x

x x x x x

x x x x x]20. P. praecocius x X x X x 121. P. pselldopllbescens

x x X X X x x x X x]22. P. scoparioides x X x

x x x123. P. sphacrocarpon x

x x x x X x x x]24. P. spretum x x x x ]25. P. stipitatum

X x x X X X x x x x x126. P. subvillosum x x x x x x x x127. P. tsugetorurn x x x x X X X

TABLE Il-(Continued) Botanical Areas Compass Directions

Species P L TP r U LW W NW N NE E SE S SW

128. P. verrucosurn x x x x x 129. P. xalapellse x x x x x x X x 130. P. yadkillense x x x x 131. P. longifolinm X X x X x 132. Paspalurn circulare x x X x X X X X X x 133. P. fluitans X x X X X x

135. P. stramineurn x x x x X X x 13/1. Setaria verticilJata x x x x x x x x X x x x

134. P. pubiflorurn v. glabrum x x x x x x x x

137. Anclropogon elliottii X x x X x x 138. A. virginicu5 x x x X X x X X X x

V\ \0 139. Erianthus saccharoides var. cornpactlts x X X X x

140. Sorghum ha.lapense x x x x x x X X x x X x x 141. S. vulgare v. dru11lrnpndii x x x x x x x x x x x

TABLE III

Distribution within the state of lntraneous species.

Species P L TP L U LW

1. Bromus commutatus 2. B. inermis 3. B. japonicus 4. B. purgans 5. B. secalinus 6. B-, sterilis 7. B. tectorum 8. Dactylis glomerata 9. Diarrhena americana

10. Eragrostis capillaris 11. E. cilianensis 12. E. frankii 13. E. hypnoides 14. E. pectinacea 15. E. spectabilis 16. Festuca elatior 17. F. obtusa 18. F. octof[ora 19. F. o. var. tenella 20. Glyceria septentrional is 21. G. striata .22. Poa annua 23. Poa compressa 24. P. pratensis 25. P. sylvestris .26. Agropyron smithii 27. Elymus canadensis 28. E. villosus .29. E. virginicus 30. E. v. var. intermedius 31. Hordeum pusillum 32. Hystrix patula 33. Danthonia spicata 34. Sphenopholis intermcdia 35. S. ni tida 36. S. obtusata 37. S. o. var. pubescens 38. Agrostis albea 39. A. hicmal is 40. A. perennans 41. Alopecurus ramosus 42. Aristida oligantha

x x x x x x x x X

x x x x x x x X x x X x x X x x X X

x x x x x x x x x x x X

x X

x x

x x x x x x X x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x X

x X

x x x

60

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x X

X

X

X

x x x x X

X

X

X

X

x x x x x

x x x x x

x X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x x x x x x x X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x x X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x x x x x x x

x X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x x x x x

X

x X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x x x x x x x x

Species

43. A. purpura 44. Brachyelytl 45. Cinna arur 46. M uhlenberl 47. M. schreb! 48. M. sylvatic 49. M. s. var. 50.' M. tenuiflc 51. Sporobolus 52. S. vaginae 53. 130uteloua 54. Eleusine il 55. Leersia or 56. L. virginic 57. Zizania aq 58. Cenchrus 59. Digitaria i 60. D. ischacn 61. D. sanguir 62. Echinochlc 63. E. walteri 64. E. w. var. 65. Panicum ; 66. P. capiltal 67. P. clande! 68. P. depaul 69. P. dichot, 70. P. dichotl 71. P. huachr 72. P. lindhci 73. P. Iineari 74. P. I. var. 75. P. philacl 76. P. scribn 77. P. tennes 78. P. villosi 79. P. virgat 80. Paspalurr. 81. Setaria il 82. S. Iutesc~

83. S. viridis 84. Andropol 85. A. scopa l

86. Sorghast

TABLE III- (Continued)

species. Species P L TP L u LW

TP L u LW

x x X

lC

Jt

x x

x x x

x x x x X

x x X

x

x x x x X

X

X

X

x x x x X

X

x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x

x

x x x x x X-x x x :<

x X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x

x X

x x x x :<

x x x x x x x x x x x x X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x x x x x

