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A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3- fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples M. Gandhi, R.M. Greenblatt, P. Bacchetti, C. Jin, Y. Huang, M. Cohen, J. Dehovitz, K. Anastos, S.J. Gange, C. Liu, S. Hanson, B. Aouizerat for the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics of ART: Coming of Age Oral poster discussion, AIDS 2012, Washington DC, July 24 TUPDB0104

A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

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Page 1: A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

M. Gandhi, R.M. Greenblatt, P. Bacchetti, C. Jin, Y. Huang, M. Cohen, J. Dehovitz, K. Anastos, S.J. Gange, C. Liu, S. Hanson, B. Aouizerat

for the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS)

  Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics of ART: Coming of Age

Oral poster discussion, AIDS 2012, Washington DC, July 24

 

TUPDB0104

Page 2: A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

Background

EFV mainstay of current cART, high rates of AEsPharmacogenomics  (PG) “personalize” selection, dosing; optimize outcomesStudies investigating PG & EFV exposure limited bySingle plasma levels of EFV as exposure measureSmall # single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) examinedFailure to model non-genetic contributors

Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS): Multicenter prospective cohort study HIV-infected and at-risk 

women

Page 3: A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

Methods: EFV AUC- “Short-term exposure”

24 hour intensive PK studies performed in 111 WIHS women on EFV under conditions of actual useAreas under the curve (AUCs) calculated

0

5

10

15

Efa

vire

nz c

once

ntr

atio

n(m

cg/m

L)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time of blood draw (hours)

Median PK curve

Efav

irenz

con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/m

l)

Time of blood draw (hours)

Page 4: A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

Hair EFV levels: “Long-term exposure”

Average exposure over time

Not snapshot (AUC of AUC)

Easy and cheap to collect

Stored at room temp

Shipped without biohazard

Not subject to white coat effects

Integrates behavior (adherence) and biology (PK)

Page 5: A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

Methods (cont.)

Multivariate linear regression between predictors and short/long-term exposureGenetic predictors: 182 SNPs/ 45 haplotypes in 9 genes (ABCB1, ABCC2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, SCL22A6, UGT1A1)

Literature-based: SNPs -EFV absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination (ADME)Tag SNPs: Neighboring regions in high LD across coding/noncoding regions of ADME genes

Non-genetic: Diet, age, race, HepB/C status, smoking, substance use, hepatic, renal function, etc.

Page 6: A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

ResultsFactors associated with short-term EFV exposure

(AUC/dose, n=111)

Factor Effect on AUC (±95%CI) p-value Distribution of

factorOranges or orange juice in preceding 5 days

1.26 (1.05 -1.50)  0.012 76 (68.5%) 

Per doubling of ALT level 1.23 (1.11-1.36)  0.0001 Median ALT (range) 

23 (8-117) IU/L 

CYP2B6 983 T>C (rs28399499)   0 doses of minor allele (TT)   1 or 2 doses of minor allele (TC/CC)

1.001.96 (1.54-2.5)

2.2 x 10-10 95 (85.6%) -0 dose16 (14.4%) -1/2 dose

CYP2B6 516 G>T (rs3745274)    0 or 1 doses of minor allele   (GG, GT)    2 doses of minor allele (TT) 

1.003.5 (2.7-4.5)

1.4 x 10-18 97 (87.4%) – 0/1 dose14 (12.6%)-2 doses

ABCB1 haplotype (2 SNPs: rs7779562 & rs4148745)     0 doses of the haplotype    1 or 2 doses of haplotype

 1.00

1.60 (1.24-2.1) 0.0004

 14 (12.6%)-0 dose97 (87.4%)- 1/2 doses

Page 7: A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

Results

Factors associated with long-term exposure (hair levels/dose, n=87) –models include adherence

Factor Effect on hair (±95%CI) p-value Distribution of

factorALT, Orange juice, ABCB1 haplotype, and self-reported adherence (below) not significantly associated with hair levels

CYP2B6 983 T>C ( rs28399499)   0 doses of minor allele (TT)   1 or 2 doses of minor allele (TC/CC)

1.001.70 (1.09-2.7)

0.021 77 (88.5%) -0 dose10 (11.5%) -1/2 doses

CYP2B6 516 G>T (rs3745274)    0 or 1 dose of minor allele (GG, GT)    2 doses of minor allele (TT) 

1.003.2 (2.2-4.7)

1.0 x 10-1074 (85.1%) -0/1 dose13 (14.9%) – 2 doses

Self-reported adherence   ≤74%   75-94%   ≥95% 

1.000.94 (0.45-2.0)1.10 (0.56-2.2)

0.880.77

 4 (4.6%)14 (16.1%)69 (79.3%)

Page 8: A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

Conclusions

Individuals homozygous CYP2B6 516 rare (TT) allele  >3-fold increases in short-term (AUCs) and long-term (hair) EFV exposure in this diverse cohort of HIV-infected women

AUCs more robust than single plasma levels (and self-reported adherence) as short-term measures, cumbersomeHair levels better in averaging exposure over time

Effect of CYP2B6 516  TT on long-term exposure signifies durable effectsGenetic testing coupled with hair measurement may enable EFV dosing optimization in clinical setting, especially when non-genetic risk factors for high exposure are present

Page 9: A single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP2B6 leads to >3-fold increases in efavirenz concentrations in intensive pharmacokinetic curves and hair samples

Acknowledgements

Participants and staff of the WIHSFunding NIAID/NIH RO1 AI065233 (Greenblatt); UO1 AI034989 

(Greenblatt); NIAID ARRA 3U01AI034989-17S1 (Greenblatt, Aouizerat); K23 AI067065 (Gandhi) 

THANK YOU!