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A Standard & Prototype Starting Point for An Open Ontology Repository:
The Extended Metadata Registry Project
John L. McCarthyXMDR Project
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Open Ontology Repository (OOR) Panel onRationale, Expectations & Requirements
March 27, 2008
page 2 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
Shared Goals & Challenges
• Open Ontology Repository Goals– collection of useful ontologies– help facilitate harmonization & synergy– standard representation/characterization?
• Extended Metadata Registry (XMDR) Project Goals– extend ISO-IEC 11179 ed. 2 Metadata Registry Standard
• for increasingly large & complex databases & software systems• particularly for large organizations like EPA, NCI, DOD, …
– incorporate & manage evolution of concept information• codesets of valid values, terminologies, thesauri, ontologies• using a shared metamodel for both metadata & concepts
page 3 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
XMDR Project Overview & Background
• Set of collaborative initiatives with shared goals & funding– EPA, NCI, DOD, LBNL, USGS, Ecoterm, UNEP, … (major 11179 users)
• XMDR project at LBNL began in 2003
• principals have been meeting in Berkeley since 2004
– ISO-IEC JTC1/SC32/WG2 & ANSI L8 working on 11179 ed. 3• Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 32, Working Group 2• metadata registry standards work began in 1980’s re data dictionaries & codesets
• Open source reference implementation & testbed system– test implementations of proposed extensions to 11179 metamodel
• add more formal semantic metadata on concepts & relationships to data
– assemble semantic metadata from diverse sources & structures• terminologies, ontologies, etc. for environment, geography, health, …
– explore emerging semantic technologies (e.g., RDF, OWL, CL, …)
– demonstrate new capabilities • e.g., ontology lifecycle management & harmonization
page 4 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
Challenge: Gain Common Understanding of meaning between Data Creators and Data Users
Users Information Systems Data Creation
UsersUsers
EEA
USGS
DoD
EPAenvironagricultureclimatehuman healthindustrytourismsoilwaterair
123345445670248591308
123345445670248591308
3268082513485038270800002178
3268082513485038270800002178
text data
environagricultureclimatehuman healthindustrytourismsoilwaterair
123345445670248591308
123345445670248591308
3268082513485038270800002178
3268082513485038270800002178
text
ambienteagriculturatiemposalud hunanoindustriaturismotierraaguaaero
123345445670248591308
123345445670248591308
3268082513485038270800002178
3268082513485038270800002178
text data
data
environagricultureclimatehuman healthindustrytourismsoilwaterair
123345445670248591308
123345445670248591308
3268082513485038270800002178
3268082513485038270800002178
text data
Others . . .
ambienteagriculturatiemposalud hunoindustriaturismotierraaguaaero
123345445670248591308
123345445670248591308
3268082513485038
3268082513485038270800002178
text data
Common interpretation of what data represents
page 5 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
Inference requires combination of Data, Metadata & Concept Systems
ID Date Temp Hg
A 06-09-13 4.4 4
B 06-09-13 9.3 2
X 06-09-13 6.7 78
Name Datatype Definition Units
ID textMonitoring Station Identifier not applicable
Date date Date yy-mm-dd
Temp numberTemperature (to 0.1 degree C)
degrees Celcius
Hg numberMercury contamination
micrograms per liter
Inference Search Query: “find water bodies downstream from
Fletcher Creek where chemical contamination was over 10 micrograms per liter between December 2001 and March 2003”
Data:
Metadata:
Biological Radioactive
Contamination
lead cadmiummercury
Chemical
Concept System (multi-lingual):
page 6 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
XMDR Goals (continued)
• Improve representation of relationships between data (e.g., data elements & value domains) and concept structures (e.g., ontologies, taxonomies, thesauri, terminologies, …)
• Register & manage complex semantic metadata (i.e., concepts) in more formal, systematic ways (e.g., description logic) to facilitate machine processing of semantics in order to– link together data elements & terms across multiple systems– discover relationships among data elements, terms & concepts– create and manage names, definitions, terms, etc.– support software inference, aggregation, and agent services
• Add more rigorous & formal specification for– concepts and concept systems (including ontologies)– relationships between metamodel components– formal axioms for conceptual & structural relationships
• Use concepts to unify different types of metadata– evolution requires increasing granularity & details– combine strengths of data dictionaries/registries and ontologies
page 7 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
Example concept system content currently loaded in XMDR Prototype
via Lexgrid (from Mayo Clinic & Harold Solbrig)
• GEMET 2001.0 Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus • National Biological Information Infrastructure
