A PROFILE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN HERBS AND SPICES … Publications... · Around fifty spice and herb plants are of global trade importance, but many other spices and herb crops are

A PROFILE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN HERBS AND SPICES MARKET VALUE CHAIN

2016

Directorate Marketing Tel: 012 319 8455 Private Bag X 15 Fax: 012 319 8131 Arcadia E-mail:[email protected] 0007 www.daff.gov.za

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY 3

1.1 Production areas 3

1.2 Production trend 3

1.3 Consumption 4

2. MARKET STRUCTURE 4

2.1 Domestic markets and prices 4

2.2 South Africa herb and spice exports 7

2.3 South Africa herb and spice imports 30

3. POST PRODUCTION PROCES 39

4. MARKET INTELLIGENCE 40

4.1 Tariffs 41

4.2 Non tariff barriers 47

5. LOGISTICAL ISSUES 48

5.1 Mode of transport 48

5.2 Storage 49

5.3 Packaging 49

6. COMPETITIVENESS OF SOUTH AFRICAN HERB AND SPICE EXPORTS. 49

7. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 69

7.1 Opportunities 69

7.2 Challenges 69

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 70

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1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY

Spices are used for flavour, colour, aroma and preservation of food or beverages. Spices may be derived from many parts of the plant: bark, buds, flowers, fruits, leaves, rhizomes, roots, seeds, stigmas and styles or the entire plant tops. The term ‘herb’ is used as a subset of spice and refers to plants with aromatic leaves. Spices are often dried and used in a processed, but complete state. Spices can be defined as “vegetable products used for flavouring, seasoning and imparting aroma in foods” (FAO, 2005). Herbs are leafy spices, and some, like dill and coriander, can provide both spice seeds and leafy herbs. Many spices and culinary herb plants are widely regarded as having medicinal properties, and there is therefore some overlap between them and Medicinal, Aromatic Plants (MAPs). Distinctions can be drawn based on the purposes for which plants are used. Around fifty spice and herb plants are of global trade importance, but many other spices and herb crops are used in traditional cooking, health care, or other applications, in particular regions and traded locally. Pepper is the most important world spice crop. Spices and herbs are grown as trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals, wild and cultivated. Spice and herb plants provide seeds and fruits, leaves and stems, flowers and buds, roots and rhizomes, bark and resins that can all be commercialized in various forms: sold fresh, frozen, dried, whole or ground, distilled into oils or solvent extracted into oleoresins. There is good trade potential for small-scale farmers where growing conditions are favourable and there is a local market demand for spices and herbs. New applications in agriculture include being used as organic pesticides and in veterinary use for insect repellents and safer dips for fleas and ticks.

1.1 Production areas

Major spice production is in the tropics from developing and least developed countries. There is also a huge significant domestic consumption of spices in many spice producing countries. India is known as the home of spices and boasts of a long history of trading with the civilization of Rome and China. Indian spices are most sought after globally, given their exquisite aroma, texture and taste (IBEF, 2015). India is one of countries with high production and consumption of spices in the world. The varying climatic conditions in India provide ample scope for the cultivation of a variety of spices. To remain competitive, the producers are adding value by processing spices into essential oils, oleoresins, powders, especially extracts and blends. The most important spices traditionally traded throughout the world are products of tropical environments. The major exceptions to this group are the capsicums (chilli peppers, paprika), and coriander which is grown over a much wider range of tropical and non-tropical environments.

1.2 Production trend

Estimating world production and trade of herbs and spice is filled with difficulties. In many countries, domestic production statistics are not recorded and export statistics are often included in codes that cover a variety of products. Of the 109 varieties of spices listed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), India produces more than 65. The varying climatic conditions in India provide ample scope for the cultivation of a variety of spices. Almost all Indian states produce spices, with the total area under spice cultivation pegged at around 3.15 million

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hectares. India commands a formidable position in world spice trade. According to (IBEF, 2015) India exported 893 920 tons of spices and spice products which were valued at around US$ 2,432.85 million during 2014-15. Exports grew by 9% in terms of volume and 7% in terms of value (US dollars). This has exceeded the targeted exports by 118% in volume terms and 122% in value terms (US dollars). The US is the major importer of Indian spices by value followed by China, Vietnam, Malaysia, UAE, UK, Germany, Singapore and Saudi Arabia. Exports to the US stood at US$ 331.8 million, followed by China at US$ 316.4 million in 2012-13.The spice export basket consists of whole spices, organic, spice mixes, spice blends, freeze dried, curry powder/mixtures, oleoresins, extracts, essential oils, de-hydrated, spice in brine and other value added products.

1.3 Consumption

The market in Asia-Pacific is growing at a rapid pace due to increasing demand for seasoning and spices from many food application segments. During 2014, Europe was the leading market of seasoning and spice, in terms of value and second largest in terms of volume. India is one of countries with high production and consumption of spices in the world. The growing population in developing countries, such as China and India is a major driving force which is influencing the growth of the Asia-Pacific market of seasoning and spices. The usage of spices and herbs by consumers is increasing, because these products are appreciated as completely natural ingredients, rather than artificial additives.

2. MARKET STRUCTURE

2.1 Domestic markets and prices

Figures 1 to 4 present the sales in volume and prices of herbs and spices sold at National Fresh Produce Markets (NFPMs) from 2006 to 2015.

Source: Statistics and Economic Analysis, DAFF

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Chillies 4081 3672 4166 4009 4507 4216 4867 5082 5391 5532

Curry leaves 63 148 156 156 141 132 173 194 76 169

Ginger 1145 978 1207 1020 1063 1295 1514 1403 1091 1471

Paprika 55 68 46 29 56 54 141 110 105 93

Peppers 29057 30820 35558 37091 38796 39313 44635 44147 44632 50358

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Figure 1: Sales of spices sold at the national fresh produce markets

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Figure 1 above illustrates the sales of various spices at the National Fresh Produce Markets (NFPMs). It is clear that high volumes of peppers were sold at the market, followed by the sales volume of chillies, ginger, curry leaves and the least sales were that of paprika. Sales of chillies were stable above 4 000 tons except in 2007, just 3 600 tons were sold. In 2013 and 2014, chillies sales surpassed 5 000 tons. Ginger sales were mainly stable above 1 000 tons and during 2015 there was a 34.8% increase in sales. Paprika sales were unstable with the lowest volume of 29 tons and highest volume of 141 tons. Curry leaves sales were mostly stable above 130 tons except in, 2006 and 2014 and there was a substantial increment in curry leaves sales in 2015.


Figure 2 above illustrates the average prices for spices at the National Fresh Produce Markets (NFPMs) during a ten year period. Ginger has generally fetched high market prices during the period under review. There was a surge in chillies price during 2014 despite a notable increase in the volume supplied at the market. This can be ascribed to high demand of chillies in the same year. Paprika was the second spice which has fetched high prices at the market. In 2011 paprika price has notably increased and this can be ascribed to the record low volume supplied at the market. Curry leaves has fetched the least prices, however the price has surged during 2014, due to a significant drop in volume supplied in the market. In the same year the price of paprika has sharply increased due to a slight drop in volumes. In 2015, the price of curry leaves, peppers and ginger have dramatically dropped compared to previous year prices and this can be attributed to significant increases in volumes supplied at the market. In the same year chillies price has rose by 12.7% despite a 2.6% increase in volume supplied and this can attributed to strong chillies uptake. Paprika price has gone up by 16.5%, which can be ascribed to a slight decrease in volumes supplied at the markets.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Chillies 5298.82 6329.99 6117.33 7887.88 6681.75 9088.08 7276.27 8530.89 8028.92 9047.74

Curry leaves 1618.34 2035.96 2700.66 3059.18 3367.63 3553.63 3040.44 3026.20 8722.70 4080.32

Ginger 9248.06 11891.81 9749.67 16325.87 19362.06 14876.36 12722.71 17841.07 47622.56 30418.22

Paprika 7440.12 10180.37 10285.89 10827.38 11318.06 14060.58 10178.12 13045.16 16910.11 19701.61

Peppers 5144.61 5613.76 5414.08 6061.00 6106.56 7535.76 6638.16 6909.17 9297.21 7849.42

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Figure 2: Average price of spices at national fresh produce markets

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Figure 3 below illustrates the sales of herbs at National Fresh Produce Markets (NFPMs) between 2006 and 2015.Celery volume was generally stable above 1 000 tons except in 2007, and the volume sold was just above 960 tons. Coriander sales were in second place, followed by parsley sales, which were stable above 350 tons per annum. Basil has recorded high sales volume in 2007 and 2013 where more than 80 tons were sold at the fresh produce markets. In 2005, there was no volume of rosemary recorded and the high volume was recorded in 2007, where more than 50 tons were sold at the markets. Thyme was the least herb sold at the fresh produce market and a notable 23 tons were sold during 2007. Sales of basil, rosemary and thyme were fairly unstable. There was a surge in basil sales when comparing 9.92 tons in 2014 and 73.85 tons during 2015. Celery, coriander, rosemary and thyme sales have a slight increase in sales in 2015, while the parsley sales have slightly dropped.


Figure 4 below shows the market prices of herbs at fresh produce markets from 2006 to 2015.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Basil 38.94 95.29 48.11 33.13 47.78 26.03 27.47 82.16 9.92 73.85

Celery 1029.03 962.55 1063.51 1065.8 1027.56 1114.05 1166.16 1287.79 1039.7 1119.32

Coriander 223.85 497.52 505.83 491.09 596.1 653.24 649.18 684.63 647.65 686.1

Rosemary 0.18 51.86 23.45 13.89 18.38 16.78 19.66 28.9 3.36 8.69

Parsely 374.55 415.29 516.75 511.95 487 527.17 479 495.77 483.31 421.13

Thyme 10.7 23.32 14.74 5.92 9.28 9.32 13.16 22.26 2.6 5.09

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Figure 3: Sales of herbs at national fresh produce market

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Figure 4 above shows the herbs average market prices from 2006 to 2015. In 2006 coriander has fetched a lower than average price which was above R5000/ton. Parsley prices were fairly stable above R6 000/ton. Celery prices have gradually increased from 2006 to 2008 period. There was a notable drop in basil and thyme prices in 2007, which can be ascribed to a surge in volume supplied at the market. Coriander price has increased steadily from 2007 to 2010. The lowest price for rosemary was recorded in 2007, which can be attributed to a substantial increase in volume supplied in the market. In 2014, basil, celery, coriander, rosemary, parsley and thyme prices have surged when compared to 2013 prices and this can be ascribed to notable drop in herbs volume supplied at the market. Thyme, rosemary and basil prices have significantly dropped during 2015, while the price of parsley has slightly increased by 1.6% in comparison to 2014 prices. The dramatic drop in prices can be attributed to a notable increase in herbs supplied across the markets.

