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A Selection of Latin Roots and Greek Roots, Combining Forms, Words, and Prefixes
an etymological means of acquiring an adequate vocabulary Strathnaver Books
1994
Copyright©1994 by Tammy McQuoid
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the author.
IntroductionWhy I compiled this list: When in high school, I took a vocabulary class based on Greek and Latin roots. Upon reaching college and being enrolled in a Freshman composition class, I started taking the weekly vocabulary tests. I found, much to my amazement and delight, that I didn't have to study for those tests that were based on Greek and Latin roots. For me, that showed the value of my high school course. Now that our family is homeschooling, I feel that our children would benefit from learning this information. What I wanted was a very thorough alphabetical list (not a workbook) of combining forms, roots, and prefixes that differentiated between Greek and Latin all in one book. I wanted to be able to decide which combining forms would be introduced and integrated into our curriculum. I also wanted to be able to choose when their introduction would be most beneficial. However, when I went to find a book containing the desired information in the desired form, I couldn't find any. So I decided to compile a list of my own to use. Possibly you can put this list to work for you also.
What will this list do for you: That's totally up to you and your students. I can make no claims concerning the results you may get if you use this list, whether they be positive or negative. Author and friend of C. S. Lewis, Dorothy Sayers, claims, "[Latin] is the key to the vocabulary and structure of all the Romance languages ... as well as to the technical vocabulary of all the sciences and to the literature of the entire Mediterranean civilisation...."1 She, however, feels that students should learn the Latin language and its grammar, not just a few hundred combining forms. Sayers goes on to inform us, "... even a rudimentary knowledge of Latin cuts down the labour and pains of learning almost any other subject by at least fifty per cent."2 Douglas Wilson, founder of Logos School and author of numerous educational books, states, "About 80 percent of our English vocabulary comes to us from Latin and Greek."3 It seems that some form of knowledge of Latin and Greek will be of great benefit to most English-speaking people, especially if vocabulary enhancement is the objective. This list is not a Latin or Greek language course. It is a lengthy list of combining forms to learn. Once learned, many English words of Latin or Greek derivation will be understandable. It could almost be described as putting a jigsaw puzzle together. And after years of working on it, all the pieces finally fit. Take a peek farther back in this book for examples.
How the list is organized: On the left margin is the prefix, combining form, word, or root. There is not a lot of consistency here. Sometimes an infinitive is used, sometimes a root. This should not cause any problems since we are not using this list to learn Latin or Greek or how to conjugate foreign verbs. In the center column is the meaning or meanings of the combining form/prefix. On the right is a list of examples that utilize the combining forms/prefixes. The number of examples
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was kept small to keep the list from becoming too cumbersome. Also, part of acquiring a good vocabulary is achieved by using the dictionary and the mind to discover words that utilize the combining forms--not by having all the English words that utilize Latin and Greek combining forms easily available to the student.
Ways you may choose to use this list: One way is a five-day plan. Arbitrarily choose ten combining forms and/or prefixes. Give them to your student(s). The student(s) will then be required to look up the meanings of the combining forms and/or prefixes and make a 3x5 card for each, putting the definition on the back. On the next day the meanings can be reviewed. Two English words that incorporate the combining forms/prefixes can then be found for each combining form/prefix and used in a sentence. (Two English words for each combining form/prefix.) On the third day, the instructor can review the assignment from the day before and choose 20 of the English words found by the student(s) or add a few of her/his own to make up 20 words for a vocabulary test. On the next day the student(s) can study the 20 English words. On the last day, the test can be given. The word should be given verbally to the student(s). It should be spelled correctly by the student(s). Then the definition should be written by the student and the word should also be used properly in a sentence.
Day 1: Ten (10) combining forms/prefixes are given to the student. Example: colare, deus, fabula, filia, hospes, manus, somnus, sanguis, terra, verus
Put these on 3x5 cards. Look up the definitions and write them on the back. These meanings should be memorized.
Day 2: Review the meanings of the combining forms/prefixes. The student can find, using the dictionary, 2 English words for each combining form/prefix. Then an original sentence can be constructed. (NOTE: On occasion finding two examples will be very difficult.)
