Upload
eris
View
37
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
A Proposal for a 50 T HTS Solenoid. Steve Kahn Muons Inc. August 10, 2006. Alternating Solenoid Lattice for Cooling. We plan to use high field solenoid magnets in the near final stages of cooling. The need for a high field can be seen by examining the formula for equilibrium emittance: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 1
A Proposal for a 50 T HTS Solenoid
Steve Kahn
Muons Inc.
August 10, 2006
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 2
Alternating Solenoid Lattice for Cooling
• We plan to use high field solenoid magnets in the near final stages of cooling.
• The need for a high field can be seen by examining the formula for equilibrium emittance:
• The figure on the right shows a lattice for a 15 T alternating solenoid scheme previously studied.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 3
From R. Palmer
From R. Palmer
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 4
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 5
A Proposal for a High Field Solenoid Magnet R&D
• The availability of commercial high temperature superconductor tape (HTS) should allow significantly higher field that can produce smaller emittance muon beams.
• HTS tape can carry significant current in the presence of high fields where Nb3Sn or NbTi conductors cannot.
• We would like to see what we can design with this commercially available HTS tape.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 6
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 7
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 8
From D. Summers
presentation on July 14, ‘06
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 9
Comparison of JE for HTS Conductors
We have chosen to use Bi2223 since it is available as a reinforced tape from AMSC
The conductor can carry significant current at very high fields. NbTi and Nb3Sn can not.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 10
Properties of American Superconductor’s High Temperature Superconductor Wire
•6% more current per turn
•10 % more turns per radial space
Parameter High Current Wire
High Strength Wire
Compression Tolerant Wire
High Strength Plus Wire
Je amp/mm2 161 113 100 133 Thickness, mm 0.22 0.3 0.3 0.27
Width, mm 4 4.2 4.85 4.2 Max Tensile Strength
(77º K), MPa 65 300 280 250
Max Tensile Strain (77ºK)
0.10% 0.35% 0.30% 0.4%
Max Compressive Strain (77º K)
0.15% 0.15%
Min Bend Radius, mm 50 25 25 19 Max Length, m 800 400 400 400
Spliceable no yes yes yes
New and Improved High Strength Plus Tape
High Strength Tape used for calculations
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 11
Cross Sections of AMSC HTS Tape
High Strength Tape
High Compression Tape
High Current Tape
React and Wind
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 12
Some Mechanical Properties of Oxford BSSCO-2212
Young’s Modulus
E~51-63 GPa
Ultimate Strength~130 MPa
Strain Degradation at 0.4%
Wind and React
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 13
Why Do We Want to Go to Liquid Helium?
Field Scale Factor vs. Temperature
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature, K
Field
Sca
le Fa
ctor
Parallel
Perpendicular
The parallel field orientation is the most relevant for a solenoid magnet.
Previous calculations had used the perpendicular field. (We can view this not as a mistake, but as a contingency).
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 14
Current Carrying Capacity for HTS Tape in a Magnetic FieldScale Factor is relative to 77ºK with self field
4.2 K Scale Factor
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Field, T
Scale
facto
r
4.2K par
4.2K perp
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 15
Fit to High Field to Extrapolate Beyond 27 T
42 K Scale Factor Extrapolator
y = -5.90994E-05x2 - 1.87412E-02x + 2.15326E+00
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Field, T
Scal
e Fa
ctor 2.2 2.17 2.11
Poly. (2.2 2.17 2.11 )
• We are using BSSCO 2223 which has been measured only to 27 T in the perpendicular configuration. We are using it in the parallel configuration.– We have to extrapolate to high
field.• We know that BSSCO 2212 has
been tested to 45 T, so we think that the AMSC tape will work.– The high field measurements
of BSSCO 2212 has a different falloff from BSSCO 2223.
• We certainly will need measurements of the AMSC tape at high field
Field Quadratic Linear
30 1.5378 1.5454
40 1.3091 1.3384
50 1.0685 1.1314
60 0.816 0.9244
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 16
A Vision of a Very High Field Solenoid
• Design for 40 Tesla.• Inner Aperture Radius: 2.5 cm.• Axial Length chosen: 1 meter• Use stainless steel ribbon between layers of HTS tape.
– We will vary the thickness of the SS ribbon.– The SS ribbon provides additional tensile strength
• HTS tape has 300 MPa max tensile strength.• SS-316 ribbon: choose 660 MPa (Goodfellow range for
strength is 460-860 MPa)• Composite strength = SS SS + (1-SS) HTS (adds like
parallel springs).• We use the Jeff associated to 40 Tesla.
– We operate at 85% of the critical current.• All parameters used come from American Superconductor’s Spec
Sheets.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 17
Constraining Each Layer With A Stainless Steel Strip
• Instead of constraining the forces as a single outer shell where the radial forces build up to the compressive strain limit, we can put a mini-shell with each layer. Suggested by R. Palmer, but actually implemented previously by BNL’s Magnet Division for RIA magnet. (See photo)
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 18
Using Stainless Steel Interleaving for Structural Support
• Case 1: Use constant thickness interleaving between layers for structural support.
