A Realistic Intermediate Scenario 1. What is global ... · Oil extraction Construction site, BP oil refinery Hydrogen School of Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 14 350MW

Tokyo Institute of TechnologySchool of Engineering

1

A Realistic Intermediate Scenariofor Sustainable Development

Ken OKAZAKIProfessor

Department of Mechanical and Control EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology, Japane-mail: [email protected]

Tokyo Tech-NASTDA ForumTokyo Institute of Technology

Nov. 20, 2006


2

Outline1. What is global environmental problems ?

net quantitative contribution to CO2 mitigation2. Overview of an intermediate scenario toward

CO2-free sustainable community by introducing hydrogen-based energy systemshort term, medium term, long termsystem integration – fossil fuel (coal) to hydrogen with CCSworld present status of hydrogen energy technologies

3. Related technologies and Japan’s projectscoal oxy-firing for CO2 recovery, CO2 sequestration, JHFC (Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell) project

4. Enhancement of low quality waste heat by using hydrogen as an energy carrier

5. Future prospect of introducing hydrogen energy


3

1. What is global environmental problems ?

• Global warming due to a huge amount of CO2 emission

Japan: 1.3 Gton-CO2/year, World: 25 Gton-CO2/year

• Depletion of fossil fuel resources

Any countermeasure should havea net and quantitative contribution

to solve those problems as a total system.


4

CO

2Em

issi

on （

Car

bon

G-to

n/ye

ar）

Year1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

(Source: RITE HP)

Nat. Gas

Oil

Coal


5

2000 2050 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500

Oil & Natural Gas

▲

▲

Sustainable program for production and consumption

2100 y

2050 y

Present

Energy demand with annual economical growth of 1.5%

（Source: Clean Coal Science Handbook, 1996 CCUJ)

Coal

Long term prospect of fossil fuel consumption

Ann

ual p

rodu

ctio

n

・Nuclear Energy・Renewable Energy

Intermediate scenario – hydrogen from fossil fuels


6

2. OVERVIEW - A realistic scenario for sustainable development

CO2 + H2Fossil Fuel(Coal, Oil ..)

O2/CO2

Combustion

CO2 Recovery

Air-blownCombustion

CO2 Separationand Recovery

(MEA .. )

CO + H2

gasification shift reaction

Hydrogen Energy System(Fuel Cell,Hydrogen Turbine ..)

Renewable Energy(Wind, PV ..)

Electricity

H2 + O2 H2O

CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)

CO2 + H2

FutureGen (US)

steam reforming

exergy enhancement

[Short term]CO2 recovery and sequestration

[Medium term]Integration of fossil fuel, hydrogen and CO2 mitigation

[Far future]Hydrogen production from natural energies

Short, medium and long term scenario for CO2 mitigation and introducing hydrogen<Okazaki, J. Energy, 2004>


7

Launch of Space Shuttle(combustion of hydrogen with oxygen)

J F Kennedy Space Center

Hydrogen energy has been used only for some special purpose such as a launch of space shuttle.

Hydrogen energy is now spreading widely to various public use such as transportation, stationary energy sources as a countermeasure to solve environmental issues.

But, still many problems …

Present status of hydrogen energy technologies


8

Semi-commercialized FC vehicles and busesSemi-commercialized FC vehicles and buses

Daihatsu Move FCV Suzuki MR Wagon FCV GM/OPEL HydroGen3 Daimler F-Cell

Toyota FCHV Nissann X-TRAIL FCV Honda FCX Mitsubishi FCV

Ford Focus FCV Toyota/Hino FCHV- BUS2 Daimler FC Bus MAN FC Bus


9

Hydrogen refueling stations for commercializationHydrogen refueling stations for commercialization

Los Angels Air Portwater electrolysisself-service

Washington DC Hydrogen station with GSliquid-hydrogen storage

CEP Berlin, self-serviceliquid-hydrogen storagewater electrolysis

HF-150, moving type hydrogen refueling station (150kg,35MPa)

Burbanklow-cost PEM electrolysis self-service

Card reader California

ARAL TOTAL

SHELL

H-CUTE Berlin, Self-serviceliquid-hydrogen storageLPG reforming


10

Opening ceremony of hydrogen station at UC-Davis, April 4, 2004Opening ceremony of hydrogen station at UC-Davis, April 4, 2004

California Hydrogen Highway Network (CaH2Net) plan was presented by the governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in April, 2004.


