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211 Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, VIII (2014) 211-238. ISSN 1888-3931
A POSSIBLE PERIODISATION OF THE TREATIESOF PEACE AND TRUCE BETWEEN AL-ANDALUS
AND THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS (NASRID SULTANATE OF GRANADA WITH CASTILE
AND ARAGON) 13TH-15TH CENTURIES
dieGo melo
univeRsidad adolfo iBáñez
chile
Date of receipt: 17th of January, 2013Final date of acceptance: 4th of February, 2014
abstract
The truces between the reigns of Grenade and Castile served to balance and weigh the complex relations on the border from the 13th to the 15th centuries. They were an effective method to cease hostilities, and varied greatly in length. Eventually they imposed a certain rhythm on the way of life in the frontier, and worked as a common solution to avoid and offset the violence that characterized this area. By studying and analyzing their progression and features, it is possible to establish a brief characterisation and a possible periodisation for these truces over a long period of time. This helps us to understand the complexities that typified the border area1.
key Words
Kingdom of Grenade, Kingdom of Castile, War, Truces, Border.
caPItalIa Verba
Granatae regnum, Castellae regnum, Bellum, Indutiae, Limen.
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Diego Melo212
1. Truces: between war and peace1
One of the essential aspects of the frontier area is the duality of war and peace displayed there2. This complex reality in turn becomes more specific given that, as Juan de Mata Carriazo states, en la frontera de Granada, la paz y la guerra no eran esas cosas rotundas de siempre y de todas partes, ni la paz era paz, ni la guerra era guerra, en el pleno sentido de cada concepto [...] ni aún las treguas eran tales treguas; todo lo más, un estado de guerra atenuado3. In this sense, the most accurate is to imagine the existence of three states: war, peace and between these, truces. This way, historians who have worked on the frontier of Granada have always debated about two views of this. On one hand, there is the view of frank relations and everyday good understanding, with the marked exception of the specific moments of open warfare and, on the other, those who interpret these relations as forced neighbourliness that sought survival, independently of the means used to achieve this.
It is important to emphasise this ambivalent view of the frontier and especially to detail some considerations about cross-border relations included in an institution as peculiar as the truces as these led to a series of contacts and situations that allow us to extend the systematic analysis of these and to look into the everyday relations that took place in this historical area.
Thus, as sketched out above, life on the frontier in the kingdom of Granada, marked by two well-defined geographic and socio-historical entities, was lived through two openly contradictory times: the time of war and the time of peace. This same frontier ambivalence leads us into a space that has commonly been filled with light and shadow4. While the official discourse on the letters of peace
1. I wish to express my thanks for the methodological help from professors Constanza Rojas and Constanza López. This study is included within the project FONDECYT n. 11130061. Used abbreviations: ACA, Archivo de la Corona de Aragón; AGS, Archivo General de Simancas; AHMJF, Archivo Histórico Municipal de Jerez de la Frontera; AHN, Archivo Histórico Nacional (Madrid); AHPJ, Archivo Histórico Provincial de Jaén; AMC, Archivo Municipal de Córdoba; AMJ, Archivo Municipal de Jaén; AMM, Archivo Municipal de Murcia; AMS, Archivo Municipal de Sevilla; BS, British Library; BNE, Biblioteca Nacional de España.
2. Torres, Juan. Instituciones y sociedad en la frontera murciano-granadina. Murcia: Real Academia Alfonso X el Sabio, 2004: 9-10.
3. “on the frontier of Granada, peace and war were not these rotund things of always and everywhere, peace was not peace, nor was war, war, in the full sense of each concept [...] nor were the truces even truces; everything else, an attenuated state of war” (Carriazo, Juan de Mata. En la frontera de Granada. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2002: 215-216).
4. Argente, Carmen. “Los cautivos en la frontera entre Jaén y Granada”, Relaciones exteriores del Reino de Granada: IV del Coloquio de Historia Medieval Andaluza, Cristina Segura, coord. Almeria: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, 1998: 222-223.
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A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 213
and truce seems clear and precise, the information supplied by other documents, like the chapter records of frontier towns5, puts us in contact with fluctuating and variable relations that force us to combine the peaceful relations with the bellicose relations and the state of war and insecurity of the frontier lands6.
This makes the men that lived on the frontier displayed episodes of violence7, but also aspirations for peace that took the form of agreements or pacts of greater or lesser duration, number and frequency8. This double dimension led Manuel Rojas to affirm that the relations between the inhabitants on either side of the border could be caused by an attitude of confrontation or, in contrast, be born out of the need to coexist in this shared area9. It is no easy task to resolve this dilemma as the life of the people on the frontier cannot be defined from a single angle, as, although it is true that the confrontation emanated from more or less clearly defined ideological postures —Jihad in the case of the Muslims and reconquest in the case of the Christians—, it is also true that other economic factors must be added, as we know that the elites of both societies extracted huge profits from the exercise of violence. However, this was not only the case of these elites, but also sectors of the popular estates who made war into a way of earning a living10.
