Upload
vutu
View
220
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
GIFT8EP
4 1924
ANI E R ICA N GA S A SSOCIAT ION
1 30 E as t 1 5 th Street , N ew Y o rk , N . Y .
1 92 1 Convefltz'
on
*
A Se lec ted and A nno ta ted Bibl io graphy
o n Gas P urif ic at io n .
By
A. R. POW ELL and K . C . WA LKE R
Sub-Committee I
o f the P urific a tio n Committee
OUTLIN E OF CLA SS IF ICATION
Su lphur Compounds in Gas ; Their Reactions , I dent ifi
cation and Analysis .
I . Su lphur Compounds Present in Gas .
2 . Genera l Propert ies,Reaction and Ana lysis .
a . Hydrogen su lphide .b . Carbon b isulphide .c . Other possibl e su lphur compounds .
Gas Purification (Remova l o f Su lphur from Gas ) .
I . Remova l of Hydrogen Sulph ide .a . Genera l revi ews .b . I ron oxide purification .
i Composition and properti es of iron oxide .
i i Methods of manufacture and description
of oxide fo r purificat ion .
i i i Reactions and products .iv Reviv ificat ion .
v Spent oxide .a . Extraction of sulphur .b . Ut i l izat ion other than sulphur ex
traction .
vi Construction of purifiers .
vi i Operat ion of purifiers
c . Lime and other sol id purification .
(1 . Liquid purification .
i Feld process .
i i 1. Burkheiser process .
'
i i i M iscel laneous processes .e . Gaseous purification .
2 . Remova l of Carbon Bisu lphide .
a . Hot purification .
b . Alka l i ce l lulose .
c . Miscel laneous processes .
3 . Removal o f Other Organic Su lphur Compounds .
A . R . POWELL2 and K . C . WA LK ER3
Th i s bib l iography was prepared as a portion of the workof the Purification Committee for the year 1 92 1 . A s the
tit l e indicates,i t i s not intended to be a comp lete . com
pend ium of th e l iterature on gas purification , but i s design ed
to cover the more importan t pub l ished work wh ich has beendone on the theory and practice of gas purification . In o rder
to reduce errors and omissions of important work as muchas poss ibl e in the l imited time availab le
,th i s b ib l iography
was sent to each member of the purificat ion committee forcritici sms and suggestions 'i t i s requested that other readerssend the ir crit ici sms to th e author for inclus 1 on i n the fina lcorrected copy of the proceed ings in which th i s repo rt wi l lbe publ i shed .
Some older references have not been given s ince th eyhave been covered fa irly we l l in the h i stor i cal review of gaspurification by Wo l ff ram (Jour . Gasbel . , Jah rg . 54, 1 9 1 1 , pp .
2 99-
30 5, 3 2 3 Much additional in formation on gas purificat ion may a lso be found in the various reports of theBriti sh A lka l i Inspector . Very few of the numerous patentson gas purification have been included in th i s bibl iography
and then only because they bring out som e special pro cessor idea not described in the l iterature .
1P ubl ished by permi s s ion o f the D irecto r , U. S . Bureau o f M ines .
2Cha irman
, Subcomm i ttee I . P ur ificat ion Comm i ttee, American GasA s so ci at i on.
P hysical Organic Chem i s t, Bureau o f Mines , P i ttsburgh , P a .
Research Reference Librar ian , Bu reau o f Mines , P i ttsburgh , P a .
3 5 1 1 6 3
Acknow l edgment for va luabl e assistance and sugges
t ions in th e comp i l at ion of th is b ib l iography i s gratefu l lygiven to Mr . A . C . Fieldner , Chairman of the PurificationCommittee
,Mr . C . H .
Stone,Rochester Gas E lectric Cor
po rat ion , Dr . J . F . Wing , Boston Conso l idated Gas Com
pany,Mr . F . W . Sperr
, Jr .,Koppers Company , Mr . W . A .
Dunk ley,Bureau of M ines
,and to a l l the other members of
the Purificat ion Committee .
Su lphur compounds in gas ; thei r reactions , i d entifica
tions and analysis .
1 . Su lphur compounds present in gas .
I . McBr id e,R . S .
,Weaver
,E . R . Determination of
su lphur in i l luminating gas . Jour . Gas Lighting ,vol . 1 2 2 ,
1 9 1 3 , pp . 598-60 0 . Gasch
’
s exper iments .
Seven or eight gra ins per 1 0 0 cu . i t . are present .
2 . Schwef elko h lenstofl’
gehalt im Leuchtgas bei Ver
t ika lo fenbetr ieb . (Amoun t of carbon bisu lphide ini l l uminat ing gas from vertical retorts . ) Jour .
Gasbel ., Jahrg . 5 1 , 1 90 8, pp . 83
-84. Carbon bisu l
ph ide in vert ical retorts lower than in horizonta ldue to less overheating in vert ical retorts . E xper i
ments carried on in laboratories of th e Imperia lContinental Gas Associat ion and German Continenta l Gas Assoc iat ion
2 . Genera l propert ies , reactions and ana lys is .
a . Hydrogen sulphide .
3 . Bean,H . J . Determination of hydrogen sulph ide
in gas . Amer . Gas Assoc . Mon . ,vo l . 2
,1 92 0 ,
pp .
2 65-2 68. Ind irect iodometric method .
4. Bo sshard,E . ,
Horst,C . Untersu chung uber d i e
S chwefelbest immung im Leuchtgas nach Metho d e
von D ickerts . (Invest igation of D ickert’
s method
for sulphur in gas .) Jou'
r . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 55, 1 9 1 3 ,
pp . 1 0 93- 1 0 94. Claims that method ment ioned in
6 gives very low results .
5 . Dewey , M. J . Testing sulphur in gas . Gas Age ,vol . 35, 1 9 1 5, p . 336. Iodometr ic method .
6. D ickerts,M . Determ in ing su lphur in coal gas .
Gas World,vo l . p . C laim s that al l
sulphur in the gas is oxid i zed to sulphate . by pass
ing through alka l ine perhydrol . (Concentrated
hydrogen peroxide . )
Perhydro l zur Bestimmung des , Gesamt
schwefe l s im Leuchtgas . (Perhydrol for determ i
nation o i tota l su lphur in i l luminat ing gas . ) Jour .
