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1 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
A. Sound-to-Spelling: Vowels
Sound (IPA)
Spelling (letter)
Examples
1 / / / /
e equal, the, we
ea each, read, seat, sea
ee eel, beef, seed, see
e_e theme, these
ie_e believe
ei_e receive i_e police, machine
y any, baby
ie movie
ey abbey
2 / /
i it, his, crisis
e enough, before, decide
y system, bicycle
ui build
a_e damage, image
u busy, business
o women
3 / /
e egg, best, red, sent
a any
ea head, read (past) ie friend
ei leisure
u bury
4 / / a act, began
ai plait, plaid
5 / /
ear early, earn, pearl
ur urge, burn, turn, occur
er perfect, prefer
ir bird, first
our journey
or word, work
eur chauffeur, entrepreneur
2 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
Sound (IPA)
Spelling (letter)
Examples
6 / /
a ago, about, account, company, camera
e children, centre, the
i family
o obey, o’clock, today, control, police
u support, octopus
aa Isaac
ae Michael
ai mountain
ar forward, beggar
ea ocean ei foreign
eo pigeon
eu amateur
er advertising, other
ia Asia
ie ancient
iu Belgium
oa cupboard
oe does (weak form)
oi tortoise
ou colour, thorough
or oxford, forget, comfort, doctor
ua equal ue conquer
ui biscuit
uo liquor
ur surprise
ure nature, picture
ou famous
our colour, labour
3 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
Sound (IPA)
Spelling (letter)
Examples
7 / /
u up, under, cup, luck, brush
o another, brother, colour, honey
o_e come, above, one
ou country, young, cousin, double, enough
oo blood, flood
8 / /
oo food, too, balloon
ou group, you
oe shoe, canoe
eu eulogy
u truth, brutal o do
o_e move
u_e abuse, assume
ui juice, bruise
ue true, blue, argue
e jewel
ew crew, blew, chew
9 / /
oo book, foot
u bush, put, bull
o woman, to
ou could, would
10 / /
or order, port
ore more ou bought
our court, your
oar board, roar
ar award
a also, fall
au author, caught, cause
aw awful, law, saw, dawn
oor door, floor
4 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
Sound (IPA)
Spelling (letter)
Examples
11 / /
o odd, hot, job
au because, sausage
ua quality
a wash
e encore, entrepreneur
12 / /
ar arm, park, far
a after, father, banana
au aunt
er sergeant
13 / /
a able ai aid, paid, again
ay say, may
ey they
ei eight, veil
a_e make, same
14 / /
o open, most, no
oa oak, road
oe toe
ou soul, dough
ow bowl, ow
au mauve
eau bureau
15 / /
i idea, blind, Christ, China, bicycle i_e time, side, while
ai aisle, Cairo, Dubai
ei height, either, Einstein, Leica
ie lie, die, pie, fried
ui guide, guise
uy buy, guy
y by, sky, fly, cycle
ye bye, dye
eye eye, Cheyenne / /
igh high, right, might
oi choir
5 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
ia Goliath
Sound (IPA)
Spelling (letter)
Examples
16 / /
ou out, found
ow down, town
ough drought, bough
au Saudi, gaucho, pilau
17 / /
oi oil, coin
oi_e choice
oy toy, boy
uoy buoy
18 / /
ear ear, hear, dear, spear eer beer, career, cheer
ere here, mere, sphere
ier pier, tier, bier
19 / /
air air, chair, dairy, cairn
are care, bare, dare, ware
ear bear, wear
eir their, heir
ere there, where
ae aerial
ar area, parent, vary
aire millionaire
er concerto, Cher
aer aerial, aerobic e bolero
ayor mayor
eah yeah
20 / /
ur jury, fury, plural
ure cure, assure, insure
our tour, amour, bourgeois
eur euro, Europe
oor boor
6 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
B. Sound-to-Spelling: Consonants
Sound (IPA)
Position Spelling (letter)
Examples
1 / /
Beginning p- pen, page, pan, pair, pan, park, people, party
Ending
-p cup, cap, deep, drop, gap, help
-pe hope, grape, pipe, shape, tape, Skype, swipe, wipe
Middle
-p- apart, ape, apologize, deeper, paper
-pp- apple, appear, apply, appoint, happen, happy, hippo, pepper
Rare -gh hiccough
2 / /
Beginning b- bed, bad, back, bake, ball, baby, basket, bike