biodiversity • NCI Thesaurus_06.02d health concepts system• ISO4217_1981 currency codes• ISO3166_V-10 country codes (only 2 letter codes)• Mouse_1.32 anatomy• Defense Technology Information Center 1.0 Thesaurus• Portions of EPA controlled vocabulary• SIC and NAICS industrial classification codes
via special purpose scripts• Omega ontology
page 8 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
Additional candidate metadata content to test 11179 metamodel expressivity
Current 11179 Data Element Registries• caDSR (full NCI Cancer Data Standards Registry)• EDR (EPA Environmental Data Registry)
Candidate Additions to Concept Systems and Ontologies• NASA SWEET (Semantic Web Earth & Environmental Terminologies)• IETF RFC 3066 Language Codes• USGS Geographic Names Information System• Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names• I.T.I.S. - Integrated Taxonomic Information System• Foundational Model of Anatomy • EPA Chemical Substance Registry • GO (Gene Ontology), ….Agrovoc, …and possibly others
• OMV Ontology Metadata Vocabulary (European NeON consortium & Stanford NCBO)
page 9 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
Omega Ontology illustrates challenges of loading large, complex new content
Omega is a “terminological ontology” • reorganization & synthesis of WordNet &
Mikrokosmos• adds higher level ontology to organize multiple
ontologies
Initial mapping and loading of Omega needs to be refined
• Multiple ontology languages present an additional challenge• Entity relationships conform to Concept_System figure • Entity ->Attribute conforms to Classification_Scheme figure• Omega Attributes mapped to ISO/IEC11179 ed3 Facets
(ignoring Omega datatype field)
• Required a week to process and load Omega Ontology • 4 million files, so ~250,000/24 hrs
page 10 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
XMDR Prototype Modular Architecture:with current open source software selections
Registry Store (Subversion)
Search & Inference Queries (Jena, SPARQL)
XMDR metamodel (OWL & xml schema) Full Text
Index
XMDR Prototype Architecture REST Style
standard XMDR filesstandard XMDR files
standard XMDR filesstandard XMDR files
AssertedLogicIndex
InferredLogicIndex
Content Loading & Transformation
(Lexgrid & custom)
Human User Interface(XML pages & javascript)
Metadata Sources concept systems,data elements
USERSWeb Browsers…..Client
Software
Application Program Interface (REST)
Authentication ServiceValidation
(XML Schema)
MappingEngine
Reasoner(Pellet)
Text Search(Lucene)
Metamodel specs(UML & Editing)
(Poseidon, Protege)
XMDR data model & exchange format
XML, RDF, OWL
page 11 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
DRAFT 11179 – ed. 3 metamodel Consolidated Class Hierarchy
see xmdr.org wiki for more diagrams and details
page 12 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
http://xmdr.org/
XMDR Prototype Web Site has downloadable code & content
page 13 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
Technical Challenges and Issues for XMDR Implementation Testbed• Complexity
– representation of different types of relationships– non-binary relationships -- e.g., instrumentality (A used to do B to C)– extensibility for unknown future complexities (e.g., Omega)?– incorporate IKL variant of CLIF dialect of ISO Common Logic?
• Scalability & performance– currently includes tens of thousands of objects & millions of RDF triples– maybe indexing and/or distributed registries will help?
• External metadata sources, ontologies, terminologies– cannot simply be copied because they are proprietary & evolving
• Mapping (to data elements as well as between e.g. between concept systems)– wide variety of challeges (e.g., probabilistic & changing mappings)
• Manage evolving metamodel, concept systems & mappings– additions & changes in both content & structure over time, versioning
• Harmonize with ODM, MMF, CL, OMV, Web Services– need open source, standards-based approach (vs. proprietary)
page 14 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
Conclusion: Why should OOR & XMDR projects consider closer collaboration?
• Potential benefits for OOR Project…– modular, extensible, open source code base– initial set of ontologies & other concept systems– major collaborators (EPA, NCI, DOD, EEA, …)– real-world ontology applications– ISO/IEC standards-based approach– proven 11179 administrative metadata & procedures for
managing stewardship & evolution of individual items – extensive & extensible OOR metamodel
• Potential benefits for the XMDR Project– ontology experts, experience and ideas (e.g., Natasha re OMV)– more ontologies to exercise expressivity & tools– help in refining ontology representation & mapping
page 15 of 15XMDR Open Ontology Talk-v5.ppt
Thanks & Acknowledgements
• Bruce Bargmeyer, principal investigator• Frank Olken, initial concepts & metamodel extensions • Kevin Keck, initial & current designer & implementor• Karlo Berkett, implementation, user interface, data loading• Harold Solbrig, Lexgrid, model development, etc!• Fred Gey, concept mapping, etc.
• L8 and SC 32/WG 2 Standards Committees
• Major XMDR Project Sponsors and Collaborators– National Science Foundation (Grant #0637122)– U.S. Environmental Protection Agency– Department of Defense– National Cancer Institute– U.S. Geological Survey– And others!