11Source: Homepage of Hydrogen highway

Hydrogen station : 250 sitesHydrogen vehicles : 20,000Reduction of GHG emission : 30 %

■ 18 stations connecting big cities

■ Hydrogen stations in northern California

Sacramento

Sacramento

San Francisco

Los Angels

San Francisco

Los Angels

■ Hydrogen stations in southern California

San Diego

Palm Springs

Target presented in 2004

Hydrogen Highway Network Program in CaliforniaHydrogen Highway Network Program in California


12

Whistler

VancouverNRC/UBC

AirportSurrey

Victoria

●

●

●

●

NorthVancouver

●

●

●

（Olympic game site）

Hydrogen Highway ProgramBritish Columbia, Canada

Hydrogen Highway ProgramIn Norway (HyNor)


13

500 MW hydrogen turbine power station in US

Developer： BP、Edison Mission Gr. Site：Carson (near LA, Calif,)Power generation ：500MW H2 turbine（250MW×2 ）Hydrogen source：Petro-Coke 5,000t/d, gasification CO2 capture：CO2decrease: 4 Mt/year（corresponding to the CO2 emissions of 1 M vehicles) Operation start：2011 yrBudget：1000 M$

Hydrogen turbineHydrogen turbine

GasificationGasification Petroleum cokePetroleum coke

CO2 injectionCO2 injection

CO2 captureCO2 captureElectricityElectricity

Oil extractionOil extraction

Construction site, BP oil refinery

HydrogenHydrogen


14

350MW hydrogen turbine power station in UK

Developer：BP, Scottish & Southern Energy, Shell, ConocoPhillipsSite：Scotland Aberdeenshire、S.S.E Peterhead power stationPower generation：350MW hydrogen turbine（175MW×2）Hydrogen production：natural gas 2 Mm3/day reforming、H2:99.9%CO2 capture：CO2 decrease 1.2Mt/year（corresponding 0.3M vehicles ）

（injected into old oil field in North Sea)Operation start：2010 yr Budget：600 M$

Hydrogen turbineHydrogen turbine

Natural gas reformingNatural gas reforming Natural gas extractionNatural gas extraction

CO2injectionCO2injection

CO2 captureCO2 capture

ElectricityElectricity

OilOil

HydrogenHydrogen


15

New cycle by gas turbine of hydrogen/oxygen combustion- combustion product：steam only (when dilute gas is steam)- hybrid system automatically combining

gas turbine cycle and steam turbine cycle

Conventionalgas turbine

Hydrogen turbine

Hydrogen SteamCombustor

Compressor

Turbine

Condenser

Pump

External work is almost zerodue to compression in the liquid phase

Atmosphere Oxygen

Entropy

Tem

pera

ture


16

3. Japan’s Projects for Mitigation of Global Warming

・Coal Technologies for CO2 RecoveryCO2/O2 (Oxy-firing) Coal Combustion (NEDO-CCUJ：1996-2000)IGCC+CO2 Recovery and Hydrogen-rich Gasification, Hydrogen TurbineIGFC+ CO2 Recovery and SOFC, Co-productionHyPr-RING: New Hydrogen Production Process with CO2 Recovery

・CO2 Sequestration TechnologiesSEA-COSMIC : Study of Environmental Assessment for CO2 Ocean Sequestration for

Mitigation of Climate Change (NEDO-RITE：Phase I: 1997-2001, Phase-II: 2002- )Geological Sequestration

・Hydrogen related TechnologiesWE-NET（World Energy Network Project)

(NEDO-IAE・ENAA：Phase-I: 1993-1998, Phase-II: 1999-2002)

・Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling StationsJHFC (Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Project)

(METI-JARI(JEVA)： Phase-I: 2002-2005, Phase-II: 2006- )


17

Council for Science & Technology Policy, Cabinet Office （総合科学技術会議）

Project Integration and World Collaboration

to improve our global environment for future generations

Coal Utilization with CO2 Recovery JCOALO2/CO2 Coal CombustionCO2 Capture from IGCCHyPr-RING for Hydrogen Production

CO2 Sequestration RITEOcean SequestrationGeological Sequestration

Hydrogen Energy System ENAA, IAEFC-Vehicles and H2 Stations JARI-JHFCDistributed Co-generation System

US (Hydrogen Initiative, FutureGen), Europe, etc.and developing countries

METIw/o

NEDO

INTEGRATION

COLLABORATION

(354億円, M$ 300 for FY2005)

(B$ 1.2/5years, M$ 240/year)

consistent strategy


18

OVERVIEW


O2/CO2

Combustion

CO2 Recovery

Air-blownCombustion


(MEA .. )

CO + H2




Electricity

H2 + O2 H2O


CO2 + H2

FutureGen (US)

steam reforming

exergy enhancement






19

Acid Raintechnology transferfrom Japan

CO2 Problemsonly increase of eff.is not enough, andnew strategies are definitely necessary.

