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?. A review of experimental results at the knee. Jörg R Hörandel. University of Karlsruhe, Germany - www-ik.fzk.de/~joerg. Workshop on the Physics of the End of the Galactic Cosmic Ray Spectrum. Aspen, April 25 th – 30 th , 2005. acceleration of CR in supernova remnants. CNO. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A review of experimental results at the knee
University of Karlsruhe, Germany - www-ik.fzk.de/~joergJörg R Hörandel
Workshop on the Physics of the End of the Galactic Cosmic Ray Spectrum Aspen, April 25th – 30th, 2005
acceleration of CR in supernova remnants
extensive air showers
New particle physics in atmosphereB = 3 G
propagation through galaxy
Leakage from Galaxy:escape probability ~ f(Z)
Interactions with background particles (photons, neutrinos)
Fermi accelerationfinite lifetime of shock front:
Emax ~ Z 1015 eV
CNO
mass dependentcut-off Ek ~ A
rigidity dependentcut-off Ek~ Z ?
Cosmic-ray energy spectrum
JRH, Astropart. Phys 19 (2003) 193
Cosmic-ray energy spectrum
renormalizeenergyscale
to fit directmeasurements
flux of direct measurements
JRH, Astropart. Phys 19 (2003) 193
Cosmic-ray energy spectrum
renormalizeenergyscale
JRH, Astropart. Phys 19 (2003) 193
SPASE-2 / AMANDA-B10 (South Pole)
Rawlins et al, Proc. 28th ICRC, Tsukuba 1 (2003) 173
E > 300 GeV
Ne
120 m
1500 m
1980 m
e(30 m)
E
mean logarithmic mass
EAS-TOP + MACROnumber of electrons + high-energy muons
CORSIKA/QGSJET
M Aglietta et al, astro-ph/0305325
measurement vs.
CORSIKA/QGSJET simulation
C Büttner et al, 28th ICRC, Tsukuba 1 (2003) 33
Average muon production height - KASCADE
mean logarithmic mass
0.4 PeV 30 PeV
KASCADE: Primary proton spectrum reconstructed from unaccompanied hadrons
primary flux
CORSIKA/QGSJET
0
hadr
M. Aglietta et al., Astrop. Phys. 19 (2003) 329T. Antoni et al, ApJ 612 (2004) 914
Two dimensional shower size spectrum lg Ne vs. lg N
M Roth et al, 28th ICRC, Tsukuba 1 (2003) 139
KASCADE
derive E0 and A from Ne and N data
0
)()|lg,(lg)lg,(lg dEEpENNtNNg ieiei
Fredholm integral equations of 1st kind:
E0
A
All-particle energy spectrum
two hadronic interaction models:CORSIKA 6.018/GHEISHA 2002
- QGSJET 01- SIBYLL 2.1
T. Antoni et al., Astropart. Phys. in press
QGSJET
KASCADE: Energy spectra for individual elemental groups
H. Ulrich et al, European Physical Journal C (2004) DOI:10.1140/epjcd/s2004-03-1632-2
SIBYLL
KASCADE: Energy spectra for individual elemental groups
H. Ulrich et al, European Physical Journal C (2004) DOI:10.1140/epjcd/s2004-03-1632-2
QGSJET
KASCADE: Energy spectra for individual elemental groups
distribution
!
distribution
!
SIBYLL
H. Ulrich et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. A (in press)
Hep
JRH, astro-ph/0501251
FeSNR acceleration (Sveshnikova)
Galactic diffusion (Ptuskin/Kalmykov)
Poly-Gonato ~ Z
Models (lines):
Mean logarithmic mass vs energy
electrons, muons, hadronsat ground level
!?
CORSIKA/QGSJET interpretation
JRH, Astropart. Phys. 19 (2003) 193
Xmax
depth X
lg N
Fe
p
JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439
p-p cross section
Quark Gluon String JET modelN.N. Kalmykov and S.S. Ostapchenko
Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 52B (1997) 17
Modification of hadronic interaction model QGSJET in CORSIKA
p-air cross section
JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439
fraction of protons in CRs p-air cross section
JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439
Average depth of the shower maximum
JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439
QGSJET
model 3a
model 1
Mean logarithmic massXmax
electrons, muons, hadrons
Origin of the knee?
~ Z
~ A
Acceleration (SNR)
Leakage from Galaxy
Interaction with background particles
Particle physics in atmosphere
-ray bursts
Astropart. Phys. 21 (2004) 241(updated)
~ Z
~ A
Origin of the knee?Acceleration (SNR)
.. in SNR Berezhko & Ksenofontov
.. in SNR + radio galaxies Stanev ..
.. in oblique shocks Kobayakawa ..
.. in variety of SNR SveshnikovaSingle source model Erlykin & WolfendaleReacceleration in galactic wind Völk & Zirakashvili
Leakage from GalaxyMinimum pathlength model SwordyAnomalous diffusion model Lagutin ..Hall diffusion model Ptuskin .., Kalmykov ..Diffusion in turbulent magnetic fields Ogio & KakimotoDiffusion and drift Roulet ..
Interaction with background particlesDiffusion model + photo-disintegration TkaczykInteraction with neutrinos in galactic halo Dova ..Photo-disintegration (optical and UV photons) Candia ..
Particle physics in atmosphereGravitons, SUSY Kazanas & Nicolaidis
E
dN/d
E p
CNO
Fe
E
<ln
A>
-ray burstsCannonball model PlagaAcceleration in GRB + diffusion Wick ..Acceleration in GRB Emax ~A Dar ..
JRH, Astropart. Phys. 21 (2004) 241(updated)
SNR acceleration
diffusionbackgroundinteractions
propagation
acceleration
-ray bursts
JRH, astro-ph/0501251