Ending -b club, bulb, cab, grab, job, pub, rob, rub, verb
-be cube, globe, robe, tube, tribe
Middle
-b- about, above, baby, table, debate, number, football, goodbye, handbag
-bb- bubble, hobby, rabbit, ribbon, rubber, stubborn
3 / /
Beginning t- take, talk, tall, tea, toy, teach, table, teacher
Ending -t boat, cat, sit, hat, shirt, shout, art
-te ate, taste, bite, late, date, kite, note, minute
Middle
-t- actor, after, British, calculator, cartoon, certain, chapter
-tt- attack, attention, better, bottle, cotton, letter, little
Rare -tte cassette
4 / /
Beginning d- dog, dark, day, desk, difficult, dirty, doctor, duck
Ending
-d bad, bend, card, find, food, afraid, aloud, around
-de fade, grade, hide, side, ride, made, outside, provide
-dd add, odd Middle -d- radio, accident, adult, Friday, garden, greedy,
7 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
holiday
-dd- address, ladder, midday, middle, riddle, saddle, sudden
Sound (IPA)
Position Spelling (letter)
Examples
5 / /
Beginning
c- car, call, careful, cold, come, control, cup, cut, customer
k- key, kick, kid, kind, king, kiss, kite, kitchen
ch- chemical, chemistry, choir, chord, cholera
qu- / /
quick, queen, quiet, question
Ending
-k ask, back, bark, book, cook, dark, look, mark
-ke bake, bike, Coke, joke, like, make, snake, wake
-c music, magic, public, clinic, panic, picnic, plastic, traffic
-ck attack, black
-ch stomach
-che ache, toothache
-que cheque
Middle
-k- basket, blanket, breakfast, broken
-c- across, Africa, because, become, barbecue, difficult
-ck- bucket, chicken, cricket
-ch- echo, school, Michael, orchestra
-cc- account, accuse, occur, broccoli, hiccup, occasion
Special qu-
/ / quick, queen, quiet, question
6 / /
Beginning g- game, get, give, girl, go, good, guard, guitar
Ending
-g bag, big, dig, dog, fog, leg
-gue catalogue, colleague, dialogue, fatigue, league
Middle -g-
again, ago, sugar, August, begin, dragon, finger, program, regulation, vinegar
-gg- juggle, luggage, struggle
8 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
Sound (IPA)
Position Spelling (letter)
Examples
7 / /
Beginning
f- face, fan, fat, father, few, first, food, forget, Friday
ph- phone, photo, photograph, phrase, physics, Philipe
Ending
-f beef, deaf, if, self, leaf
-ff cliff, off, sniff, staff, stiff, stuff
-fe life, safe, wife, knife
-ph graph, Joseph, photograph, triumph
-gh cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough
Middle
-f- afraid, Africa, after, awful, before, careful
-ff- afford, coffee, different, difficult, effect, effort, offer
-ph- alphabet, dolphin, elephant, microphone, nephew, telephone
Rare -ffe giraffe
-gh- laughter
8 / /
Beginning v- van, vase, very, view, violin, visit, voice
Ending -ve above, alive, arrive, behave, believe, curve, drive, give, love
Middle -v- clever, cover, conversation, discover, driver, eleven, ever, every, fever, invent, never, over
Rare -vv- luvvie, bevvy, divvy
9 / /
Beginning th-
thank, thick, thief, thigh, thin, thing, think, third, three, throw, through, thunder, thirsty, thirteen, thirty, thousand, theatre, Thursday, thermometer
Ending -th
bath, beneath, both, birth, cloth, depth, earth, fifth, fourth, health, length, month, mouth, north, path, smooth, south, strength, teeth, tooth, truth, underneath,
special e+x- example, exam
Rare gh- ghost
-gg egg
9 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
with, worth
Middle -th-
anything, bathroom, birthday, clothes, earthquake, everything, healthy, nothing, rhythm, something, toothache, toothbrush, toothpaste
Sound (IPA)
Position Spelling (letter)
Examples
10 / /
Beginning th- that, the, their, them, then, there, these, they, this, those, though, than
Ending -th with, mouth(v), smooth
-the breathe, bathe, teethe
Middle -th-
together, altogether, another, bother, brother, other, either, father, mother, feather, grandfather, grandmother, leather, neither, rather, weather, whether, within, without