Gasbel ., Jah rg. 54, 1 9 1 1 , pp . 1 82 -
3 .
8. Fischer,F . (Apparatus for est imating sulphur in
co al . ) Zeit . angew . Chem . , Bd . 1 0,1 897, p . 30 2 .
Gas burned and oxid iz ed with hydrogen peroxide .
Precip itated as BaSO4 .
9 . Grevi l l e,H. . Determination of sulphuretted hydro
gen in coal gas . Jour. Gas Lighting, vol . 76, 1 90 0 ,
p . 1 2 64. A bstract Jour . Soc . Chem . Ind .,vo l . 2 0 ,
1 90 1 , p . 73 . Uses standard solut ion of ammoniacalcopper su lphate .
1 0 . Harding,E . P . Descript ion of improved apparatus
and of a modificat ion of Dreh schm idt’
s method fo r
the determinat ion of tota l su lphur in coa l gas .Amer . Chem . Soc . Jour . , vol . 2 8, 1 90 6,
pp . 537-
54 1 .
Burned in space conta in ing bromine vapors andaspirated through potassium carbonate solution .
Johnson , E . Determ ifi ation of hydrogensulphide in i l luminat ing gas . Eighth Int ernational
Cong . of App l ied Chem .,vol . 2 5 , 1 9 1 3 , pp . 673
-675.
Hail stone , H . J .E stimation oi su lphur in coal gas
and benzol . Gas World ,vo l . 58,
1 9 1 3 , p . 37. Prod
ucts of combust ion led through solution of hydrogen peroxide and ammo ma .
Hirsch,M . (Determ ination of tota l su lphur in coa l
gas by means of N / I o iodine so lution . ) Chem . Ze itBd . 43 , 1 9 1 9 , p . 482 ,
Abstract,Jour . Soc . Chem .
Ind . , vo l . 38, 1 9 1 9 ,p . 7o7a . Iodometri c method used
w i th Dreh schm id t apparatus .
Jenkins , C . D . Determ inat ion”
of tota l su lphur in
i l luminating gas . Amer . Chem . Soc . Jour .,vo l . 2 8,
1 90 6,pp . 542
-
544. Burned in N H condensed andoxidized with B r . water . Portab le apparatus de
scribed .
McBr ide , R . S . , Edwards, J . D . Bureau of
Standards Test for HzS . Gas Age , vol . 34, 1 9 1 4,
pp . 5 1 9-
52 3 . Uses l ead acetate .
Weaver,E . R . Determ i nation of sulphur
in i l luminating gas . Gas Age , vo l . 3 1 , 1 9 1 3 , pp . 445
449 . Comparison of methods .
Meyb lo om ,W . F . Direct estimation of hydrogen
sulph ide in i l luminating gas . Gas Wor ld , vol . 56,1 9 1 2 ,
p . 40 1 .
Mu l ler , A . (Determinat ion of hydrogen sulph idein coa l gas . ) Jou r . Gasbel .
, Jah rg . 43 , 1 90 1 , pp , 792
793 . Abstract , Jour . Soc , Chem . Ind .,vo l . 2 0
,1 90 1 ,
p . 73 . Cadm ium acetate to absorb the hydro-gensulph ide .
Myl iu s , F . , Huttner , C . Schne l lmethode zur Bestimmung des Schwefel s im Leuchtgas . (Rap idmethod for determinat ion o f su lphur in i l luminating gas . ) B er . Deut . Chem . Gese l l .
, Jah rg . 49 ,
1 9 1 6, pp . 1 42 8- 1 443 . Oxidation by porous p latinum
cata lyst .
2 0 . Roscoe , H . E ., S cho r lemm er , C . Treat i se on
Chemi stry , vo l . 1 , London ,1 9 1 1 , pp . 387
-
393 . Gooddes cript ion of p roperti es and reaction of hydrogensu lphide .
Somervi l le , C . W . Determ inat ion of su lphur ingas . Jour. Gas L ighting
,vo l . 1 1 6, 1 9 1 2 ,
p . 676.
Rapid est imation of su lphur and hydrogensu lphide in i l lum inat ing gas . Jour . Gas Lighting ,vol . 1 1 2
, 1 9 1 1 , p . 2 8.
Tutwil er , C . C . Estimation of hydrogen su lphidein i l lum inat ing gas . American Chem . Soc . Jour
vo l . 2 3 ,1 90 1 , p . 1 73 . Describes Tutwi ler apparatus
for iodometri c t itration of hydrogen su lphide .
b . Carbon bisu lphide (Methods for total su lphur
in gas given in “a”
)
Harding,E . P .
,Doran
, J . Technical determina
t ion of carbon bisu lphid e in i l lumi nating gas .
Amer . Chem . vol . 2 9 ,1 90 7 , pp . 1 480
1 488. CS 2 absorbed in a lcoho l i c KOH,acid ified
and prec ip i tated with standard copper acetate . KI
added and iodine ti trated .
Roscoe,H . E . ,
Scho r lemmer,C . Treati s e on
Chem i stry , vol . 1 , London , 1 9 1 I , pp . 82 5-832 . De
scription of prop erti es and reaction s of carbon bi
su lph ide .
c . Other poss ib le su lphur compounds . (Methodfor total sulphur in gas given in “
a”
)
Properti es and react ions of mercaptans , th io eth ers ,th iophene
,carbon oxysu lphide
,etc .
,given in most
text-books on organic chem i stry ,
I I . Gas P urifi cation (Remova l of Su lphur from Gas ) .
1 . Removal o f hydrogen su lphide .
a . Genera l reviews .0
Bel l, J . F . Briti sh pract ice i n purificat ion of coa l
gas . International Gas Cong. Trans . , vo l . 1 9 1 5 ,
Abstract Jour . Gas L ighting,vo l . 1 3 1 , 1 9 1 5 , pp . 699
70 0 .