x x

x x

x x x x x x X

x X

X

X

x x x x x x x x X

x X

X

X

X

x

43. A. purpurascens 44. Brachyelytrurn erectum 45. Cinna arundinacea 46. M uhlenbergia f rondosa 47. M. schreberi 48. M. sylvatica 49., M. s. var. attenuata 50. M. tenuiflora 51. Sporobolus neglectus 52. S. vaginaeflorus 53. Bouteloua eurtipendula 54. Eleusine indica 55. Leersia oryzoides 56. L. virginica 57. Zizania aquatica v. interior 58. Cenchrus longispinus 59. Digitaria filiformis 60. D. ischaemum 61. D. sanguinalis 62. Echinochloa crusgalli 63. E. walteri 64. E. w. var. laevigata 65. Panicum agrostoides 66. P. capillare 67. P. clandestinum 68. P. depauperalum 69. P. dichotomi flo rum 70. P, diehotomum 71. P, huachucae 72. P. lindheimeri 73. P. lineari folium 74. P. 1. var. werneri 75. P. philadelphieum 76. P. scribnerianum 77. P. tennesseense 78. P. villosissimum 79. P. virgatum 80. Paspalum pubescens 81. Setaria italica 82. S. lutescens 83. S. viridis 84. Andropogon gerardi 85. A. scoparius 86. Sorghastrum nutans

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x X

x x

. 61

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x­x x x

x­x x x x x

x 'x x x X

x X

X

x x

:<

x x x x­

x X

X

X

x x

x x x x x

x x x x

x

x x x

x­x x

TABLE IV

Distribution types and Group types of Extraneous Species.

GroupTrpe

Distribution Type Species No. of Table II W NW

COlnpass Directions N NE E SE S SW P

Botanical Areas L TP I U LW

0­~

I

II

1 2 3

4

5 6

7

106 59 12, 27, 58, 63, 71, 72, 81, 88, 11 0,

112, 126 2, 7, IS, 26, 28, 31, 33, 42, 48, 49,

64,92 5, 60, 101, 122, 25 13, 19, 23, 24, 73, 107

44, 96, 127

X

X

X

X

X

x

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

11

10 4 4

2

10

11 5 5

3

5

7 2 4

4 1 2

3 1 1

2

III 8 9

10

51 104 11, 22, 95, 114

X X

X

X

X

X

X X 1 1 1 3

IV 11 12

99, 128, 131 124, 125

X

X

X

X

X

X

,X

X X

2 1

3 1

V 13 14 15 16

130 1, 137, 139, 84 10, 16, 129, 136 133

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

1 1 5 2 1

2 5 1

2 3 1

VI 17 90 X X X X X

TABLE IV-(Continued)

Botanical Areas Compass Directions Group Distribution L TP I U LWW NW N NE E SE S SW PType Type Species No. of Table II

-X X 1 1

VII 18 35,85 19 53 X X X X 1 1 1

X X X 1 1 1 2 2 2 20 61,65,80 -- ., ,

VIII 21 118, 120, 135 X X X y

III

IV

8 9

10

11 12

51 104 11, 22, 95, 114

99, 128, 131 124, 125

x x x x

x x

x x x x ~.-

x x x x

,x x x

1

2 1

1

3 1

1 3

V

VI

13 14 15 16

17

130 1, 137, 139, 84 10, 16, 129, 136 133

90

x

x x

x x x

x x x x

x

x x x x

x

x x x

x

1 1 5 2 1

2 5 1

2 3 1

TABLE IV-(Continueu)

Group Type

Distribl.ltior~ Type Specie. No. of Table 11 W NW

Compass Dircction:3 N NE E SE S SW P

Botanica1 Areas L TP 1 U LW

0\ ON

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

18 19 20

21 22

23 24 25

26 27 28

29 30

31 32 33

34

35 36 37 38 39

35,85 53 61, 65, 80

118, 120, 135 41, 46, 78

115 38,79, 113 30, 36, 37, 47, 52, 62, 83, 97, 119,

132, 138 21, 55 4,32,69,86 8, 9, 14, 50, 56, 57, 89, 1ll

20, 54, 82, 87, 98, 105, 116, 123 29, 45, 69, 75, 94, 102, 103, 108,

109, 117, 140, 141 76,77, 136 3, 6, 39, 66, 67 43, 68, 91, 121

17

100 34 74 18 40

X

x

x x

X

x x X

x

x X

X

x

x

X

x x

x x

x x

x

X

x x

X

X

x X

X

x x x

X

x

x x

x X

x

X

x X

x-X

X

X

X

X

X

x X

X

x X

x X

X

x x x x x

x X

x x x X

X

X

x X

X

X

X

X

x

X

x

x x

x

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

x x

X

x

X

X

X

X

x x

x

X

x X

x X

x

x X

X

x

·x X

x

x

X

x X

X

X

1 1

3 3

1 3

2

3 7

3

8 3 5 4

1 1 1

1 1 1

3 3

1 3

1

3 6

5

10 3 5 4

I 1 1

1

8 1 3 6

7

11 3 4 4

1 1 I 1

2

9 8 3 4

8

12 1 3 1

1 I 1 1

2

II 2 3 4

8

11 3 3 1

2

9 2 3 2

4

II

2