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www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 10, 2020.
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A REVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF HELICHRYSUM WITH
INHIBITION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS PROPERTIES AND OTHER
RELATED BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
Popoola Olugbenga Kayode*
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363,
Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The diversity present in biological activities and the medicinal
significance of natural products provide a renewed interest in the use
of natural compounds and, more importantly, their role as a basis for
drug development. Advancements in the field of natural product
connect primarily the ethno-medicinal information of the medicinal
plants to the chemical, biological and pharmacological leads in
medicine. This review focuses understanding about the specific
chemical profile (most especially polyphenolics such as flavonoids) of
Helichrysum, as an icon of recognition in alleviating cellular oxidative
stress and other related human ailments. Due to experiences in the field
of natural products chemistry, this review also displayed chemical
structures of some notable polyphenols and other related compounds
previously isolated from the genus that displayed potent antioxidant activities and provide
basis for structural-activity-relationship and notable biological specificity therein. It can also
be a valuable reference point for the researchers in natural product, sourcing for notable
compounds (including their analogues) isolated from this genus and their biological
importance. The conclusion described directions for future Helichrysum research to establish
its mechanistic mode of biological specificity displayed by individual compounds in relation
to their respective chemical structures and pivot information from the drug discovery point of
view as possible raw materials for cosmetic and pharmaceutics agent in near future.
KEYWORDS: Helichrysum, Natural Products, Antioxidant, Polyphenols, Cosmetics,
Pharmaceutics.
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 9, Issue 10, 191-212 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
Article Received on
06 August 2020,
Revised on 26 August 2020,
Accepted on 16 Sept. 2020
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps202010-17381
*Corresponding Author
Popoola Olugbenga
Kayode
Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Ekiti
State University, PMB 5363
Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State,
Nigeria.
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INTRODUCTION
From ancient to modern times, the use of plant-derived secondary metabolites with
remarkable chemical and functional diversity is a legacy of folk medicine, based on herbal
remedies that make significant contributions to drug development programmes.[1]
The
tremendous potential proffer in the formulation of new drugs for the protection of humankind
against many diseases by natural products has ascribed enormous impact to them in recent
time.[2]
A large proportion of drugs used in modern medicine nowadays were either directly
isolated from plants or synthetically modified from a lead compound of natural origin.
Moreover, either in the form of natural products or as functional foods, medicinal plants and
their extracts offered an alternative to specifically targeted drugs in the treatment and
prevention of many diseases thereby play a dominant role in maintenance of human health
since antiquities.[3,4]
It is well documented that plants are possibly be the core of novel substances that led to the
discovery of new and effective therapeutic agents. Therefore in the last few decades,
scientists were thoroughly attempting for the search of benevolent drugs to protect mankind
from various diseases and discomforts.[5]
The mechanisms of action found in studies of
natural products have been used to promote novel strategies while diverse chemical structures
of natural products underpin the key element of their success in modern drug discovery.
Natural products today is extremely pertinent to the world population as alternative therapy,
mainly those in the developing countries for primary health care, due to cultural acceptability,
better compatibility with the human body, and less side effects when compared to the
synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to humans and the environment.[6-8]
Besides,
conventional medicine can be inefficient with side effects and ineffective therapy.
Cumulatively, a large percentage of the world's population does not have access to
conventional pharmacological treatment, but folk medicine and ecological awareness suggest
that “natural” products are handy and harmless.[9]
Thus, the modern social context and
economic view of health services necessitate the needs of the pharmaceutical market and the
recognition that research on medicinal plants used in folk medicine represents a suitable
approach for the development of new drugs.
It is noteworthy to bear in mind that important shifts are occurring in many industrial sectors,
such as food, drink, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, mainly because of growing feelings of
the benefits of „„lifestyle in harmony with nature and their overall high safety margin.
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Regrettably, despite the high throughput of natural products in medicine, only a few
compounds of natural source have characterized pharmacologically.
