A SEMIÓTICA DO TEXTO NARRATIVO LITERÁRIO

8/15/2019 A SEMIÓTICA DO TEXTO NARRATIVO LITERÁRIO

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Xèm Rdwcm4« Gljàèm ! >22:

Hmrz~j`f| ª>226 ‘ \mlmx mx lj~gj|mx ~gxg~ydlmx d;

Kmxê Ig~edelgx ld Xjcyd


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4« GljàèmLg{gan~m >22:

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Hmrz~j`f| ª >22: ! \mlmx mx lj~gj|mx ~gig~ge|gx dmx Ngegiáhjmx Dljhjmedjx @~d|wj|mx xèm~gxg~ydlmx â Njncjm|ghd>


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Â ajefd gxrmxd# Ngeglj|d Dcygx ^ë`m#

g ijcfmx# Idnjded# Aw~jgc g Xjameg


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Gcg ~gxrj~dyd lwad agxad yjld hma d ed|w~g{d#Lm ~jngj~m dr~geljd m aw~aû~jm#

G m idcd~ ldx imcfdx ldx ä~ym~gx hmar~ggeljd#G xge|jd m jarwcxm ldx g~ydx;

M cjy~m ldx gx|~gcdx g~d rd~d gcg cáarjlm#G hma gcg idcdyd d yd`d ad~jefd%

Nd~d|zexoj

M |garcm lgxam~memw!xg# g ldx ~wáedx m xgwlgxhgelge|g Eèm rgeg|~mw d cje`wd`ga%

Nd~d|zexoj

Xdngamx twg d fjx|ø~jd ld fwadejldlg eèm rülg m~`dej{d~!xgxga r~mlwàèm# xga hmeicj|mx xmhjdjx# xga cw|dx rmcá|jhdx# xgaaj|mx# ~gcj̀ jèm# d|gáxam# ëvj|mx hjge|áijhmx% \g~jd gcd rmljlm

m~`dej{d~!xg xga d~|g=

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XWAÄ^JM

Ngegiáhjm Dljhjmedc @~d|wj|m %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8

JE\^MLWÀÈM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 44

4% XGAJØ\JHD @G^DC G DRCJHDLD;


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^gcdàèm ld \gm~jd hma d R~ä|jhd ld Deäcjxg %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 47

4%4 D XGAJØ\JHD HMAM \GM^JD @G^DC LMX XJ@EMXG LMX XJX\GADX LG XJ@EMX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 494%4%4 M Hmehgj|m lg Xjèm Xg`welm Xdwxxw~g g Xg`welm Rgj~hg %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 494%4%> Ljyjxèm lmx Xjèmx ga Yg~ndjx g Eèm!Yg~ndjx# Xjanøcjhmx# Jhüejhmx

g Jeljhjdjx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 46 4%4%>%4 Xjèmxyg~ndjx g eèm!yg~ndjx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 46

4%4%>%> Xjèmx xjanøcjhmx# jhüejhmx g jeljhjdjx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 46

4%> MX XJ@EMX XJANØCJHMX# JHÜEJHMX G JELJHJDJX EDXHMEX\^WÀ×GX YG^NDJX G EÈM!YG^NDJX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >2

4%8 M JE\G^R^G\DE\G HMAM DTWJCM TWG RMXXJNJCJ\D G# DM AGXAM

\GARM# HMELJHJMED M R^MHGXXM JE\G^R^G\D\JYM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 82

4%8%4 D Hmehgràèm lg Rgj~hg g lg Dc`wex lg xgwx Xg`wjlm~gx xmn~g mHmehgj|m lg Je|g~r~g|de|g %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 844%8%> Gvrg~jage|dàèm R~ä|jhd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

>% XGAJØ\JHD ED^^D\MCØ@JHD;Gx|wlm Xgajø|jhm lm \gv|m Ed~~d|jym Cj|g~ä~jm %%%%%%%%%%%%% %4 M \GV\M ED^^D\JYM CJ\G^Ä^JM GA XGWX DXRGH\MX \GV\WDC#ED^^D\JYM G CJ\G^Ä^JM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %4%4 M Dxrgh|m \gv|wdc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %4%> M Dxrgh|m Ed~~d|jym %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 74>%4%8 M Dxrgh|m Cj|g~ä~jm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7>


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>%> D ^GCDÀÈM# EM \GV\M ED^^D\JYM CJ\G^Ä^JM# GE\^G IMHMED^^D\JYM G RME\M LG YJX\D %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 77>%>%4 Imhdcj{dàèm g Yjxwdcj{dàèm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 79>%>%> Rme|m lg Yjx|d g Îe`wcm lg Yjxèm g lg Imhdcj{dàèm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 76

>%8 D HMEX\^WÀÈM GX\^W\W^DC LM \GV\M ED^^D\JYM

CJ\G^Ä^JM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 92

>%< D HMEX\^WÀÈM LM GE^GLM EM \GV\M ED^^D\JYM CJ\G^Ä^JM 97

>%%% D iänwcd# d je|~j`d g d |~dad %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 02

>%7 D XJE\DVG ED^^D\JYD EM \GV\M ED^^D\JYM CJ\G^Ä^JM %%%%%%%%%%%%% 08>%7%4 M Hmehgj|m lg Xje|dvg Ed~~d|jyd hmam m lg \~dad %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 08

>%7%> M Aghdejxam ld Xje|dvg mw ld \~dad Ed~~d|jyd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0<

>%7%8 R~mhgxxmx Rd~dljàä|jhm g Xje|dàä|jhm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 07 >%7%8%4 R~mhgxxm rd~dljàä|jhm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 07

>%7%8%> R~mhgxxm xje|dàä|jhm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 00>%7%< D Xje|dvg mw \~dad Ed~~d|jyd em Hme|m –Lwgcm‑# ld hmcgàèm Xd`d~ded# lg Kmèm @wjad~ègx

^mxd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 06

>%9 D ^GCDÀÈM GE\^G LJXHW^XM# DXXWE\M G \GAD# GA –LG\DCFGXGA R^G\M G N^DEHM‑# LG CDHM^LDJ^G YJGJ^D %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6<

>%0 D HMEX\^WÀÈM LM GE^GLM GA –D FM^D G YG[ LG DW@WX\MAD\^D@D‑# LG @WJAD^ÈGX ^MXD %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :>

HMEHCWXÈM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 429


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^GIG^ËEHJDX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 426


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JE\^MLWÀÈM

Twdelm Glpd~l Cmrgx &4::7# r%47*# ga xwd mn~d Iweldage|mx ld Cje`óáx|jhdHme|garm~îegd# lj{ twg –d hjëehjd twg gx|wld mx xjx|gadx lg xj`emx# twdjxtwg~twg gcgx xgkda g twdjxtwg~ twg xgkda dx xwdx gxig~dx lg w|jcj{dàèm# hfdad!xgXgajmcm`jd mw Xgajø|jhd‑# gx|ä hmexjlg~delm mx lmjx |g~amx hmam xjeüejamx g#dcêa ljxxm# d|~jnwjelm âx lwdx hjëehjdx wa dchdehg twg# ed yg~ldlg# xø ê ~gdcage|gd|~jnwáygc â xgajø|jhd%

Ig~ljedel lg Xdwxxw~g &4:9:* fdyjd lg id|m hmehgnjlm d xgajmcm`jd hmam wad

hjëehjd lg îanj|m `g~dc# ld twdc d cje`óáx|jhd xg~jd wa ~dam rd~|jhwcd4~%4 Em

ge|de|m# d hm~~ge|g adjx ~gxrmexäygc rm~ xgw lgxgeymcyjage|m ‘ m gx|~w|w~dcjxami~dehëx ‘ dhdnmw awldelm m xge|jlm ldx jeljhdà÷gx igj|dx rm~ Xdwxxw~g# d rme|m lgwa lg xgwx r~jehjrdjx ~gr~gxge|de|gx# ^mcdel Nd~|fgx &4:04#4:0>*# |g~ hfg`dlm#ga lg|g~ajedlm amage|m# d xw`g~j~# jehcwxjyg# jeyg~|g~ d rg~xrgh|jyd lgxxdhm~~gcdàèm# lj{gelm;

d cje`óáx|jhd eèm ê wad rd~|g# agxam r~jyjcg`jdld# ld hjëehjd `g~dc lmx xj`emx;d xgajmcm`jd ê twg ê wad rd~|g ld cje`óáx|jhd? adjx r~ghjxdage|g# d rd~|g twg

4 Xmn m emag lg Xgajmcm`jd# Xdwxxw~g &4:0>* hmehgnjd wad ljxhjrcjed twg xg~jd –rd~|g ld Rxjhmcm`jdXmhjdc g# hmexgtóge|gage|g# ld Rxjhmcm`jd @g~dc‑ &Cmrgx#4::7# r%47!49*%