Emissions of NOx and SOx from Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Stations

USA Canada UK France Germany Italy (average) JAPAN

Present Status of Clean Coal Technology

In Japan1 GW P.C. Stations

Net eff. > 40 %NOx < 100 ppm


20

O2/CO2 (Oxy-firing) Coal CombustionConventional pulverized coal combustion

CO2 concentration in flue gas is about 13 %

Great energy consumption to separate CO2

O2/CO2 pulverized coal combustion

CO2 concentration in flue gas is enriched up

to 95 %Easy and efficient CO2 recovery

Small amount of exhausted gas (extremely low amount of NOx, SOx)

O2

Coal

Recycled gas

O2 productionAir Furnace

Practically realized by IshikawajimaharimaCo., Ltd.

ASU


21

Drastic Reduction of CR* (Fuel-N to NOx) by Oxy-firing

Base case

Oxy-fuelO2 : 30%H.R.: 0%



ConventionalO2 : 21%H.R.: 0%

<Liu & Okazaki, FUEL, 2003>


22

Power Plant site*Callide-A Power Stationof CS Energy

Sequestration site

Site map

Australia/Japan Oxy-firing Project


23

NEDO:New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

CCUJ(JCOAL)

IHI

Advisory Group:*Tokyo Institute of Technology*National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

*Electric Power Development Co.,Ltd.*Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry*Nippon Sanso Corporation*Research Institute of Innovate Technology for the Earth

Project manager

Coal 21

Electric companiesCoal suppliersResearch Gr.

Scheme


Australia Japan

Application study of Oxy-firing technology in other region

Study of boiler conversion to Oxy-firing


24

Coalfeed

Stack

Feed waterheater

PGF Inter-cooler

Air

Pre-cooler

CO2

Oxygen

GRF/FDF

Boiler

GAH/GGH

EP CO2compressors

Oxygenpre-heater

Air separationunits

Bag filter

Mill

Transportation(truck or railway or pipeline)

Storage(gas or liquid)Sequestration

(Coal seams or underground)

Recovery

CO2 liquefaction

InjectionTank

Japan

Aus.

Aus.（Direct gas Injection）


Coalfeed

Stack

Feed waterheater

PGF Inter-cooler

Air

Pre-cooler

CO2

Oxygen

GRF/FDF

Boiler

GAH/GGH

EP CO2compressors

Oxygenpre-heater

Air separationunits

Bag filter

Mill




Recovery

CO2 liquefaction

InjectionTank

Japan

Aus.


Coalfeed

Stack

Feed waterheater

PGF Inter-cooler

Air

Pre-cooler

CO2

Oxygen

GRF/FDF

Boiler

GAH/GGH

EP CO2compressors

Oxygenpre-heater

Air separationunits

Bag filter

Mill




Recovery

CO2 liquefaction

InjectionTank

Japan

Aus.




25

OVERVIEW


O2/CO2

Combustion

CO2 Recovery

Air-blownCombustion


(MEA .. )

CO + H2




Electricity

H2 + O2 H2O


CO2 + H2

FutureGen (US)

steam reforming

exergy enhancement






26

CO2 Sequestration Projects in Japan


27

direct dissolution typedirect dissolution type

CO2 droplet dissolution must finish before reaching to sea surfaceCO2 droplet dissolution must finish before reaching to sea surface

Control of released liquid CO2 droplet sizeControl of released liquid CO2 droplet size

Fundamental understanding of liquid CO2 injection behavior with hydrateFundamental understanding of liquid CO2 injection behavior with hydrate

Ocean Sequestrationby moving ship

We have almost developed this technologywithout additional effect on marine environment


28

Atmospheric CO2 peak shaving by artificial dissolution of CO2 into ocean


29

Sleipner Project - aquifer

Statoil – Norway

1MtCO2/year

From Statoil leaflet


30CO2 Injection Experiment in Niigata Prefecture


31

OVERVIEW


O2/CO2

Combustion

CO2 Recovery

Air-blownCombustion


(MEA .. )

CO + H2




Electricity

H2 + O2 H2O


CO2 + H2

FutureGen (US)

steam reforming

exergy enhancement






32

JHFC ProjectYEAR (FY) 2002 2003 2004

Vehicle Test

Facility

HydrogenStation Test

Test

GarageShowroom

HydrogenStation

Public RelationActivityActivity

Test Method

ConstructionOpening Expansion

ExtensionConstruction

Test Method

2005

Demo. Test, Data Acquisition, ValidationDemo. Test, Data Acquisition, Validation

Operation & Demo. Test, ValidationOperation & Demo. Test, Validation

OperationOperation

OperationOperation

Extension

Seminar Seminar Seminar Seminar

JHFC: Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project


33

Overall efficiency (fuel production eff. × running eff.)

