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A quick comment on taxonomic levelsOrder - Always ends in “ales”; e.g., Agaricales,Boletales, Hymnochaetales
Family - Always ends in “aceae”; e.g.Amanitaceae, Russulaceae, Pluteaceae
Genus - Always capitalized and italicized orunderlined e.g. Russula, Boletus, Agaricus
Species - Always lower case and the endingagrees in gender with genus. e.g., Amanitaphalloides, Tricholomopsis rutilans
Three common reasons for speciesname changes
• Species is moved into a different genus based onnew data (e.g. Stropharia aurantiaca =Naematoloma aurantiacum)
• Species is segregated (split out) from a largergroups and recognized as distinct (Armillarianabsnona formerly placed within A. mellea)
• An older synonym for the species name isdiscovered (Amanita lanei supposedly older namefor A. calyptrata)
Pluteaceae:
• Pink-brown ellipsoid spores
• Free lamellae
• Stipe & pileus context not confluent
• Lamella trama convergent / inverse
PluteusRecognition of species based on:
• Structure of the pileipellis
(cutis, hymeniderm, trichoderm)
• Shape of the cystidia
(thick-walled with horns, ‘normal’)
• Colours of the pileus
Pluteus salicinusSmall grayish species with a blue-staining stipe base
http://www.nahuby.sk/images/fotosutaz/2005/milan_novotny2005_9665.jpg
Entolomataceae:
• Pink-brown SPECIAL spores
• Lamellae adnexed - adnate -decurrent
• Stature variable
• Saprotrophic, some perhapsectomycorrhizal
Entolomataceae:
• Entoloma s.l. with angular spores
• Clitopilus with football spores
• Rhodocybe with pustulate spores
Entoloma
Characters to recognize species:
-Habit & colours
-Pileipellis structure & pigments
-Spores
-Cystidia
Overview of white-spored familiesRussulaceae Sphaerocysts in trama (not only hyphae as in all other families)
Spores white to cream (or orange), with amyloid warts andridges, sulfovanilla positive cystidia
Russula, Lactarius
--- --- ---Amanitaceae Lamellae free
Universal (and partial) veil presentSpores whiteLamella trama divergent (made up of big inflated cells inAmanita)
Amanita, Limacella
Pluteaceae Lamellae freeUniversal veil present in VolvariellaSpores pink-brown, ellipsoidLamella trama convergent (inverse), made up of big inflatedcells
Pluteus, Volvariella
Entolomataceae Lamellae not freeVeils absentSpores pink-brown, and angular, knobby, or ridgedLamella trama regular (or irregular?)
Entoloma (incl. Leptonia, Nolanea)Clitopilus
Hygrophoraceae Lamellae waxy or thick, often decurrentOften with bright colours, esp. in HygrocybePartial veil present in HygrophorusSpores white, smoothLamella trama divergent in Hygrophorus, made up of narrow cellsBasidia long and slender
HygrophorusHygrocybe, Camarophyllus,
Agaricaceae p.p. Lamellae freeUniversal and partial veil presentLamella trama regular or trabecularSpores white to pale pink
Lepiota, Leucoagaricus,Leucocoprinus, Macrolepiota,Chlorophyllum
--- --- ---Tricholomataceae not with the character combinations of the other families
Overview of white-spored families continued
Tricholomataceae - overview of characterscharacter character states example generahabitsee figure
pleurotoid: stipe is laterally attached to the pileus
mycenoid: with long slender stipe, conical to flat pileus, and adnexedto adnate lamellaeomphalioid: with decurrent lamellae and often slender stipecollybioid: pileus not conical, nor umbilicate; context tough; lamellaefree to adnatetricholomatoid: with broad pileus and relatively short stipe
Pleurotus, Hohenbuehelia, Panus,LentinusMycena
Omphalina group, ClitocybeCollybia (Gymnopus), Marasmius,Laccaria, MelanoleucaTricholoma, Leucopaxillus
pileus shape convexapplanate, umbonateconicalumbilicate
MycenaOmphalina, Clitocybe
lamellae decurrentadnateadnexedemarginate, sinuate (notched)almost free
Omphalina, Clitocybe, XeromphalinamanyMycenaTricholoma, MelanoleucaCystoderma
stipe short and squatlong and slendertough
TricholomaMycena, Marasmius,Marasmius, Collybia (Gymnopus),Melanoleuca
veil in most cases absentuniversal veil presentpartial veil present
Most generaCystodermaArmillaria, Tricholoma
spore print white, cream, pink, brownish - lamellae might be colouredspores in most cases smooth and glabrous, not angular, without germ pore
minutely roughenedspiny
mostMelanoleucaLaccaria
basidia shorter than 5.5 times the spore length all (if longer see Hygrophoraceae)cystidia usually absent or subtitle
usually abundant and prominent
Clitocybe, Tricholoma, Collybia(Gymnopus),Tricholomopsis, Mycena,
lamella trama regular, irregularpileipellis very variable: cutis, hymeniderm, trichodermclamps absent or present
character character states example generahabitsee figure
pleurotoid: stipe is laterally attached to the pileus
mycenoid: with long slender stipe, conical to flat pileus, and adnexedto adnate lamellaeomphalioid: with decurrent lamellae and often slender stipecollybioid: pileus not conical, nor umbilicate; context tough;
tricholomatoid: with broad pileus and relatively short stipe
Pleurotus, Hohenbuehelia, Panus,LentinusMycena
Omphalina group, ClitocybeCollybia (Gymnopus), Marasmius,Laccaria, MelanoleucaTricholoma, Leucopaxillus
pileus shape convexapplanate, umbonateconicalumbilicate
MycenaOmphalina, Clitocybe
lamellae decurrentadnateadnexedemarginate, sinuate (notched)almost free
Omphalina, Clitocybe, XeromphalinamanyMycenaTricholoma, MelanoleucaCystoderma
stipe short and squatlong and slendertough
TricholomaMycena, Marasmius,Marasmius, Collybia (Gymnopus),Melanoleuca
veil in most cases absentuniversal veil presentpartial veil present
Most generaCystodermaArmillaria, Tricholoma
spore print white, cream, pink, brownish - lamellae might be colouredspores in most cases smooth and glabrous, not angular, without germ pore
minutely roughenedspiny
mostMelanoleucaLaccaria
basidia shorter than 5.5 times the spore length all (if longer see Hygrophoraceae)cystidia usually absent or subtitle
usually abundant and prominent
Clitocybe, Tricholoma, Collybia(Gymnopus),Tricholomopsis, Mycena,
Overview of common genera in Tricholomataceae