A reference database in LeachXS™ Lite for release of substances from construction products including alternative materials. Hans van der Sloot, David Kosson, Ole Hjelmar, Rob Comans, Paul Seignette, Andy Garrabrants and Andre van Zomeren

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Outline

15/06/2012 2

Status of standardisation of leaching tests

Covered by Andy Garrabrants

Regulatory context

Covered by Rein Eikelboom

Leaching test results for high volume material streams

Bandwidth, benchmarking and quality control

Role of Lab – field relationships and geochemical speciation to complete a long term release assessment

Conclusions

TANK LEACH TEST MONOLITH CEN/TS 15863 and EPA Draft method

1315 and COMPACTED

GRANULAR LEACH TEST (NEN 7347 and EPA method

1313).

PERCOLATION LEACHING TEST CEN TS 14405 or EPA Draft method

1314

GRANULAR MATERIALS

MONOLITHIC MATERIALS

or

pH DEPENDENCE TEST: BATCH MODE ANC, CEN/TS 14429, or EPA Draft method 1313 or, COMPUTER CONTROLLED CEN/TS 14997

Chemical speciation aspects Time dependent aspects of release

Same as granular +

Standardisation: CEN/TC292, ISO/TC190, CEN/TC345, CEN/TC351,

SW846 (US EPA), Taiwan

Characterisation leaching tests

Test set covers almost any practical condition for any material; redox capacity test needed; comparison with field data to complement the release behaviour

15/06/2012 3

Construction Products Directive (EU CPD)

Construction Products Regulation (EU CPR).

European Landfill Directive (EU LFD)

End of Waste regulation (EU EoW)

Waste Catalogue (EU WC)

Hazardous Waste Directive (EU HW)

REACH Regulation

Groundwater Directive

Regulatory context

With multiple regulations : preferably not multiple testing and multiple impact judgment approaches for the same material or product

15/06/2012 4

Major beneficially used material streams

15/06/2012 5

Construction material

Current number of available datasets

Reference Release as a

function of pH

Release as a

function of L/S

Recycled concrete 109 146

Van der Sloot et al, 2001 & 2011; RIVM database

BASIS, 1995; Engelsen et al, 2010-20-12.

Basic oxygen furnace

(BOF) slag 51 131

Comans et al, 1991; ABANDA database NRWF

2000; RIVM database BASIS, 1995; Huijgen and

Comans, 2006; van der Sloot et al, 2010; Bialucha,

2010.

Bottom ash from

incineration of

household waste

38 175

Meima, 1997; Dijkstra et, 2002; Dijkstra et al,

2008; ABANDA (NRWF), 2000; RIVM database

BASIS, 1995; SIWAP, 2008; Lopez-Mesa, 2010;

Rendek, 2008; Chen, 2008; van der Sloot et al,

2008a; ECN, 2010.

Recycled concrete aggregate

15/06/2012 6

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of SO4 as S

0.00110000000

2 7 12

Rel

ease

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Al90 % Confidence intervals

Recycled concrete Median

Recycled concrete Average

SQD Cat. I (2007)

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of S

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Ni

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Ni

Recycled concrete aggregate

15/06/2012 7

0.00110000000

2 7 12

Rel

ease

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Al90 % Confidence intervals

Recycled concrete Median

Recycled concrete Average

SQD Cat. I (2007)

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of V

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Zn

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Zn

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of V

BOF slag

15/06/2012 8

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of V

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0.1 1 10

Cu

mu

lati

ve

re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

L/S (L/kg)

Cumulative release of V

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Cr

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.1 1 10

Cu

mu

lati

ve

re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

L/S (L/kg)

Cumulative release of Cr

0.0001100000

2 7 12

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pHpH dependent release of

Zn

90 % Confidence interval

BOFslag Median

BOFslag Average

SQD Cat. I (2007)

Slope 0.5

MSWI bottom ash

15/06/2012 9

0.0001

100000

0.1 1 10 100

Cu

mu

lati

ve

re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

L/S (L/kg)

Cumulative release of Zn MBA 90 % Confidence limit

MBA Median (mg/kg)

MBA Average (mg/kg)

SQD Cat. 2 (2007)