2.2 South Africa herb and spice exports

South Africa is not a major exporter of herbs and spices. Most herbs and spices have no individual export data on the Trade Map. South Africa’s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry) exports represent 2.5% of the world exports during 2015 and their combined ranking in the world exports is still number 9. Uncrushed coriander seed exports represent 0% of the world exports of this product and its ranking in the world is 42, while the crushed coriander seed represent 0.6% of the world exports and its ranking in the world exports is 26. Celery has commanded 0.1% of the world exports and it ranked number 25 in the world celery export. South African uncrushed pepper exports represent 0.4% of the world export and its ranking in the world export is 17, while the crushed pepper has commanded 0.5% of the world exports and its ranking is the world is 23. Figure 5 below is an illustration of South Africa’s coriander seed exports in the past ten years.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Basil 8084.35 4509.88 8076.25 9497.85 7080.69 13236.64 10525.01 6626.21 70015.13 10532.61

Celery 6418.81 7946.91 9656.62 8610.39 11563.83 12080.29 9250.64 8459.35 12412.45 11075.36

Coriander 5474.91 8328.18 9001.8 10026.43 10399.86 9520.78 10545.95 9993.33 13047.63 12796.03

Rosemary 5946.02 2265.59 6502.22 7046.89 6174.31 11268.89 7594.66 5196.79 45099.33 27484.27

Parsely 6218.33 7124.33 6315.63 6694.65 7275.68 9121.3 7137.82 8786.05 9671.83 9823.64

Thyme 3544.62 2403.59 2119.5 3890.65 4507.79 8122.14 10678.68 8444.62 41149.67 27118.88

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Figure 4: Market price of herbs at fresh produce market

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Source: Quantec Easydata

The figure 5 above shows that the low volume of coriander seed exports was recorded during 2006. During 2007, export volume has notably increased and in the following two years 2008 and 2009, the exports of coriander seed had steadily decreased. In 2010, there was a sharp increase in exported volume as compared to 2009 exports. During 2011 and 2012, coriander seed exports have gradually dropped. In 2013, the coriander seed exports have increased by 8.5% when compared to 2012. During 2014, South Africa has exported just above 53 tons of coriander seed and this represents a 47% increase as compared to 2013 coriander seed export. The figure further shows that between 2010 and 2015 except for 2012, it was relatively more profitable to export coriander seeds, as compared to the other years. In 2015, coriander seed export has experienced 25% decrement in comparison to the 2014 exports. Figure 6 below illustrates South Africa’s coriander seed exports to the different regions in a ten year period. From figure 6, it is clear that Africa region is the primary export market for coriander seed from South Africa. From 2006 to 2008, there were no exports recorded for the Americas region. From 2006 to 2010 considerable volumes of coriander seeds were exported to Europe region. As of 2010 to 2012, there was a surge in coriander seeds exported to Africa region. During 2014 notable volume coriander seeds were exported to Oceania and Asia regions with approximately 14 000/kg and 20 000kg respectively. In the same year, the export to Africa, America, Europe have also increased, while the unallocated export has dropped from 48kg to 9kg in comparison to the previous year export. In 2015, coriander exports to Africa and Oceania have notably increased, while exports to Asia has dramatically dropped from approximately 20 000kg to 4kg and there were no unallocated exports.

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Figure 5: South Africa's coriander seed exports

Volume(tons) Value (Rand)

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Figure 7 below shows the South African coriander seed exports to various regions in the world from 2006 to 2015.


2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 7329 10834 10487 10788 36283 32590 31836 16600 22953 28038

Americas 0 0 0 62 1034 572 652 652 1544 1194

Asia 303 267 22 0 90 57 12 3867 20002 4

Europe 1047 2942 1439 1045 1321 734 1021 1027 1229 1028

Oceania 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 14286 17944

Not allocated 485 264 533 1113 428 312 17 48 9 0

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Figure 6: South Africa's coriander seed exports to the various regions

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 42901 89013 178120 234166 15892751123412 235626 475661 596517 1066424

Americas 0 0 0 13873 62958 47102 76039 88126 152867 125352

Asia 7236 4144 1185 0 1699 2281 253 177575 266614 13213

Europe 26189 154498 80256 49885 36808 30417 44342 59471 112122 109640

Oceania 231 0 0 0 0 0 0 644264 868109 796885

Not allocated 6989 14273 27497 22819 14810 1721 4804 785 0 0

0200000400000600000800000

10000001200000140000016000001800000

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Figure 7: Value of South Africa's coriander export to the regions

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Figure 7 above shows South Africa’s value of coriander seed exports. High values were recorded mainly for Africa region as high volumes were exported to this region. Notable export value was recorded for Europe region during 2007. The export value of coriander seed from African region has doubled in 2008. In 2010, Africa region export value has surged in comparison to 2009 export value. In 2011 and 2012, Africa export value has notably dropped while the Americas region export value has experienced a positive growth. Oceania and Asia regions have recorded notable export values during 2013. Oceania, Europe and Asia export values have continued to increase in 2014, while Africa has dropped when compared to 2013 value. The figure further shows that the export value from Africa region has increased by 78.8% in 2015 as compared to 2014 export value and there was a significant drop in export values recorded for the Asia region. In the same year, export values for Americas, Europe and Oceania have slightly dropped in comparison to the previous year export values.

Figure 8 is an illustration of South Africa’s uncrushed coriander seed export destinations in 2015.

Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 8 and Table 1 show South Africa’s uncrushed coriander seed export destinations and the shares of exports. Zimbabwe with 50% share of export is the primary export market for uncrushed coriander seed originating from South Africa. United States of America is in second place with 26%, followed by the Switzerland and Australia with 11% and 5% respectively. Notable share of uncrushed seeds were exported to Zambia and Mozambique. Uncrushed coriander seeds to Zimbabwe have increased by 55% in value and 106% in quantity during 2011 and 2015 period.

Zimbabwe 50% United

States of America

26%

Switzerland 11%

Australia 5%

Zambia 4%

Mozambique 1%

Other 3%

Figure 8: South Africa's uncrushed coriander seed exports destinations in 2015

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Table 1: Uncrushed coriander seeds export destinations in 2015

Importers

Exported value 2015 (USD thousand)

Trade balance 2015 (USD thousand)

Share in South Africa's exports (%)

Exported quantity 2015 (tons)

Exported growth in value between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.)

Exported growth in quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.)


World 76 -1995 100 25 37 54 -42

Zimbabwe 38 38 50 18 55 106

USA 20 -9 26.3 2 102 43

Switzerland 8 8 10.5 1 69 0 33

Australia 4 -116 5.3 1 -95

Zambia 3 3 3.9 1 -1 0 50

Mozambique 1 1 1.3 1

Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 9 is an illustration of South Africa’s crushed coriander seed export destinations in 2015

Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 9 and table 2 show South Africa’s crushed coriander seed export destinations in 2015 and the share of exports to various regions in the world. Australia with 68.9% share of export is the primary export market for crushed coriander seed originating from South Africa. Zimbabwe is in second place with 12.2%, followed by the Zambia and Namibia with 9.8% and 3.7% respectively. A small share of crushed seeds was exported to Angola and Swaziland. Crushed coriander seeds to Zimbabwe have increased by 13% in value and 17% in quantity during 2011 and 2015 period.

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Australia

Zimbabwe

Zambia

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Angola

Swaziland

Botswana

Mozambique

Nigeria

Seychelles

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Figure 9: Crushed coriander seeds export destinations in 2015


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Table 2: Crushed coriander seeds export destinations in 2015.

Importers








World 164 -1995 100 49 -3 -6 257

Australia 113 113 68.9 31 1783

Zimbabwe 20 20 12.2 9 13 17 100

Zambia 16 16 9.8 4 13 5 33

Namibia 6 6 3.7 2 22 -37 20

Angola 2 2 1.2 0 -50

Swaziland 2 2 1.2 0

Botswana 1 1 0.6 1 -60 -47

Mozambique 1 1 0.6 0 -13

Nigeria 1 1 0.6 0 0 Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 10 represents South Africa’s ginger exports from 2006 to 2015.


Figure 10 above illustrates South Africa’s ginger exports from 2006 and 2015. As of 2006 to 2009, South Africa has exported low tonnes of ginger. In 2008 the ginger export has notably increased and during 2009 the export volume has notably dropped. During 2010, the export volume has surged when compared to 2009 export volume. There was a further increase of 10.6% in exporting ginger during 2011 in comparison to 2010 exports. In 2012 the ginger export fell by 20.4% in

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Figure 10: South Africa's ginger exports

Volume (tons) Value (Rand)

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comparison to 2011 exports. During 2013, there was a further drop of 21.4% in ginger export as compared to 2012 export volume. In 2014, ginger export volume has gone up by 35.6% in comparison to previous year export. During 2015, there was a slight drop of 2.5% in ginger export, while the export value has dropped by 1.6%. It was relatively more profitable to export ginger in 2007, 2009 and from 2012 to 2015. Figure 11 below shows the South African ginger exports to various regions in the world from 2006 to 2015.


Figure 11 above shows South Africa’s export markets for ginger in terms of regions from 2006 to 2015. African region is mainly the primary export market for ginger exported from South Africa, followed by Europe and America. From 2006 to 2010 and 2012, a notable volume of ginger export was not allocated to any region. . There was a 22.8% decrease in ginger exported to Africa region in 2007 as compared to export volume of 2006. Export volumes to the America region has increased up to 2 239Kg in 2008, in comparison to 790Kg in 2007. Export volumes to Africa regions were incomparably higher in 2010 and 2011. During 2012 and 2013, the export volume has dropped. A sizeable volume of 5 754 kg was exported to Europe during 2014.There was a 0.8% decline in Africa region export volume in 2015 as compared to 2014 exports. At the same time, there was no ginger export to America, Asia and Antarctica regions, while export volumes to Europe have notably decreased from 5 754Kg to 619 Kg. Figure 12 below shows the value of South Africa’s ginger exports to various regions in the world from 2006 to 2015.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 41844 32294 97434 47498 492920 555157 432660 341234 465036 461053

America 80 790 2239 3374 930 701 78 2775 2907 0

Asia 324 6847 25 703 353 1533 143 2533 0 0

Europe 804 3186 974 731 680 1049 789 2536 5754 619

Oceania 0 105 604 746 134 0 0 28 0 20

Antarctica 50 21 16 15 0 0 0 0 0 0

Not allocated 7683 11890 19922 19828 9853 150 10750 105 166 58

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Figure 11: South Africa's ginger export to the regions