In this sense, in the places further from the frontier, the truces meant economic relief, a return to a certain “normality” of life, that brought with it a resumption of trade, the negotiation and freeing of captives and the possibility of economic activity free from the risk of being surprised by the enemy11. Those who did these activities carried cartas de seguro12
5. González, Manuel; García, Manuel. Actas Capitulares de Morón de la Frontera (1402-1426). Seville: Excelentísima Diputación Provincial de Sevilla, 1992; Garrido, Juan Carlos. “Relaciones fronterizas con el Reino de Granada en las Capitulares del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Jaén”, Relaciones exteriores del Reino de Granada...: 161-172; Carriazo, Juan de Mata. “Los moros en las Actas del concejo de Jaén de 1479”. Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos, 4 (1995): 81-125.
6. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros y cristianos en la frontera. Alcala la Real: Alcalá Grupo Editorial, 2007: 99.
7. García, manuel. La Campiña Sevillana y la Frontera de Granada (Siglos XIII-XV). Estudios Sobre Poblaciones de la Banda Morisca. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 2005: 99.
8. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 103.
9. Rojas, Manuel. La frontera entre los reinos de Sevilla y Granada en el siglo XV (1390-1481): un ensayo sobre la violencia y sus manifestaciones. Cadiz: Universidad de Cádiz, 1995: 227.
10. Porras, Pedro. “El derecho de Frontera durante la Baja Edad Media. La regulación de las relaciones transfronterizas en tiempo de treguas y guerras”. Estudios dedicados a la memoria del Prof. L. M. Díez de Salazar (1992): I, 261-287.
11. Porras, Pedro. “El derecho de Frontera...”: 261-287.
12. Here is one of these as an example: Muy honrrado, esforçado, Fidalgo e presçiado, virtuoso e noble caballero el alcayde Abulcaçin Venegas, alguasil mayor del Señor Rey de Granada e del su Consejo: el conçejo etc. Nos vos encomendamos con voluntad muy presta de facer las cosas que ordenáres e mandares: Lorenço de Sella, genoués, morador de esta çibdad, va con nuestro seguro a esa çibdad del Reyno de Granada negociar e librar çciertas cosas de sus mercaderías. Por ende, mucho...vos pedimos, asy porquel va con nuestro seguro como por nuestra contemplación, sea bien tratado e honrrado en esa çibdad e Reyno, en todas las cosas que ouiere menester, e no le sea fecho enojo ni daño alguno. E en esto, allende de... nuestro rruego nos rremaneçerremos en obligación para en las cosas que mandáredes las facer como propias nuestras. Nuestro Señor conserve vuestra virtuosa persona como... deseáis. De Jahén, XXXVI de nouiembre de LXXXIX años, Viernes 26-XI-1479 (“Very honourable, brave nobleman and esteemed, virtuous and noble knight, the warden Abulcaçin Venegas, high constable of His Highness the King of Granada and of his Council: the council etc. We commend you very willingly to do the things that you order and
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Diego Melo214
from the border council. In these, they promised formally to comply with, and enforce, the truce13.
Most of the truce agreements that have reached us are from the Castilian chancellery, unlike what happened with those from Granada. The typology was varied, but the peace treaties always originated from an initiative by kings and affected all the territory. Together with this, we find documents that correspond to partial treaties that affected some sectors of the frontier and that were managed by frontier nobles14.
Regarding their contents, Manuel García Fernández states that, la tregua fue desde siempre una institución fronteriza tremendamente monótona, que repitió desde el siglo XIII idénticas cláusulas, todas derivadas del modelo que se establece a partir del vasallaje granadino del Pacto de Jaén de 1246, protocolos y obligaciones genéricas, a nivel siempre de estado o reino; que, sin embargo, presentó importantes cláusulas particulares, específicas de cada momento histórico que no sólo las diferencian sino que las explican15. In general, each truce had its own specific conditioning factors that depended on the historical circumstances. That is why the aspirations were not identical for those from Seville, Cordoba and Jaén, but rather that each of these understood “their peace”, “their truce”, in their own way16.
Despite the efforts envisaged by the truces, there was always a “tone of life” that was manifested in a certain uncertainty, because the danger and threat were constant, given that it was extremely difficult to impede the incursions of all kinds of adventurers, as the depopulation and lay of the land made it easy for them to penetrate the area17.
command: Lorenço de Sella, Genoese, inhabitant of this city, go with your guarantee to that city of the Kingdom of Granada to negotiate and give some items among its merchandises. Therefore, we demand to you many things, because he goes according our safety and your contemplation, in order to be well treated and honoured in that city and Kingdom, in the different things he could need, and that he does not receive any damage and prejudice. And in this, beyond our demand, we will serve all your orders such as it are ours. May Our Lord conserve your virtuous person as... you wish. In Jaén, XXXVI of November of the year LXXXIX), in: AMJ, Actas Municipales de Jaén. Libro de Actas Capitulares, doc. n. 171; Carriazo, Juan de Mata. En la frontera de Granada...: 303.