SQD cat. I (2007)

slope=1.0

Solubility

controlled

release

Washout of a

soluble

species , here

Cu-DOC

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Al

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0.1 1 10

Cu

mu

lati

ve

re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

L/S (L/kg)

Cumulative release of Al

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Cu

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0.1 1 10

Cu

mu

lati

ve

re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

L/S (L/kg)

Cumulative release of Cu

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Cu

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0.1 1 10(Cu

mu

lati

ve

) re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

L/S (L/kg)

(Cumulative) release of Cu

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

pH dependent release of Al

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0.1 1 10(Cu

mu

lati

ve

) re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

L/S (L/kg)

(Cumulative) release of Al

Compliance and quality control using the benchmark MSWI BA

15/06/2012 10

Full test comparison

Single step data comparison

Benchmark - pH dependence Benchmark - percolation

Lab to field comparison for MSWI BA (road base application)

15/06/2012 11

0.001

1000

2 7 12

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

mg/

L)

pH

pH dependent concentration of ZnMSWI BA DE

MSWI BA NL

MSWI BA fresh NL

MSWI BA Road base Lab charact. SE

MSWI BA Road base Core samples L/S=10

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(m

g/L)

pH

pH dependent concentration of Al

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(m

g/L)

pH

pH dependent concentration of Cu

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(m

g/L)

pH

pH dependent concentration of Ni

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(m

g/L)

pH

pH dependent concentration of Mo

Geochemical speciation

15/06/2012 12

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Re

lea

se

(m

g/k

g)

pH

Partitioning liquid-solid of Zn

Free

DOC-bound

POM-bound

FeOxide

Clay

ZnSiO3

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(m

g/k

g)

pH

Zn as function of pH

INGESTION

INHALATION

CEMENT

STABILIZATION

NATURAL

SOIL

ACIDIC

ENVIRONMENTS

CARB ONATION

The geochemical modelling of MSWI bottom ash can reveal mineral and sorptive

phases controlling release of substances and provides means for prediction of

release under different exposure scenarios, ecotoxicological effects as well as

long term release behaviour aspects.

Data Management Tools

Data Templates– for managing data in the lab Excel® spreadsheets for each method

Perform basic, required calculations (e.g, moisture content)

Record laboratory data

Archive analytical data with laboratory information

Form the upload file to materials database

LeachXS (Leaching eXpert System) LiteTM -- for data assessment Data visualization and processing program

Compare leaching test data: Between materials for a single constituent (e.g., As in two different CCRs)

Between constituents in a single material (e.g., Ba and SO4 in cement)

To default or user-defined “indicator lines” (e.g., QA limits, threshold values)

Export leaching data to Excel spreadsheets

Freely available at http://www.vanderbilt.edu/leaching

13

http://www.vanderbilt.edu/leaching

Conclusions

A limited set of proper characterisation tests – pH dependence, percolation and monolith leach test – still suffices to describe release behaviour from a wide range of materials in a variety of applications.

Following the use of this more sophisticated testing, significant progress in understanding release controlling processes has been made, which is necessary for decisions on treatment and quality improvement

At present benchmarks can be defined based on statistical evaluation of a suitable set of characterisation leaching data sets. These can form the reference base against which quality control objectives are judged.

Note that leaching data need to be treated as log normal distributed data

This reference data set can be expanded to strengthen the uncertainty bounds for the material under consideration.

When for a given material the benchmarks for most or all substances are met, then further testing of such substances is not necessary or only with a low frequency.

15/06/2012 14

Conclusions

In the evaluation of leaching from materials, carbonation and oxidation are crucial processes to consider, but these processes can not be derived from single step test results and cannot be mimiced well in the laboratory.

In this context the relationship between test data from the laboratory and field have been shown to be very promising and provide a basis to make long term projections of release.

Benchmark for leaching behaviour of recycled concrete aggregate, BOF slag and MSWI bottom ash has been realized and will be made available through LeachXS Lite.

The benchmarks can be used to place end-user data in perspective, judge release behaviour in relation to available regulations and provide a basis for drafting WFT (without further testing) dossiers.

15/06/2012 15

Thank you for your attention

Questions?

15/06/2012 16