Example: (colare: portcullis, colander)
portcullis: an iron gate suspended and raised and lowered by a chain, castles often utilized them. The knight quickly lowered the portcullis when he saw the raiders approaching.
colander: a container with holes in the bottom that is used to facilitate cleaning or draining of vegetables or pasta. My mom's colander was used most often for draining spaghetti noodles.
The student will have 20 English words, 20 definitions, and 20 sentences when this assignment is completed.
Day 3: The instructor can give a test to see if the meanings of the combining forms/prefixes are sufficiently memorized. The instructor can choose 20 words from yesterday's assignment that will be on the test on Day 5. If the instructor has more than one student, the selection of 20 words will be easier since the instructor will have more to choose from. The instructor should choose words that she/he feels will be most beneficial for the student to know. If only one student is involved, the instructor may need to do some extra work and choose some English words of her own to supplement or replace some of the student's list so that the most useful words will be learned. This is a judgment call for the instructor. Possibly the student could be required to find 4 English words rather than just 2.
Day 4: The student should study the 20 words received from the instructor on Day 3.
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Day 5: Test--20 English words. The student(s) must supply the definitions and original sentences. Some instructors may wish to include the combining forms/prefixes and their meanings to the test (if this hasn't already occurred) since memorizing the combining forms/prefixes will help in the future when the student(s) comes upon an unfamiliar word in his studies.
If the above schedule is followed, there are enough combining forms, roots, words, and prefixes to last at least 45 weeks which is nine weeks longer than a usual 180-day school year. The list includes over 450 combining forms, roots, words, and prefixes. To keep track of which combining forms you have covered, you might write the date completed in the margin in a color that has been assigned to that student.
Another possible way to use this list would be to give the student(s) two words from the far right column. Then ask the student(s) to find the root, the meaning, and two more examples of the combining form being used in English. Sentences could be written for each word. (NOTE: On occasion it will be very difficult or impossible to find two more examples.)
A benefit of having a comprehensive list of Latin and Greek combining forms is its adaptability to many learning styles. Those of you who are using the unit study method may choose words that go along with the unit being studied. Some instructors may want to choose the most prevalent combining forms and cover them all in one semester. My high school offered a class in Latin and Greek roots; it fulfilled the English requirement for one semester. However, in my Freshman composition class at college, Latin and Greek roots were covered in about a month. If your child(ren) are younger and there is no hurry, this list could last many years. Of course, you may only want to introduce one new combining form a week. There are probably as many ways to use this list to help students learn as there are instructors who will use the book. Experiment, and then if you have time, let me know what works for you.
The shortcomings (or what may be perceived as shortcomings): There are many. 1) Suffixes are purposely not included because their meanings seem too abstract for memorization by students who are below the secondary level. 2) There are errors in this list. This list was gone over quite extensively to eradicate mistakes and typographical errors. Some mistakes crept in because at times it seemed like deciphering etymologies was more of an art that an exact science. The convoluted path that some words have taken to get into the English language is sometimes amazing. Perhaps the errors will be caught if this list is revised. 3) This list is incomplete. There are many more combining forms that could be listed; however, the line had to be drawn somewhere. Although this list is incomplete, it includes more than enough entries to help a diligent student develop an entirely adequate vocabulary of words derived from Latin and Greek combining forms. 4) Medical terms are not included, but they can be found in any good medical dictionary such as Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 5) There is no money-back guarantee if you don't like this list. 6) This is not a workbook. The student has to find the vocabulary words with the use of a dictionary, without the help of a list already plotted out for them. The instructor has to choose which words would be best to learn. The student alone must write sentences out that use the vocabulary words; sentences are not already written out with a place to fill in the vocabulary word. This is just a list, not a workbook. 7) There are no grade-level guidelines included with this list. Instructors will have to adapt this list to fit the learning level, interest level, and learning style of their student(s).
What else is needed: A good dictionary is needed. By "good dictionary," I mean one that gives the etymological information about a word as far back as is known (usually Indo-European--IE). Just because a dictionary has a recent copyright date does not mean that it will be helpful in learning the origins of words. (I know this because I have a flashy 1991 dictionary that is less than helpful etymologically.) If you don't have a good dictionary, you will think that many example words have nothing to do with the combining form listed. Also, finding other words derived from the
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combining form/prefix will be difficult. If the dictionary gives scanty etymologies, it will not be easy to ascertain exactly what combining form the word is derived from. Please compare dictionaries before you buy. The dictionary listed in the Bibliography is excellent. . .