– The high strength HTS tape comes with ~2.7 mils stainless steel laminated to the tape. Additional SS is wound between the layers.
– The effective modulus of the HTS/SS combination increases with increased SS fraction.
• Figure shows strain vs. radial position for a 40 Tesla magnet.
– The maximum strain limit for the material is 0.4%.
• This is achieved with 5 mil SS interleaving.
• The use of constant thickness SS interleaving is not effective for magnets with fields much above 40 Tesla.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 19
A Slightly More Aggressive Approach
• Bob Palmer has suggested that we can vary the amount of stainless steel interleafing as a function of radius.– At small radius where we have smaller stress, we could use a
smaller fraction of stainless steel. (See previous slide)– In the middle radial region we would use more stainless where
the tensile strength is largest.• Following this approach we can build a 50 Tesla solenoid.
– I will show you results for two cases:• Case 2: 40 Tesla solenoid with SS interleaving varied to
achieve 0.4% strain throughout.• Case 3: 50 Tesla solenoid with SS interleaving varied to
achieve 0.4% strain throughout.• A 60 Tesla solenoid may be achieved by increasing the current as
the field falls off with radius by using independent power supplies for different radial regions.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 20
Varying SS Interleaving to Achieve Maximum Strain
• The thickness of the stainless steel interleaving is varied as a function of radius so as to reach the maximum allowable strain through out the magnet.– This minimizes the outer
solenoid radius (and consequently the conductor costs).
– This also brings the center of current closer to the axis and reduces the stored energy.
– This is likely to increase the mechanical problems.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 21
Case Comparisons
• The tables on the left summarize the parameters and results of the three cases presented.– The analysis assumes the
solenoid length is 70 cm– The top table shows the
dimensional parameters:• Inner/outer radius• Conductor length and
amp-turns.– The bottom table shows the
results from the magnetic properties:
• Stored enegy• Radial and Axial Forces
Parameter Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Stainless Steel width 5 mil fixed
variable variable
B0 tesla 40 40 50
Inner Radius, mm 25 25 25
Outer Radius, mm 200 168 224
Conductor Length, km 60.0 46.7 59.9
Current, mega-amp-turns 23.56 23.20 29.73
Parameter Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Stainless Steel width 5 mil fixed variable variable
B0, tesla 40 40 50 Bdl, tesla-m 29.58 29.12 37.32
Stored Energy, mega joules 11.0 7.8 20.5 Total Radial Force,
mega newtons 201 173 340
Axial End Force, mega newtons
-16.5 -11.9 -30.5
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 22
Comments on Stored Energy
• The 70 cm length was chosen to be consistent with the decay of ~100 MeV muon. It is also the minimum solenoid length where there is some “non-fringing” central field.
• The stored energy of the 50 Tesla magnet (case 3) is 20 Mega-Joules (for 70 cm).– This can be compared to 7 Mega-Joules for the 10 m long LHC
2-in-one dipole.• The LHC quench protection system actually handles a string
of dipoles in a sextant (?).• There are differences between HTS and NbTi that need to be
considered for quench protection.– HTS goes resistive at a slower rate than NbTi.– A quench propagates at a slower velocity in HTS than for NbTi.– We will have to perform computer simulations of quench
protection for the HTS system to determine how to protect the magnet in case of an incident.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 23
What about Axial Forces?
• There is a significant contribution to the axial forces from the fringing radial fields at the ends.– In the 50 Tesla solenoid
shown we will see a fringing field of 9 Tesla
– We have seen that there is a total axial compressive force at the center of ~30 Mega-Newtons.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 24
More on Compressive Forces
• The top figure shows the Lorentz force density at the end of the solenoid as a function of radius for the three cases.
– The axial pressure on the end is P=JBrt where t is the tape width. This peaks at 10 MPa.
• The lower figure shows the Lorentz force density along the length for the peak radial position.
– It is largest at the end and falls to zero at center as expected.
• These stresses are not large. Do we have to worry about compressive strain along the axial direction?
– The maximum allowable compressive strain for the tape is 0.15%.
0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Radius, m
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Radius, m
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 25
Formulate R&D Plan
• Initial measurements of material properties.
– JC measurements under tensile and compressive strain.
– Modulus measurements of conductor.– Thermal cycling to 4K.
• Formulate and prepare inserts for high field tests.– Design insert for test in 30 Tesla magnet.
• This magnet has a reasonable size aperture.– At 30 Tesla, some part of the insert should be at the strain limit.
– Program for conductor tests at 45 Tesla.• 45 Tesla magnet has limited aperture (3.1 cm).• It has a warm aperture.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 26
50 Tesla MagnetReferees’ Reports, etc.
Steve Kahn
June 1, 2006
Local Thusday Meeting
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 27
Referees’ Reports
• The referees were generally fairly critical of the high field solenoid proposal.