Bertelsmann,W . (Simu l taneous recovery of am
monia and su lphur from th e carbon ization of coa l . )Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 62 ,
1 9 1 9 ,pp . 3
-
4,2 1 -2 2 . Re
view o i the fo l low ing spec ial processes ' Fabry ,Bergfe ld
,Cobb
,Burkhei ser
,Fr itz ch es , and Fe ld
Dunkley , W . A . Some cond i t ions aff ecting the usefu lness of iron oxide for city gas purificat ion . Ur
bana , 1 92 1 . (Engineering Expe rim ent S tation ,
Bul letin N o . Th is report was prepared undera co -operative agreement between the EngineeringExperiment Stat ion of the Un ivers ity of I l l inois ,The I l l ino is State Geo logica l Survey
,and the U. S .
Bureau of Mines .
Farmer,C . F . Preparat ion of puri fying material
and the purificat ion of gas . Prog . Age,vol . 2 7 ,
p . 50 1 .
Liese , K . (Oxide purificat ion in Germany ) . Jour .
Gasbel ., Jah rg . 62 ,
1 9 1 9 , p . 1 1 3 .
Little, A . B . Purification of gas . Amer . Gas Light .Jour . , vo l . 95 , 1 9 1 1 , pp . 5
—
7 , 1 7- 1 9 .
Odel l,W . W .
, Dunk l ey,W . A . Removal of su l
phur from i l lum inat ing gas . Am er . In st . Min .
Met . E ngrs . Bu l l . , 1 9 1 9 ,p . 2 30 1 .
Schumann,P
'
. (Oxide purificat ion in Germany . )Jour. Gasbel . , Jahrg . 62 ,
1 9 1 9 ,p . 77 .
Stone , H . E . Coal gas purification . Jour. Gas
L ighting, vol . 1 1 6,1 9 1 1 , pp . 76 1
-
765 . Same, GasWorld
,vol . 55, 1 9 1 1 , pp . 748
-
750 .
Wo lfi’
ram , H . (Evolut ion of gas purification . )Jour. Gasbel . , Jah rg . 54, 1 9 1 1 , pp . 2 99
-
30 5, 3 2 3-32 9 .
Histo ri cal review.
b . Iron oxide puri fication .
1 . Compo s ition and p'
roperties o f iron oxide.
36.
37
38.
39
40 .
41 .
Bancroft, WED . Hydrous ferric oxide . Jour . P hys .
Chem ., vol . 1 9 , 1 9 1 5 , pp . 2 3 2
-2 40 . Preparation of
diff erent forms of ferri c oxide .
Fulwei ler , W . H.,
Kunberger , A . F . Some of th ephysical characterist ics of ferr ic oxide . Amer. Gas
Light . Jo ur . , vol . 99 , 1 9 1 3 ,pp . 369
-
373 . A bsorpt io n
fo r H2S i s better the sma l ler the particl es .
P o snjak ,E .
,Merw in
,H . E . Hydrated ferr i c
oxides . Amer. Jour . Sci . , vol . 47 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 3 1 1-348.
P roof that only one chemical hydrate o f iron ox ide
ex ists,namely
,Fe
zO3.H
20 .
So sman,R . B . , Merwin
,H . W . Pre l iminary
repo rt on th e system l ime-ferr ic oxide . Jour . Wash .
Acad . Sci . , vol . 6, 1 9 1 6, pp . 532-
537. Two doub lecompounds are formed by heating l ime and ox ideof iron togeth er.
VVeiser
,H . B . Hydrous oxides , I . Hydrous ferr i c
ox ide . Jou r . Phys . Chem .,vol . 24, 1 92 0 ,
pp . 2 77
3 28. Discusses hydration and s izes of part icl es .
Weyman,G . Relation between molecular structure
and activity toward hydrogen su lphide of ox ide o f
i ron . Jour . Soc . Chem . Indus , vol . 37 , 1 9 1 8, pp .
333T-
336T. Results of heating and coo l ing oxi deson th ei r activity toward H
2S . Reviews previous
work on constitution o f ferri c hydrates .
Metho d s of manufacture and description o f ox ides fo r
puri ficatio n .
42 .
43
44
45
46.
47 .
48 .
49 .
50 .
‘
5 1 .
A b-der-halden,M . C . E ffici ency of purifying oxide .
Gas Wor ld,vo l . 58, 1 9 1 3 , p . 2 5 1 . A l lows H2S to
act on oxide and absorbs water in CaC1 2 . Ca lcu
lates HzS , absorp t ion from water .
Anderson,G
.Purification of coa l gas . Jour . Gas
Lighting,vo l . 1 2 3 , 1 9 1 3 , p . 36 1 . Fine divis ion in
creases effic iency but hydrat ion has no effect .
Farmer,C . F . Preparat ion o f puri fying materia l
and purificat ion of gas . Amer. Gas Light . Jour . ,vo l . 9 1 , 1 90 9 , pp . 383
-
384. Oxide made from i ron
borings .
American Gas Association— Gas Purificat ion Comm ittee Report . Am er . Gas Ass ’n . Proc .
,1 92 0 . De
scrib es a practica l box m ethod for test ing oxides .
Humphreys, N . H . Unnoticed action of bog- i ron
’
ore . Jour . Gas L ight , vo l . 1 36, 1 9 1 6,p . 435.
Jones,E . S . Oxide of i ron purification in Ca l i fo r
nia . Jour . Gas Light ,vo l . 1 36, 1 9 1 6, pp . 398
-
399 .
Method of making oxide .
Kunberger , A . F . A short method to determine thee ffici ency of oxide for gas purification . Gas Wor ld ,vo l . 59 ,
1 9 1 3 , pp . 1 0 4- 1 0 5. Same , Jour . Indu s . E ng .
Chem .,vo l . 5 , 1 9 1 3 , pp . 580
-
58 1 . The Kunberger
method for oxide e fficiency .
Meyers , V . O . Spent oxide . Jour . Gas Lighting ,
vo l . 1 3 1 , 1 9 1 5 , pp . 1 89— 1 90 . E ffect of hydrat ion of
oxide .
Scott , A . H . Gas purifying oxides . Gas Jour .,vo l .