11 / /
Beginning sh- she, ship, shirt, shoes, shop, should, shout, shoulder, shampoo
Ending -sh English, astonish, British, brush, bush, cash, crash
Middle
-tio(n) dictation, cautious, conversation
-c- magician, musician, physician
-s- Asia, Asian, censure, conversion
-sh- bookshop, cashier, cushion, mushroom
-ch- machine, Michelle
-ss- pressure, tissue, assure, permission
Rare
ch- chef, chassis, Chanel
sch- schedule, schwa s- sugar, sure
-che moustache, quiche, Porsche
-sc- conscience
12 / /
Middle -su- measure, pleasure, casual
sio(n) revision, conclusion, explosion
Rare g- genre, Gigi
-ge garage, mirage, message
10 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
Sound (IPA)
Position Spelling (letter)
Examples
13 / /
Beginning ch- chair, chalk, choose, China, chicken, chapter, chocolate
Ending
-ch each, beach, coach, lunch, March, much
-tch match, catch, fetch, hatch, pitch, scratch, switch
Middle
-ch- teacher, grandchild, handkerchief, mischievous
-tch- butcher, kitchen
-tu- actual, picture, , creature, future, nature, furniture, century, congratulations
-st- question, digestion, Christian, exhaustion
14 / /
Beginning j-
jam, job, juice, joke, June, just, jacket, Japan, jungle
g- gentle, giant, giraffe, generous, gymnastics
Ending -ge
age, arrange, cage, huge, large, change, damage
-dge edge, fridge, porridge, bridge
Middle
-g- pigeon, danger, urgent, stranger, suggest, teenager, passenger, vegetable
-j- enjoy, injure, subject
-d- schedule, education
-g- regime
11 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
Sound (IPA)
Position Spelling (letter)
Examples
15 / /
Beginning
s- sad, say, sea, sit, sell, sing, six, some, sorry
c- cell, cent, ceiling, central, centre, circle, city, cereal, certainly
Ending
-ss class, cross, dress, chess, across, actress, address, careless
-s bus, gas, plus, cups, asks, cats
-ce dance, chance, face, ice, juice, nice, peace
-se case, chase, horse, house, mouse, nurse, promise
-x box, fax, fox, fix
Middle
-s- ask, absent, also, answer, asleep, basket
-ss- essay, classmate, classroom, glasses, lesson, message
-c- capacity, parcel, peaceful, pencil, policeman -sc- muscle, discipline
Rare
sc- scene, science
ps- psycho, psychology
-z blitz, glitz, hertz
16 / /
Beginning h- head, heat, high, horse, hello, holiday, hungry Rare wh- whole, who, whose, whom
Middle -h- ahead, behind, anyhow End - no ending / /
17
/ /
Beginning l- leg, look, love, light, lunch, lion, lemon, lesson
End
-l girl, oil, pearl, pool, April, until, usual
-ll all, ball, fall, call, still, ill, tell, wall
-le able, tale, male, mile, pale, hole, apple
Middle -l- along, also, aloud, below, colour
-ll- allow, collect, pillow, pollution, village, wallet
/ /
Beginning r- rain, ran, red, rice, read, rock, repair, rubber
wr- write, wrong, wrist, wrap End (US) -r car, far, water, doctor
Middle -r-
agree, April, area, around, already, brown, eraser
-rr- borrow, carrot, carry, correct, ferry, lorry
12 Revised 17 August 2014
© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk
Rare rh- rhyme, rhinoceros
Sound (IPA)
Position Spelling (letter)
Examples
18 / /
Beginning
y- yes, you, yet, year, young, yellow, yacht
u- use, useful, user, unit
eu- Europe, euro Middle -y- beyond, canyon
Rare ew- ewe
19 / / Beginning
w- walk, wait, want, well, west, wake, win, windy
wh- what, where, when, which, white Rare o- one, once
20 / /
Beginning m- man, milk, mouth, must, mother Ending -m arm, mum, calm, alarm
Rare -mn column, autumn
Middle -m- drama, camera, damage, homework
-mm- common, summer, hammer, swimming
21
/ /
Beginning
n- not, name
kn- knife, know, knock
gn- gnaw
Ending
-n pen, run
-ne line, wine
-gn sign
Middle -n- any
-nn- annoy
/ / Ending -ng king, sang, hang Middle -n- angry, blank, drinking