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xg gehd~~g`d~jd ldx `~delgx wejldlgx xj`ejijhde|gx lm ljxhw~xm &Nd~|fgx drwlNwzxxgex# _x%l%Q# r%># r%>:*# rm~ gvgarcm# âxyg{gx# rd~d idcd~ lmx hmarmege|gx je|g~emx lg wad ed~~d|jyd cj|g~ä~jd &dà÷gx#dhme|ghjage|mx# hmelw|dx g|h%*# ga yg{ lg gar~g`d~ |g~amx rd~d jxxm ~gdcage|g

dlgtwdlmx# cdeàd aèm lg lgemajedà÷gx hmam –xwnx|de|jym‑# –dlkg|jym‑#–dlyê~njm‑ g|h%

Kmfe Lggcz# ga xwd Xgajø|jhd Näxjhd &4::8*# dm jeljhd~ dx ljyg~xdx gxig~dx lgdn~de`ëehjd lm mnkg|m ld xgajø|jhd hmam |gm~jd `g~dc lmx xj`emx g# dm agxam|garm# hmam jex|~wage|m lg jeygx|j`dàèm# m id{ rm~ agjm lm xg`wje|g ljd`~dad&~gcdhjmedelm dá eèm xø m twg kä gx|ä lgyjldage|g hmar~mydlm# adx |danêa m twgê djeld drgedx fjrø|gxg*;

Ljd`~dad 4;


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Ga ~gig~ëehjd â ljx|jeàèm ge|~g xgajø|jhd# xgajmcm`jd g cje`óáx|jhd# |gelmga yjx|d m twg d|ê fmkg yga xgelm lgxgeymcyjlm g adjx m twg ê r~mrmx|m rm~Lggcz# rmlgamx lj{g~ m xg`wje|g% D cje`óáx|jhd ê wad hjëehjd twg |~d|d lmx xj`emx


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drgedx ed gxig~d jljmaä|jhd &xjèmx yg~ndjx*% D xgajmcm`jd ê wad hjëehjd twg|~d|d lmx xjèmx ed gxig~d hwc|w~dc ga `g~dc &xjèmx yg~ndjx g eèm!yg~ndjx*% Dxgajø|jhd ê wad hjëehjd twg |~d|d lmx xjèmx ga |mldx dx gxig~dx# jehcwjelm eèmxø d jljmaä|jhd g d hwc|w~dc# adx |danêa d njmcø`jhd# g agxam d iáxjhd# ga`g~dc%

D ljx|jeàèm iweldage|dc ge|~g m gx|wlm twg dtwj xg lgxgeymcyg g mx twgyëa xgelm lgxgeymcyjlmx rm~ mw|~mx jeygx|j`dlm~gx gx|ä ‘ em |mhde|g dm wxm twgxg id{ lmx r~jehárjmx |gø~jhmx yjelmx ld xgajø|jhd rgj~hgded ‘ xmn~g|wlm emxg`wje|g% Xg egcgx d r~gmhwrdàèm näxjhd ê em xge|jlm lg |~dlw{j~ ewadcje`wd`ga adjx dhgxxáygc dtwjcm twg# emx ~dhjmháejmx lm r~ør~jm Rgj~hg# egaxgar~g gx|ä lgyjldage|g hcd~m# ga emxxm hdxm# d r~gmhwrdàèm ê r~jehjrdcage|gem xge|jlm lg |mad~ dc`wex lmx hmehgj|mx g ldx jlêjdx yjelmx lgxxd |gm~jd rd~d|ge|d~ lgxgeymcyg~ wa aê|mlm lg deäcjxg rd~d m gx|wlm eèm xø lm |gv|m

ed~~d|jym cj|g~ä~jm# twg egx|g |~dndcfm hmex|j|wj m r~jehjrdc mnkg|m# adx |danêalm |gv|m ed~~d|jym ijhhjmedc g lg mw|~mx lg gxrêhjgx ljig~ge|gx# j`wdcage|gxj|wdlmx em hme|gv|m `g~dc ld hwc|w~d% Ga yjx|d ljxxm# dx je|g~r~g|dà÷gx g~glgijejà÷gx twg id~gamx lg |djx hmehgj|mx g djeld lg mw|~mx yjelmx lg yä~jmxdw|m~gx# jehcwxjyg lm cje`ójx|d Ig~ljedel lg Xdwxxw~g# xg~èm ndx|de|g cjy~gx gxga lmàd|jxam%

M |~dndcfm lgxgeymcyg~!xg!ä ga lwdx g|drdx% D r~jagj~d ê xmn~g dxgajø|jhd `g~dc g drcjhdld; ~gcdàèm ld |gm~jd hma d r~ä|jhd ld deäcjxg% Gx|wld!xg#

ga |~ëx hdrá|wcmx; d xgajø|jhd hmam |gm~jd `g~dc lmx xjèmx? mx xj̀ emxxjanøcjhmx# jhüejhmx g jeljhjdjx edx hmex|~wà÷gx yg~ndjx g eèm!yg~ndjx? m hmehgj|mlg je|g~r~g|de|g hmam dtwjcm twg rmxxjnjcj|d g# dm agxam |garm# hmeljhjmed m


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r~mhgxxm je|g~r~g|d|jym ga twdctwg~ |jrm lg je|g~r~g|dàèm% D xg`weld ê xmn~g dxgajø|jhd ed~~d|mcø`jhd; gx|wlm xgajø|jhm lm |gv|m ed~~d|jym cj|g~ä~jm% Gx|wld!xg#ga xg|g hdrá|wcmx; m |gv|m ed~~d|jym cj|g~ä~jm ga xgwx dxrgh|mx |gv|wdc# ed~~d|jymg cj|g~ä~jm? d hmex|~wàèm gx|~w|w~dc lm |gv|m ed~~d|jym cj|g~ä~jm? d ~gcdàèm# em |gv|med~~d|jym cj|g~ä~jm# ge|~g imhm ed~~d|jym g rme|m lg yjx|d# hmam yáehwcm ld ~gcdàèm

ge|~g ed~~dàèm g ge~glm? d hmex|~wàèm lm ge~glm em |gv|m ed~~d|jym cj|g~ä~jm? dxje|dvg ed~~d|jyd em |gv|m ed~~d|jym cj|g~ä~jm? d ~gcdàèm ge|~g ljxhw~xm# dxxwe|m g|gad# ed ed~~d|jyd Lg|dcfgx ga r~g|m g n~dehm# lg Cdhm~ldj~g Yjgj~d? dhmex|~wàèm lm ge~glm ga D fm~d g d yg{ lg Dw`wx|m Ad|~d`d# lg Kmèm @wjad~ègx^mxd%


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4

XGAJØ\JHD @G^DC G DRCJHDLD^gcdàèm ld \gm~jd hma d R~ä|jhd ld Deäcjxg


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Xg ed yjxèm lg Xdwxxw~g m xjèm ê wad wejldlg ge|~g wa xma yg~ndc &mw wadjad`ga dhûx|jhd* g wad jlêjd &mw wad jad`ga hmehgr|wdc *# m xjèjijhde|g ê gxxgxma yg~ndc &mw gxxd jad`ga dhûx|jhd* g m xjèjijhdlm# gxxd jlêjd &mw gxxd jad`gahmehgr|wdc *% G xg ed yjxèm lg Rgj~hg m xjèm ê twdctwg~ hmjxd twg ~gr~gxge|ddc`wad mw|~d hmjxd rd~d dc`wêa# m ~gr~gxge|daga ê gxxd hmjxd twg ~gr~gxge|d# mmnkg|m gxxd hmjxd twg ê ~gr~gxge|dld# ge|èm m je|g~r~g|de|g &twg eèm gvjx|g ed

lgijejàèm lg xjèm gcdnm~dld rm~ Xdwxxw~g* ê# rm~ xwd yg{# wad |g~hgj~d hmjxd twg#xw~`jelm ed age|g lm je|ê~r~g|g em amage|m ga twg gcg rg~hgng dtwgcd r~jagj~dhmjxd# id{ hma twg gcg d je|g~r~g|g lgxxd adegj~d# xgelm lg id|m eèm hmam wadhmjxd ga xj# adx wad hmjxd twg ~gr~gxge|d wad mw|~d hmjxd%

D hm~~gcdàèm ge|~g mx |~ëx gcgage|mx ê# em ge|de|m &hmam m r~ør~jm Rgj~hgxgar~g r~mhw~mw lgamex|~d~*# ljeîajhd g# ga yjx|d ljxxm# lgygamx ~gr~gxge|ä!cdlgxxg mw|~m amlm;


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drd~ghga? g d xg`weld ljyjxèm# ed ed|w~g{d ld ~gcdàèm ge|~g dx hmjxdx ga twg mxxjèmx drd~ghga g dx hmjxdx twg gcgx ~gr~gxge|da% Em r~jagj~m hdxm# mx xjèmxljyjlga!xg ga xj̀ emx yg~ndjx g eèm!yg~ndjx? em xg`welm hdxm# ga xj̀ emxxjanøcjhmx# jhüejhmx g jeljhjdjx%

