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A STUDY OF SWITCHGRASS PYROLYSIS: PRODUCT VARIABILITY AND REACTION KINETICS By
Jonathan Matthew Bovee
A THESIS
Submitted to Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Biosystems Engineering – Master of Science
2014
ABSTRACT
A STUDY OF SWITCHGRASS PYROLYSIS: PRODUCT VARIABILITY AND REACTION KINETICS By
Jonathan Matthew Bovee
Samples of the same cultivar of cave‐in‐rock switchgrass were harvested from plots in
Frankenmuth, Roger City, Cass County, and Grand Valley, Michigan. It was determined that
variation exists, between locations, among the pyrolytic compounds which can lead to
variability in bio‐oil and increased processing costs at bio‐refineries to make hydrocarbon fuels.
Washed and extractives‐free switchgrass samples, which contain a lower alkali and alkaline
earth metals content than untreated samples, were shown to produce lower amounts of acids,
esters, furans, ketones, phenolics, and saccharides and also larger amounts of aldehydes upon
pyrolysis. Although the minerals catalyzed pyrolytic reactions, there was no evidence indicating
their effect on reducing the production of anhydrosugars, specifically levoglucosan. To further
link minerals present in the biomass to a catalytic pathway, mathematic models were employed
to determine the kinetic parameters of the switchgrass. While the calculated activation
energies of switchgrass, using the FWO and KAS methods, were 227.7 and 217.8 kJ mol‐1,
correspondingly, it was concluded that the activation energies for the switchgrass hemicellulose
and cellulose peaks were 115.5 and 158.2 kJ mol‐1, respectively, using a modified model‐fitting
method. The minerals that effect the production of small molecules and levoglucosan also have
an observable catalytic effect on switchgrass reaction rate, which may be quantifiable through
the use of reaction kinetics so as to determine activation energy.
Copyright by JONATHAN MATTHEW BOVEE 2014
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my family for all of their support throughout my endeavors. I would also
like to personally thank Dr. Bradley Marks, Dr. James Steffe, Dr. Ajit Srivastava, and especially
my advisor, Dr. Christopher Saffron. This was a wonderful opportunity and I couldn’t be
happier that I was given a chance to become part of such an exceptional group of individuals.
An immense thanks to Dr. David Hodge and Dr. James Jackson, of my committee, who have
been crucial to my limited background in chemistry and have also served as a catalyst in my
renewed interest. Dr. Kurt Thelen provided intellectual support on the feedstock involved and
also provided raw materials needed for experiments, without either this research would be
lost. I would like to thank my friends at the agronomy farm, Bill Widdicombe and Brian Graff,
for their help with biomass reconstitution, especially during the absence of time, this is greatly
appreciated. Distinct gratitude is also felt toward Dr. Shantanu Kelkar for all of his vast insight
in the laboratory, especially with the GC/MS. This research would have not been possible
without the help from my partners at the North‐Eastern Sun Grant Initiative, Michigan State
University AgBio Research, and the Great Lakes Bio‐Energy Research Center. Thank you, Dr.
Zhenglong Li, Dr. Somnath Bhattacharjee, Chai Li, Mahlet Garedew, Rachael Sak, Kristine
VanWinkle, Nichole Erickson, and Kristine Henn for being such an awesome and supportive
group to work with. I hope that Barb Delong and Cheryl Feldkamp accept a special thank you
for always helping me get where I need to be. And to all of my professors and friends, please
accept a towering thank you for permitting me to learn from you.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. x INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Biomass Composition and Pyrolysis Products ....................................................................... 6 1.2 Effect of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals on Pyrolysis Products ....................................... 10 1.3 Kinetic Modeling for Pyrolysis of Biomass ......................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................... 18 VARIATION IN PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS OF SWITCHGRASS GROWN AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS 19 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Feedstock Analysis ........................................................................................................ 19 2.2.2 Soil Analysis .................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.3 Washing Procedures ..................................................................................................... 21 2.2.4 Py‐GC/MS...................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) ............................................................................... 22 2.2.6 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 23
2.3 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 23 2.4 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................... 29 PYROLYSIS KINETICS OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE AND SWITCHGRASS ........................ 30 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 30 3.2 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Theory .................................................................................................................................. 32 3.4 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 41 3.4.1 Avicel Kinetics ............................................................................................................... 41 3.4.2 Switchgrass Kinetics ..................................................................................................... 45
3.5 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................... 59 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ............................................................................................ 60 4.1 General Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 60 4.2 Suggestions for Future Work ............................................................................................... 62