Endnotes
l. Sayers, Dorothy L., "The Lost Tools of Learning," in Rosamond Kent Sprague (ed.), A Matter of Eternity, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI, 1973, pp. 121-122.
2. Ibid., p. 121.
3. Wilson, Douglas, Recovering the Lost Tools of Learning: An Approach to Distinctively Christian Education, Crossway Books, Wheaton, IL, 1991, p. 87.
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LATIN
LATIN PREFIX(ES) DEFINITION(S) EXAMPLES OF PREFIX(ES)ab, a from, down, away abstract, aversion, abject ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, a
to advent, accent, accelerate, affectation, aggravate
ambi both ambidextrous, ambiance ante before antecedent, antebellum bi two biennium, bifurcate, bicarbonate circum, circa around, about circumnavigate, circumference com, col, con, cor, co closely along, together,
next to, with collusion, coheir, consort, cooperate, compact
contra, counter against contradict, contraband, counterfeit de from, down, entirely deplete, demerit, depress, defrost, decline,
defunct di, dis, dif away, from, apart different, disburse, digest duo, du two dubious, duet, duplication ex, e, ef, ec, es from, out of, without effervescent, exhale, escape, extradition, eclecticextra beyond extrapolate, extraordinary in, il, ir, im in, into, on infer, induct, incarnate, illuminate, irrigate,
imbibe in, il, ir, im no, not, without, non insignificant, illiterate, irresponsible,
impossible, imbecile, inappropriate, inter among, between interchange, intervention, intercept intra, intro within, inside of intramural, intrastate, intramuscular milli, mille thousand millennium, millimeter multi, multus much, many multitudinous, multifaceted, multiply non not nonresident, nonconformity ob, o, oc, of, op, against, before, toward, for offer, omit, occur, obscene, oppress omni all, everywhere omniscient, omnivorous, omnificent quadri, quadr four times, four fold quadriceps, quadrisect, quadrivium per through, completely persecute, pilgrim, perfect, pellucid post after, behind postdate, postdiluvian pre before precedent, precept, preposition pro, pur before, for proceed, purport, pursue re back, again recompense, refine retro back, backward retrograde, retrofit se apart, aside seclude, select semi half semicircle, semiprivate sub, suc, suf, sug, sum, sup, sur, sus
under, less than, inferior suffer, submarine, succumb, suggest
super, supra above, superior, surpassing
soprano, superabundance, superintendent
trans across, through transcontinental, transit tri three triangle, triceps, Triassicultra beyond, on other side of ultrasound, ultraconservative
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LATIN SUFFIX DEFINITION(S) EXAMPLES OF SUFFIX-itis inflammation neuritis, conjunctivitis LATIN ROOT(S) DEFINITION(S) EXAMPLE(S) OF ROOT(S)acerbus, acris, acuere sharp, to sharpen,
needle, bitter acerbate, acupuncture, acuity, acrimony
aequare to make equal, even equivocate, adequate, equilibrium aevum age coeval, medieval ager, agri, agro field agrestic, agronomy agere, actum, agitare to act, to do agility, react, agitate alius other, else alias, alienate alter other altercation, adulterate altus high altimeter, exaltation, alto ambulare to walk, to go preamble, ambulatory amare, amor, amatum, amicus
to love, love, friend amateur, amiable, enamored
anima life, soul, breath, mind
animosity, inanimate, unanimous
annus year biennial, centennial, annual apparere to come forth, be
visible apparent, appearance, apparitor
aptare, aptus, apere to fit, suitable aptitude, adaptable, ineptitude aqua water aqueous, aquarelle arbiter judge arbitration, arbitrary arbor tree arboretum, arboreal ardere to burn arduous, ardorartis art artifice, artifact, artisan audire to hear audit, audible augere to increase augmentation, augur, august avis bird avionics, aviation, aviary, avian beatus blessed, happy beatific, beatitude bellare, bellum to wage war, war rebellious, bellicose bene well benevolence, beneficent bonus, bon good bonanza, bonny, bon voyage brevis short, brief abbreviate, breviary cadere fall recidivism, cascade, cadaver, decadent caedere, cide to cut, kill incision, pesticide canere, cantare, cantus to sing recant, chant, cantata capere, captum, cip, cept to take, hold, contain capacious, incipient, intercept participate, capable,