4%4%>%4 Xjèmx yg~ndjx g eèm!yg~ndjx

Mx xjèmx xèm yg~ndjx twdelm dx hmjxdx ga twg gcgx drd~ghga xèm rdcdy~dx mwhmex|~wà÷gx lgcdx lghm~~ge|gx# g rmlga xg~ lg lwdx gxrêhjgx; yg~ndjx m~djx gyg~ndjx gxh~j|mx% Gcgx xèm eèm!yg~ndjx# twdelm dx hmjxdx ga twg gcgx drd~ghga xèmigeüagemx ljig~ge|gx lg rdcdy~dx mw hmex|~wà÷gx lgcgx lg~jydldx# g rmlga xg~ lghjehm ljig~ge|gx gxrêhjgx; yjxwdjx# dwlj|jymx# |ä|gjx# mcid|jymx g `wx|d|jymx% G kä twg d

emàèm lg eèm!yg~ndc xw~`g rm~ mrmxjàèm â lg yg~ndc# rmlgamx lj{g~ twg eèm!yg~ndjx xèm dtwgcgx twg# ganm~d adejigx|mx rm~ agjm lg mw|~mx igeüagemx#ljig~ge|gx lg rdcdy~d# m rdrgc twg lgxgargefda ê jlëe|jhm dm lgxgargefdlmrgcdx rdcdy~dx% Twg~ lj{g~# ê |danêa m lg agjm lg ~gr~gxge|dàèm% Ewa |gv|med~~d|jym cj|g~ä~jm# mx xjèmx yg~ndjx drd~ghga ga lmjx ljig~ge|gx rcdemx# twg xèm mld gxh~j|w~d# hmex|j|wáld lg xjèmx yg~ndjx `~dimyjxwdjx# g m ld ed~~dàèm# hmex|j|wáldlg xjèmx yg~ndjx imemdwlj|jymx? mx eèm!yg~ndjx drd~ghga ewa ûejhm rcdem# twg ê mlm ge~glm# hmex|j|wálm lg xjèmx eèm!yg~ndjx ij`w~d|jymx mw jad`ê|jhmx%

4%4%>%> Xjèmx xjanøcjhmx# jhüejhmx g jeljhjdjx


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d* Xjèmx xjanøcjhmxMx xj̀ emx xèm xjanøcjhmx twdelm d ~gcdàèm ge|~g dx hmjxdx ga twg gcgx

drd~ghga g dx hmjxdx twg gcgx ~gr~gxge|da ê lg hd~ä|g~ hmeygehjmedc g# rm~hmexg`wje|g# ndxgdld drgedx ewa dhm~lm ge|~g mx xwkgj|mx hmawejhde|gx# emxge|jlm lg twg jx|m# ganm~d eèm |gefd edld d yg~ hma dtwjcm# lgyg xg~ dhgj|m hmam

d xwd ~gr~gxge|dàèm% Ê hma ndxg egxxg id|m~ &d hmeygeàèm* twg m dejadc hdhfm~~mrmlg xg~ ~gr~gxge|dlm eèm drgedx rgcd rdcdy~d hdhfm~~m# em jljmad rm~|w`wëx# adx|danêa rgcdx rdcdy~dx rg~~m# lm`# fwel# emx jljmadx gxrdefmc# je`cëx g xwghm# rm~gvgarcm%

n* Xjèmx jhüejhmx

Mx xjèmx xèm jhüejhmx twdelm d ~gcdàèm ge|~g dx hmjxdx ga twg gcgx drd~ghga

g dx hmjxdx twg gcgx ~gr~gxge|da ê lg hd~ä|g~ jaj|d|jym g# rm~|de|m# ndxgdld eèmadjx ewad xjarcgx hmeygeàèm# adx ga ldld xgagcfdeàdge|~g mx lmjx |jrmx lghmjxdx# em xge|jlm lg twg xg jx|m rd~ghg hma dtwjcm# lg amlm twg# rg~hgngelm!xgjx|m# cgan~d!xg jagljd|dage|g ldtwjcm# ge|èm d r~jagj~d hmjxd rmlg xg~ |madldhmam ~gr~gxge|dàèm ld xg`weld hmjxd% Ê hma ndxg egxxg xg`welm id|m~ &dxgagcfdeàd ge|~g mx lmjx |jrmx lg hmjxdx* twg d ij`w~d &~gig~ge|g dm lgxgefm# âim|m`~dijd# â gxhwc|w~d g|h%* lm dejadc hdhfm~~m rmlg xg~ |madld hmam~gr~gxge|dàèm lm r~ør~jm dejadc hdhfm~~m? dx hm~gx yg~lg# dad~gcd g d{wc &hma

rje|jefdx n~dehdx*# twg drd~ghga ed ndelgj~d lg emxxm rdáx# rmlga xg~ |madldxhmam ~gr~gxge|dà÷gx ldx ~jtwg{dx yg`g|djx g ajeg~djx egcg gvjx|ge|gx# nga hmamlm hêw cáarjlm g jcwajedlm twg# edx emj|gx lg gx|jm# hmn~g |wlm jxxm%


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h* Xjèmx jeljhjdjx

Mx xjèmx xèm jeljhjdjx twdelm d ~gcdàèm ge|~g dx hmjxdx ga twg gcgxdrd~ghga g dx hmjxdx twg gcgx ~gr~gxge|da ê lg hd~ä|g~ eèm adjx hmeygehjmedc#

|darmwhm jaj|d|jym# adx dxxmhjd|jym# em xge|jlm lg twg xg jx|m hmx|wad yj~ xgar~gdxxmhjdlm &twg~ lj{g~# kwe|m# hmegh|dlm mw yjehwcdlm* âtwjcm# lg adegj~d twg#rg~hgngelm!xg jx|m# cgan~d!xg jagljd|dage|g ldtwjcm# ge|èm d r~jagj~d hmjxd rmlgxg~ |madld hmam ~gr~gxge|dàèm ld xg`weld% Ê hma ndxg egxxg id|m~ &ddxxmhjd|jyjldlg* twg# rm~ gvgarcm# mx ~dx|~mx lg wa hdydcm rmlga xg~ |madlmxhmam ~gr~gxge|dàèm eèm xø ldx rd|dx lm hdydcm# adx |danêa lm r~ør~jm hdydcm g#jehcwxjyg# lm hdydcgj~m twg# rmxxjygcage|g# egcg ydj ame|dlm# g djeld ld lj~gàèmtwg gcg |mamw? dx ewygex twg drd~ghga em hêw# |m~edelm!xg rdwcd|jedage|g adjx

gxhw~dx# rmlga xg~ |madldx hmam ~gr~gxge|dàèm ld hfwyd twg# rmxxjygcage|g# j~ähdj~? mx xmex twg yëa lg wa nmxtwg# xj|wdlm edx r~mvjajldlgx ld gx|~dld rm~ melgydamx rdxxdelm# rmlga xg~ |madlmx hmam ~gr~gxge|dà÷gx ld hdhfmgj~d twg#hg~|dage|g# dcj gvjx|g? m hfgj~m twg yga lmx iwelmx lg wad hdxd# eèm awj|mljx|de|g lm cmhdc rm~ melg gx|damx |~dexj|delm# rmlg xg~ |madlm hmam~gr~gxge|dàèm lm kde|d~ twg# xga lûyjld# dcj gx|ä xgelm xg~yjlm? m xdnm~ lmhdig{jefm twg# twdelm gx|damx lg yjxj|d d wad hdxd# emx ê |~d{jlm cä ld hm{jefd#rmlg xg~ |madlm hmam ~gr~gxge|dàèm ld fdnjcjldlg &mw jednjcjldlg* ld hm{jefgj~d%

Ijhdamx# rm~ getwde|m# drgedx hma gxxdx lgijejà÷gx% Wa gvdag adjxdr~miweldlm lgxxdx yä~jdx gxrêhjgx lg xjèmx xg~ä igj|m em r~øvjam j|ga ewadd|j|wlg gvrg~jage|dc%


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4%> MX XJ@EMX XJANØCJHMX# JHÜEJHMX G JELJHJDJX EDX HMEX\^WÀ×GXYG^NDJX G EÈM!YG^NDJX

Dx rdcdy~dx xèm# ga gxxëehjd# xjèmx xjanøcjhmx% Em ge|de|m# lgrgelgelm lm

wxm twg lgcdx xg id{ g ld rg~xrgh|jyd lg yjxèm ga twg gcdx xèm hmexjlg~dldx#rmlga iwehjmed~ |danêa# dm agxam |garm# hmam xjèmx jhüejhmx g jeljhjdjx%Twdelm iwehjmeda hmam xjèmx xjanøcjhmx# gcdx drgedx lgxjèda# rm~ agjm lgxgwx xjèjijhdlmx# m twg dhme|ghg% Twdelm iwehjmeda hmam xjèmx jhüejhmx# gcdxjaj|da# rm~ agjm lg dc`wex lg xgwx hd~dh|g~gx g ld im~ad ga twg gcgx xèmhm~~gcdhjmedlmx# dc`m deäcm`m lm twg egcdx gx|ä xgelm lgxjèdlm% G# twdelmiwehjmeda hmam xjèmx jeljhjdjx# gcdx drgedx drme|da# rm~ agjm lg wa yáehwcmdxxmhjd|jym ge|~g gcdx# mw lm twg egcdx gx|ä xgelm lgxjèdlm mw jaj|dlm# rd~d dc`m

xj|wdlm im~d lg xj agxadx mw ljxxm twg egcdx gx|ä xgelm lgxjèdlm mw jaj|dlm%Em i~dàge|m dndjvm# gv|~dálm lg wad ed~~d|jyd lg @wjad~ègx ^mxd &m hme|m–Hm~rm ighfdlm‑# ld hmcgàèm Xd`d~ded &4:06**# |gamx |wlm jxxm awj|m ngajcwx|~dlm%