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The above Figure 12 shows the value of South Africa’s ginger exports from 2006 to 2015. High export values were recorded for the Africa region as high volumes of ginger were exported to this region. Higher values were recorded in Africa and Europe regions during 2007. The figure also shows that there was a surge in African export values during 2010 and the value has gradually increased in 2011 and 2012. There was a significant increase in export values recorded for America, Asia and Europe region during 2013. The highest export value was recorded in 2014 for the Africa region. In 2014, Europe export value has increased while Asia export value has dropped. It was more profitable to export ginger to America region, followed by Africa and Europe region. During 2015, it was relatively more profitable to export ginger to the Europe region as compared to export destined to Africa region. Figure 13 and Table 3 below show South Africa’s uncrushed ginger export destinations and the country percentage shares. During 2015, Lesotho, Angola and Botswana were the primary markets for uncrushed ginger exported from South Africa. A considerable percentage of uncrushed ginger was also exported to Namibia, Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of Congo. Lesotho has commanded 35.2%, Angola has recorded 19.6%, while 13.2% of South Africa’s ginger was exported to Botswana between 2011 and 2015 period. Uncrushed ginger exports to Namibia have declined by 12% in value and by 10% in quantity between 2011 and 2015.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 509926 718040 1482753 919743 8768374 9533757 9802745 9158567 1557893015472872

Americas 4411 34194 116951 250994 34590 69812 9370 206602 199663 0

Asia 13231 96943 150 30887 17048 29262 7327 33051 100 0

Europe 51779 165861 61033 33471 21125 51387 102639 128119 191003 235514

Ocenia 0 14514 21898 45291 11622 0 0 2953 0 705

Antartica 966 579 551 506 0 0 0 0 0 0

Not allocated 144246 310349 310633 392742 303529 4500 22162 1395 1050 507

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Figure 12: Value of South Africa's ginger exports

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Source: ITC Trade Map

Table 3: South Africa’s uncrushed ginger exports destinations in 2015

Importers








World 904 -434 100 374 8 2 -3

Lesotho 318 318 35.2 114 1 23 77

Angola 177 177 19.6 58 60 29 64

Botswana 119 119 13.2 50 0 -22 -25

Zimbabwe 77 77 8.5 68 28 48 18

DRC 53 53 5.9 7 75 63 141

Namibia 51 51 5.6 34 -12 -10 -53

Swaziland 35 35 3.9 19 1 1 -65

Zambia 33 33 3.7 11 20 27 -67

Mozambique 26 26 2.9 11 25 14 -57

Malawi 5 5 0.6 1 11 -13 -17 Source: ITC Trade Map

Figure 14 below is an illustration of South Africa crushed ginger export destinations in 2015.

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Figure 14 and Table 4 below show South Africa’s crushed ginger export destinations and the country percentage shares. During 2015, Botswana, Lesotho, Zimbabwe and Swaziland were the primary markets for crushed ginger exported from South Africa. A considerable percentage of crushed ginger was also exported to Swaziland, Zambia and Namibia. Botswana has commanded 29.4% share of exports, Lesotho and Zimbabwe have both recorded 15.5% of South Africa’s crushed ginger. Crushed ginger exports to Botswana have increased by 7% in value and dropped by 14% in quantity between 2011 and 2015 period.

Table 4: South Africa’s crushed or ground ginger export destinations in 2015

Importers








World 296 -645 100 123 -13 -10 -47

Botswana 87 87 29.4 37 7 -14 123

Lesotho 46 46 15.5 22 -26 -3 -81

Zimbabwe 46 46 15.5 12 37 45 -54

Swaziland 39 39 13.2 29 -18 -10 144

Zambia 24 24 8.1 6 -1 -5 -8

Namibia 17 17 5.7 7 -31 -33 -15

Mozambique 16 16 5.4 6 -2 -13 129

France 7 7 2.4 0

Angola 3 3 1 0 -22 -91

DRC 3 3 1 0 -28 50 Source: ITC Trade Map

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BotswanaLesotho

ZimbabweSwaziland

ZambiaNamibia

MozambiqueFranceAngola

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Figure 14: South Africa's crushed ginger export destination in 2015


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Figure 15 is an illustration of South Africa’s celery exports from 2006 to 2015.


Figure 15 shows South Africa’s celery exports from 2006 to 2015. In 2006 South Africa has exported approximately 90 tons of celery and in 2007 there was a 22.8% drop in export volume. During 2009, export volume has increased to 157 tons and in 2010, celery exports has surged to 997 tons. From 2011, celery exports have steadily declined and during 2014, celery exports were just above 177 tons. In 2015, South Africa’s celery export has increased by 16% to 206 tons. During the period under review, it was generally more profitable to export celery except in 2010. Figure 16 is an illustration of South Africa’s celery export destinations in 2015.


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Figure 16: South African celery exports destinations in 2015


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Figure 16 above and Table 5 below indicate South Africa’s celery export destinations and the percentage shares of exports in 2015. South Africa exported high quantities of celery to Namibia, Botswana, Mozambique and Swaziland. Namibia has commanded 41.2% share of exports, followed by Botswana with 24.3 %, Mozambique with 12.8% and Swaziland with 7.4%. South African celery exports to Botswana have gone down by 13% in value and 33% in quantity between 2011 and 2015 period. Celery exports to Mozambique have increased by 17% in value and 12% in quantity between 2011 and- 2015 period. Table 5: South Africa’s celery export destinations in 2015

Importers








World 243 243 100 220 -9 -13 -7

Namibia 100 100 41.2 133 0 0 82

Botswana 59 59 24.3 30 -13 -33 -27

Mozambique 31 31 12.8 21 17 24 -24

Swaziland 18 18 7.4 12 4 2 -10

Malawi 12 12 4.9 7 23 34 50

Angola 8 8 3.3 6 -41 -34 60

Lesotho 6 6 2.5 5 -4 26 -57 Source: ITC Trade Map

Figure 17 is an illustration of South Africa’s ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry export destinations in 2015.


0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Botswana

Namibia

Zambia

Lesotho

Swaziland

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

United Kingdom

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Figure 17: South Africa's Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry export destinations in 2015


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Graph 17 above and Table 6 below indicate ginger, saffron, thyme, bay leaves and curry export destinations and the percentage shares during 2015. Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Lesotho were the main export markets for ginger, saffron, thyme, bay leaves and curry leaves originating from South Africa. Botswana has commanded 30.8% share of exports, followed by Namibia with 19.6%, Zambia with 11.7% and Lesotho with 8.7% share. Ginger, Saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry exports from South Africa to Botswana increased by 7% in value and declined by 50% in quantity between 2011-2015 period. Exports to Zimbabwe have declined by 38% in value and 23% in quantity. Table 6: South Africa’s ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry export destinations in 2015.

Importers








World 55291 41017 100 18150 2 -34 -1

Botswana 17034 17033 30.8 5399 7 -50 23

Namibia 10864 10862 19.6 4083 1 0 -3

Zambia 6470 6470 11.7 2207 13 20 7

Lesotho 4805 4785 8.7 1385 -1 12 -25

Swaziland 4170 4168 7.5 1438 1 7 -13

Zimbabwe 2643 2633 4.8 790 -9 -5 -34

Mozambique 2163 2163 3.9 948 9 11 24

United Kingdom 1316 1215 2.4 372 21 27 62

Australia 963 962 1.7 263 16 32 -5

DRC 955 955 1.7 208 29 21 67

Malawi 801 801 1.4 163 -13 -17 -7

Angola 449 449 0.8 137 24 29 29

Kenya 358 358 0.6 137 13 19 -22

United Arab Emirates 336 336 0.6 94 -12 -17 -36


Figure 18 is an illustration of South Africa’s turmeric exports from 2006 to 2015.From 2006 to 2010, South African turmeric exports were less than 50 tons. During 2011, turmeric exports were incomparably higher when compared to 2010. South African turmeric exports rose sharply in 2012 in comparison to 2011 export and in 2013, the turmeric exports drastically dropped. The export volumes of turmeric dropped further by 48% in 2014, when compared against the 2013 export volume. During 2015, South Africa’s turmeric exports have increased notably by 42%, when

20

compared to 2014 exports. As of 2008 to 2010 and from 2013 to 2015, it was more profitable to export turmeric as high values were recorded for volume exported.


Figure 19 is an illustration of South Africa’s turmeric exports to various regions from 2006 to 2015.


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Figure 18: South Africa tumeric exports

Volume (Tons) Value (Rand)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 18260 15186 16852 17772 35121 121362 307742 113150 57624 82744

Americas 0 0 22 115 2266 468 120 0 308 0

Asia 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 105 134 0

Europe 152 1159 3481 2060 984 704 738 433 844 636

Oceania 0 413 245 2016 237 0 167 1 150 195

Not allocated 446 630 643 372 326 0 0 0 0 0

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Figure 19: South Africa tumeric exports to the regions

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Figure 19 above shows South Africa’s turmeric exports to the various regions. The African region is the primary export market for turmeric exports from South Africa. From 2007 to 2009, a fraction of turmeric was exported to Europe. In 2009, a notable volume of turmeric of 2 016 tons was also exported to Oceania. During 2010, turmeric export volumes to Africa and America increased sharply to 35 121 and 2 266 tons as compared to 2009 export volumes. In 2011, there was a huge increase in turmeric exports to Africa and in the following year exports to this region surged. In 2013 and 2014, turmeric exports to Africa region subsequently declined. The figure also shows that turmeric exports to Africa region has increased by 43.6% in 2015 as compared to 2014, while the export to Oceania has slightly increased 150Kg to 195Kg. Figure 20 is an illustration of South Africa’s turmeric exports between 2006 and 2015.