captive, conceive, precept caput, capitis head cape, chapter, biceps, capital carnis flesh carnal, carnival, incarnate, carnivore cavare, cavus to make hollow cavernous, cavity, excavate cedere, cessum to go, withdraw,
move concession, recede, access
centrum center eccentric, concentric, concentrate centum, centi hundred, tenth, ten percent, centimeter, centurion
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cernere, certus to see as being different, to sift, distinguish
discern, secret, certitude
civis, civilis citizen, community civic, city, civility clamare, clamor to shout, cry out
acclaim, clear, to make clear
reclamation clarare, clarus, clarify, clarity, declaration, claret
claudere, clausum to shut, close recluse, cloister, enclosure, conclusionclemens mild, merciful clemency, inclement clinare to lean, slope clinometer, incline colare to strain, filter portcullis, percolate, colander colere, cultus to till, care, cultivate cultivation, culture, cult coquere, coctum to cook, to mature precocious, concoction, cook cor, cordis heart courage, cordial, accord corium skin, hide excoriate corona crown corona, coronation, coronary corpus body corporation, corporeal credere, credens to believe, trust credentials, credit, incredible crescere, cretum to grow crescendo, concretism, accretion, increasecrimen crime, offense criminology, incriminate cruciare, crux, crucis to torture, cross excruciating, crusade, cruzeiro culpare to blame, fault culpable, exculpate cumulare to heap up cumulative, accumulate curare, cura, curatus to take care of,
concern curate, curious, manicure
currere, cursus, cour to run, go occur, precursor, concur, course dens, dentis tooth denture, endodontia, dentifrice deus, dei god deify, deity, deism dexter, dextro right, right hand ambidextrous, dextrorotation dicere, dictare to speak, say abdicate, indictdignus worthy, fitting,
suitable condign, dignitary
dirigere, directus to direct dirge, dirigible, address-- -- -- -- --see "regere" belowdocere, doctum to teach document, docent, doctrine dominus lord, master danger, domineer domus a dwelling, home domesticity, major-domo donare, do to give, to forgive condone, donation, donor dormire, dorm to sleep dormouse, dormitory ducere, ductum to lead, take, bring abduct, seduction, conducive, duke, education durare, durus to harden, hard obdurate, duress errare, erratum to wander, go astray aberration, err, erratic fabula story confabulate, fable, fabulous facere, factum, fect, fic to make, to do manufacture, sufficient, facsimilefallere to deceive,
disappoint fallacious, infallible, fail
ferre, latum to bear, to carry relate, confer, referendum ferrum iron ferrotype, ferric, ferrous fervere to boil, glow, rage fervor, effervescent fidere, fidelis, fides to trust, believe, faith perfidy, fiduciary, confidant filius, filia son, daughter filial, affiliation
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(respectively) finire, finis, fin to end, to limit infinity, finite, confinement firmare to make firm,
strengthen affirm, confirmation, firmament
figare, fixus to fasten, attach fixative, crucifix, suffix flare, flatus blow deflate, inflation flectere, flexus to bend flexible, deflection, inflection fluere, fluxum, fluctus to flow confluence, fluid, effluvium, influx, flumefoedus, fed league confederacy, federation fortis strong fort, comfort, fortify, force frangere, fractum to break fraction, frangible, infringement frater brother fraternal, fraternize fugere, fugitum to flee centrifugal, fugue fumus smoke fumitory, fumarole fundere, fusum to pour refund, diffuse, profound generare, genus1 birth, origin, race,
species, kind, to beget, produce
generous, generic, gentle, genre, engender, generation
gerere, gestum to carry, to bear belligerent, gesture, digest, gestation glomerare to form into a ball conglomeration, glomerulus gnoscere, cognoscere, gnarus, cognitum
to know incognito, cognition, ignorant, gnostic
gradi, gressus, gradus to step, to walk, a degree
progress, graduate, centigrade
granum, grani seed, kernel granary, granulegratia, gratus agreeable, favor,
thankscongratulate, gratitude, grace
