A Realistic Overview of Potential and Prospects of ... · Geothermal Energy is the internal energy of the earth emanating from deep seated heat source and may be harnessed for power

THERMAX - CONFIDENTIAL THERMAX - CONFIDENTIAL

A Realistic Overview

of

Potential and Prospects

of

Harnessing Geothermal Energy

In

India

22nd

February, 2014

National Conference on Energy and Environment - 2014


Geothermal Energy is the internal energy of the earth emanating from

deep seated heat source and may be harnessed for power generation

and other off-grid applications when accessed through deep wells.

Sketch of a Geothermal

System – manifesting

internal heat of Earth

Manifestation of Geothermal Energy


The journey of harnessing Geothermal

Resources started at Larderello in Italy

when a kW level steam turbine was

installed in 1904.

1904 Plant at Larderello, Italy

25 Countries Producing over 12, 000 MW of Power

Geothermal Journey – 1904 to 2014

In MNRE Geothermal Energy comes under

the Division of NEW TECHNOLOGIES


History of Geothermal Studies in India

Hot Springs Committee Constituted by Government of India in 1963

which submitted its Report in 1968

UNDP Experts were consulted and Systematic Geothermal Studies

were launched in the country in 1973

340 hot spring localities occurring in some clusters were identified.

Detailed exploration studies were carried out in parts of NW

Himalaya, Chhattisgarh (then part of M. P.), Maharashtra, West Bengal,

Odisha and some other States.

Geothermal Investigations and Preliminary Exploration was

completed by 1990 but no scheme of utilization of Geothermal Energy

could be conceived.

No Guidelines for Harnessing Geothermal Energy and not given due

significance in MNRE.

Not even a kW level installation for power or off-grid applications.


Global Geothermal Scenario

• Present Global Geothermal Power

generation is about 12, 000 MW.

• Major producers are USA,

Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico, New

Zealand, Italy, Iceland and Japan

• While geothermal power

generation has flattened in USA

after 1990 (all known resources

explored), there is steady increase

in other countries.

• Geothermal Power Generation

increasing steadily since 1950’s

when the first large plant installed

in New Zealand.

• Projections suggest that by the

end of 2015, Global Geothermal

Power Generation would exceed

19,000 MW.

Capacity increment

is more pronounced

outside USA

Steady increase since

1950’s

Projected

Figure for 2015

is 19, 800 MW


Geothermal Power Generation Technologies

Dry Steam Plant (> 270 0C) Flash Plant (> 180 to 270

0C)

Binary Cycle or Organic Rankine Cycle

• At temperature of 120 to 180 0C

• Even systems at 67 to 76 0C also

harnessed using this technology

• Normally a downstream of Flash

Plants

• Low B. P. Organic Fluids are used

• More Relevant for Indian Systems


Geothermal Provinces of India

• Eight major Geothermal

Provinces with 340 Hot

Spring Localities

• Total potential as in MNRE

records based on studies of

GSI about 10,000 MW.

• Geothermal Energy by

virtue of its plus points is

now harnessed in over 100

countries:

1. It is available 24 x 7

2. Is clean energy

3. Its waste heat can also be

utilized for cooling and

heating and other off-grid

applications

4. Geothermal Power Plant

can attain efficiency

comparable to coal-based

plants


State Possible Power

Potential (MW)

Andhra 25

Arunachal 10

Chhattisgarh 15

Gujarat 50

Himachal 15

J & K 100

Jharkhand 10

Maharashtra 25

Odisha 10

Uttarakhand 50

West Bengal 10

TOTAL About 300

Geothermal Potential of India

Realistic Geothermal Power

Generation Potential

achievable by 2020

• Official Figure of GSI and MNRE

is 10, 600 MW which is in

circulation since 1982.

• This figure pertains to 113

systems identified in 1982.

• It seems the Figure may be

MWThermal

inadvertently

mentioned as MWElectrical

• It might have been due to some

calculation error too.