Figure 20 above shows the value of South Africa turmeric between 2006 and 2015. High export values were recorded for the Africa region as higher volumes were exported to this region. During 2010, export to Oceania was more profitable, followed by Europe and America, and Africa was the least profitable market. In 2011, Europe was still the most profitable turmeric export market. During 2013 exports to Africa fetched higher values compared to the previous year. Asia was by far more profitable market, followed by America and Oceania during 2014.The figure also shows that turmeric export value to Africa region has increased by 5.9% in 2015 as compared to 2014.During the same year, it was more profitable to export turmeric to Oceania, followed by Europe and exports to Africa region were least profitable. Figure 21 below is an illustration of South Africa’s pepper exports between 2006 and 2015.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 200455 208594 343016 368331 128836710630562368676310755033646083658453

Americas 0 0 312 12452 129672 56932 4657 0 31586 0

Asia 0 0 0 1765 0 0 0 1484 21435 0

Europe 2179 25296 88691 109231 24536 23213 31523 24034 63180 45151

Oceania 0 15702 11826 110849 67813 0 5107 271 5900 20836

Not allocated 25657 17097 10784 10414 12661 0 0 0 0 0

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Figure 20: Value of South African tumeric export to the regions

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The figure 21 above shows that from 2006 t0 2008, South African pepper exports were stable just above 900 tons. During 2009 the pepper exports increased by 23% as compared to 2008 pepper exports. In 2010, pepper exports surged to just above 9 000 tons. During the following year the exports dropped by 30%. In 2012 and 2013 pepper exports have dropped further and in 2014, pepper exports experienced an increase of 87% as compared to 2013 pepper exports. The figure shows that pepper export has slightly gone up by 3.5% during 2015 as compared to 2014 exports. From 2007 to 2009 and from 2012 to 2015, it was fairly more profitable to export pepper as high values were recorded for volumes exported. Figure 22 below is an illustration of South Africa’s pepper exports to various regions between 2006 and 2015. South Africa’s primary export markets for pepper were mainly in Africa, Europe and America. The figure also shows that pepper exports from South Africa to Africa attained a maximum of 7.9 million tons in 2010. Higher volumes of pepper were exported to Africa during 2010 and 2011. In 2010, there were notable increase in pepper exports to Asia, Europe and Oceania. Pepper exports to Antarctica were insignificant with maximum of 56 tons in 2009. In 2012 and 2013 pepper exports to America, Asia and Oceania have gradually increased while the exports to Africa notably dropped during the same period. In 2014, South Africa pepper exports were mainly destined to Africa, Europe and Oceania regions. In 2015, the pepper export volumes decreased to 2.1 million tons. The figure further illustrates that pepper exports declined by 11.5% during 2015 as compared to 2014 exports.

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Figure 21: South Africa's pepper exports


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Figure 23 shows the value of South Africa’s pepper exports to the regions between 2006 and 2015.


2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 112017 50318 54936 117308 7968255 5017868 714997 680001 2435759 2157506

Americas 257939 365340 369045 444650 428025 450652 560518 616263 576524 644684

Asia 26414 19262 5173 22154 105112 150836 176451 212206 220221 239946

Europe 490496 325518 352232 371467 421970 548618 574273 341647 563621 602366

Oceania 42577 132383 118149 155976 307359 273393 287482 399124 424025 421792

Antarctica 14 25 55 56 0 0 0 0 0 0

Not allocated 17944 26099 39387 46374 20227 4195 7887 5390 66 113

0100000020000003000000400000050000006000000700000080000009000000

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Figure 22: South Africa's pepper exports to the regions

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 1953740 1629872 2595054 3429376 9857315 11606263 10180524 13417985 25326491 33091951

Americas 10979931 14397562 18955943 21209825 19438469 20458713 31238099 42257091 42305841 59180404

Asia 696578 753644 273526 910556 2910585 6391010 9295928 12874758 15619395 18884526

Europe 8038462 14322813 18400320 14983426 15419649 19870568 18847383 18543470 37228414 37861095

Oceania 2741181 7725836 7149388 7550229 11401417 13612325 17202815 25853076 29432823 29032187

Antartica 92 880 1907 1469 0 0 0 0 0 0

Not allocated 218253 511316 773812 791672 423666 80640 210865 130473 4585 2949

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Figure 23: Value of South Africa's pepper exports to the regions

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Figure 23 above is an illustration of the values of South Africa’s pepper exports to the regions. It was generally more profitable to export peppers to Oceania, followed by America and Europe. During 2008, pepper exports to Africa and Europe had higher export values when compared to the previous years. In 2010, pepper exports to Africa fetched lower value compared to the record high pepper export value exported to this region. In 2012, it was more profitable to export pepper to Oceania, America and Asia. During 2014, pepper exports to America and Asia regions recorded higher values. The figure further shows that the pepper export value increased notably by 30%, while Americas export value has experienced 39.8% increment. Pepper export value increased by 30.4% in 2015 as compared to 2014 export value. It was relatively more profitable to export pepper to Americas region, followed by Asia and Oceania regions.

Figure 24 and Table 7 show South Africa’s uncrushed pepper export destinations in 2015.


During 2015, South Africa exported uncrushed pepper mostly to the United Kingdom, United States of America and Australia. United Kingdom commanded a 31.5% share of South Africa’s uncrushed pepper exports, followed by the United States of America with 18.7% and Australia with 16.8%. South African uncrushed pepper exports to the world increased by 15% in terms of quantity between 2011 and 2015. Uncrushed pepper exports to the United Kingdom have increased by 20% in value and 18% in quantity between 2011 and 2015.

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United Kingdom

USA

Australia

Japan

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Netherlands

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Figure 24: Share in South Africa's uncrushed pepper export destinations in 2015


25

Table 7: South Africa’s uncrushed pepper export destinations in 2015

Importers








World 10362 -14575 100 2413 7 15 -10

United Kingdom 3266 3260 31.5 771 20 18 32

USA 1935 1935 18.7 289 -1 -2 -31

Australia 1740 1740 16.8 336 0 7 -5

Japan 1004 970 9.7 163 6 4 -21

New Zealand 520 520 5 78 53 60 -41

Canada 413 413 4 40 -11 -13 102

Namibia 368 368 3.6 384 57 98 3

Netherlands 228 138 2.2 34 25 0 -21

Brazil 154 -414 1.5 19 72 33 -52

Belgium 108 108 1 8 82 78 -7

Zimbabwe 69 69 0.7 38 28 73 30

Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 25 shows South Africa's crushed or ground pepper export destinations in 2015.


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Botswana

United States of America

Namibia

Canada

Kenya

Zambia

United Kingdom

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Ethiopia

Angola

Swaziland

Hong Kong, China

Nigeria

Seychelles

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Figure 25: South Africa's crushed pepper export destinations in 2015


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Figure 25 above shows that during 2015, South Africa exported crushed pepper mostly to the Botswana, United States of America and Namibia. Botswana commanded a 26.8% share of South Africa’s crushed pepper exports, followed by the United States of America with a 23.3% and Namibia with 16.8%. South African pepper exports to the world have increased by 19% in terms of quantity between 2011 and 2015. The value of pepper exports to the Namibia increased by 20% in value and 18% in quantity between 2011 and 2015. Table 8: South Africa's pepper crushed or ground export destinations in 2015

Importers








World 3205 -9166 100 1915 19 -11 25

Botswana 858 858 26.8 1284 19 -15 36

USA 747 747 23.3 122 2 -5 822

Namibia 360 360 11.2 234 16 20 -7

Canada 219 219 6.8 24 41 -54

Kenya 186 186 5.8 41 49 61 151

Zambia 164 164 5.1 29 13 18 -13

United Kingdom 160 160 5 13 71 44

Zimbabwe 136 -264 4.2 18 26 13 -24

Mozambique 106 106 3.3 47 19 34 23

Ethiopia 48 45 1.5 3

Angola 31 31 1 12 -7 6 -52

Swaziland 28 28 0.9 52 6 27 0

Hong Kong, China 26 26 0.8 6 81 53 30

Nigeria 22 20 0.7 2 14 23 -21

Seychelles 21 21 0.7 7 425

Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 26 below shows South Africa’s provincial ginger exports from 2006 to 2015. South Africa exported ginger mainly through Gauteng, Western Cape and Kwazulu Natal. Limpopo province, notably contributed to ginger export during 2009. There was a sharp increase in Gauteng export value during 2010, and from 2011 to 2012, the export value for this province gradually increased. The Western Cape, Kwazulu Natal, Mpumalanga and Limpopo export values have notably increased, while Gauteng export has dropped in comparison to previous year export values. In 2014, there was a sharp increase in Western Cape, Gauteng, Free State and Limpopo ginger export values. During 2015, Free State ginger export value has notably increased and this can be ascribed to an increase in ginger export to the neighbouring Lesotho. During the same year,

27

Mpumalanga and KwaZulu Natal ginger export value have also significantly increased while Northern Cape has contributed for the first time to ginger provincial exports.


Figure 26 above shows South Africa’s provincial ginger exports from 2006 to 2015. South Africa exported ginger mainly through Gauteng, Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal. The figure shows that Limpopo province, notably contributed to ginger exports during 2014 and attaining a peak of R1.1. million. There was a sharp increase in Gauteng export value during 2010, and from 2011 to 2015, the export value for this province gradually increased. The figure shows that Western Cape ginger exports attained a peak R4.9 million in 2015. The figure shows that Kwazulu Natal ginger exports attained a peak R1.5 million in 2015. The figure shows that Mpumalanga ginger exports attained a peak of approximately 136 000 in 2015 and Limpopo ginger export values notably increased in 214. In 2014, there was a sharp increase in Western Cape, Gauteng, Free State and Limpopo ginger export values. The figure further shows that ginger export value from Gauteng Province increased by 4.9% in 2015 as compared to 2014 ginger export values. Figure 27 is an illustration of South Africa’s provincial coriander seed exports between 2006 and 2015.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Western Cape 331722 534940 669369 572041 1033871 718771 652985 1050837 4067248 4967966

Eastern Cape 0 0 0 0 469 0 601 1828 3269 0

Northern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9583

Free State 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1097123 1366587

KwaZulu-Natal 23564 260122 220659 105146 358350 137046 76147 215495 820838 1524214

North West 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 201523 181672

Gauteng 369274 545419 1103941 932310 7712194 8818139 9175336 8160752 8584637 7447418

Mpumalanga 0 0 0 0 9859 11805 29926 57854 30173 135832

Limpopo 0 0 0 64137 41546 2957 9247 43922 1163189 76326

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Figure 26: South Africa provincial ginger exports

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The figure 27 illustrates that South Africa exported coriander seeds mainly through the Western Cape and Gauteng. KwaZulu Natal contributed to South Africa’s exports to a lesser extent. Limpopo province contributed to coriander seed exports in 2008, but the export value of R 3 943 was less significant. In 2010, Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal provincial export values surged when compared to 2009 export values. During 2012, Gauteng export value drastically decreased, while the Western Cape export value notably increased. In 2013, South Africa exported coriander seeds through Western Cape and Gauteng and export values recorded for these provinces have surged in comparison to 2012. Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape contributed for the first time to South Africa’s coriander seed exports during 2014, but the export values were trivial. In the same year, Western Cape exports drastically increased, while Gauteng and Kwazulu Natal export values have notably decreased in comparison to 2013 values. The figure illustrates that there was a slight increase of 0.8% of coriander seed exports from Western Cape in 2015, while Mpumalanga has surged which can be attributed to exports destined to the neighbouring Mozambique. At the same time, Gauteng export value has sharply dropped, whereas KwaZulu Natal export value has experienced a significant increment. Figure 28 below illustrates the South Africa’s provincial turmeric exports to the world between 2006 and 2015.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Western Cape 59832 224592 220837 220325 207210 208189 240634 932704 1382982 1297627