M d~~djdc g~d m adjx ameø|mem rmxxáygc% Cm`m ed hfg`dld# dexjmxm rm~ hmeyg~xdx â ngj~d lm im`m# lgxdijmx hma yjmcd# nd|wtwgx g hdydcfdldx#

r~mhw~gj# r~mhw~gj# g twgn~gj d imjhg% Dx emj|gx# r~jehjrdcage|g#

jar~gxxjmedyda% Hdxdx em gxhw~m# ~wd lgxg~|d% ^d~m# m rd|dcgjm lg wa hdydcmem hdxhdcfm% M ~gxrmexm rcw~dcáxxjam lmx xdrmx% Wa xø cd|jlm# aä`jhm# igj|m


31/61

rm~ awj|mx hdhfm~~mx ~gam|mx% @~jcmx ijeijejefmx g ng{g~~mx imeimedelm% G r~me|m &@wjad~ègx ^mxd# 4:609*%Egxxg i~dàge|m# |gamx m xg`wje|g;

d* hmam xjèmx xjanøcjhmx;

• dx yä~jdx rdcdy~dx g gvr~gxx÷gx twg dá drd~ghga# lgxjèdelm m twgxg rdxxd em hme|gv|m lm cw`d~gkm dá jeljhdlm g# dm agxam |garm# xw`g~jelm#d rd~|j~ ld yjxèm lm jeljyálwm twg dá hfg`d; rm~ wa cdlm# d amem|mejd lmd~~djdc# hma drgedx dc`wex ~wálmx yjelmx lmx d~~glm~gx? g# rm~ mw|~m cdlm# dlghgràèm lg |dc jeljyálwm# dm r~mhw~d~# r~mhw~d~ g eèm gehme|~d~ edld lm twggxrg~dyd &mw –twgn~d~ d imjhg‑*?

n* hmam xjèmx jhüejhmx;

• d gvr~gxxèm –~d~m# m rd|dcgjm lg wa hdydcm em hdxhdcfm‑# jaj|delm ‘rm~ agjm lmx xmex egcdx hmeij`w~dlmx g lm ~j|am r~mrm~jhmedlm rgcm wxm twglgcgx xg id{ ‘ d im~ad rgcd twdc dtwgcd xgtóëehjd lg ~wálmx r~mlw{jlmx rgcmhme|d|m ldx rd|dx lm hdydcm xmn~g m |g~~gem lw~m em lghm~~g~ lg xwd ad~hfdhfg`mw dmx mwyjlmx lm agehjmedlm jeljyálwm# hmeij`w~delm rd~d gcg m twghfdamw lg – rd|dcgjm‑ ?


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• d gvr~gxxèm – r~mhw~gj# r~mhw~gj g twgn~gj d imjhg‑# jaj|delm ‘ rm~ agjm ld~grg|jàèm ldx rdcdy~dx g lm ~j|am ldá lghm~~ge|g ‘ m amlm ldtwgcd r~mhw~d#twg ê m lg wad jexjx|ëehjd twg hwcajed ewad lghgràèm &–twgn~gj d imjhg‑*?

• d gvr~gxxèm –`~jcmx ijeijejefmx g ng{g~~mx imeimedelm‑ jaj|delm# rm~ wa cdlm#

m twg mx `~jcmx g mx ng{g~~mx `g~dcage|g id{ga ‘ ija!ija g ima!ima ‘ g# rm~mw|~m cdlm# dx ijxjmemajdx eèm xø ldx ym{gx lgxxgx dejadjx hmam |danêalgcgx r~ør~jmx# rmjx# xg mx `~jcmx# twg xèm ad`~jefmx# hde|da ijejefm g ewa|ma ~grg|j|jym &ija!ija*# mx ng{g~~mx# twg xèm ~mnwx|mx# ng~~da `~mxxm g|danêa ewa |ma ~grg|j|jym &ima!ima*# id{gelm cgan~d~ d xdeimejefd!mj|m!ndjvmx twg# edx igx|dx lg ijex!lg!xgaded# em xg~|èm# hmx|wad –ng~~d~‑ demj|g je|gj~d# getwde|m mx ldeàdlm~gx d~~dx|da mx rêx g cgyde|da d rmgj~d?

h* hmam xj`emx jeljhjdjx;

• dx yä~jdx rdcdy~dx twg dá drd~ghga# drme|delm# dc`wadx lgcdx# rd~d dyd~jde|g jljmaä|jhd eèm mijhjdcj{dld hm~~gxrmelge|g dm hfdadlm ljdcg|mhdjrj~d# r~ør~jm lg hme|gv|mx ~w~djx# hmam m ld ~g`jèm twg gx|ä xgelm dá ~gr~gxge|dld d~|jx|jhdage|g? mw|~dx# rd~d d yd~jde|g jljmaä|jhd mijhjdc#r~ør~jd lg hme|gv|mx w~ndemx# hmam dtwgcg lmelg yga m r~ør~jm gxh~j|m~#hmam je|ê~r~g|g ld ~gdcjldlg twg gx|ä xgelm dá amx|~dld? g m hmekwe|m lg

|mldx gcdx# rd~d m `ëeg~m lg cj|g~d|w~d em twdc gxxd ed~~d|jyd xg getwdl~d#twg ê m ld cj|g~d|w~d ~g`jmedcjx|d?


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• d xmem~jldlg r~mlw{jld rgcm hme|d|m ldx rd|dx lm hdydcm hma m|g~~gem lw~m em lghm~~g~ lg xwd ad~hfd &jaj|dld rgcd gvr~gxxèm –~d~m mrd|dcgjm lg wa hdydcm em hdxhdcfm‑*# drme|delm# ga r~jagj~m cw`d~# rd~d dx

rd|dx lm hdydcm ga amyjage|m# ed hmeljàèm lg jex|~wage|m twg r~mlw{dtwgcd xmem~jldlg? ga xg`welm cw`d~# rd~d m r~ør~jm hdydcm# ed hmeljàèm lg

xg~ dm twdc |dc jex|~wage|m xg dhfd yjehwcdlm? ga |g~hgj~m cw`d~# rd~d mhdydcgj~m twg# xga lûyjld# g~d twga m gx|dyd id{gelm deld~ ldtwgcg amlm#hmam xg gx|jygxxg ldeàdelm g# dm agxam |garm# |mhdelm m nd|wtwg lg xwdldeàd%

G ê kwx|dage|g d rd~|j~ lg xj̀ emx lgxxd ûc|jad gxrêhjg &jeljhjdjx* twgr~mijxxjmedjx hmam m aêljhm# m rxjhdedcjx|d# m lg|g|jyg g m de|~mrøcm`mlgxgeymcyga xwdx d|jyjldlgx% G ê |danêa d rd~|j~ ldá twg# edx xmhjgldlgx

|ghemcm`jhdage|g lgxgeymcyjldx# xg hmex|~mga mx xjx|gadx jeim~ad|jymx lgr~gyjxèm ag|gm~mcø`jhd# hmam agjmx rgcmx twdjx xg |m~ed rmxxáygc lj{g~ rd~d drmrwcdàèm# rg~jmljhdage|g# m twg j~ä mhm~~g~# lm rme|m lg yjx|d hcjaä|jhm# emx ljdxxwnxgtóge|gx% Dxxja# gx|delm!emx# âx yg{gx# xge|dlmx ewa xmiä em je|g~jm~ lgemxxd r~ør~jd ~gxjlëehjd# dxxjx|jelm d wa r~m`~dad lg |gcgyjxèm# xw~`g lg ~grge|gwa jeljyálwm g# drme|delm rd~d hg~|dx ~g`j÷gx ewa adrd# lj{!emx; dadefè hfmyg~äegx|g g edtwgcg cmhdc# edtwgcgx mw|~mx id~ä xmc% G# hma ndxg ga |djx jeim~adà÷gx#rmlgamx rcdegkd~ m twg id~gamx emx ljdx rmx|g~jm~gx% Xwrmefdamx d`m~d twg eèm

xdngamx# ega |gamx d aáejad jlêjd# lmelg dtwgcg jeljyálwm gv|~djw dtwgcdxjeim~adà÷gx% Gcg xg~jd ge|èm# rd~d eøx# eèm wa jeljyálwm hmawa# adx wa aä`jhm