1 38, 1 9 1 7 , p . 1 0 1 . Description of various oxides .
Standard m ethod for sampl i ng and testing spentoxid e . Gas Jour . , vo l . 1 50 ,
1 92 0 , p . 1 4 1 .
Terneden,L . J . N atural and artificial puri fying
materia l s . Amer. Gas Light . Jour . , vo l . 88, 1 90 8 ,
pp . 759-
760 . Descr iption of Lux” puri fy ing mater ial . See a lso Jour . Gas Light ,
vol . 1 0 5 , 1 90 9 ,
p . 1 0 5 .
Tracy, L . D . Mine water neutral izat ion plant at
Ca lumet mine . Min . Met ,N o . 1 6 1 , 1 92 0 ,
pp . 2 9
30 . Manufacture of oxide from mine water .
P atents .
54. Heckmann, J . C . Process and substance for puri
fying gas . U . S . Patent Sept .
2 8,1 9 1 5 , S lag and iron oxide .
55. Granjon , P . J . Composit ion for purifying gases .
U . S . Patent Sept . 30 ,1 9 1 3 . Sam e
,Ca
nadian Patent Sept . 1, 1 9 1 4. Oxides and
ch lorides of i ron,mercuric chloride
,porous carri er
and smal l amounts o f M11 0 and CuSO4 .
56. Marris , H . C. ,Wa lker
,W . Purifyi ng material .
Briti sh Patent A ugust 1,1 9 1 9 . Materia l
made from spent vegetab le matter from tanneri es
so lubl e c ompound of iron,and spent l ime from
tanneries .
57. Ramsay, J . H. ,
Lowe , F . R . Puri fying materia l .
Brit ish Patent July 3 , 1 9 1 5. Material made
after removing aluminum oxide from bauxite .
Reaction and products .
58. Allen,
i
E . J . L . ,Johnston
,John
,
Larsen,E . S . The mineral sulph ides of iron . Amer .
Jour . Sci . , vol . 33 , 1 9 1 2 ,pp . 1 69
-2 36. Experiments
on th e formation of the iron su lphides .
59 . Anderson,G . Beitrage zur Re inigung des Leuch t
gases von Schwefel . (The removal of sulphur from
i l l uminating gas . ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 57 , 1 9 1 4,
pp . 547-
552 , 569-
575 .Same
,Jour . Gas Light , vo l .
1 2 3 , 1 9 1 3 , p . 36 1 . Discusses the sulph id ing reac
tio ns .
Bunte,H . N otes on gas purificat ion . Jour . Gas
Lighting,vo l . 83 , 1 90 3 , p . 676. Thermal changes
during purification and reviv ificat ion .
Curphey ,W . S . Souring of oxide . Gas World , vol .
57, 1 9 1 2 ,pp . 1 1 0 - 1 1 6. Discusses formation of FeSO,
and HzSO4
.
c el,L . (I ron su lphides and the purification of
coal gas from hydrogen su lph ide ) . Jo u r. Gasbel.,
Jahrg. 48, 1 90 5 , pp . 40 0-40 7 . A complete discussion
of the reactions occuring in gas purificat ion .
Linder,S . E . The action o f hydrogen su lphide on
hydrated iron oxid e . Jour . Gas Light ing, vol . 1 2 7,
1 9 1 4, pp . 50 9-
5 1 3 . Study of the influence of various
factors on the su lph id ing reactions .
Mechlenburg ,W . , 81. Rodt , V . (I ron tri sulphide . )
Zeit . ano rg . a llgem . Chem . , Bd . 1 0 2 , 1 9 1 8, pp . 1 30
1 48. Abstract Jour . Chem . Soc . , vo l . 1 1 4,pt . i i , 1 9 1 8 ,
p . 1 67 . Experiments on iron tri sulphide .
Rodt,V . (Iron sesquisu lphide . ) Zeit . angew .
Chem . , Bd . 2 9 , 1 9 1 6, pp . 42 2-
42 3 . Abstract , Chem .
A bs .
,vol . 1 1
, 1 9 1 7 , p . 764. Experiments~
o n forma
tion of Fes .
Stokes,H . N . On ferrous and ferric sulphides ,
Amer. Chem . Soc . Jour . , vol . 2 9 ,1 90 7, pp . 30 4
-
30 7 .
Format ion and properti es of i ron sulph i des .
Stone,C . H . A lka l in ity tests in purification . Gas
Age,vol . 46, 1 92 0 ,
pp . 2 99-
30 1 . Effect of alkal ini ty
on the reactions .
Tindale,H . N otes on oxide purification . Gas
Jour. , vo l . 1 42 ,1 9 1 8, pp . 554
-
555. Eff ect of am
monia on su lph id ing .
69 . Weyman,G . Determ ination of su lphides of i ron in
purify ing materia ls . Gas Jour.,vo l . 1 49 , 1 92 0 ,
p . 30 1 .
Mo lecu lar structure and activity toward hydrogen su lphide of i ron oxide . Jour. Soc . Chem .
Ind .
,vol . 37, 1 9 1 8, pp . 333T
-
336T ,Discusses sul
ph id ing ,reactions and eff ect of hydration .
Practice and contro l of oxide purification .
Gas Jour .,vo l . 1 50 , 1 92 0 ,
pp . 489-
490 . Discuss ion
of su lph id ing reactions .
Oxide purification . Gas Jour . , vol . 1 50 , 1 92 0 ,
pp . 2 56-2 57 . Theory of purification .
Secondary reactions of iron oxide pur ifica
tion . Gas Jour . , vol . 1 45 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 3 2 2-
32 3 . E ff ect
o f h igh temperatures .
iv . Reviv ifi cat ion .
74. Evan s, O . B . Rev iv ificat ion of oxide in s itu . Gas
Jour .,vo l . 1 48, 1 9 1 9 , p . 72 6.
P a tents
75 . Doherty,H . L . Revivi fying purifying materia ls .
U . S . Patent Feb . 2 5 , 1 90 7. Regu latedamount of a i r sent in with the gas .
76. G lover, S .
,Glover
,T . Revivi fying iron oxide .