gravare, gravis to weigh down, heavy aggravate, gravamen, gravid, griefgrex, gregis, gregar flock, herd, to gather
into a flocksegregate, congregation gregarious
habere, habitum to have, hold habit, inhibithaerere to stick coherence, adhereherba grass, herb herbivorous, herbaceoushilarare, hilaris to gladden, merry hilarious, exhilaratehomo man homicidal, hominizehorrere to shudder, terrible horrendous, abhorhospes guest, host hospice, hostage, hostessire, itum, itineris to go, journey, walk itinerant, transit, initiatejacere, ject, jactum2 to lie, cast oneself
down, to throwreject, adjacent, eject
jicere2 to throw between interjectionjudex, judicare judge judicious, prejudice, judgejungere, junctum to join conjugal, junction, jointjus, juris, jurare law, right, to swear jurisprudence, abjure, perjury, juror, injury, justifyjuvenis young rejuvenate, juvenescentlaborare to work collaborate, elaborate, laboratorylacto, lact milk lacteal, lactoselapis stone lapis lazuli, lapidatelatus side lateral, bilateral, collaterallaudare, laudatum to praise, glory laudable, allow
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lavare to wash lavender, laver, lavish, lavabolaxare to loosen, widen relax, laxitylegere, lectum3 to read, choose,
gatherelegant, elite, collect, dialect, legend, select, election, neglect
lex, legis, legalis3 law privelege, illegitimate, legislature, lex non scripta, legal
liber book libel, librettoliber free libertine, deliberate, liberalligare to bind allegiance, ally, oblige, ligaturelingua tongue, language linguistics, lingual, languagelittera letter obliterate, literature, letter, literatilocare, locus to place, place dislocate, allocate, localloqui, locutus speak, talk soliloquy, loquacious, circumlocutionlucere, lux, lucis, lumen to shine, light translucent, Lucifer, luminousludere, lusum, ludus to play, to mock illusion, interlude, ludicrousluna moon lunate, lunatic, lunation, lunulamagnus, magna great magnanimous, Magna Cartamalus, mal bad, evil, wrong malevolent, malfeasance, grand malmandare, mando to order, to command mandate, commandment, mandarinmanus, mani, man hand emancipate, manifest, manumitmare sea mariner, aquamarine, maremater mother alma mater, maternitymecari to trade, buy merchant, marketmedius, medio middle medieval, intermediarymens mind mention, mentationmigrare to move from one
place to anothermigratory, emigrant
militare to serve as soldiers demilitarize, militiamille thousand millennium, millivoltminimus, minor least, small minimal, minimize, minutemirare, miror, mirari to look at, to wonder
at miracle, mirage, admiral
mittere, missum to send, let, go emissary, remit, admittance, commissarymonere, monitus to warn monitor, admonitionmorbus disease morbid, morbillimordere, morsun to bite morsel, remorse, mordaciousmoris manners, customs morality, moresmors, mortis, mori deather, to die post-mortem, mortgage, mortmainmovere, motus to move locomotive, motion, motormultus much, many multiply, multimediamutare, mutatum to change molt, mutationnascor, natus to bear, to born native, prenatal, nature, renaissancenegare, negatus to deny negation, abnegatenihil nothing annihilate, nilnocere to harm, injure innocent, innocuous, obnoxiousnominare, nomen, nominis
to name, name nominate, misnomer, nomenclature
norma rule normative, enormitynotare to mark, note notation, notary, connotationnovus new renovate, novice, nova
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nox, noct night equinox, noctuidnullus none annul, nullifidiannumerus number enumerate, supernumerary, numerologynuntiare, nuntius to report, tell,
messengernuncio, renounce
oculus eye monocle, binocularopus, operari work, to work magnum opus, opera, operativeparare, par, pari to make equal, equal disparate, parity, peerpassus, pati suffer patient, passivepater father paternoster, patronizepax, pacis peace pacific, appeasepedis, pes foot expedition, pedicelpellere, pulsus to drive, driven compel, expel, propellant, pulsatependere, pensare, pendulus
to weigh, hang, weight
impending, compendium, appendage, expenditure
petere to rush at, seek impetuous, petulant, petitionplacare, placidus, placere to soother, gentle, to
pleaseplacate, implacable, placebo, please