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mw yjlge|g% G ê dxxja twg# rmxxjygcage|g# edxhgw edx xmhjgldlgx r~jaj|jydx dij`w~d lm igj|jhgj~m%

Adx eèm ê drgedx m fmaga ldx xmhjgldlgx |ghemcm`jhdage|g lgxgeymcyjldxtwg rmlg hme|d~ hma |dc xjx|gad% M fmaga ld ~màd# mw lm agjm ~w~dc# |danêarmlg% G ê jxxm twg# jelj~g|dage|g# amx|~d @wjad~ègx ^mxd ga wad rdxxd`ga lm

hme|m –D fm~d g yg{ lg Dw`wx|m Ad|~d`d‑# ld hmcgàèm Xd`d~ded &4:6


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hme|gv|m ld ~gdcjldlg gv|g~jm~ &rdxxd`ga lm |garm ldx xghdx rd~d m |garm ldxä`wdx* ê hmam &mw rd~ghjlm hma* m r~mhgxxm ldx awldeàdx twg yjefdadhme|ghgelm ed yjld g em lgx|jem lg Efü Dw`wx|m%

Wad hmjxd ê m lgxge~mcd~ lmx id|mx twg dá drd~ghga hmam jeljhd|jymx ldxawldeàdx twg yjefda mhm~~gelm em xgjm ld r~ør~jd ed|w~g{d&rdxxd`ga lm

|garm ldx xghdx rd~d m |garm ldx ä`wdx*# hwkd iweàèm rm~ gcgx lgxgargefdldhmekwe|dage|g ê d lg wa r~mhgxxm ~gr~gxge|d|jym jeljhjdc &~gr~gxge|dàèm hmandxg ed dxxmhjd|jyjldlg mw hme|j`ójldlg*? mw|~d hmjxd ê m lgxge~mcd~ lgxxgxagxamx id|mx hmam adejigx|dàèm jelj~g|d ldx awldeàdx twg yjefda mhm~~gelmem lgx|jem g ed yjld lg Efü Dw`wx|m &rdxxd`ga lm |garm lg xwdx lg~~m|dx rd~dm |garm lg xwdx rmxxáygjx yj|ø~jdx*# hwkd iweàèm rm~ gcgx lgxgargefdldhmekwe|dage|g ê d lg wa r~mhgxxm ~gr~gxge|d|jym xjanøcjhm &~gr~gxge|dàèm hmandxg ed xjarcgx hmeygeàèm*? g djeld mw|~d hmjxd ê m lgxge~mcd~ lgxxgx agxamx

id|mx &mx ~gig~ge|gx âx awldeàdx twg yjefda mhm~~gelm em îanj|m ld ed|w~g{d*#hmam jaj|dàèm lm lgxge~mcd~ lg mw|~mx id|mx &mx ~gig~ge|gx âx awldeàdx twgyjefda mhm~~gelm ed yjld g em lgx|jem lg Efü Dw`wx|m*# hwkd iweàèm rm~ gcgxlgxgargefdld hmekwe|dage|g ê d lg wa r~mhgxxm ~gr~gxge|d|jym jhüejhm&~gr~gxge|dàèm hma ndxg ed xgagcfdeàd mw jaj|dàèm*%

^g|madelm dtwgcg i~d`age|m d rd~|j~ lg dc`wex lg xgwx xg`age|mxrd~|jhwcd~gx# rmlgamx dr~miweld~ d jeygx|j`dàèm g# lgxxg amlm# hmeij~ad~ djeldadjx d gijhähjd lm aê|mlm lg deäcjxg%

4m xg`wjage|m;


38/61

‖Xdrm ed xghd hmdvdelm# hfwyd ngj~delm‚# aèg Twj|ê~jd$%%%

Xg# rd~d mx hdarmegxgx# xgar~g twg mx xdrmx hmdvda em |garm ldx xghdx#dx hfwydx gx|èm rd~d hfg`d~# m rdrgc lgxgargefdlm rgcm hmdvd~ lmx xdrmx# ga~gcdàèm â hfg`dld ldx hfwydx# ê m lg wa xjèm jeljhjdc &~gr~gxge|dàèm hma ndxg

ed dxxmhjd|jyjldlg mw hme|j`ójldlg*%Rm~ mw|~m cdlm# xg hmdvd~ ê wad rdcdy~d twg# dcêa lg lgxjèd~ # jaj|d dtwjcmtwg m xdrm id{# m rdrgc rm~ gx|d lgxgargefdlm ê m lg wa xjèm# xjanøcjhm&~gr~gxge|dàèm hma ndxg ed hmeygeàèm* g jhüejhm &~gr~gxge|dàèm hma ndxg edxgagcfdeàd mw jaj|dàèm*# nga hmam m lg wa r~mhgljage|m gx|jcáx|jhmmemad|mrêjhm% Twg~ lj{g~# xjanøcjhm# twdelm drgedx lgxjèd# g jhüejhm# twdelmdrgedx jaj|d m twg m xdrm id{%

Dcêa ljxxm# d r~ør~jd im~ad ed twdc dtwgcd i~dxg xg dhfd hmex|~wáld ‘

xw`g~jelm# rgcm amlm hmam xg ~gcdhjmeda dx lwdx m~dà÷gx# m amlm hmam xg~gcdhjmeda mx lmjx igeüagemx egcdx ~gr~gxge|dlmx ‘ hmex|j|wj wa r~mhgxxm~gr~gxge|d|jym# dm agxam |garm jeljhjdc ‘ m twg yga de|gx hmam jeljhdàèm lmtwg yga lgrmjx &xdrm ed xghd hmdvdelm 5 hfwyd ngj~delm* ‘ g jhüejhm ‘ m twg

yga dm eáygc ld ~gcdàèm ge|~g d r~jagj~d m~dàèm g d xg`weld m~dàèm &4d m~dàèm

5 >d m~dàèm* hmam jaj|dàèm lm twg yga dm eáygc ld ~gcdàèm ge|~g m r~jagj~migeüagem g m xg`welm igeüagem &m hmdvd~ lmx xdrmx 5 d yjeld ldx hfwydx*#hmam xw`g~g m gxtwgad xg`wje|g;

4d m~dàèm 5 >d m~dàèm


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m hmdvd~ lmx xdrmx 5 d yjeld ldx hfwydx

M ge|geljage|m lm twg ê dá hmeij`w~dlm lgrgelg lg wad cgj|w~d#jejhjdcage|g# ld gxtwg~ld rd~d d lj~gj|d# ga xge|jlm fm~j{me|dc# g# ga xg`wjld#lg hjad rd~d ndjvm# ga xge|jlm yg~|jhdc% Cgelm!m lgxxd adegj~d# rmlgamx lj{g~

ge|èm m xg`wje|g% Xg d 4d m~dàèm# twg ~gr~gxge|d m hmdvd~ lmx xdrmx# id{ r~gyg~d >d m~dàèm# twg ~gr~gxge|d d hfg`dld ldx hfwydx# ge|èm d 4d m~dàèm ê# ga

~gcdàèm â >d m~dàèm# wa xjèm jeljhjdc; dtwjcm twg id{ r~gyg~ % G xg m hmdvd~ lmx

xdrmx# ~gr~gxge|dlm rgcd 4d m~dàèm# id{ r~gyg~ d yjeld ldx hfwydx# ~gr~gxge|dld

rgcd >d m~dàèm# ge|èm m hmdvd~ lmx xdrmx ê# ga ~gcdàèm â yjeld ldx hfwydx#

|danêa wa xjèm jeljhjdc; dtwjcm twg id{ r~gyg~ % Rm~ mw|~m cdlm# xg d 4d m~dàèm

id{ r~gyg~ d >d m~dàèm# ld agxad im~ad twg m hmdvd~ lmx xdrmx id{ r~gyg~ dyjeld ldx hfwydx# ge|èm m r~mhgxxm ~gig~ge|g â ~gcdàèm ge|~g d 4d m~dàèm g d >d

m~dàèm ê# ga ~gcdàèm dm r~mhgxxm ~gig~ge|g â ~gcdàèm ge|~g m 4m igeüagem g m

>m igeüagem# wa xjèm jhüejhm; dtwjcm twg rd~ghg hma dtwjcm%Xg# ga hmeim~ajldlg hma d cø`jhd lm gxtwgad `~dad|jhdc g xje|ä|jhm ga

twg d i~dxg imj hmex|~wáld# d ~gcdàèm ge|~g d 4d m~dàèm &xdrm ed xghd hmdvdelm* g

d >d m~dàèm &hfwyd ngj~delm* ê lg hd~ä|g~ dxxmhjd|jym# ga |g~amx hdwxdjx# em

xge|jlm lg twg# hma m drd~ghjage|m ld 4d m~dàèm &xdrm ed xghd hmdvdelm*# d >d&hfwyd ngj~delm* xw~`g hmam twg jeljhdld rm~ gcd# dxxja |danêa# ga


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hmeim~ajldlg hma d cø`jhd lmx r~ør~jmx id|mx g# rm~ hmexg`wje|g# ldxgvrg~jëehjdx fwadedx ga wa hme|gv|m hmam m dhjad jeljhdlm# d ~gcdàèm ge|~g m