British P atent N o v . 1 7 , 1 90 6 . Iron oxide
passed through drum and exposed to a i r and steam .
v . Spent oxide .
a . E xtract ion o f sulphur .
77 . Ke i lpfiug , J . (Use of o -dich lorobenzene for extracting su lphur from oxide . ) Chem . Zeit ,
Bd . 33 ,
78.
79
80 .
8 1 .
82 .
83 .
84.
86.
1 90 9 ,p . 30 1 . N o t suitab le because boi l ing point i s
too high for eff ect ive steam disti l lation .
Murphy , E . J . Removal of sulphur from spent
ox ide . Jour . Gas Ligh tf
,vol . 1 36, 1 9 1 6, pp . 396
-397.
Sulphur d isso lved by water gas tar d i sti l lates . N o t
commerc ial,laboratory scal e on ly .
Potsdamer,L . S . N otes on sod ium pruss iate . Jour .
Indus . Eng. Chem . , vol . 1 1 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 769-
770 . Spent
oxide extracted with carbon bisulphide .
Recovery of sulphur from spent oxide . Gas Worl d ,vo l . 57 , 1 9 1 2 ,
p . 497. Us e of o -d ich lorobenzene assu lphur solvent .
Technisch es Ortho-D ich lo rben z o l , e in E xtrakt ions
mittel zur Entschwefelung der Leuchtga srein igungsmasse. (O-Dich lorobenzene for removal ofsulphur from puri fying material . ) Jour . Gasbel . ,
Jahrg . 52 , 1 9 1 0 ,pp . 1 37
- 1 39 . Data on so lvent powero i th i s material .
Extraction of su lphur from spent oxide by l ight taroi ls . Gas Worl d , vol . 59 , 1 9 1 3 , p . 333 .
P atents .
A nderson , W . British P atent June 1 5,
1 9 1 8. Su lphur from spent oxide by carbon bisu l
phide w i th or without benzene .
Bec igneu l , J . J . M . Sulphur from gas purifying material . U . S . Patent Oct . 1 6
,1 90 6. Ex
tracted with toluene fol lowed by purification “ of
sulphur.
Same,Briti sh Patent Apri l 26
,1 90 6.
Su lphur extracted by carbon tetrachloride .
Bonneau,L . C Hasenfratz , V . E . Briti sh Patent
May 1 , 1 9 1 4. Su lphur extracted w i th
CQHCls .
95
96.
97
98.
D ibd in,W . J . Revivi fying spent oxide . Briti sh
Patent March 1 5 , 1 9 1 9 . Heated in superheated steam and then in a i r .
K inz,E . B . , Wesco tf, . E . C . U . s . Patent
7 1 3 , Jan . 9 , 1 9 1 7 . Spent oxide mixed with l ime and
hot water to make l ime su lphur spray .
McDona ld . U. S . Patent May 1 3 , 1 9 1 3 .
Su lphur burned out of oxide .
Wil l iams,P . E . Briti sh Patent Feb .
Sulphur burned out so oxide can be used overagain .
Wyld , W . Brit ish Paten t Oct . 4,1 90 9 . Su l
phur burned out and oxide immediate ly“
carri ed tocoo ler atmosphere to prevent decomposi t ion of
hydrate .
Cons truction of P urifi ers .
1 0 0 .
1 0 1 .
1 0 2 .
1 0 3 .
1 0 4.
Bro adberry ,A . E . The app l icat ion of reinforced
concrete to purifier construct ion . Gas Jour . , vo l .
1 46, 1 9 1 9 , pp . 60 1 -60 5 . Same , Gas Wor l d ,vol . 70 ,
1 9 1 9 , pp . 459-
463 . Deta i ls of construction .
Child,W . D . Construction of concrete purifiers at
Romf ord in 1 9 1 3 . Jour . Gas Lighting,vo l . 1 33 ,
1 9 1 6, pp . 639-642 . Detai l s of construction .
Haddock,I . T. Corrosion o f metal s in gas pur i fy
ing house. Prog. Age , vo l . 30 ,p . 2 94. Treatment
w i th bake l ite to prevent corros ion .
Paige, C. E . P urifier instal lat ions . Amer . Gas Inst .
P roc .,vo l . 9 , 1 9 1 4, pp . 72 1
-
762 . Construction , oper
ation and costs .
Parsons,F. R .
“ Some mechanica l aspects of purifierinstal lations . Gas World ,
vo l . 72 , 1 92 0 ,pp . 2 5
-2 6.
Detai ls of construction
1 0 5.
1 0 6.
Schmeid t,E . Co lumn purifier for dry gas pur ifica
tion . Jour . Gasbel Jahrg . 53 , 1 9 1 0 ,pp . 3 1
-
37. A d
vantages in cost of insta l lation,economy of space ,
e ffi ci ency and ease of c leaning c laimed for thi s type .
Steere , F . W . Princip l es of gas purification and
purifier de5 1gn . Gas Age , vol . 43 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 2 2 7-2 3 1 ,
2 85-2 90 , 36 1
-
363 . Review of formu las and state
ment of Steere formu l a .
Operation o f P urifiers .
1 0 7.
1 0 8.
1 0 9 .
1 1 0 .
I I I .
1 1 2 .
1 1 3 .
A l lner,W . N eues von der trockenen Schwefe l
rein igung . (N ew ideas in the dry purification of
gas .) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 53 , 1 9 1 0 ,pp . 733
-
737.
Describes box rotation .
A nderson,G . W . Oxide pur ification . Gas Jour . ,
vo l . 1 49 , 1 92 0 ,pp . 688-690 . Detai l s of operat ion .
Bennett,W . N otes on purification . Jour . Gas
L ight ing , vo l . 1 33 , 1 9 1 6, pp . 4 1 9-
42 2 . Same , Amer .
Gas Light Jour .,vol . 1 0 4, 1 9 1 6, pp . 2 0 2 -20 5 . Detai ls
of purifier operation .
Bo s sner , F . Beitrage zur trockenen Gasre inigung .
(Dry pur ification of gas . ) Jour . Gasbel. , Jah rg . 5 1 ,
1 90 8,pp . 777
-
779 . Discussion of capac i ty , speed ofgas
,etc .