Eastern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 435 0

Free State 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 358

KwaZulu-Natal 13239 21239 31534 29656 120762 34018 24985 47672 34259 261086

Gauteng 10475 16097 31104 70762 1377578 962660 95445 465507 368334 106958

Mpumalanga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 218 208176

Limpopo 0 0 3943 0 0 65 0 0 0 0

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Figure 27: South Africa's provincial coriander seed exports

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Figure 28 above illustrates South Africa’s provincial turmeric exports. The figure shows that turmeric was primarily exported through Gauteng, Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal provinces. Limpopo province recorded considerable export values in 2009 and 2010 and attained a peak of R117 514 in 2010. During 2010, there was a sharp increase in Western Cape export value. In 2011, Western and KwaZulu Natal Cape export values went up, while Gauteng and Limpopo export values decreased. Mpumalanga contributed to South Africa’s provincial export of turmeric during 2012, but the value was insignificant. In the same year, the Gauteng export value surged when compared to 2011 export value. During 2013, Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal and Limpopo export values have notably increased in comparison to the previous year exports. Gauteng province continued to contribute significantly to South Africa’s provincial turmeric exports during 2014, Western Cape and Kwazulu Natal exports values have also increased. The figure shows that Gauteng turmeric export value has declined by 2.4% and Western Cape export value has dropped by 13.7% in 2015 as compared to 2014 export values. In the same year, Free State and KwaZulu Natal have contributed significantly to South Africa’s provincial turmeric exports. Figure 29 below shows South Africa’s provincial pepper exports to the world between 2006 and 2015.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Western Cape 39520 78533 180516 292822 337467 446144 400263 389471 573486 494819

Free State 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 356017

KwaZulu-Natal 102690 13692 86516 37778 62408 72315 61948 67750 77069 111507

Gauteng 86080 174466 187598 172677 1005659 616171 1933381 2635872 2835597 2760069

Mpumalanga 0 0 0 0 0 0 2548 4022 558 1968

Limpopo 0 0 0 109766 117514 8571 11823 36221 0 60

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Figure 28: Value of South Africa's provincial tumeric exports

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Figure 29 above shows the values of South Africa’s provincial pepper exports from 2006 to 2015. South Africa exported pepper mainly through Western Cape, Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal provinces. This can be ascribed to export exit points located mostly in this province. During 2006, a notable value of pepper exports was recorded for Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng provinces. In 2007, Limpopo provincial pepper export value was significantly higher and attained a peak of R1.1 million. During 2008, Western Cape export value went up by 39% in comparison to the 2007 export value. In 2010, there was a notable increase of 62% in Gauteng export value when compared to the previous year export value. KwaZulu Natal pepper exports grew significantly higher during 2012. From 2011, Western Cape pepper export values gradually increased, reaching a peak of R139 million in 2015 and Gauteng province also attained a peak of R32.9 million export value of pepper. During the same year, North West province recorded a notable increase in pepper export value in comparison to the 2014 export value. The increase in export value recorded for North West province can be attributed to a notable 26.85% share of pepper exports destined for neighbouring Botswana.

2.3 South Africa herb and spice imports

In 2015, South Africa’s celery import has no ranking in the world celery imports. Canada, United Kingdom and United States of America are still the top countries importing celery. South Africa’s uncrushed coriander seeds imports represent 1.1% of the world uncrushed coriander seeds and its ranking in the world is 21. Argentina has supplied 26.6% of South Africa uncrushed coriander

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Western Cape 20028041 33522032 45033004 46044483 44150013 59854560 71583798 96282322 121894655139261901

Eastern Cape 0 0 0 265234 45 61954 0 0 188 90

Northern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4142

Free State 0 0 0 0 1555 0 112540 100840 378801 966547

KwaZulu-Natal 814476 392722 1086910 680197 1039045 688199 4207384 1536224 1006056 4134354

North West 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50947 266422

Gauteng 3785721 4244114 1963819 1848336 14245045 11365011 11032196 15099730 26342221 32965253

Mpumalanga 0 15527 31550 38303 94 0 6711 30762 204772 75266

Limpopo 0 1167526 34666 0 15304 49795 32985 26975 10966 12125

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Figure 29: South Africa's provincial pepper exports

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seeds, followed by India with 19% and the Romania with 17.8%. Malaysia, India and Egypt are the top countries importing uncrushed coriander seeds. South Africa’s crushed coriander seeds imports represent 6.7% of the world crushed coriander seeds and its ranking in the world is 5. India has supplied 97% of South Africa crushed coriander seeds, followed by Ukraine with 1.3% and the Russian Federation with 1.3%. Malaysia and United Kingdom are the top countries importing crushed coriander seeds. Uncrushed ginger imports represent 0.2% of the world imports and South Africa’s ranking in the world imports is 48. China has supplied 53.4% of South Africa uncrushed ginger imports followed by Nigeria with 22.9% and Thailand with 17.3% share of imports. Japan, United States of America and Netherlands command more than 35% of the world uncrushed ginger imports. Crushed ginger imports represent 1.1% of the world imports and South Africa’s ranking in the world imports is 17. India has supplied 45.4% of South Africa crushed ginger imports followed by China with 35.3% and Switzerland with 9.8% share of imports. Japan, Germany and United States of America and Netherlands command more than 41% of the world crushed ginger imports. South Africa’s turmeric represents 1.5% world imports and its ranking in the world is 17. India has supplied 95.5% of imports and the United States of America, Iran and India are the top countries importing turmeric. South Africa’s uncrushed pepper imports represent 1% of the world import and its ranking in the world pepper imports is 18. During 2015, Viet Nam supplied 66.6% of uncrushed pepper imports, followed by Indonesia with 12.5% and Singapore has supplied 7.6% of the imports. South Africa’s crushed pepper imports represent 1.8% of the world import and its ranking in the world pepper imports is 11. During 2015, Singapore supplied 51% of crushed pepper imports, followed by Viet Nam with 32.3% and India has supplied 7.4% of the imports. Figure 30 shows South Africa’s celery imports between 2006 and 2015..


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Figure 30: South Africa celery imports

Volume(tons) Value (Rand)

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The figure 30 above shows that, South Africa imported less than two tons of celery from 2006 to 2007. During 2008, celery imports surged and in 2009, the import volume dropped to its lowest volume. The imports of celery sharply increased to just above 6 tons in 2010 and in 2011, the imports declined by 66% in comparison to 2010 imports. There was a sharp increase in celery imports during 2012 and in the following year the export volume was a record high in a ten year period. In 2014, celery imports drastically decreased as compared to the celery imports in 2013. During 2015, celery imports have declined further to 0.5 tons. It was more expensive to import celery in 2009, 2011, 2014. It was relatively more expensive for South Africa to import celery during 2015, as compared to the 2014 import value.


The figure 31 above shows that in 2006, South Africa has imported approximately 1 300 tons of ginger. The lowest ginger imports were recorded in 2008 and the import volume was less than 900 tons. From 2009, ginger imports gradually increased, reaching a peak volume in 2012 and the imports were just above 2 000 tons. In 2013, there was a 26% decline in ginger imports and during 2014, imports slightly increased to 1 828 tons. It was by far more expensive for South Africa to import ginger during 2014.The figure shows that in 2015, the import volume has slightly dropped by 6.6% in comparison to 2014 export volume. It was slightly more expensive for South Africa to import ginger in comparison to 2014 import value.

Figure 32 is an illustration of South Africa’s coriander seed imports between 2006 and 2015.

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Figure 31: South Africa's ginger import

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The figure 32 above illustrates that in 2006, South Africa imported just above 2 800 tons of coriander seeds from the world. During 2007 and 2008, coriander seed imports gradually increased and in 2009, the imports notably by 36%. The import volume of coriander seed increased in 2010 and dropped to a record low during 2011 and the volume was just above 2 200 tons. The highest volume of coriander seed import was recorded in 2014 and the imports were 4 827 tons. In 2006, it was relatively cheaper to import coriander seeds. During 2015, there was a slight decrement of 12.6% in import volume. In 2008 and from 2013 to 2015, it was fairly expensive to import coriander seeds when compared to the other years. Figure 33 is an illustration of South Africa turmeric imports between 2006 and 2015.


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Figure 32: South Africa's coriander seed imports


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Figure 33: South Africa's turmeric import


34

Figure 33 above illustrates that South Africa imported approximately 2 200 tons of turmeric from 2006 to 2007. In the same period, it was also relatively cheaper to import turmeric. In 2008, the import volume slightly increased by 5% and the volume was also imported at a higher value when compared to 2007. During 2010 and 2011, South Africa’s turmeric imports were just above 23 000 tons and it was relatively expensive to import turmeric in the same years. In 2012, the import volume dropped by 20% when compared to 2011. Imports dropped further in 2013 and it was cheaper to import turmeric. During 2014, South Africa imported the highest volume of turmeric of 2 781 tons. In 2015 there was a slight decline of 13.5% in turmeric imports in comparison to 2014 import volume. It was fairly more costly for South Africa to import turmeric during 2015 as less volume were imported at a higher value.


Figure 34 above illustrates ginger imports from the regions from 2006 to 2015. South Africa imported ginger primarily from Asia and Africa. In 2006 and 2008, a notable import volume of ginger was sourced from Europe. The figure illustrates that the high volumes of ginger were also imported from Asia during 2007. In 2010, South African overall ginger import volume has gone up. During 2012, imports of ginger from Asia were a record high, when compared to the other years. In 2013, the imports from Africa sharply increased while imports from Asia have dropped. In 2014, imports from Asia continued to decline, while imports from Africa continued to increase in comparison to 2013 imports. The figure illustrates the decline 74.5% in the imports of ginger from Asia in 2015 as compared to 2014. In the same year, Africa region was the leading source of South African ginger imports, while Americas region has supplied 19 tons of turmeric.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 508864 641302 440830 508932 378946 611982 283218 326508 524082 963576

Americas 32 17 14071 16 0 25504 252 48 0 19313

Asia 207910 710997 1043053 346653 606028 734631 1327095 1786100 1029845 843760

Europe 27607 3525 49304 2709 357 4533 173 697 2058 1171

Not allocated 0 0 0 0 160 0 10 0 275 395

0200000400000600000800000

100000012000001400000160000018000002000000

Vo

lum

e (K

g)

Years

Figure 34: South Africa ginger imports from regions

35


Figure 35 above shows the sources of South Africa’s celery imports between 2006 and 2015 were mainly from Asia, followed by Africa and low import volumes of celery were from Europe. In 2006 and 2007, South Africa celery imports were sourced solely from Asia. During 2008, celery imports from Asia sharply increased and in 2009 a small volume of celery was imported from Europe. In 2010, South African celery imports were sourced from Asia and Africa. There was a notable increase in celery imports from Africa during 2012 and in the following year the imports from this region increased significantly. In 2014, celery was imported solely from Africa, but the volume had severely dropped by 94% in comparison to 2013. In 2015, imports from Africa region has dropped further to 465kg and celery import from Europe was insignificant.