4m igeüagem &m hmdvd~ lmx xdrmx* g m >m igeüagem &d yjeld ldx hfwydx*#~gr~gxge|dlmx edx lwdx m~dà÷gx# ê j`wdcage|g wad ~gcdàèm lg hd~ä|g~dxxmhjd|jym# |danêa ga |g~amx hdwxdjx# em xge|jlm lg twg# hma m drd~ghjage|m

lm 4m igeüagem &m hmdvd~ lmx xdrmx*# m >m &d yjeld ldx hfwydx* xw~`g# ld

agxad im~ad# hmam twg jeljhdlm rm~ gcg% Ldá d hmexjlg~dàèm |de|m ld 4d m~dàèm

ga ~gcdàèm â >d twde|m lm 4m igeüagem ga ~gcdàèm dm >m hmam wa xjèmjeljhjdc; wad hmjxd twg# ed r~ä|jhd# yjelm xgar~g dxxmhjdld d wad mw|~d hmjxd#|m~ed!xg# ga ~gcdàèm d gcd# wa id|m~ lg r~gyjxèm%

Adx d agxad d~`wage|dàèm rmlg xg~ lgxgeymcyjld djeld ewad mw|~dim~ad# xg`welm wa gxtwgad lg deäcjxg hmam m w|jcj{dlm emx gx|wlmx

ad|gaä|jhmx% Xwrmefdamx twg d ~gcdàèm ge|~g d 4d m~dàèm g d >d m~dàèm xgkdxwnx|j|wáld rgcd ~gcdàèm ge|~g D g N# g d ~gcdàèm ge|~g m 4m igeüagem g m >m

igeüagem# rgcd ~gcdàèm ge|~g H g L# g twg m xáanmcm 5 xjèjijtwg id{ r~gyg~ % Dá#|g~ádamx m xg`wje|g% Rm~ wa cdlm# ld ~gcdàèm D 5 N# D id{ r~gyg~ N# g ld ~gcdàèmH 5 L# H id{ r~gyg~ L# ~gxwc|d twg; xg D ê# ga ~gcdàèm d N# wa xjèm jeljhjdc&dtwjcm twg id{ r~gyg~*# H ê |danêa# ga ~gcdàèm d L# wa xjèm jeljhjdc &dtwjcmtwg id{ r~gyg~*% Rm~ mw|~m cdlm# xg D 5 N g H 5 L# D id{ r~gyg~ N# ld agxadim~ad twg H id{ r~gyg~ L# ge|èm m r~mhgxxm D 5 N ê# lm rme|m lg yjx|d lm id|m~

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D xd~dhw~d ê wa räxxd~m n~gkgj~m twg# |danêa xg`welm d adegj~d lg yg~ lmfmaga xg~|degkm# hmx|wad ‖hde|d~‚ ld adegj~d dhjad jeljhdld% Xg |dc ‖hde|m‚# edyjxèm lm fmaga lm hdarm# id{ r~gyg~ d yjeld ldx hfwydx# jxxm ê wa xjèm jeljhjdc%G xg# rm~ agjm lgxxd hmex|~wàèm yg~ndc dxxja |~ëx yg{gx ~grg|jld# xg jaj|d gxxgagxam hde|m# nga hmam m amlm hmam gcg ê ge|geljlm# jxxm ê wa xjèm jhüejhm%

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wa xjèm# eèm |gamx lûyjld% G m r~ør~jm Ldadxhgem# dm hfdaä!cm lg xjedc # mhmeij~ad% Rmjx# xg ê wa xjedc# ê wa xjèm% Wa xjèm ê# hmeim~ag yjx|m em jeáhjmlgxxd mn~d# wad hmjxd rg~hgnjld eèm hmam |dc# adx hmam ~gr~gxge|dàèm lg wadmw|~d hmjxd%\mldyjd# rd~d twg wad hmjxd &hmam m xma lg wad hdardjefd* xgkdje|g~r~g|dld hmam xjèm lg wad mw|~d hmjxd &wa dcjage|m# rm~ gvgarcm*# hmam xg

yë emx gvrg~jage|mx ~gdcj{dlmx rm~ Rdycmy hma d hmelw|d lg wa hèm# wad |g~hgj~dhmjxd |ga twg# lg de|gaèm# gx|d~ ~g`jx|~dld ga xwd age|g% Gxxd |g~hgj~d hmjxd# twghm~~gxrmelg dm twg hfdadamx lg je|g~r~g|de|g# ê kwx|dage|g dtwjcm twg#~grg|jelm yä~jdx yg{gx m agxam gvrg~jage|m# Rdycmy |ge|mw &g lg id|m hmexg`wjw*je|~mlw{j~ ed age|g lm ~gig~jlm dejadc% G# hmam m r~jehjrdc mnkg|jym g~d yg~jijhd~ mtwg ê twg# ga |djx hj~hwex|îehjdx# lg id|m xg ijvdyd ed age|g lm hèm# Rdycmy imjcgydlm d ~gdcj{d~ d agxad gvrg~jëehjd xg~yjelm!xg lg yä~jmx mw|~mx |jrmx lgjex|~wage|m# jehcwxjyg m hfmtwg gcê|~jhm% G m ~gxwc|dlm imj m agxam; dxxja twg mhèm g~d gx|jawcdlm &eèm jarm~|d agljde|g m twë*# gcg hmagàdyd d xdcjyd~% D rd~|j~lgxxg ~gxwc|dlm# hfg`mw!xg d wad hmehcwxèm; rd~d m hèm &rgcm agemx egxxdxhj~hwex|îehjdx* eèm fdyjd egefwad ljig~geàd ge|~g gx|g mw dtwgcg |jrm rd~|jhwcd~lg gx|áawcm% Adx# xg fmwygxxg rmxxjnjcjldlg lg gcg id{g~ wad gxhmcfd &g xg gcg|jygxxg lg id|m hdrdhjldlg rd~d jxxm*# xg~ä twg eèm j~jd mr|d~ rgcm xma ldhdardjefd ga yg{ lm hfmtwg gcê|~jhm= Ê hcd~m twg j~jd# rmjx ê gyjlge|g twg#agxam rd~d wa hèm# d wejèm lm û|jc hma m d`~dläygc ê agcfm~ twg hma mlgxd`~dläygc%

Ga r~gxgeàd# rm~ gvgarcm# lg wa hdhfm~~m twg gx|ä mcfdelm rd~d eøx#rmlgamx d~~g`defd~ mx lge|gx# id{gelm hd~g|d mw xm~~jelm rd~d gcg# g gcg eèmdc|g~d~ä ga edld m xgw hmarm~|dage|m ga ~gcdàèm d eøx% Adx ndx|d hmcmhd~amx

dc`m ga emxxd nmhd g hmagàd~amx d adx|j̀ d~ &mw xjawcd~ twg gx|damx


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dc`m ga emxxd nmhd g hmagàd~amx d adx|j̀ d~ &mw xjawcd~ twg gx|damxadx|j`delm*# rd~d yg~ m twg dhme|ghg% Ge|~g|de|m# xg twga d~~g`defd mx lge|gxrd~d gcg ê eèm wa lg eøx &twg gcg xdng twg eèm am~lg*# adx wa mw|~m hdhfm~~m# dxwd ~gdàèm ê jagljd|d# xgkd em xge|jlm lg xg didx|d~ mw lg hme|~d!d|dhd~% G gx|mwlj{gelm jxxm eèm rm~ dhdxm# adx hma ndxg ga gvrg~jage|mx rm~ aja ~gdcj{dlmx#

|gelm hmam mnkg|m lg ajefdx mnxg~ydà÷gx d hmelw|d lg wa hdhfm~~m twg |gamxga hdxd%De|j`dage|g# eèm fdyjd awj|d ljig~geàd ga xwd hmelw|d ga ~gcdàèm âx mw|~dx

rgxxmdx ld idaácjd g ga ~gcdàèm d aja% Em ge|de|m# lgxlg twg gcg ~ghgngw lg ajawadx hfjegcdldx# ga ~g|~jnwjàèm d dc`wadx lg xwdx adcdel~d`gex# xwd hmelw|d ga~gcdàèm d aja xg amljijhmw xgexjygcage|g# lgjvdelm ge|geljlm twg# drgxd~ lg|wlm# gcg eèm g~d wa hdhfm~~m lg adw hd~ä|g~% D|wdcage|g# twdelm hfg`m ld ~wd#gcg yga ag hwar~jage|d~# hmam id{ hma mx mw|~mx agan~mx ld idaácjd# adx eèmid{ lg aja wad gxhdld%