C leator , J . G . N ew method of work ing purifier s toavoid back pressure . Gas Wor ld, vol . 65 , 1 9 1 6, p .
458. Detai l s of operation .
Curphey,W . S . The “Backward system of purifi
cation . Gas Jour . , vol . 1 47 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 339-
342 . Same ,Gas World , vol . 71 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 80 -84. Advantages of
backward system of rotat ion.
Dunkley,W . A . , ' .
Barnes , C . E . Gas purification
in the med ium-si ze gas plants of I l l inois. 1 11 . State
Geo l . Survey , Co -operat ive Seri es , 1 92 0 ,Bul l , 2 5 .
Operation of purifiers , part icu l ar ly in I l l inoi s . A lso
Gas Record,vo l . 1 7 , 1 92 0 ,
pp . 33-
36, 43-46.
Jones,E . S . Area theory for ca lcu lating amoun t
of oxide to puri fy given quantity of gas practi ca l lyd i sproved by Cal i forn i a tower purifiers of recentyears . Amer. Gas Light Jour . , vo l . 1 0 5, 1 9 1 6, pp .
245-2 47 .
Jones,W . C . N otes on purification . Jour . Gas
Lighting,vo l . 1 36, 1 9 1 6,
pp . 2 37-2 40 . Detai ls of
operation .
K rause . (N ew purifying plant at the Gasbro ok Gas
Works,Hamburg. ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 63 , 1 9 20 ,
p . 6 1 1 .
Lord , J . Experiences w ith oxide purification .
Jour . Gas Lighting, vo l . 1 0 5, 1 90 9 , p . 3 1 3 . Detai l s
o f operat ion to prevent channel l ing , wet oxide andhardening of oxide .
Madsen , C . J . H . Uber di e Bedeutung der chemi
1 2 0 .
1 2 1 .
schen Kontrol le im Rein igerhausbetr iebe. (Chem
ical control in operat ing purifiers . ) Jour Gasbel . ,
Jahrg. 58, 1 9 1 5 , pp . 2 34-2 37.
Scears , E . The revers e action system of oxidepurificat ion . Gas World ,
vo l . 54, 1 9 1 1 , pp . 568-57 1 .
Claims that boxes do not need to b e opened for 1 6
month s with thi s system .
c . L ime and o ther so lid purificatio n .
Divers , Jour . Chem . Soc . , vol . 45,1 884, p . 2 70 . Theory of l ime purification .
Forsta l l , T . Jour . Gas Lighting , vo l . 2 6, 1 889 , p.
364. Operation of l ime purifiers .
Groves , C . E . ,Thorp
,Wil l iam . Chemical Tech
no logy ,vol . 1 1 1 . Gas Lighting, Phila . ,
1 90 4, pp.
1 2 1 - 1 2 i s cus s 1 on o t e pr i nc i p espract ice of l im e purificat ion .
Veley , Jour . Soc . Chem . Ind .,vol . 4, 1 885, p
Theory of l ime purification .
(1 . L i quid purifica ti on .
pro cess .
E spenhahn ,E . V . Some notes on ammonium thio
sulphate-po lyth ionate solutions ; a contribution to
l iquid purification of coa l gas . Jour . Soc . Chem .
Ind .,vol . 36, 1 9 1 7 , pp . 483
-489 .
Feld,W . Di ffi cu l ti es in gas purificat ion processes .
Gas Wor ld,vo l , 57 , 1 9 1 2 ,
p . 760 . Descript ion of
Feld process .
Feld process . Jour . Gas Ligh ting , vol . 1 0 7 ,
1 90 9 , p . 8 1 6.
Feld process for recovery of sulphur . Gas A ge ,
vo l . 42 ,1 9 1 8 ,
pp . 1 98- 1 99 . Genie Civi l
,vol . 1 43 ,
1 9 1 8, p . 1 59 .
Fe ld ’s proc es s for su lphur from hydrogen sulphideand sulphur dioxide . Jour . Gas Lighting, vol . 1 0 9 ,
1 9 1 0 , pp . 72 9-
730 . Use of zinc oxide as the oxida'
t ion medium .
Hurd elbrink,Herr
,Dr . Fe ld process . Jour . Gas
bel . , Jahrg . 53 , pp . 956-
962 . Study w i th pure ma
terials on laboratory scal e .
Rasch ig,F . (The Walther Feld process . ) Zeit .
angew . Chem ., Bd . 33 , I , 1 92 0 , p . 2 60 .
Sander,A . (Feld
'
s process . ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg .
62,1 9 1 9 , p . 65 .
S tavo rinus , D . (Hydrogen sulph ide removal by the
Feld process . ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 53 , pp . 70 5
70 6. Descript ion of th e process making u se of z incthiosu lphate .
1 1 . Burkheiser process .
i i i .
1 33 .
1 34.
1 35.
1 36.
Bert e lsmann , W . N ew method of purifying i l lu
m ina t ing gas . ) Chem . Zeit . , Jahrg . 34, p . 986. Dis
cus s ion of the principles involved in Burkheiser
pro cess .
Burkheiser,K .The Burkheiser process . 8th Inter
national Cong . A ppld . Chem .,vo l . 1 0 ,
p . 63 . Com
plete description of the Burkheiser pro cess .
Dobbelstein, O . The Burkheiser purificat ion pro
cess at work in B erl in . Gas World , vol . 54,1 9 1 1 ,
pp . 343-
344. Practical operat ion of the process .
Glasgow Gas Committee . Burkheiser process .
Jour . Gas Lighting, vol . 1 1 6,1 9 1 1 , p . 750 . Di scus
s ion of the Burkheiser process and the need forl iquid purification .
M isc el laneous process .
1 37.
1 38.
1 39 .
1 40 .
1 41 .
Beigh , K . Purification by ferrigino us z inc res i
dues . Gas World,vol . 60 , 1 9 1 4, p . 62 0 . Liqu id
res idue from copper extractions as absorbent fo rhydrogen su lph ide .