Fuel Running Total efficiency (fuel eff. × running eff.)

(source : Toyota)

GasolineICV

GasolineHV

Comp. H2FCV

Comp. H2FCHV

target

Hybrid VehicleFuel Cell VehicleFuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle


34

JHFC Demonstration JHFC Demonstration FCVsFCVs

Honda FCX

Toyota/Hino FCHV-BUS2

Toyota FCHV

Nissan X-TRAIL

DaimlerChrysler F-Cell

General Motors Hydrogen3MITSUBISHI FCV

Suzuki wagonR-FCV


35JHFC Park (Garage・Showroom, Hydrogen Station)

Opening: March 12, 2003

GarageGarage

ShowroomShowroom

YokohamaYokohama--DaikokuDaikoku

Hydrogen StationHydrogen Station


36

：constructed in 2002FY ：constructed in 2003FY

Ome Hydrogen Station9

Relocatable Hydrogen Station6

Hadano Hydrogen Station7

Sagamihara Hydrogen Station8

Senju Hydrogen Station3

Ariake Hydrogen Station4

Kawasaki Hydrogen Station5

Yokohama-TsurumiHydrogen Station

10

Yokohama-AsahiHydrogen Station

2

Yokohama-DaikokuHydrogen Station

Garage-Showroom

1

1

2

3

4

510

7

8

9

6

Garage-ShowroomGarage-Showroom

50km50km

Hydrogen Stations in Metropolitan Area near Tokyo


37

Ingredient Fuel Hydrogen

Well to Tank Tank to Wheel

Well toCharge Tank

Charge Tank toFuel Tank

Fuel Tank toWheel

Well to Wheel

Estimation from references

Data from hydrogen refueling station operation

Data from FCV demo test

Total efficiency using “real world data” will be shown.

Outline of Total efficiency estimationTotal Efficiency


38

Driving Test Result-Energy Consumption(1)

FCV・ICV・HEV Comparison Result (with Vehicle Weight Modification)

20 40 60 80 100 120

HEV Average Line(Data Number＝765)

ICV Average Line(Data Number＝843)

0

10

20

30

40

50

ICV Group ： Toyota Crugar, Nissan X-TRAIL、Honda ＣＲ－Ｖ, Opel Zafila, Mitsubishi Grandis, Suzuki wagonR

HEV Group ： Toyota Prius, Former Prius, Estima Hybrid, Nissan Tino Hybrid, Honda Insight

FCV Group ： Toyota FCＨV, Nissan X-TRAIL FCV, Honda FCX, GM HydroGeｎ3, DaimlerChlysler F-Cell,

Mitsubishi FCV, Suzuki wagonR-FCV

Gasoline Density ： 0.729 kg/L

Gasoline Energy (LHV) ： 45.1 MJ/kg

Hydrogen Energy (LHV) ： 120 MJ/kg

FCV averaged vehicle weight ： 1717 kg

FCV Average Line (Data Number＝2006)

Vehicle Speed [km/h]

Energ

y consu

mption r

ate

(km

/L g

asolin

e e

quiv

alent)

Test Route : Disignated

Air Conditioner : ON

Compared with ICV and HEV, FCV showed better energy consumption rate per vehicle weight.


39

Scenario to introduce FCVs, Stations and Stationary FCs (Japan’s target)

２００５＜introduction＞２０１０＜popularization＞２０２０＜full-popularization＞２０３０

Number of FCVs

50,000 5 million 15 million

Official vehicles, Buses

Freight trucks, Business cars

Public cars

Vehicle Types

Hydrogen Stations （Hydrogen Demand）

５００ sites （40 k ton）

３５００ sites （580 k ton）

８５００ sites （1510 k ton）

Stationary Fuel Cell

2.2 GW 10 GW 12.5 GW

Durability Target

3,000 hrs （FC vehicle）

30,000 start & stop （FC vehicle）

～40,000 hrs （stationary）

5,000 hrs

60,000 times

90,000 hrs

Cost Target

Millions JP¥／ｋW （Stack cost for FC vehicle）

Millions JP¥ （System price for stationary FC）

4,000 JP¥／ｋW

400,000 JP¥

By Dr. Takenaka (AIST ) ＜Source: FCCJ, Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan＞

Spread of Micro Grids

1.2 million/year

Commercialization


40

Needed Innovations for PEFC

• Reliability --- longer duration time(back to the basic : mechanism of degradation)

• Much lower cost ( --- 1/100 )