• The realistic potential may be

about 1000 MW.

• About 30% of this may be

achievable by 2020 in 11 states

• The remaining may be taken as

virtual power used for heating or

may be harnessed when

Technology has advanced.


Resource

Temperature

> 150 0C

Resource

Temperature

130 to 150 0C

Resource

Temperature

< 130 0C

Resources Identified

340 (GSI)

Resources in Ladakh

Region of J&K

Puga, Chhumathang

Some of the resources

of Maharashtra, H.P.,

Jharkhand, W. Bengal,

Odisha, Chhattisgarh

Bulk of the Indian

Geothermal

Resources

Suitable for Power Generation Non-Electrical

Applications

Low to Moderate Enthalpy Fluids suitable for

Power Generation using Binary Cycle or

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)

Types of Indian Geothermal Resources


Three Systems Discharging at B. P. or Higher

PUGA

CHUMATHANG

TATTAPANI

Puga, Chhumathang and Tattapani have been considered promising as:

1. In these areas only hot springs are at surface boiling temperature or higher

2. Surface manifestations are very impressive, some at boiling point

3. These are the only areas where steam forms a fraction of the borehole

discharge

TATTAPANI


Puga Geothermal Project, District Leh, J&K

PUGA

• Most promising geothermal area

of the Indian Sub-Continent.

• Reservoir Temperature expected

to be > 180 0C.

• The system may have a potential

of at least 30 MW.

• Potential may be as high as 100

MW if the fluid is encountered at

220 0C as indicated by silica

geothermometry..


Glimpses of Geothermal Activity at Puga


Power Requirements in Ladakh

Requirement of Power by Defence and Paramilitary Forces in

Ladakh Region is 50 MW, which is likely to touch 75 MW in 2020

Requirement of Army within Leh District alone is about 30 MW which

is projected to touch 50 MW in 2015. The present requirement is met

through Diesel Generation and some captive mini and micro hydro projects

There is no dearth of Power Demand in Leh district.

Army and Civilian requirement exceeds 78 MW.

Geothermal energy has no competition in area.

1. Thermal PP not viable

2. Nuclear plant is unthinkable

3. Solar incapable to cater post-sunset needs

4. Scope of wind limited

5. HEPs working at 10 to 30% efficiency in winter

6. Diesel generation > Rs 15/unit.

About half of this 50 MW is available to Army, particularly In Kargil

District from State Grid mainly through Hydro Power projects

Power Requirement

of Leh District is about

100 MW of which about

50% is needed by

Defence & Paramilitary

Forces.


Geothermal Project Development

In Iceland

For a beginner like India,

Resource Assessment is too

expensive: May touch 25%

of the Project Cost

Exploration Investigations for small geothermal power plants have a

relatively high cost and may have a significant component in tariff. This cost

may be apportioned for larger plants. Indian resources are ideally suited for

smaller plants only, except probably Puga. One of the ways to rationalize the

tariff may be 100% Government support for Exploration.

• Cost of Geothermal

Power Generation

varies from USD 4 to

6 Million/MW

• In India it is likely to

be Rs. 25 Crores/MW

Economic Considerations


Economic Considerations Contd…

• Exploration and resource assessment is very expensive, 10 to 20% of

the total project cost and risky too. In the absence of any support from

the Government Private developers therefore do not want to go for it.

• Cost of per MW generation is USD 4 to 6 Million depending on resource

characteristics, technology to be used and location of the Project.

• This high Project Cost often has a negative impact on planners and

authorities as traditionally the cost is compared with conventional

Power Generation Systems.