Brenner , E . C . Purification of water gas . Gas A ge,vol . 47, 1 92 1 , pp . 3 1 5
- 1 8. Sod ium hypo ch lo r ide solut ion i s us ed in purification .
Davidson , W . B . Purificat ion of coal gas from
acid impuriti es by i ts own ammonia . Gas World ,vo l . 58, 1 9 1 3 , p 7. See a l so patent by Davidson .
Doherty , H . L . Gas purification process . Jour .
Gas Lighting, vol . 1 2 0 ,1 9 1 2 ,
p . 49 1 . Uses ammonia
l i quor . Hydrogen sulph ide and carbon diox ide
boil ed out at 1 0 0 deg . C .
E vans, O . B . Liquid purification of gas . Gas Rec
o rd , vol . 1 5, 1 9 1 9 , pp . 2 1 5-2 1 6. Same, Gas A ge, vo l .
43 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 475-
476. Description of iron oxide
suspension process used at A tlantic Refining Co .
Go l dsmith , L . M . Liquid purification of gas . GasA ge, vo l . 45, 1 92 0 ,
p . 1 6 1 . Operating detai ls ofabove pro cess described .
O’
N ei l l, J . G . Liquid pur ification o f coal gas .
Amer. Gas Inst . Proc . , vol . 8, I , 1 9 1 3 , pp . 463-475.
Seventy per cent . of purificat ion cost saved by
wash ing gas w i th weak ammonia l i quor .
Continuous purification of co al gas w i th
weak ammonia l iquor . 8th International Cong.
A ppld . Chem . ,vol . 1 0 ,
pp . 2 0 7. Same , Jour . Indus .
Eng. Chem .,vo l . 4, 1 9 1 2 ,
pp . 876-878. Desc ription
of the O’
N eil l process .
P arrish , P . Some observations concern ing (a )l iqu id purification of , and (b ) the simu ltaneous recovery of su lphur and ammonia from coal gas . Gas
Jour.,vol . 1 44, 1 9 1 8, pp . 4 1 3
-42 0 . Same
,Gas Worl d ,
vo l . 69 , 1 9 1 8, pp . 30 0-
30 4. Ammonia l i quor to
puri fy gas with subsequent dist i l lat ion and re
covery of sulphur and ammonia .
Peti t,T . Carbonate of potash for puri fying gas .
Jour . Gas Light ,vol . 1 3 1 , 1 9 1 5, p
-
p. 645-646. A b
stract . Gas World , vo l . 63 , 1 9 1 5 , p . 374. Hydrogen
sulph ide removed by potass ium carbonate . Revivified by air b last .
Reese,C . E . Liquid purification of gases . Gas
A ge , vol . 45 , 1 92 0 , pp . 344-
346. Uses ammonia
l iquor .
S chnerr , C . A . Liquid purification of i l luminating
gas . Chem . Eng. , vol . 1 6, 1 9 1 2 ,pp . 49
-
54. Solution
of su lphur dioxide to remove the hydrogen sul
ph ide. Proposal on ly .
1 57 .
P atents .
Burschel l, French Patent May 9 ,
1 90 6.
Hydrogen su lphide removed by potass ium tartratesolut ion of i ron oxid e '
Cobb , J . W . Extracting ammon ia and su lphur
compounds from gas . U . S . Patent Aug .
2 5 , 1 9 1 4. Hydrogen sulphide and ammonia re
moved b y so lution o i z inc su lphate .
Cis let, Degu ide , Briti sh Patent July 5 ,
1 9 1 5 . Gas treat ed with ammon ia in so lution andl ime suspension .
Davidson , W . B . Briti sh Patent Apri l 2 1
5 ,
1 9 1 2 . Ammon ia mixed with gas to be purified .
Steam separates ammon ia and ac id gases,and am
monia returned to process .
Frit z sch e,P . German Pa tent October 1 8
,
1 9 1 0 . Purificat ion of gas by wet process . So lutionof a lum inum sulphide used .
Ge'werkschaft,Messe l . German Patent
Apri l 2 9 ,1 90 6. Water so lub l e sa lts of organic
hydroxy carboxy l ic ac ids and i ron oxide used .
Rambush , N E . Purifying gas . P rit ish Patent
August 1 1,1 9 1 9 . Use of iron oxide in
suspension .
Fabry,R . British Patent 2 9 , Jan . 1 , 1 9 1 4. Hydro
gen su lph i de absorb ed by a lka l in e so lution and
later driven o ff .
e. Ga seous pur ification .
P a tents .
Leamon,W . G . Briti sh Patent September
” 1 66.
1 67.
1 68.
1 69 .
1 70 .
1 72 .
1 73 .
Cooper,G . S . The e l imination of organ ic — su lphur .
Gas World,vo l . 54, 1 9 1 1 , pp . 38
-39 . Gas m ixed
with steam and passed through hot tubes conta in
ing scrap copper . 0
Cooper , G . S . The e l imination of organ ic su lphur .
Gas World, vol . 54, 1 9 1 1 , p . 866. Laboratory ex
periments Show that ho t l ime causes decomposit ion of carbon bisu lphide to hydrogen su l ph i de .
Evans,E . V . Removal of carbon bisu lphide from
coa l gas . Jour . Soc . Chem . Ind .,vo l . 34,
1 9 1 5 . pp .
9- 1 4. Abstract 'Engineering
,vo l . 99 , 1 9 1 5 , p . 2 2 8.
General review of various processes for removal ofcarbon b isulph ide
,espec ia l ly the nickel cata lyst
process .
Fu lwei ler , W . H . Hot purification . Amer . Gas
A ssoc . Month ly , vol . 1 , 1 9 1 9 , p . 1 84. Coke oven gas
purified by heating to 450 deg. F . and then passedover very active oxide .
Gui l l et, O. El imination of carbon bisu lphid e fromgas . Geni e Civi l , vol . 6 1 , p . 1 84. Moisture in gas
decomposes carbon bisulphide to form carbon
diox ide and hydrogen sulphide .
Removal of carbon bisu lphide . Gas World ,vol . 56, 1 9 1 2 , p . 90 4. Carbon bi sulphide with iron
of the holder form s hydrogen sulphide . Zinc su l
phate in water of ho lder prevents this . See a lso
above entry .