2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 0 0 373 0 734 0 5436 15764 885 465

Asia 1000 499 12040 0 5950 2238 3000 0 0 0

Europe 0 0 0 149 0 0 22 0 0 20

02000400060008000

1000012000140001600018000

Vo

lum

e (K

g)

Years

Figure 35: South Africa's celery imports from regions

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Africa 1 0 3375 0 0 229 290 60 25 0

Americas 0 0 0 16925 0 0 0 1 28 386

Asia 2238017 2225142 2336991 2190761 2465959 2366140 2588965 2066374 2780541 2395359

Europe 56 595 29 264 183 77 180 831 843 8034

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

Vo

lum

e (

Kg

)

Years

Figure 36: South Africa tumeric imports from regions

36

Figure 36 above shows the various regions that supplied turmeric to South Africa. The figure shows that South Africa imported turmeric mainly from the Asian region. A notable volume of turmeric was imported from Africa in 2006 and 2008. The figure shows that South Africa’s turmeric imports from Asia attained a peak in 2014. America supplied South Africa with a notable volume of turmeric during 2009 and attained a peak of 16 925 kg. The quantity of turmeric imports from Europe was less significant from 2006 to 2015. During 2012, there was a notable increase of 9.4% in turmeric imports and in 2010, the import volume dropped by 20%. South Africa imported the highest volume of turmeric in 2014 when compared to 2013.The figure shows that the imports of turmeric from Asia declined by 13.8% in 2015 as compared to 2014.


Figure 37 above shows the entry points of South African coriander seed imports. KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng provinces have recorded high coriander seed import values. Western Cape recorded a high import value in 2008. North West recorded its first import value in 2010, but the value was insignificant. In 2012, Kwazulu Natal import value sharply increased. Eastern Cape registered its import value during 2013, but the value was insignificant. Import values for Kwazulu Natal and Western Cape have significantly improved in 2014, while Mpumalanga import value was insignificant. Gauteng province import value of coriander seed has notably increased as compared to the 2014 import value, while Kwazulu Natal and Western Cape import values has experienced decrement. Figure 38 below illustrates that Kwazulu Natal was by far the main entry point of turmeric imports from various regions of the world, followed by Gauteng and Western Cape provinces. In 2008, Gauteng province recorded high import value while North West province recorded a notable import value during 2009. A record high import value has been registered for Kwazulu Natal province in 2010. KwaZulu Natal import value gradually decreased from 2011 and 2013. The figure also shows that, Eastern Cape contributed in turmeric imports in 2011 and 2013, but the import values were

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Western Cape 72019 366351 3967447 1663477 1204461 240313 2536891 1619428 14090995 10181469

Eastern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8026 0 0

KwaZulu-Natal 2315150 10767455 17328498 10253106 13291423 8592032 22843695 31397512 53667251 45866682

North West 0 0 0 0 13217 0 0 0 5269 0

Gauteng 6785107 8536591 21049332 11616659 10408523 7198280 5875811 5739769 18088983 21321150

Mpumalanga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3564 0

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

Val

ue

(Ran

d)

Years

Figure 37: South Africa's provincial coriander seed imports

37

insignificant below R16 000 per annum. During 2014, Kwazulu Natal province continued to be the primary entry point of turmeric imports. In the same year, Gauteng and Western Cape import values notably increased in comparison to 2013. The figure shows that in 2015 turmeric imports to Gauteng slightly declined by 1.4% as compared to 2014 import value. The figure shows that in the same year, turmeric import value for Western Cape has doubled while Gauteng import value has gone up by 35.8% as compared to 2014 import value.


Figure 39 below shows that, South Africa imported ginger mainly through Gauteng and Kwazulu Natal. A notable import value was recorded for Mpumalanga province during 2010. During 2006, Kwazulu Natal, Gauteng and Western Cape import values considerably increased. From 2007 to 2009 Kwazulu Natal import value gradually decreased. There was a sharp increase in Kwazulu Natal, Gauteng and Western Cape ginger import values in 2010. Free State contributed to South Africa’s ginger imports only in 2010 and the Eastern Cape recorded import value only in 2011, but the ginger import values were insignificant. In 2012, the Western Cape ginger import value doubled when compared to the previous year. Limpopo province contributed notably to South Africa’s import in 2014, while the Western Cape, Kwazulu Natal and Gauteng imports have significantly increased. The figure shows that the ginger import value to Gauteng province decreased to R18 million during 2015, while Eastern Cape and Free State have recorded trivial import values. At the same time, Western Cape ginger import value has increased to R7.4 million.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Western Cape 605432 1206315 388618 2268505 3095048 1974648 2397186 3132334 3557026 7580825

Eastern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 10862 0 15596 0 0

KwaZulu-Natal 8605161 3039724 2062 18960118437930393601387725128855201639773438450033858800

North West 0 0 0 549302 0 13124 0 0 0 0

Gauteng 2925297 8579151 20867413 3734374 1030179912308047 4490954 6130270 8274967 11240687

Mpumalanga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1511 0

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

30000000

35000000

40000000

45000000

50000000

Val

ue

(Ran

d)

Years

Figure 38: South Africa provincial tumeric imports

38

Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 40 is an illustration of South Africa’s provincial pepper imports between 2006 and 2015.


2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Western Cape 866210 1188981 674149 1365336 1978898 2635171 4833967 2516580 5307637 7445342

Eastern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 1576 0 0 0 48916

Free State 0 0 0 0 9057 0 0 0 0 12411

KwaZulu-Natal 4907261 4000471 3670345 2487584 10494841 9052077 11393258 8033683 12396315 12152865

Gauteng 4551247 3789427 3084487 4247992 10380655 11456106 9545655 8922308 19213145 18149192

Mpumalanga 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 61

Limpopo 9458508 7789898 6754832 6735576 20875523 20508183 20938913 16955991 31609460 30302118

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

30000000

35000000

Val

ue

(Ran

d)

Years

Figure 39: South Africa provincial ginger imports

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Western Cape 6547445 13839906 25866361 21503228 29959680 54949405 71808334 89940269 127653453 180588921

Eastern Cape 0 23005 0 0 37902 13404 3141 4339 61 7020

Free State 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2817

KwaZulu-Natal 7393678 14015727 18523021 11350985 19810048 38456143 39871752 49474212 48748857 73429170

North West 0 0 0 52680 0 148086 412787 171203 365466 194488

Gauteng 15950329 29040285 28343329 28914854 30242320 49451105 66087762 77620429 96735787 116739151

Mpumalanga 0 70 0 0 0 7 0 0 1290 0

0

20000000

40000000

60000000

80000000

100000000

120000000

140000000

160000000

180000000

200000000

Val

ue

(Ran

d)

Years

Figure 40: South Africa's provincial pepper imports

39

Figure 40 illustrates the entry points of South Africa’s pepper imports. The figure illustrates that Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal and Western Cape provinces were the primary entry points for South Africa’s pepper imports. Low import values of pepper were recorded for Eastern Cape in 2007 and 2010 while Free State and Mpumalanga imports were trivial. During 2008, there was a notable increase in Western Cape, Kwazulu Natal and Gauteng provincial pepper import values. From 2010, Western Cape, Kwazulu Natal and Gauteng provincial pepper import values steadily increased reaching peaks in 2015.. 3. POST PRODUCTION PROCESS

Figure 41: Value Chain for herbs and spice distribution

Douglas et al, 2005

The distribution structure in the spice and herb trade can be divided into lines of supply to the three broad market sectors – industrial, catering and retail (Figure 41). The structure of the supply tree shows there are a number different routes to market, and the most direct is the producer supplying directly to the industrial sector. It is estimated that about 85% of the international trade of herbs and spices is dried and cleaned for use in a crude form without further processing.

40

Figure 42: Post Harvest Processing and products produced from spices and herbs

Douglas et al, 2005

Spice and herb production can be sub-divided into a number of activities, and although there is a route to market through by-product extraction, most spices and herbs have a series of post-harvest operations, which follows a logical sequence. The post-harvest processing tree shows each stage in the process (Figure 42).

4. MARKET INTELLIGENCE

Market access remains a major impediment for the expansion of trade in agricultural commodities and processed foodstuffs. Many developed countries have tariff escalation structures that stimulate the import of relatively unprocessed agricultural commodities at the expense of processed products. In addition to tariff protection, developed countries have non-tariff barriers that can be used to alter the shape of trade and discourage the importation of processed agricultural products. These non-tariff barriers include sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, as well as anti-dumping and countervailing duties and safeguards. Tariffs applied by the various countries to herbs and spices originating from South Africa during 2015 are presented from Tables 9 to 13.

4.1 Tariffs

Table 9: Tariffs applied by various exports markets to coriander seeds from South Africa.

Country

Product description (H0909210 crushed or ground ) and (H0909220 neither crushed nor ground)

Trade regime description

Applied tariff

Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff

Applied tariff


2014 2015

Angola Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

Australia Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

China Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 15.00% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00%

Ghana Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

India Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% 30.00%

Japan Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 6.00% 6.00% 6.00% 6.00%

Kenya Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00%

Namibia Coriander seeds Intra SACU rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Switzerland Corriander seeds

MFN duties (Applied) 25.35 $/Ton 0.70% 25.35 $/Ton 0.70%

Preferential tariff for SACU countries 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

United States Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

42

Country

Product description (H0909210 crushed or ground ) and (H0909220 neither crushed nor ground)


Applied tariff


Applied tariff


of America

Viet Nam Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 15.00% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00%

Zimbabwe Coriander seeds Preferential tariff for South Africa 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Zambia Coriander seeds Preferential tariff for South Africa 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Source: Market Access Map

During 2015 South Africa’s uncrushed and crushed coriander seed export market was mainly in Zimbabwe, United States of America, Zambia and Switzerland. These countries apply 0% tariff and India applies 30% to the coriander seeds originating from South Africa. Other African market in Kenya is protected by a high tariff of 25%. Angola is protected by a tariff of 10% in spite of the existence of the SADC-FTA. South Africa can look for coriander seed export market in Namibia as this country apply 0% tariff to coriander seed originating from South Africa due to Intra-SACU and SADC-FTA. Other lucrative export markets for coriander seed from South Africa is in Switzerland, which applies 0% preferential tariff to coriander seed originating from South Africa and SACU region..

Table 10 Tariffs applied by various export markets to celery from South Africa.