plaudere, plauseum to clap, applaud plaudit, implodeplenus full plenipotentiary, replenish, plentyplere, pletum to fill expletive, repleteplicare, plicatum, plicit, ply
to fold reply, implicate, complicate, explicate, plait
plus, pluris more pluriaxial, plurality, surplusponere, positum to place position, opposite, depotpopulus people popularity, populaceportare, port to carry portage, exportportio share, portion apportion, proportionpotens, potentis powerful potentate, potentiometerprehendere, prehensum to seize, take hold apprentice, reprehensiblepressus pressed down depress, oppress, impresspretiare, prec to value depreciation, precious, priceprimus, primatis first primordial, prima facieprivare separate, peculiar privilege, depriveprobare, probatum to prove, test probation, proveproximus nearest approximate, proximitypugil, pugnare boxer, to fight repugnant, pugilistpurgare to clean purge, purgatory, expurgation putare to think, estimate computer, reputationquaerere, quaesitus to ask, seek exquisite, inquisition, conquer, quest radius ray radiation, radianradix root radicle, radical, eradicaterapere to seize rapture, surreptitious, usurp, ravishratus fixed by calculation reason, rationregere, rectus4 right, to make straight erect, rectitude, rectusregere, rex, regis4 to rule, king regency, regal, corrigible, regimen, direct, rule,
regularridere, risum to laugh derision, ridiculerogare, rogatum to ask arrogance, rogation, interrogaterotare, rotatus, rota to turn, wheel, turned rotation, rotary, rotor
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rumpere, ruptus to break, broken rupture, interruptsacer, sacrare5 holy, to make holy consecrate, sacrifice, sacrariumsagax, sagacis, sapare wise, to taste, know sage, sagacious, sapientsal salt salimeter, salinesalire, saltum to leap, jump sally, saltatory, resile, resultsalvare to save save, salvation, salvagesanctus5 holy sanctity, sanctuary, sacrosanctsanguis blood sangria, sanguine, consanguinitysanitas, sanatorius health, healthy sanitation, sanitariumsatis, satiare enough, to fill full sated, insatiable, satisfactionscandere to climb ascend, descendant, ascensionscire, sciens to know, knowing omniscient, sciencescribere, script to write, the thing
writtendescribe, subscription, scribe
secare, sect to cut intersection, secateurssedere, sess to sit sediment, sedan, session, presidentseminare, semen to sow, seed seminal, disseminate, seminarysentire, sensum to feel, perceive consent, sensible, sentientsepsis putrefaction, poison septic, septicemia, asepticsequens, sequi to follow, following prosecute, second, sequential, pursue, non sequitursignare, signum to mark out assignation, consignmentsimilare, simulare to make like, to feign similar, facsimile, simulation, assimilatesocius, sociare companion, to join social, society, associationsol sun solar, solsticesolare, solus to make lonely, alone solo, solitarysolvere, solutum to loose solvent, dissolute, solublesomnus sleep somnolent, somniloquysonus sound dissonance, unison, sonoroussors, sortis lot, a share sort, consortiumspecere, spectum, spic to look at, see perspicacity, specify, spectacle, retrospect, prospect,
perspectivespirare to breathe spirit, aspirator, expire, inspiration, respiration, aspirespondere, sponsus to pledge, promise spouse, correspondencestare, stet, stat to stand stable, establish, statue, superstition, distantstellare, stella to shine, star constellation, stelliferousstringere, strictum bind, draw tight astringent, constriction, strictstruere, structus build, arrange, pile up misconstrue, instruct, instrumentsurgere, surrection to rise, risen insurgency, resurrectiontangere, tactus to touch tangent, tactualtegere, tectus to cover, covered integument, detection, protecttemperare, tempus time tense, contemporize, tempertendere, tent to stretch, strain, thin pretentious, tenuous, contend, tend, tensetenere, tain to hold pertain, abstinence, tenacious, tenanttentare, tent to touch, try tentacle, tentativelyterminus limit, end, boundary determine, terminatorterra earth terra firma, terracetorquere, tortum to twist, twisted contortionist, extort, torsion, torquetradere to deliver extradite, tradition, treasontrahere, tract to draw, drawn subtract, tractable, protracttribuere, tributus, tribus to assign, allot, pay tributary, attribute, distribute