• Higher efficiency --- less energy loss( in the membrane and on the catalytic surface )

• High efficiency catalyst( less platinum or alternative materials )


41

H+

e-

Load

PEFC Structure

PEFC: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell

Electrolyte（ex. Nafion）

H2

H+

：Pt

：C

O2

H+

Anode2H2→4H++4e-

CathodeO2+4H++4e-→2H2O

CF2CF2 CF

CFCF2

CF2

CF2O

CF2CF2

SO3-

CF2CF2SO3

-

O

CF2

CF2

CF2CF2CF

CF2CF2

CF2

CF2

CF2

SO3-

O

H2O H2O

H2O

X+

X+ X+


42

WaterWater distribution

in PEM by MRI

ReactionElectron population

and transferon catalystby XAFS

Polymer ScienceElectrolyte membrane/

degradation

Catalysis/ElectrochemistryCatalytic reaction/Surface chemistry

Prof. Hirai,Assist. Prof. Tsushima

Prof. OkazakiAsso.Prof. Fushinobu

Prof. YamanakaProf. Okazaki

PEFC with

higher energy

efficiency and

durability

Catalyst and

Reaction Design:higher

activation and

durability

Optimization of FC system and operation:uniform and higher water content

In-situ diagnostics

Mechanism ofWater Transport

Water effect on catalyst activation under FC operation

Water effect on membrane degradation under FC operation

Physico-chemical structure of catalyston activation and degradation

Degradation Mechanismof Catalysis

Degradation Mechanismof polymer/membrane Membrane

Synthesis:higher

conductivity and

durabilityProf. Tanioka

Assist. Prof. Matsumoto

TITECH Interdisciplinary Research Project on PEFC with higher energy efficiency and durability in collaboration with Mech. Eng., Electrochemistry, Catalytic chemistry and Polymer science


43

Qua

lity

of e

nerg

y

4. Another important feature of hydrogen is exergy enhancement using hydrogen as an energy carrier


44

727 kJ/mol 286 x 3 = 858 kJ/mol

CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 3H2

Heat value:

Low quality thermal energy (waste heat)

= 6 %( corresponding to100 ℃)

η=ΔGΔH

Exergy enhancement

Exergy enhancement of low quality thermal energyby steam reforming of methanol

endothermic


45


46

Multi-Path Hydrogen Production System from Coal or Biomasswith Exergy Enhancement using Waste Heat on Site

Coal, Biomass, etc.

HydrogenMethanol ＤＭＥ

H2：CO＝1：0 H2：CO＝2：1 H2：CO＝1：1

H2O, O2

GasificationFurnace

Self Heat Recirculation 0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

0 100 200H2O/C6H10O5

Yiel

d [m

ol/m

ol C

6H10

O5]

H2COCH4

Low quality waste heat of 200-300℃ is enhancedto high quality chemical energy of hydrogen, on site

WasteHeat & Steam

Control ofH2/CO ratioby changing steam supply

<Okazaki, HESS, 2004>


47

5. Visions for the future prospect of hydrogen energyLong term strategyLong term strategy

• Introducing a large amount of natural energy ( x 100-1000 )• World hydrogen energy network

Realistic intermediate scenarioRealistic intermediate scenario (time scale, spatial scale)(even if the net contribution is very small at present)

• Hydrogen vehicle (PEFC)• Infrastructure, refueling station, hydrogen community• Advanced system of multilateral utilization of hydrogen

combined with CCS (Carbon Capture and Sequestration)• Exergy enhancement of low temperature waste heat using

hydrogen as an energy carrier• Optimization of distributed energy system (PEFC, MGT)• Efficient hydrogen production from fossil fuels and biomass• Lower cost and longer lifetime of PEFC• Establishing safety and public acceptance


48System integration as a realistic intermediate scenario toward hydrogen society

productiontransportationstorageutilization

Integration of hydrogen production from fossil fuels with CO2 sequestration

Exergy enhancement of low quality waste energy by using hydrogen as an intermediate energy carrier

Technology development for system integration based on advanced utilization of hydrogen< interface, matching of quantity and rate >< inter-industry collaboration >< co-production >

Sophisticated integration as a total system, not solely by increasing the efficiency of individual technologies, will lead to breakthroughs achieved only by using hydrogen

Individual technologies

< Comprehensive measures against global warming >< Only efficiency increase faces a limit in CO2 mitigation > < Exergy enhancement >

More renewable energy

<Okazaki, J. Energy, 2004>

Documents

A Realistic Intermediate Scenario 1. What is global ... · Oil extraction Construction site, BP oil refinery Hydrogen School of Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 14 350MW