Rm~ mw|~m cdlm# m id|m lg gw r~mhw~d~ g &xg nga twg ~d~dage|g* |m~ed~ d xwdhmajld wa rmwhm adjx d`~dläygc# ajx|w~delm egcd dc`wa hdclm lg hd~eg# dm rdxxmtwg mx mw|~mx cfg lèm `g~dcage|g m rw~m igjkèm hma d~~m{# |danêa jeicwjw ga xgwhmarm~|dage|m ga ~gcdàèm d aja# dxxja hmam ed yjxèm twg gcg |jefd lg ajefdrgxxmd# g ga xge|jlm jehcwxjyg hme|~dlj|ø~jm# lg twga yë em jejaj`m &rgcm agemx lgyg{ ga twdelm* d r~gxgeàd eèm r~mr~jdage|g lm jejaj`m# adx lm daj`m%

Âx yg{gx# twdelm gcg gx|ä cd|jelm# gw |ge|m &d agw amlm* jaj|d~ m twg gcg id{%G# rm~ jxxm# gcg lgyg rgexd~; –Gx|g ê m ûejhm twg# egx|d hdxd# id{ hmam gw idàm‑% Gldá d hmehcwxèm; em je|g~r~g|de|g d rd~|j~ lm twdc gcg je|g~r~g|d m agwhmarm~|dage|m ga ~gcdàèm d xj agxam# lgyg ge|~d~# eghgxxd~jdage|g# dc`m adjx#

dcêa ldtwjcm twg ge|~d em je|g~r~g|de|g d rd~|j~ lm twdc gcg je|g~r~g|d d hmelw|d


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dcêa ldtwjcm twg ge|~d em je|g~r~g|de|g d rd~|j~ lm twdc gcg je|g~r~g|d d hmelw|dldx mw|~dx rgxxmdx ld hdxd ga ~gcdàèm d gcg% G# egxxg dc`m adjx# lgyg ge|~d~#eghgxxd~jdage|g# eèm xø dtwgcg |jrm lg hmajld twg# âx yg{gx# gw hmcmhm rd~d gcg#hmam |danêa dtwgcdx hfjegcdldx%

Lg amlm twg# xg d rd~|j~ ldx ~gdà÷gx lg wa hdhfm~~m ga ~gcdàèm d dc`m

xj|wdlm gv|g~jm~age|g ê rmxxáygc lglw{j~ m twg xg rdxxd ga xwd age|g ga |dcamage|m# m ~gxwc|dlm &ga |g~amx xgajø|jhmx* xg~ä# ge|èm# d lgxhmng~|d lm r~ør~jm|jrm lg je|g~r~g|de|g d rd~|j~ lm twdc gcg je|g~r~g|d dtwjcm twg xg gehme|~dgv|g~jm~age|g g ga ~gcdàèm dm twdc gcg ~gd`g em amage|m%

Adx ê em gvgarcm xg`wje|g ‘ im~eghjlm rm~ wa lmx adjx hmehgj|wdlmxxgajm|jhjx|dx ld d|wdcjldlg# Kmfe Lggcz &4::2* ‘ twg m hmehgj|m lg je|g~r~g|de|g|m~ed~!xg!ä lg id|m gxhcd~ghjlm% \~d|d!xg lg wa mxxm iøxxjc# gehme|~dlm rm~ wa

kd~ljegj~m em r~ør~jm kd~lja% Em gvd|m amage|m ga twg m kd~ljegj~m# jlge|jijhdelm!mhmam wa ag~m ncmhm lg rgl~d &ga yj~|wlg lm gx|dlm lg imxxjcj{dàèm ga twg gcg xggehme|~dyd*# gehdajefdyd!xg hma gcg ~wam dm ame|g lg cjvm# hfg`d wa gx|wlde|glg rdcgme|mcm`jd g# rg~hgngelm dtwjcm ga xwd aèm# lj{; lgjvg!ag yg~% G#mnxg~ydelm!m adjx d|ge|dage|g# hmehcwj; jxxm eèm ê wa xjarcgx ncmhm lg rgl~d? êwa mnkg|m ~d~m# m mxxm lg wa ljemxxdw~m% G lj~j`g!xg hma gcg rd~d d wejyg~xjldlg#rd~d gvdagx adjx r~miwelmx# lg cdnm~d|ø~jm%

Ed age|g lm kd~ljegj~m gx|dyda ~g j̀x|~dldx# g ga adjm~ ljxrmejnjcjldlg#gvrg~jëehjdx ~gcdhjmedldx de|gx hma d gxig~d ld kd~ljed`ga twg hma d ldrdcgme|mcm`jd# ldá m xge|jlm ld je|g~r~g|dàèm rm~ gcg ~gdcj{dld# nga hmam ldhmelw|d rm~ gcg dxxwajld edtwgcg amage|m? g hmam ed age|g lm rdcgme|øcm`mgx|dyda ~g`jx|~dldx# g ga adjm~ ljxrmejnjcjldlg# gvrg~jëehjdx ~gcdhjmedldx de|gx

hma d gxig~d ld rdcgme|mcm`jd twg hma d ld kd~ljed`ga# ldá m xge|jlm#


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hma d gxig~d ld rdcgme|mcm`jd twg hma d ld kd~ljed`ga# ldá m xge|jlm#gxxgehjdcage|g ljyg~xm# ld je|g~r~g|dàèm twg gcg ~gdcj{d# nga hmam ld hmelw|dtwg gcg dxxwag edtwgcg jex|de|g%

Hma m gvgarcm dhjad# Kmfe Lggcz twjx amx|~d~ twg# ljde|g lg wa mxxm iøxxjc#wad lg|g~ajedld je|g~r~g|dàèm rmlg ljig~j~ ~dljhdcage|g lg wad mw|~d% Xg`welm

gcg# ewa hdxm hmam m agehjmedlm# rd~d twg wad je|g~r~g|dàèm hmam d lmrdcgme|øcm`m rmxxd xg~ ~gdcj{dld#

ê eghgxxä~jm wa je|g~r~g|de|g adjx lgxgeymcyjlm# adjx gvd|dage|g#hm~~gxrmelge|g âtwjcm hma twg m mxxm xg ~gcdhjmed ga xgw rdxxdlm yjym%Agxam dxxja# wa mxxm iøxxjc ê drgedx dtwjcm twg ê% M je|g~r~g|de|geghgxxä~jm dm xgw ~ghmefghjage|m eèm gvjx|jd ed Jldlg Aêljd# ydamx lj{g~#adx ê d`m~d r~mr~jgldlg hmawa lmx gxrghjdcjx|dx em rg~ámlm Rcgjx|mhgem&Lggcz# 4::2# r% 90*%

G# rd~d hd~dh|g~j{d~ m twg xgkd lg id|m |dc je|g~r~g|de|g# gcg id{ wad rg~`we|dg# ga xg`wjld# lä!cfg wad ~gxrmx|d;

M twg ê gxxg je|g~r~g|de|g= Hg~|dage|g eèm wad jlêjd hmexjlg~dld ga|g~amx rxjhmcø`jhmx% Ê# dm hme|~ä~jm# wad jlêjd em xge|jlm xgajø|jhm# amlgcdld

rwncjhdage|g d|~dyêx lm |~gjedage|m lmx rdcgme|øcm`mx lg |dc amlm twgdtwgcgx twg d dltwj~j~da rmxxwga ga xwdx age|gx wa iweldage|m lm twdc

~gxwc|d~ä# ga hmeljà÷gx dr~mr~jdldx# wad ~glg lg ~gcdà÷gx twg jehcwj dtwgcg

mxxm% Adx# r~jagj~m# rgcm agemx wa lgcgx |g~ä lg yg~ m mxxm ga twgx|èm


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# r # r t&Lggcz# 4::2# r% 96*%

G# rgeg|~delm djeld adjx ed gxxëehjd lm igeüagem# im~awcd Lggcz wad mw|~drg~`we|d g# ga xg`wjld# d ~gxrmelg;

M twg dhme|ghgw dtwj= Wad ~gcdàèm iáxjhd# ~ghmefghjld hmam |dc# `~dàdx âje|g~dàèm ljeîajhd lg xgw iweldage|m &m mxxm*# r~mlw{jelm awldeàdx iáxjhdxem eg~ym ø|jhm lm gx|wlde|g lg rdcgme|mcm`jd# |m~emw!xg# em agxam amage|m#wa xjèm lm twg |jefd xjlm% Wad ~gcdàèm |~dexhgelge|dc# m mxxm lg waljemxxdw~m# twg |gyg wad yg{ wad ~gcdàèm iáxjhd hma dtwgcg ljemxxdw~m &adxeèm adjx d |ga# gx|delm m ljemxxdw~m am~|m*# ig{ xw~`j~ wad ~gcdàèm mnkg|jyd#dc`m hm~~gxrmelge|g dm twg |jefd xjlm d ~gcdàèm iáxjhd% D rgl~d lm kd~ljegj~m|m~emw!xg m xjèm lm rdcgme|øcm`m &Lggcz# 4::2# r% 96*%

Ijhd gyjlge|g twg# rd~d twg m je|g~r~g|de|g lg wa xjèm ygefd d gvjx|j~# mid|m~ lg r~jagj~d jarm~|îehjd ê d gvjx|ëehjd lg gvrg~jëehjdx kä dltwj~jldx g# rm~hmexg`wje|g# d~ad{gedldx ed age|g lm je|ê~r~g|g%