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trudere, trusus to thrust, thrust intrusion, protrusiletoxicare, toxicum to smear with poison toxic, toxoplasmosis, toxicologytumere to swell tumescence, tumult, contumeliousturbare, turba to disturb perturb, turbidunus, uni one union, unipetalousurbs, urbanus city exurb, urbanologistvacare, vacuus to be empty, empty vacuity, vacuous, evacuatevagari to wander extravagant, vagariesvalere, validum to be strong, to have
worthvalor, valid, evaluate
velle, volens wish, willing volition, velleityverbum word proverb, verbatimvenire, ventum to come revenue, convention, advent, contravenevertere, versum to turn, change,
inclinevertigo, verse, introvert, versatile, anniversary
verus true verily, verify, veryvestire to dress vestment, divest, investiturevia way pervious, viaticumvidere, visum see, look, provide provident, visible, supervisevincere to overcome, conquer invincible, convince, victorviolare, violatus to violate violation, inviolatevir man triumvirate, viragovita life vitality, vitaminvivere, vita to live, life revive, viviparous, vonvivialvocare, vocatum, vox to call, voice vociferous, convocation, irrevocable, revokevolvere, volutum turn involve, revolt, devolvevorare to devour voracious, carnivore, omnivorous
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GREEK
GREEK PREFIX(ES)
DEFINITION(S) EXAMPLES OF PREFIX(ES)
a, an not, without amoral, anarthria amphi about, around,
both amphibian, amphibolite
ana up, against anapest, anasarca anti against, opposite antivivisection, antipodes cata down catacomb, catapult dia, di across, through dialysis, dialect epi upon, over episode, epistle exo outside, outer part exoteric, exostosis eu well euphemism, euthanasia, eugenics heteros other heterodox, heterogeneous homos same homonym, homoiothermal hyper over, extremely hypergamy, hyperpneahypo under, in smaller
measure hypocrite, hypocaust
meta after, over, between
metaplasia, metathesis
para beside parable, paradox peri around, about perimeter, periphery poly many, much polygamy, polyhedron, polyglot pro before procrastinate, projectile syn, sym, syl, sys together, with, by
means of syllable, synapsis, syncretism
GREEK SUFFIX DEFINITION EXAMPLES OF SUFFIXosis state, condition,
action neurosis, psychosis
GREEK ROOT(S) DEFINITION(S) EXAMPLE(S) OF ROOT(S)acro tip, top, apex,
pointed acropolis, acrophobia
agogos, agein to lead, to direct, to incite
demagogue, pedagogic
agon, agonia struggle, contest antagonist, agony agro, agros field, earth, soil agronomy, agrostology algia pain neuralgia, diaphragmalgia allo, allos other, departure
from normal allopath, allogamy
andros, aner, anthropos
man, stamen anthropomorphic, androsphinx
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anemo, anemos wind anemometer, anemophilous archaeo, archaios ancient, old,
original archaeology, archeozoic
arch, archos chief, first, rule monarch, archipelago, archangelaristo, aristos best aristocracy, aristocrat astron, aster, astro star aster, astral auto, autos self autoharp, autoimmune, autochthon baro, baros pressure, weight barograph, barometer barys heavy barium, hyperbaric biblos, biblion book, of books bibliopole, bibliolatry bios life, living things biocenosis, bionics, biopsy caco bad, poor, evil cacophony, cacoethes chiro, cheir hand chiromancy, chiropter chroma, chromato color chromomere, chromoprotein chrono, chronos time chronograph, chronicle cosmos world, order cosmography, cosmic cracy, crat type of
government theocracy, bureaucrat
crypto hide cryptogam, cryptogenic cyclos circular, wheel cyclothymia, cyclorama deca ten Decapolis, decaliter demos people demographics, endemic, democrat dendron tree dendrochronology, dendroid derma skin hypodermic, dermoid deutero, deuter second Deuteronomy, deuterocanonical didonai, dosis give dose, dosage dis, di twice, doubly dichotomy, dipody doxo opinion, praise heterodox, doxologydynamis power dynamo, dyne esthesia the ability to feel
sensation anesthesia, aesthetics
ethnos race, nation ethnomusicology, ethnocentrism gamos marriage monogamy, polygamy gastro stomach gastritis, gastrolith, gastric ge, geo earth geodesic, geometry gen, geno2 race, kind, descent Genesisglot, glossa1 tongue, language glossary, monoglot, glossalalia glyphe carving petroglyph, glyphographygon figure having