• Geothermal Power Plants run at up to 90% PLF. Per MW Geothermal

Energy may generate 7.5 to 8.1 Million Units as compared to 1.4 to 1.7

Million Units per MW Installed Capacity

• Hydro power in Himalayan region costs 10 to 15 Cr/MW with a PLF

seldom averaging > 50% - about 4 Million Units/MW


Conceptual Modelling

&

Resource Evaluation

Area is Ready for Production

Drilling followed by

Installation of Power Plant

Geothermal Exploration is

very expensive and in virgin

areas like Indian Prospects,

may cost to 20% of Project

Cost. Available data is 30 to

40 years old and therefore

expertise and technologies

have to be imported further

adding to the cost.

Expensive Exploration and Resource Evaluation


Development of the First or a First Few

Geothermal Power Plants in the Country with

a view to generate base line data for future

geothermal developmental activities

Providing Exploration Data & Risk Mitigation

Funding for Geothermal R&D and

Risk Mitigation

Fixing Attractive Feed-in Tariff

Upper bracket being 0.21 to 0.51 USD/kw.Hr

Various Fiscal Incentives in the form of

Taxes and Duties Exemptions and Relief

Facilitating Loans through Government

Guarantees

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AVAILABLE IN OTHER COUNTRIES

FOR HARNESSING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Kenya, Philippines,

New Zealand, Iceland

USA, Kenya, Indonesia,

Philippines, Greece,

Turkey and Germany

USA, Australia, Germany

16 Geothermal Power

Producing Countries

USA and Indonesia

Many European Countries

and Japan


Harnessing Geothermal Energy Not Possible Without

Government Support / Funding

• As in practice in Geothermal Power Producing Countries, Government

should provide support and assistance to Private Developers.

• In many countries the First Geothermal Power Plants have been Built

by Government Agencies.

• Private Developers are not willing to take any risk and therefore there

has to be a mechanism that either the Government Provides the

Resource Evaluation Data or the Cost of Exploration and Exploratory

Drilling may come from the Government in the form of a Grant.

• There is an urgent need that the Puga Geothermal System is

developed to its optimum capacity. This can only be done with the

support of the Government. The availability of Power in Ladakh region

would have a cascading effect on the economy and uplift of the region

and would provide better living conditions to the local populace as

well as Defence and Para-Military Forces in the region.


Present Status of Geothermal Project Development

Program in India

Prospects Status

West Coat Geothermal

Belt, Maharashtra

MoU signed between MEDA & Thermax in

April, 2012. Resource assessment studies

are in progress. Proposal submitted to

MNRE for VGF in November, 2013

Puga Geothermal

Prospect, J&K

LOI issued to Thermax-RG (Iceland) in

August, 2012. Agreement not signed due

to non-availability of funds. Meeting held

in MNRE on 21/10/13 to resolve the issues.

Cambay Basin ONGC and a Belgium Company Talboom

planning to take up the work.

Tattapani, Chhattisgarh MoU signed between CREDA, NTPC, GSI

Godavari Valley, A. P. Govt. of A. P. in MoU with GeoSyndicate

Gujarat PDPU Ahmedabad has initiated

preliminary exploration

Thermax is the only Company in India Currently Involved in Geothermal Exploration

and Resource Assessment in the West Coast Geothermal Belt of Maharashtra


India definitely has a potential to be

one of the Geothermal Power

Generation Countries in the world.

Puga, Chhumathang, Tattapani and

West Coast, Maharashtra have

potential of hosting Geothermal

Power Plants.

These may be followed by more in

H. P., Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, West

Bengal, Odisha and Cambay Basin

A 3 MW ORC – Based

Geothermal Power Plant

in Mexico

A 1.8 MW ORC Plant in Kenya


Geothermal Resources of Maharashtra

and

Scope of Their Utilization

for

Power Generation

and

Some Relevant Off-Grid Applications

22nd

February, 2014

National Conference on Energy and Environment - 2014



A

B

C

Total Number of 28

Geothermal Resources

In Maharashtra.