Free radicals, oxidative stress and premature skin aging
The process of aging in humans is complex with underlying multiple influences including the
probable involvement of inheritable and various environmental factors.[10]
Aging is attributed
to, but not limited to, the excessive accumulation of free radicals and other forms of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) including hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide,
which are primarily generated in the body as a result of physiological and biochemical
processes.[11]
Other notable ways of accumulating ROS in the body, is through continuous
body contact with a series of environmental cues (such as UV radiation and pollution), and
lifestyle choices including (but limited to) the diet, smoking, status of concurrent diseases
(e.g. diabetes), exercise and alcohol consumption.[12, 13]
The free radical accumulation as a
result of over exposure to UV radiations, when above threshold level in the body, can cause
oxidative damage (as highlighted in Figure 1) to important macromolecules such as proteins,
lipids and DNA, eventually leading to many chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, aging,
atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders,[14,15]
and other degenerative diseases in
humans.[11]
Other significant pathological implications of free radicals in the body is the
activation of skin enzyme‟s degenerative actions, resulting in early or premature skin aging
processes such as pigmentation,[16 – 18]
sagging and wrinkle formation.[19]
The body‟s defense mechanism generally declines with age, and can be compromised by
various forms of oxidative stress resulting from environmental factors to cancer, diabetes,
atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. All these conditions, as well as the aging
process, are associated with oxidative stress due to elevation of ROS or insufficient ROS
detoxification.[20,21]
Oxidative stress therefore occurs when the formation of bioactive
oxidative products such as oxidizing agents, free radicals, greatly overwhelms the capacity of
the endogenous cellular antioxidant defense system, thus leading to potential damage of the
cells and organs, and to the progression of degenerative diseases in humans.[22,23]
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Fig. 1: Effects of prolong exposure of skin to UV radiations.
Helichrysum species: Botanical description
The genus Helichrysum Mill. (Asteraceae) are shrubby and sub-shrubby perennial plants that
grow spontaneously in South Africa, including Namibia and Madagascar,[24, 25]
Australia,[26]
Southern Europe,[27,28]
and in Mediterranean countries.[29,30]
The genus are widely dispersed
and greatly adapted to mesophytic environments, ranging from sandy beaches to tropical
forests of approximately 1200m above sea level.[28]
Majority of these plants have been widely employed in folk medicine of different countries
for the protection of post-harvest food.[31]
The extracts including infusions and decoctions as
well as constituents obtained from this genus are successfully applied widely in cosmetics as
deodorants, soothing and lenitive. Various biological activities of the members of this genus
were documented as anti-inflammator,[32]
anti-allergic, hepaprotective, antimicrobial,[33]
antimalarial,[34]
antioxidant,[25,35,36]
choleratic,[37]
antiproliferative,[38]
chologogue,[39]
antiviral,[40]
antidiabetic,[41]
and anti-psoriasis.[42]
Aside the notable biological importance,
greater percentages of the genus irrespective of their geographical locations were found to
demonstrate dermofunctional, antiallergic and antibacterial activities and for all these
properties, they have global acceptability in the involvement of topical formulation.
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Moreover, Helichrysum species are used extensively for stress related ailments and as
dressings for wounds normally encountered in circumcision rites, bruises, cuts and sores.[31]
It
has been also reported that Helichysum species are used to relief abdominal pain, heart burn,
cough, cold, wounds, female sterility, menstrual pain,[24,43]
and to treat some diseases such as
gastric, gastroduodenal, gastric ulcers and gastritis, stomach damage, acute hepatitis, fever, or
oedema, diuretic, inflammatory, allergic. The genus also possesses a pleasant fragrance
characteristic, explaining its popularity as a perfume amongst rural dwellers.[44]
www.species.wikimedia.org/helichrysum
Fig. 2: Helichrysum species with notable biological activity.
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Phytochemistry and anti-oxidative stress of helichrysum species
The chemistry of Helichrysum is diverse with the occurrence of a wide variety of chemical
classes. Investigation of the chemical constituents from this group started in mild 90‟s and the
overall picture of the chemistry of the genus obtained then has not changed very much from
the previous work of notable researchers (Bohlmann and Jakupovic). Nevertheless, fewer of
the compounds isolated by these famous researchers were up till date investigated for
biological importance. Their data also is as well becoming inaccessible on the scientific
database due to ages and possibly language barrier. Their early investigations were directed
towards South African Helichrysum species. As part of effort to overcome the above
identified problems and the right of individual researchers to such information at hand, this
paper therefore considers predominantly the compilation of compounds (excluding essential
oils) isolated for the very first time from Helichrysum genus as depicted from Scifinder
scholar and the dictionary of natural products. The present review therefore is intended as a
contribution to the knowledge of the potential chemical and biological profile of the folklore
of Helichrysum genus as documented in the literature database (dictionary of Natural
Products, and Scifinder).
Terpenoids
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Flavones
Flavonols
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Flavanones
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Chalcones
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Dihydrochalcones
Phloroglucinols
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Pyrone
Benzopyrone
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Benzofuran
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Lignans
Miscellaneous
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Concluding remark
Ethnomedicinal plants of the Helichrysum genus may be pointed as one of the notable source
for natural occurrence of terpenoids and polyphenolic compounds of diverse biological
actions, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer among others. Despite the
degree of chemical constituents previously isolated and documented from Helichrysum
species, the biological and pharmacological applications of these constituents are
considerably limited. Nevertheless, the compilation of chemical profiles of Helichrysum will
further encourage researchers to have in-depth knowledge and future usage of these
constituents in solving human ailments.
Conflict of interest
None Declare
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was carried out from personal commitment and finances.
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