– They did not feel that we understood the problems.
• We did not list references to other projects such as the NHFML
• We ignored the NRC COHMAG report that calls for a 30 T magnet costing 10-12 M$
• They were not confident in our HTS experience.
– They did not believe that we could pull it off after phase 1.
• I cannot argue with their lack of confidence in our ability, but I can address the technical issues that they posed, all of which we had considered when writing the proposal.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 28
Technical Issues:
1. Why did we choose to use BSCCO 2223 or YBCO ("which is not technically sound") instead of BSCCO 2212 ("which is the preferred material of high field solenoids ...")?
It is true that Bi2212 does have a higher Je. We had chosen to use Bi2223 in the initial evaluation since it was available from the manufacturer in a version that was reinforced so that it could withstand the high tensile strains that would be present. It is clear that bare "isotropic" Bi2212 could not withstand the tensile stresses. It is not clear how to laminate or reinforce the isotropic Bi2212 material. We did present a scenario in the proposal based on Bi2223 which shown that it could reach 40-50 Tesla with its advertised Je.
We should also point out that we wanted to avoid doing conductor development ourselves. The technical properties of the ASCM HTS superconductor were documented by the manufacturer.
Certainly during phase I we would have evaluated what the best superconductor to do the job would be.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 29
Technical Issues (cont.)
2. Referee comment: If Bi2223 conductor is wound at a diameter just below its allowed strain, then there is no allowable strain remaining for the Lorentz forces.
Firstly, the minimum radius of the improved ASCM conductor is now 19 mm and we use 25 mm for the inner solenoid radius. The minimum bending radius is where there is a 5% degradation of current carrying capability. We did allow a 15% current contingency in our calculations.
Secondly, in the 40 Tesla model where we have used a constant thickness stainless steel interleaving, the maximum tensile strain from the Lorentz forces does not occur at the inner radius, it occurs at 10 cm from the center. The Lorentz stress is maximum at the inner radius since the B field is and falls off with radius. However, because of the hoop stress relation, the tensile strain on the conductor increase with radius. The maximum tensile strain is seen in approximately the center of the magnet.
When we go to the 50 Tesla model where we vary the stainless steel interleaving thickness, we adjust the tensile strain to be approximately constant with radius. We must of course include the bending stress in this optimization. The likely effect would be to increase the overall magnet radius by a relatively small amount.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 30
Technical Issues (cont.)
3. Proposed measurements and material properties.
Referee 1 says they would be valuable. Referee 2 says they are available from the manufacturer and the literature. Referee 3 says manufacturer data should be taken with a "grain of salt."
My comment: No further justification is needed.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 31
Technical Issues (cont.)
4. Referee Comment: Even if the magnet can reach 50 T when it is charged to full field (a very big if), the conductor will come apart (including the stainless steel clad conductor that is behind the proposal), because the conductor absorbs helium, which causes the conductor to swell and no longer carry current in the superconducting state.
This is a reference to the concern that if helium comes into contact with the BSSCO filaments it will seriously degrade its performance. This was observed as a thermal cycling problem causing micro-cracking that lets in nitrogen in their case (and certainly helium in ours).
We did not appreciate this at the time of the proposal. If this becomes an issue, the approach would be not allow the helium to come into direct contact with the conductor. We can interleave some copper foil with the stainless steel for a thermal path to an external cooling source such as cryo-coolers or an external helium source.
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 32
Technical Issues (cont.) 5. Referee comment: I would also encourage Muons Inc. to look at the quench characteristics of any high Tc superconductor.
Yes. We will need an active quench protection system. A 40 Tesla magnet of 1 meter length will have 8-11 Mega Joules of stored energy!! 50 Tesla would be even higher (20 Mega Joules). This kind of study would be necessary!
Aug 10, 2006 S. Kahn -- 50 T HTS Solenoid 33
Marketing Issues:
1. We should probably have resisted putting "50 Tesla" in the title. The bold title may have damaged our credibility. The referees are likely to be experts in the field and are aware that the highest field HTS insert magnet went to 25 Tesla. We, who are newcomers, should not say that we can build a 50 Tesla magnet when the experts have not been able to do it.
We should have taken the approach that we think that we can advance the technology with certain techniques that we have proposed. We should have proposed a more modest 30 Tesla magnet which could be used as one component for the final stage of muon cooling, even though are preliminary estimates support the possibility of a 40-50 Tesla magnet. This could also be used as a technological step to finally building the 50 Tesla magnet for the final component of the muon cooling.
2. We should have understood and referenced other R & D for high field solenoid magnets. One referee pointed this out and this is valid.
3. Some of the referees did not think there would be a market for 50 T magnets other than muon colliders.
I find that hard to imagine.