Occurring in 3 Main

Groups

A – West Coast

Geothermal Belt

B – Satpura – Tapi

Sector

C – Penganga Sector




Resource

Temperature

> 150 0C

Resource

Temperature

130 to 150 0C

Resource

Temperature

< 130 0C

Resources Identified

340 (GSI)

Resources in Ladakh

Region of J&K

Puga, Chhumathang

WEST COAST

GEOTHERMAL

BELT

PENGANGA GROUP

SATPURA – TAPI GR.

Suitable for Power Generation Non-Electrical

Applications

Low to Moderate Enthalpy Fluids suitable for

Power Generation using Binary Cycle or

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)

Types of Indian Geothermal Resources


West Coast Geothermal Project, Maharashtra

1. Rajapur

2. Math

3. Sangameshwar

4. Rajawadi

5. Tural

6. Aravli

7. Khed

8. Unhavre (Khed)

9. Unhavre (Tamhane)

10.Vadavli

11.Sov

12.Pali

13.Akoli

14.Ganeshpuri

15.Sativli

16.Haloli

17.Paduspada

18.Koknere

The Belt extends for over 300 km covering

districts Ratnagiri, Raigad and Thane and has

over 60 hot springs concentrated

in 18 localities.


Characteristics of Geothermal Resources

• Geothermal Prospects of Penganga and Satpura-Tapi Sectors belong

to the category with resource temperature of < 130 0C, probably not >

110 0C.

• Southern part of WCGB has more promising geothermal resources

• Unahavare (Khed) has the highest discharge temperature of 71 0C.

• Shallow temperature surveys in the areas around Unahavare and Tural

– Rajawadi have indicated very high thermal gradient and heat flow

values.

• Hot springs, in general, are Na – Cl type with relative abundance of

SO4.

• Silica values are highly variable. Relatively high values of 80 to 122

mg/l are reported from Tural, Rajawadi, Unahavare and Koknere

Indicating high reservoir temperature.

• Reservoir temperatures estimated using chemical thermometries

(mainly silica) range from 110 to 150 0C. For Unahavare and Tural /

Rajawadi, reservoir temperature may be 130 to 150 0C.

• Chemistry of geothermal fluid is indicated to be non-corrosive and

non-detrimental for power plant and equipment.


Exploration work in the West Coasty Geothermal Belt consists of

geological, geochemical, geophysical and thermal gradient studies. We also

had assistance from BARC in isotope studies.

Thermax is the only entity in country carrying out this kind

of exploration activities.

Exploration in WCGB, Maharashtra


Coverage in Local Media

Local Marathi and Hindi Media covered the

event of signing of MoU with the Village

Panchayat and initiation of the Exploration

Programme for the First Geothermal Power

Plant in the country.


Conclusions of Exploration Studies

1. Geothermal anomalies are related to some major NW – SE

lineaments

2. Resource Temperature is expected to be about 140 0C

3. Elevated thermal gradient suggests a possible heat source

4. The reservoir may be located within the Granite Basement

Rocks.

5. Granite Basement may occur at a depth of 500 to 600 m

below GL.

6. Chemical quality of geothermal fluid is non-corrosive.

7. Mass output of 525 TPH would be needed for a 3 MW ORC

and the gross efficiency would be 9.8%.

8. For 130 0C 713 TPH of Geofluid would be needed.


Harnessing Maharashtra Geothermal Resources

• Resource Temperature of 140 to 150 0C expected

• Appropriate for installing an Organic Rankine Cycle.

• Relationship between Temperature and Mass Output is

important.

1. 130 0C 3 MW 715 TPH

2. 140 0C 3 MW 525 TPH

3. 150 0C 3 MW 300 TPH

• Another significant parameter is permeability - whether the

required quantity would be available from 1 or more wells?


Could we have the First Geothermal

Power Plant in India in

Maharashtra?

Thank

You

Documents

A Realistic Overview of Potential and Prospects of ... · Geothermal Energy is the internal energy of the earth emanating from deep seated heat source and may be harnessed for power