Country Product description (H070940) Trade regime description

Applied tariff


Applied tariff


2014 2015

Angola Celery (fresh or chilled) MFN duties (Applied) 50.00% 50.00% 50.00% 50.00%

Botswana Celery (fresh or chilled) Intra SACU rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

China Celery (fresh or chilled) MFN duties (Applied) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

Lesotho Celery (fresh or chilled) Intra SACU rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Malawi Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Mauritius Celery (fresh or chilled) MFN duties (Applied) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

43

Country Product description (H070940) Trade regime description

Applied tariff


Applied tariff


2014 2015

Mexico Celery (fresh or chilled) MFN duties (Applied) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

Mozambique Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa 15.00% 15.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Namibia Celery (fresh or chilled) Intra SACU rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Seychelles Celery (fresh or chilled) General Tariff 15.00% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00%

Spain Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Swaziland Celery (fresh or chilled) Intra SACU rate) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

United Kingdom Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

United States of America Celery (fresh or chilled)

Preferential tariff for AGOA countries 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Zambia Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Zimbabwe Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%


Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique and Swaziland were the primary markets for celery exports from South Africa in 2015. Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland apply 0% Intra-SACU rate for celery exports originating from South Africa. Mozambique export markets reduced tariff from 15% to 0.00% during 2015, thereby complying with SADC-FTA. Zimbabwe export market is still protected by 10% tariff in spite of the SADC-FTA. United States of America and Spain were top importers/ markets for celery during 2015 and these countries apply 0% preferential tariff. South Africa can diversify its celery exports to these countries as these countries apply 0% tariff to celery exported from South Africa.

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Table 11: Tariffs applied by various exports markets to ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry seeds from South Africa.

Country Product description (H07069010)


Applied tariff

Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Applied tariff


2014 2015

Angola

Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

Canada


Botswana

Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry Intra SACU rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

China


Japan


Kenya


Malawi

Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry

Preferential tariff for South Africa 15.00% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00%

Mauritius


Mozambique



Namibia

Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry Intra SACU rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Saudi Arabia


Seychelles

Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry General tariff 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Swaziland Ginger, saffron, turmeric, Intra SACU rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

45

Country Product description (H07069010)


Applied tariff



2014 2015

thyme, bay leaves and curry

Turkey


United Kingdom



United States of America


Zimbabwe



During 2015, South Africa exported ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry mainly to Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, Zambia ,Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland apply 0% Intra-SACU rate to ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry exports originating from South Africa. Zimbabwe and Zambia also applies 0% preferential tariff for South Africa to ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry exports. Kenya and China are the top countries in spice production and these markets are protected by 30% and 25% tariff respectively.

Table 12: Tariffs applied by various exports markets to pepper from South Africa.

Country

Product description (H090411 Pepper neither crush nor ground) and (090412 crushed or ground)

Trade regime description Applied tariff



Australia Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Botswana Pepper Intra SACU rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Brazil Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

China Pepper

MFN duties (Applied) 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 20.00%

46

Country

Product description (H090411 Pepper neither crush nor ground) and (090412 crushed or ground)

Trade regime description Applied tariff



Germany Pepper Preferential tariff for

South Africa 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

India Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 70.00% 70.00% 70.00% 70.00%

Canada Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Indonesia Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

Japan Pepper Preferential tariff for GSP countries 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Malawi Pepper Preferential tariff for South Africa 15.00% 15.00% 25.00% 25.00%

Malaysia Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Namibia Pepper Intra SACU rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Nigeria Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 20.00%

Singapore Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Kenya Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00%

United Kingdom Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

United States of America Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Viet Nam Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 20.00%

Zimbabwe Pepper Preferential tariff for South Africa 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


During 2015, South Africa exported uncrushed pepper mainly to the United States of America, United Kingdom, Australia and Japan. South Africa has exported crushed pepper primarily to Botswana, United States of America, Namibia, Canada and Kenya. United States of America, United Kingdom, Australia, Namibia, Japan, Canada and Botswana apply 0% tariff to pepper exports originating from South Africa. In the other African market, Zimbabwe also applies 0% for South Africa to pepper exports while Kenya is protected by 25% tariff. India, Malawi and Viet Nam are the top countries in pepper production and these markets are protected by 70%, 25% and 20% tariff respectively.

4.2 Non-tariff barriers

One major problem for the industry is to ensure quality standards are maintained by growing and processing clean, high quality spice that has no contamination. This requires a concerted effort by the growers, processors, and traders to make certain that the products are of the highest standard to meet food hygiene requirements. There is a need to identify the problem areas (e.g. drying methods, or storage) that can have a significant effect on the quality outcome. The adoption of a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system which focuses on prevention rather than relying mainly on end-product testing would seem to be a worthwhile advance. The HACCP system provides a science-based and systematic approach to identify specific hazards and measures for their control. It ensures the safety of foods. There is a need for the production and processing stages for each crop to have individual HACCP procedures developed and adopted to ensure quality standards and to provide an insight into the most hazardous areas likely to affect spice quality. The International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), a worldwide network of national standards institutes working in partnership, develops voluntary technical standards for a wide range of products that are traded internationally. ISO standards for specific spices and essential oils have been formulated and adopted by the technical committees representing the producer nations and are being continually updated. The ISO standards help raise the levels of quality and provide assurance of minimum standards as well as detailing standardized analytical methods. The Codex Alimentarius Commission adopted a Code of Hygienic Practice for Spice and Dried Aromatic Plants in 1995 (CAC/RCP 42-1995). This code details hygienic requirements in the production/harvesting area, in the establishment design and facilities, for personal hygiene, for hygienic processing requirements and the end-products specifications. A comprehensive guide of practical information about the quality parameters and specifications of the common spices imported into United States spice processing industry is available at The Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition within the USA. 4.2.1 The EU It is essential for exporters from SADC countries to know the EU market access requirements for spices and herbs. The EU places emphasis on standards through legislation, codes, markings, labels and certificates with respect to quality, environment, safety & health and labour conditions. Exporters from SADC countries can obtain more information regarding these requirements from www.cbi.nl/accessguide. Food legislation, known as the General Food Law, which was initially introduced to ensure that consumers gained more confidence in various food products, can make a potential exporter’s life a little more difficult. It includes various provisions on the traceability of food and differs from country to country. It is best to obtain country-specific information, available at www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/indexen.html. Documentation and labels of suppliers are also crucial to the food industry, as food travelling across internal borders is required to have this information available for traceability purposes. The most important piece of legislation regarding herbs and spices deals with the maximum levels of aflatoxin that may be present in the product, especially for capsicum, pepper (black, green, white and long pepper), nutmeg, ginger and turmeric. The maximum acceptable levels of aflatoxin are listed in Regulation (EC) 472/2002, which is an amendment of Regulation (EC) 466/2001, which sets maximum levels for contaminants

http://www.cbi.nl/accessguide

48

in foodstuffs. Sampling methods for aflatoxin in spices are available in the Commission Directive 2002/27/EC. 4.2.2 NAFTA In NAFTA, and particularly the US as the region’s most important market for herbs and spices, the existing known non-tariff barriers are the Inspection and Phytosanitary Requirements. The US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) specifies that all spices and herbs entering the US are subject to a thorough inspection and checks. For example, before being imported 48 Trade Information Brief into the US, shipments of cumin seed from Pakistan packed in jute or burlap bagging must be fumigated with methyl bromide to prevent diseases from potentially entering the country. Contaminated shipments are either sent back, destroyed or decontaminated. Paperwork detailing the country of origin must be presented to the relevant officers at the port of entry for verification of species, as well as a packing list and phytosanitary certificate. Other information required includes the size of the shipment and a compliance history. SADC exporters of spices and herbs can obtain more information regarding these requirements from www.fas.usda.gov/itp/ofsts/us.html, http://www.arms.usda.gov.nop and www.ioia.net. 4.2.3 Japan Japan has very tight controls and many believe that the only successful way to ship agricultural commodities into Japan is through a Japanese agent or wholesaler. Japan places great emphasis on phytosanitory measures and all fresh spices and herbs must go through Plant Quarantine Law procedures. Certain forms of dried spices, including dried turmeric, dried pepper and spices packaged for retail uses are, however, exempt. Spices must also comply with the Food Sanitation Law.

5. LOGISTICAL ISSUES

5.1 Mode of transport

The harvested raw plant material of the spice crop should be transported promptly in clean, dry conditions. The crop may be placed in clean baskets, dry sacks, trailers, hoppers or other well-aerated containers and carried to a central point for transport to the processing facility. All containers used at harvest should be kept clean and free from contamination by previously-harvested plant products and other foreign matter. If plastic containers are used, particular attention should be paid to any possible retention of moisture that could lead to the growth of mould. When containers are not in use, they should be kept in dry conditions, in an area that is protected from insects, rodents, birds and other pests, and inaccessible to livestock and domestic animals. Conveyances used for transporting bulk plant materials from the place of production to storage for processing should be cleaned between loads. Bulk transport, such as ship or rail cars, where appropriate, should be well ventilated to remove moisture from plant materials and to prevent condensation.

http://www.ioia.net/

49

5.2 Storage

There is a need for quality storage both on farm and off-farm, with cool stores and warehousing facilities linked to post harvest crop management. Spices deteriorate rapidly in adverse conditions and should be stored in well prepared and maintained storage facilities. It is essential the moisture level of the spice to be stored is at safe level prior to storage. This is usually below 10% moisture. The storehouse should be damp proof, vermin proof and bird proof and where possible have controlled ventilation and devices to control humidity and temperature. A dehumidifier fitted to a storage room, by keeping the atmosphere always dry, can eliminate mould and insect attacks. The room should be fumigated before storage, the walls whitewashed regularly and the facility kept dry.

5.3 Packaging

Processed plant materials should be packaged as quickly as possible to prevent deterioration of the product and as a protection against exposure to pest attacks and other sources of contamination. Continuous in-process quality control measures should be implemented to eliminate substandard materials, contaminants and foreign matter prior to and during the final stages of packaging. Processed plant materials should be packaged in clean, dry boxes, sacks, bags or other containers in accordance with standard operating procedures and national and/or regional regulations of the producer and the end-user countries. Materials used for packaging should be non-polluting, clean, dry and in undamaged condition and should conform to the quality requirements for the plant materials concerned. Fragile plant materials should be packaged in rigid containers. Whenever possible, the packaging used should be agreed upon between supplier and buyer. Reusable packaging material such as jute sacks and mesh bags should be disinfected and thoroughly dried prior to reuse, so as to avoid contamination by previous contents. The International Trade Centre (UNCTAD/WTO) has produced a packaging manual (1999) for dried herbs and spices. This reviews products and relevant packaging standards; explains various types of packaging methods and packaging materials used for handling and storage of such products; outlines current trends and highlights health, safety and environmental issues affecting spice packaging (www.intracen.org).