angles pentagon, polygon
gonos to produce cosmogony, theogony gramma, gram something written
or drawn telegram, electrocardiogram
grapho write lithography, graphology gyn, gyneco woman, women misogyny, gyniatrics, gynarchy hemo, hema blood hemoglobin, hematoma hedron, hedral, hedra side, base, seat hexahedral, polyhedron helios sun, bright heliotropic, helium, heliograph hemi half hemisphere, hemicranial hepta seven heptahedron, heptameter
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hexa six hexameter, hexahedronhiero sacred, holy hieroglyphic, hierophant hydor, hydro water hydroponics, hydrology hypno sleep autohypnosis, hypnotoxinicono image, likeness,
figure iconology, iconostasis
ideo idea ideogram, ideophone isos equal, alike,
identical isocracy, isometric
kilo, chilioi thousand chiliarch, kilocalorie, kilovolt klastes breaker, broken iconoclast, clastic latreia service, worship idolatry, demonolatry lithos, lite stone chrysolite, lithotomy logos word, study logic, logomachy lysis to loosen analysis, electrolysis macros, macro enlarged,
elongated macrocosm, macropterous
mania madness pyromania, kleptomania mega large, powerful megapod, megalith megalo large, great,
enlarged megalocardia, megalomania
metron measure thermometer, metronome micros, micro small microcosm, microphone miso, misein to hate misogyny, misology, misoneism monos one, alone monocle, monosyllable morphe form metamorphic, morphallaxis mytho myth mythological, mythos naus, nautes3 ship, sailor naumachia, astronaut, navigationnecro physical death,
corpse necrology, necrophagia
neos new, young Neoplatonism, neoprene neuron, neuro nerve neuritis, neuropteran nomos law, science,
management nomography, astronomer
octo eight octagonal, octogenarian oligo few, scant, small oligarchy, oliguria onoma, onym name allonym, homonym opsis, optic, ophthalmo
view, sight optical, amblyopia
ornitho bird, birds ornithopter, ornithosis oro mountain orogenic, orologyorthos right, correct orthography, orthogenesis osteon bone osteoporosis, ossify pais, paidos child pediatric, pedobaptism paleo ancient, early,
prehistoric paleontology, paleolithic
pan all, every pandemonium, Pandora pater, patri father patronymic, patrician pathos, path suffering, disease empathy, pathogen ped, pedo small child pediatrics, pedant, pedobaptism
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penta five Pentateuch, pentathlon petros rock, stone petrography, petrol phago, phage eating, destroying anthropophagite, phagocytephainein to show, be visible emphasis, fantasy, fancy philos loving philharmonic, philatelyphobia, phobos fear, dread photophobia, xenophobiaphone sound, speak phonograph, phoneme phos, photo light photobiotic, phosgene physis, physio nature physiologic, physiocrat plasma form plasmodium, deutoplasm pneuma air, breath, spirit pneumothorax, pneumococcus podos, pous foot octopus, chiropodist, podiatry polis city politician, Neopolitan, police polys many polynomial, polymer protos first proton, protozoa pseudes, pseudo false, fake pseudoscience, pseudosalt psycho soul, mind, breath psychometry, psychosisptero feather, wing pterosaur, pteropod pyr fire pyromaniac, pyrography, pyretic, pyrogenrheo, rrhea flow, current logorrhea, rheophile schizo cleave, cut schizogenesis, schizogony scopos, skopein spy, watcher, to
see telescope, otoscope
seismo earthquake seismology, seismic sophia wisdom sophomoric, sophist sphero sphere, ball, layer
of gas ionosphere, atmosphere, spheroid
static causing to stand hydrostatics, electrostatic taphos tomb, bury epitaph techno art tectonic, technocrat tele far, far off telemetry, telencephalon temno, tomos cut, that which is
cut off, out appendectomy, lobotomy, tome
tetra four tetrarch, Tetragrammaton thanato death thanatopis, thanatology, euthanasia theos god monotheism, theophany therapy to cure, nurse therapeutics, heliotherapy thermo heat thermophile, thermotaxis thesis, tithenai position synthesis, thesis topo place, local toponym, topographic, topic typos type, figure, model typography, typify zoon animal zoogenic, zoonosis
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