Ed êrmhd ga twg jejhjgj mx agwx gx|wlmx wejyg~xj|ä~jmx &djeld em hw~xm lgFjx|ø~jd# g eèm em lg Cg|~dx*# wa lg agwx hmcg`dx ‘ m Dc|dj~ Xdcgx Nd~nmxd ‘hmx|wadyd xdj~ rgcmx hdarmx g# lgrmjx# ymc|d~ |~d{gelm ame|gx lg rgl~dx rd~dlge|~m ld idhwcldlg &ewad d|j|wlg hme|~ä~jd âtwgcd lm kd~ljegj~m*% Rd~d eøx# twg

edld ge|geládamx ldtwjcm# |dc d|j|wlg g~d xjarcgxage|g dnxw~ld ‘ g djeld adjxdnxw~ld d lmx r~migxxm~gx twg d rg~aj|jda% \garmx lgrmjx# ijhdamx xdngelm lg

twg xg |~d|dyd; m twg gcg |~d{jd rd~d d wejyg~xjldlg g~da eèm r~mr~jdage|g rgl~dx;


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t t r r r rg~da xjèmx lg wa awelm kä lgxdrd~ghjlm% Lg im~ad twg# xg em je|g~r~g|de|g drd~|j~ lm twdc eøx je|g~r~g|äydamx dtwgcgx mnkg|mx kä xg gehme|~dxxga mx agxamx|jrmx lg gvrg~jëehjdx twg xg gehme|~dyda em je|g~r~g|de|g d rd~|j~ lm twdc gcgr~ør~jm mx je|g~r~g|dyd# eèm fdyg~jd ge|~g mx lmjx |jrmx lg je|g~r~g|dàèm adjm~gx

ljxh~grîehjdx%Wad hmjxd eèm rmlg xg~ wa xjèm lg xj agxad# adx rmlg awj|m nga xg~ waxjèm ld hd|g`m~jd â twdc gcd rg~|gehg% Wad hmjxd# rd~d xg~ wa xjèm ld hd|g`m~jd âtwdc gcd rg~|gehg# |ga lg dr~gxge|d~# d rd~|j~ lg xgwx r~ør~jmx hd~dh|g~gx g ldim~ad ga twg gxxgx hd~dh|g~gx xg dhfda dá hm~~gcdhjmedlmx# hg~|d hm~~gxrmelëehjdhma mx hd~dh|g~gx g dx im~adx lg mw|~dx hmjxdx kä hmefghjldx g# rm~ hmexg`wje|g#jlge|jijhdldx hmam |djx# jx|m ê# hmam rg~|gehge|gx d |dc hd|g`m~jd% Ygkm wadlg|g~ajedld hmjxd g# ga xgwx r~ør~jmx hd~dh|g~gx# dxxja hmam ed im~ad ga twggcgx xg dhfda dá hm~~gcdhjmedlmx# hg~|d hm~~gxrmelëehjd hma mw|~mx mnkg|mx yjx|mxde|g~jm~age|g g# dm agxam |garm# jlge|jijhdlmx# g lj`m; jxxm ê wad hdlgj~d% Twghd~dh|g~gx xèm gxxgx= Xèm# de|gx lg |wlm# mx hm~~gxrmelge|gx dm twg hfdadamx lgdxxge|m# rg~edx g gehmx|m% G twg im~ad ê gxxd= De|gx lg |wlm# d hm~~gxrmelge|gâtwjcm twg xg~jd d hmeij`w~dàèm lg wad rgxxmd twg# gx|delm xge|dld ewad hdlgj~d#|g~jd xwd rmxjàèm jedc|g~dld# hdxm d hdlgj~d imxxg ~g|j~dld lg lgndjvm lg xj# mw xg|m~edxxg# xjarcgxage|g# wa mnkg|m jeyjxáygc%

Adx d je|g~r~g|dàèm twg xg id{ lg wad hmjxd lgxxd ed|w~g{d eèm lghm~~gdrgedx lmx hd~dh|g~gx g ld im~ad ga twg gcd xg dhfd hmeij̀ w~dld? lghm~~g

|danêa ld iweàèm twg# em hme|gv|m ga twg gcd |gyg d xwd m~j`ga# mw ga twg gcdgvjx|g# gcd hmx|wad lgxgargefd~% Egxxg hdxm# xg im~ igj|d d rg~`we|d; m twg ê wad

hdlgj~d= D ~gxrmx|d xg~ä; ê wa mnkg|m rd~d xge|d~!xg% Twg~ lj{g~# wa mnkg|m


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lgx|jedlm d xd|jxid{g~ wa lg|g~ajedlm |jrm lg eghgxxjldlg# jarmxxáygc lg xg~xd|jxigj|m rm~ wa mw|~m mnkg|m twdctwg~; d eghgxxjldlg twg# ga lg|g~ajedlmamage|m# |ga m jeljyálwm fwadem lg wa lgxhdexm rd~d dx rg~edx% G# egxxg hdxm#xg d r~ør~jd hdlgj~d# hmam hmjxd `cmndc# lgxgargefd wad iweàèm lg hd~ä|g~ndx|de|g gxrgháijhm# m agxam mhm~~g hma hdld wad lg xwdx rd~|gx% G# dá# xg~ im~igj|d d rg~`we|d; rd~d twg xg~yg hdld wad lgcdx= D ~gxrmx|d xg~ä; dx rg~edxxg~yga rd~d xwnx|j|wj~ dx rg~edx lm r~ør~jm jeljyálwm# lgjvdelm!dx ga cjng~ldlg? mdxxge|m xg~yg rd~d xwnx|j|wj~# lg im~ad aghîejhd# d hmegvèm ed|w~dc twg gvjx|jdde|gx ge|~g dx rg~edx ed|w~djx g m hm~rm |danêa ed|w~dc? m gehmx|m# rm~ xwd yg{#xg~yg ‘ ganm~d rd~gàd dnxw~lm ‘ rd~d xwnx|j|wj~ m hê~gn~m lm r~ør~jm jeljyálwm twgegxxd hdlgj~d j~ä xge|d~!xg% Adx ga twg xge|jlm= Em xge|jlm lg twg# gx|delm garê# rd~d rg~adeghg~ egxxd rmxjàèm g eèm hdj~ rd~d wa lmx cdlmx# gcg |g~ä lgrgexd~ m |garm |mlm ejxxm g# dxxja# xg hdexd~ä eèm drgedx ijxjhdage|g# adx|danêa age|dcage|g? g gx|delm xge|dlm ‘ dcêa ljxxm# hma m |~mehm drmjdlm emgehmx|m ‘# eèm adjx |g~ä lg rgexd~ ga ade|g~ m gtwjcán~jm# rmlg~ä lgjvd~ m hê~gn~mga lgxhdexm g# rm~|de|m# cjy~g rd~d mw|~mx |jrmx lg did{g~gx# hmam d cgj|w~d lg wacjy~m mw aglj|dàèm xmn~g dc`wad hmjxd% Rm~ jxxm d d|jyjldlg lg wa r~migxxm~#twdelm gx|ä cghjmedelm# ê adjx hdexd|jyd twg d lg wa dcwem# twdelm gx|ädxxjx|jelm â dwcd%

Ewa lmx ljäcm`mx twg drd~ghga ga D ^grûncjhd# lg Rcd|èm# Xøh~d|gx# |gelmga yjx|d lgr~ghjd~ d d~|g g# rm~ agjm lgcd# mx r~ør~jmx d~|jx|dx# twg ewa Gx|dlm

~gdcage|g rg~igj|m ega lgyg~jda gvjx|j~ &hmam ed ^grûncjhd lmx \dcjndex*#lgxgeymcyg wa r~mhgxxm d~`wage|d|jym em twdc m mnkg|m lg ljxhwxxèm ~gig~g!xg d

|~ëx gxrêhjgx rd~|jhwcd~gx lg hdad; hdad hmam jlêjd# r~mlw{jld &xg`welm gcg* rm~


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Lgwx? hdad hmam mnkg|m# r~mlw{jld rgcm d~|gxèm? g hdad hmam jad`ga# r~mlw{jldrgcm rje|m~% Em ija lg |dc r~mhgxxm# gcg hfg`d â xg`wje|g hmehcwxèm; xg d r~jagj~d &dr~mlw{jld rm~ Lgwx* hm~~gxrmelg dm twg ê lg id|m yg~ldlgj~m# d xg`weldhm~~gxrmelg dm twg ê drgedx wad jaj|dàèm lm twg ê yg~ldlgj~m# g d |g~hgj~d# dwad jaj|dàèm lm twg ê wad jaj|dàèm lm twg ê yg~ldlgj~m g# rm~ hmexg`wje|g# ddc`m xj|wdlm d wa |g~hgj~m `~dw lg ljx|dehjdage|m ga ~gcdàèm â yg~ldlg ~gdcage|gyg~ldlgj~d%

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A SEMIÓTICA DO TEXTO NARRATIVO LITERÁRIO