6. COMPETITIVENESS OF SOUTH AFRICAN HERB AND SPICE EXPORTS.

It is evident from Figure 43 below that South African celery exports are growing faster than the world imports into Malawi. South Africa has gained market share in this dynamic market. South Africa’s celery exports to Namibia, Seychelles and Mozambique are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and South Africa’s performance in these markets is regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa’s celery exports to Lesotho, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola are declining while world imports are growing into this country. South African exports to Swaziland and Zimbabwe are growing while as the world imports are declining. South Africa’s performance is regarded as a gain in a declining market. Figure 44 below shows that Botswana and Namibia were the largest markets for celery exported from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of celery are mainly in Canada and Malawi. Other smaller markets exist in China and Malaysia. However, if South Africa has to diversify its

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celery exports, the most lucrative market exists in Belarus and Mozambique which have increased their celery imports from the world by 123 and 91% respectively between 2011-2015 period. Angola, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Netherlands and Democratic Republic of Congo have experienced a negative growth during the 2011-2015 period. Figure 45 below shows that South African uncrushed ginger exports are growing faster than the world imports into Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic markets. South Africa’s uncrushed ginger exports to Malawi, Mozambique, Switzerland, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and these markets are regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa’s uncrushed ginger exports to Namibia are declining while world imports are growing into this country. South Africa exports to Swaziland are growing while as the world imports are declining. South Africa’s performance is regarded as a gain in a declining market. Figure 46 below shows that Lesotho and Angola were the largest market for uncrushed ginger exported from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of ginger are mainly in Switzerland, Mauritius and Zambia. Other smaller markets exist in the Germany, Zimbabwe and Botswana. However, if South Africa has to diversify its ginger exports, the most lucrative market exists in Mozambique and Democratic Republic of Congo which has increased their uncrushed ginger imports from the world by 92% between 2011-2015 period. Swaziland has experienced a negative growth during the 2011-2015 period. Figure 47 below shows that South African crushed ginger exports are growing faster than the world imports into Zimbabwe. South Africa has gained market share in this dynamic market. South Africa’s crushed ginger exports to Zambia, Botswana and Malawi are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and South Africa’s performance is regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa’s crushed ginger exports to Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, Angola and Democratic Republic of Congo are declining faster than the world imports into these countries. Figure 48 below shows that Botswana, Lesotho and Zimbabwe were the largest market for crushed ginger exported from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of ginger are mainly in Malawi, and United Kingdom. Other smaller markets exist in the United States of America and France. However, if South Africa has to diversify its ginger exports, the most lucrative market exists in Malaysia, which has increased its crushed ginger imports from the world by 23% between 2011-2015 period. Nigeria and Germany have experienced a negative growth during the 2011-2015 period. Figure 49 below illustrates that South Africa’s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) exports are growing faster than the world imports into Netherlands, Angola, Canada, Botswana, Australia, Angola and Japan. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic markets. South Africa’s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) exports to Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique,and Kenya are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and South Africa’s performance in these markets is regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa’s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) exports to United States of America and United Arab Emirates are declining while world imports are growing into these countries. South Africa’s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) exports to Malawi and Seychelles are declining faster than the world imports in these countries. South Africa exports to Zimbabwe and

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Zambia are growing while, the world imports are declining. South Africa’s performance is regarded as a gain in a declining market. Figure 50 below shows that Namibia and Botswana were the largest market for ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry exported from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry are mainly in Democratic Republic of Congo, Seychelles and Mozambique. Other smaller markets exist in the Netherlands and Canada. However, if South Africa has to diversify its ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry exports, the most lucrative market exists in Kenya which has increased its (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) imports from the world by 64% between 2011-2015 period. Zimbabwe and Malawi have experienced a negative growth during the 2011-2015 period. Figure 51 below illustrates that South Africa’s uncrushed coriander seed exports are growing faster than the world imports into Switzerland and United States of America. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic market. South Africa’s uncrushed coriander seed exports to Zambia are growing slower than the world imports into this country and South Africa’s performance is regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa exports to Zimbabwe are growing while, the world imports are declining. South Africa’s performance is regarded as a gain in a declining market. Figure 52 below shows that Zimbabwe and United States of America were the biggest market for uncrushed coriander seed exported from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of uncrushed coriander seed are mainly in Mozambique, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Belgium. Other smaller markets exist in the Sri Lanka, United Arab Emirates and Zambia. However, if South Africa has to diversify its uncrushed coriander exports, the most lucrative market exists in Argentina and Algeria which have increased their uncrushed coriander imports from the world by 95% and 59% between 2011-2015 period. Australia has experienced a negative growth during the 2011-2015 period. Figure 53 below illustrates that South Africa’s crushed coriander seed exports Zambia, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Nigeria are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and South Africa’s performance in these markets is regarded as a loss in the dynamic markets. Figure 54 below shows that Australia was the biggest market for crushed coriander seed exported from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of uncrushed coriander seed are mainly in Angola, Saudi Arabia, Bulgaria and United States of America. Other smaller markets exist in Zambia, Canada, United Arab Emirates and Zambia. However, if South Africa has to diversify its crushed coriander exports, the most lucrative market exists in Nigeria and Zimbabwe which have increased their crushed coriander imports from the world by 146% and 113% between 2011-2015 period. United Kingdom has experienced a negative growth during the 2011-2015 period. Figure 55 below shows that South African uncrushed pepper exports are growing faster than the world imports into United Kingdom, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium and Zambia. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic markets. South Africa’s uncrushed pepper exports to Mozambique, Namibia, Australia, Japan, United States of America and Lesotho are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and these markets are regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa’s uncrushed pepper exports to Zimbabwe and Botswana are growing while the world imports are declining into these countries. South Africa’s uncrushed pepper exports

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to Canada, France, Switzerland and Ireland are declining while world imports are growing into these countries. Figure 56 below shows that United States of America, United Kingdom and Australia were the largest markets for uncrushed pepper exported from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of uncrushed pepper are mainly in Canada, Lesotho, Mozambique and Israel. Other smaller markets exist in the Switzerland and France. However, if South Africa has to diversify its uncrushed exports, the most lucrative market exists in Namibia and Brazil, which have increased their uncrushed pepper imports from the world by 57% and 39% respectively between 2011-2015 period. Botswana and Zimbabwe have experienced a negative growth during the 2011-2015 period. Figure 57 below shows that South African crushed pepper exports are growing faster than the world imports into United Kingdom, Zimbabwe, Hong Kong and Kenya. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic markets. South Africa’s crushed pepper exports to Nigeria, Mozambique, Zambia, Ghana, United States of America and Namibia are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and these markets are regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa’s crushed pepper exports to Angola, Malawi and Lesotho are declining faster than the world growing while world imports are declining into these countries. Figure 58 below shows that United States of America and Botswana were the largest markets for crushed pepper exported from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of crushed pepper are mainly in Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique and Zambia. Other smaller markets exist in the Japan, Seychelles and Spain. However, if South Africa has to diversify its crushed pepper exports, the most lucrative market exists in Nigeria and Ethiopia which have increased their crushed pepper imports from the world by 63% and 59% respectively between 2011-2015 period. Swaziland and Lesotho have experienced a negative growth during the 2011-2015 period.

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Figure 43: Growth in demand for celery exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 44: Prospects for market diversification for celery exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 45: Growth in demand for uncrushed ginger exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 46: Prospects for market diversification for uncrushed ginger exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 47: Growth in demand for crushed ginger exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 48: Prospects for market diversification for crushed ginger exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 49: Growth in demand for ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 50: Prospects for market diversification for ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 51: Growth in demand for coriander seeds, neither crushed nor ground exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 52: Prospects for market diversification for coriander seeds neither crushed nor ground exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 53: Growth in demand for coriander seeds crushed or ground exported by South Africa in 2015


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Figure 54: Prospects for market diversification for coriander seeds crushed or ground exported by South Africa in 2015


Figure 55: Growth in demand for peppers neither crushed nor ground exported by South Africa in 2015

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Figure 56: Prospects for market diversification for peppers neither crushed nor ground exported by South Africa in 2015

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Figure 57: Growth in demand for peppers crushed or ground exported by South Africa in 2015

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Figure 58: Growth in demand for peppers crushed or ground exported by South Africa in 2015

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7. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

7.1 Opportunities

Farmers can benefit from spices and herbs as higher value, low volume cash crops, to enhance their income and thus improve their livelihoods. A large proportion of spices traded in both local and export markets are produced by small-scale farmers, and the worldwide trade provides multi-billion US dollar earnings for small-scale farmers. World markets for spices and herbs, particularly in industrializing countries and in local markets are expanding and can offer good returns to small-scale farmers. Trade is dominated by dried products. In recent years fresh herbs have become popular and are perceived to be of higher quality. Spice and herb derived essential oils and oleoresins are sold in large and growing markets. There is an increase in consumption of processed food and ready to eat dishes, which often depend on herbs and spices to retain and enhance food flavour. The increasing demand in developed countries for natural flavour offers tremendous potential for spice crops as sources of natural flavours.

7.2 Challenges

Spices, herbs and vegetable seasonings can be heavily contaminated with microorganisms because of the environmental and processing conditions under which they are produced. The microbial load has to be reduced before they can be safely incorporated into food products. High temperature treatment can cause significant loss of flavour and aroma from a spice because the volatile oils are lost. Steam also results in a loss of volatile flavour and aroma components and colour changes. Steam can also result in an increase in moisture levels. Until recently, most spices and herbs were fumigated with sterilizing gases such as ethylene oxide to destroy contaminating micro-organisms. However, the use of ethylene oxide was prohibited by an EU directive in 1991 and has been banned in a number of other countries because it is a carcinogen. Irradiation has since emerged as a viable alternative and its use results in cleaner, better quality herbs and spices compared to those fumigated with ethylene oxide.

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8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following industries are acknowledged: National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Directorate: Statistics and Economic Analysis Private Bag X246 Pretoria, 0001 Tel (012) 930 1134 Fax (012) 319 8031 Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS) P.O. Box 11214 Hatfield 0028 Tel (012) 431 7900 Fax (012) 431 7910 Quantec Research www.easydata.co.za Market Access Map www.macmap.org International Trade Centre (ITC) www.trademap.org Economic Research Service/USDA UNIDO and FAO, 2005, Herbs, spices and essential oil (Post harvest operation in developing countries) National Agricultural Marketing Council www.namc.co.za CBI Market Information Database www.cbi.eu India Brand Equity Foundation www.ibef.org Disclaimer: This document and its contents have been compiled by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the purpose of detailing herb and spice industry. Anyone who uses this information does so at his/her own risk. The views expressed in this document are those of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries with regard to agricultural industry, unless otherwise stated. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries therefore, accepts no liability that can be incurred resulting from the use of this information.

http://www.macmap.org/

http://www.namc.co.za/

http://www.cbi.eu/

http://www.ibef.org/

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