Latta,N . Organic su lphur and its e l imination .
Prog. A ge, vo l .‘
z 7, 1 90 9 , p . 390 . Descrip t ion ofsystem used at Port land
,whereby the moisture de
composes carbon bisul phide at 62 0°
C .
Matw in , J . E in weiterer B eitrag zur S chwefelkoh lensto ffwasche. (Removing carbon b isu lphide
from gas . ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg. 52 , 1 9 1 1 , pp . 60 2
60 4. By passing gas over finely d ivided n icke l at
30 0°
C . ,th e carbon bisulphide decomposes to form
hydrogen sulphide .
Papst,H . M . Removal of organic sulphur from
gas . GasWorld , vo l . 58, 1 9 1 3 , p . 2 1 0 Hot checker
system removes from 62 to 70 per cent . i n the form
of hydrogen sulphide.
Removal of organic su lphur from gas .
Amer . Gas Light Jour. , vo l . 94,1 9 1 1 , pp . 40 7
-41 0 .
Process i n use at Portland . Gas heated to 1 2 0 0°
F .,thereby removing 70 per cent . of o rgan l c sul
phur. Same , Jour . Gas Lighting ,'
vo l . 1 1 3 , 1 9 1 1 ,
p . 90 6.
Prob lem s of complete purification . Gas Jour . , vol .
1 52 ,1 92 0 , p ; 1 43 . Review of the Carpenter-Evans
and Rideal-Tay lor processes .
Puri fying gas by heat. Jour . Gas Lighting, vol .1 2 3 , 1 9 1 3 , pp . 49 1
-493 . Brief review o i -the n ickel
cata lyst method for removal of carbon b isulphide .
P atents .
Berk Co . Puri fying coal gas . Briti sh Patent 1 43 ,641 , Feb . 2 8
,1 9 1 9 . Organic sulphur removed by
passing over hot a luminum oxide,beaux i te
,or
ignited magnes ia .
Ri deal , E . K . , Taylor,H . S . Briti sh Pa tent 1 30 ,
654, March 2 , 1 9 1 8. Organic sulphur converted tohydrogen sulphide by passing over iro n ox ide
mixed w i th certain metal l ic oxides as catalysts .
Puri fying mass h eated to 30 0 -650°
C .
b . A lka l i cel lu lose.
Extraction o f su lphide of carbon from coal gas .Jour . Gas Lighting, vol . 1 1 9 , 1 9 1 2 ,
p . 562 . Alkal i
cel lu lose process .
1 8 1 .
1 82 .
1 83 .
1 84.
1 85.
Kno evengel . Entfernung von Schwefe lkoh lenstoff
aus Gasen . (Removal of carbon b isu lph ide fromgas . ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jah rg . 56, 1 9 1 3 , pp . 757
-
760 .
After the carbon d ioxide has been removed from
the gas , the carbon bisu lphide i s absorbed in al
kal ine cel lu lose . This fo rms cel lulose xan tho
genate wh i ch may b e used to prepare art ificial s i lk .
Kuckuk , T . Extract ion of carbon bisulphide from
gas by the A th ion” process . Jour. Gas
,
Light ing ,vo l . 1 2 3 , 1 9 1 3 , p . 34. Description o f the alkal i cel
lu lo se o r“A th ion
” process . Ten tons of“A th ion
”
wil l absorb tons of carbon bisulph ide .
c . M iscel laneous pro cesses .
Hamilton,E . R . Su lphur troub les at Hal i fax (N .
Gas Record,vol . 1 8, 1 92 0 , p . 1 1 . Same , Amer .
Gas Eng . Jour . , vo l . 1 1 3 , 1 92 0 ,pp . 2 0 2 -2 0 4. Com
pari son o f various methods for remova l of carbon ‘
b isulph ide .
Teune, H . Removal of carbon b isu lph ide from gas .Jour. Gas Lighting, vol . 1 30 ,
1 9 1 5 , pp . 334-335.
Very l itt le carbon bisulph ide dissolved in free su l
phur of spent oxide .
Wanner , H . (Carbon bisu lphide from il luminating
gas . ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 58, 1 9 1 5, pp . 456-
457 .
Absorptive eff ect of coke , charcoal , pitch ,etc .
,for
carbon bisu lphide .
P atents .
A dams , W . G . Briti sh Patent June 2 1,
1 9 1 8. Charcoal used to remove sulphur com
pounds
Bury , E .,Ol lander , O . ,
Bury,A . F . Briti sh
Patent October 4, 1 9 1 8. Peat coke made
at 70 0 -
90 0°
C. , used for absorption of su lphur compounds in gas .
Hal l , E . L . Purification of gases . U . S . Patent
Dec . 8, 1 9 1 4. Organic sulphur convertedto hydrogen sulphid e by si l ent el ectric d i scharges .
Meyer,M Feh lmann , A . U . S . P atent
June 2 9 , 1 90 9 . Carbon bisu lphide removed by treatment w i th mixture of anil ine and ferrous oxide .
Remova l o f o th er Organic Sulphur Compound s .
Since noth ing definite i s known about oth er su l
phur compounds in gas than hydrogen sulph ide
and carbon b isulphide , no specific method has beendevised for their removal . Severa l of theprocesses
for the removal o f carbon bisulphide,however ,
c laim the removal o f o rganic sulphur in general .
P amph letB ind er
Gaylord Bros .
RETURN TO the c irc ulatio n d e sk o f anyUniversity o f Califo rnia Lib rary
o r to the
NORTHERN REGIONA L LIBRARY FAC ILlTYBld g . 400 , Ric hmo nd Fie ld Statio n
University o f Califo rniaRic hmo nd , CA 94804-4098
ALLBOOKS MAY BE RECA LLED AFTER7 DAYS2-mo nth loans may be re newed by c alling(5 1 0) 042-0753
l -year lo ans may be rec harged by b ringingb o o ks to NRLF
Re newals and rec harge s may be mad e—
4
d ays prio r to d ue d ate .
DUE AS STAMPED BE LOW
(1