13. Carriazo, Juan de Mata. En la frontera de Granada...: 303.
14. Argente, Carmen. “Las relaciones de convivencia a través de los tratados de paz”, III Estudios de Frontera, Convivencia, defensa y comunicación en la frontera, Francisco Toro, José Rodríguez, coords. Jaen: Diputación de Jaén, 2002: 84.
15. “the truce was always a tremendously monotonous frontier institution, in which identical clauses were repeated from the 13th century, all derived from the model that was established from the vassalage of Granada under the Treaty of Jaén in 1246, generic protocols and obligations, always at the level of the state or kingdom; that, nevertheless, had important particular provisions, specific to each historical moment that not only differentiated them but also explained them” (García, Manuel. “Las treguas entre Castilla y Granada en tiempos de Alfonso XI, 1312-1350”. Ifigea: Revista de la Sección de Geografía e Historia, 5-6 (1988-1989): 135); see also: García, Manuel. “La alteridad en la frontera de Granada (siglos XIII al XV)”. Revista da Facultade de Letras, 6 (2005): 213-235; García, Manuel. Andalucía y Granada en tiempos de los Reyes Católicos. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 2006: 89.
16. García, Manuel. “La alteridad en la frontera...”; García, Manuel. Andalucía y Granada...: 136.
17. Torres, Juan. “Dualidad Fronteriza: Guerra y paz”, Actas del Congreso La Frontera Oriental Nazarí como Sujeto Histórico (S. XIII-XVI): Lorca-Vera, 22 a 24 de noviembre de 1994, Pedro Segura, dir. Almeria: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, 1997: 70.
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A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 215
Considering the above, it is possible to state that despite the complex frontier dynamic, the truces permitted the establishment of certain channels of coexistence between Christians and Muslims apart from possible isolated local aggressions. In this sense, they “rationalised” the life on the frontier18, making it, if you wish, “more humane” and less exposed to ideological confrontation, as shown by some of the lesser aspects of everyday neighbourliness19, like trade, grazing, exchange of garments, etc.
2. A proposal for periodization
An important amount of news and texts about truces have survived to our times. In some cases, we know about these from indirect references, either in chronicles or an announcement or notification. However, a considerable number of whole texts have also survived. In contrast, we could state that, although this is not a full list, it does at least include a large enough number to enables us to carry out a relatively exhaustive analysis of their contents. In this sense, any attempt to systemise the information they contain will require work to gather together and collate these contents.
From this perspective, we cannot ignore the unparalleled publications by Juan de Mata Carriazo20 y Arroquia or Juan Torres Fontes21, various of whose works present an important analysis of this subject. However, most notably, they open up a broad path on the study of the frontier relations, with joint or individual works that have enriched this field. In this sense, José Rodríguez Molina has made an interesting effort of synthesis, grouping the information according to the kingdom it corresponds to, collecting a great deal of news about the truces22.
To be able to envisage the importance of this institution, it is necessary to draw up a table that combines the principal aspects dealt with in the documents (treaties or charters) that deal with these questions. Given the above, we decided to collect and review the existing materials that allow us to group and sort the information in a documentary corpus combining all the treaties, peaces and truces between al-Andalus and the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon from the epoch studied, namely the Nasrid period (1232-1492).
18. Torres, Juan. “Dualidad Fronteriza...”: 72.
19. García, Manuel. “La alteridad en la frontera...”; García, Manuel. Andalucía y Granada...: 230.
20. Carriazo, Juan de Mata. “La últimas treguas con Granada”. Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 3 (1953): 11-43; Carriazo, Juan de Mata. “Las treguas con Granada de 1475 y 1478”. Al-Andalus, 2 (1954): 19, 317-364.
21. Torres, Juan. “Dualidad Fronteriza...”: 63-78; Torres, Juan. “Las relaciones castellano-granadinas desde 1475 a 1478”. Hispania, 86 (1962): 186-229; Torres, Juan. “Las relaciones castellano-granadinas desde 1416 a 1432. Las treguas de 1417 a 1426”. Cuadernos de Estudios Medievales, 6-7 (1978-1979): 297-311; Torres, Juan. “Las treguas con Granada de 1462 y 1463”. Hispania, 90 (1963): 163-199; Torres, Juan. Instituciones y sociedad...; Torres, Juan. Las relaciones castellano-granadinas (1432-1454). Murcia: Patrimonio, Cultura y Ciencias Sociales, 2010; Torres, Juan. La frontera Murciano-Granadina. Murcia: Academia Alfonso X el Sabio, 2004.
22. Especially in: Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 347- 416.
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Diego Melo216
This material, as mentioned, was scattered around a range archives, sources and bibliography23. Once localised, we developed a tool to extract all the data and the main
23. Menéndez, Ramón. Primera Crónica General de España. Madrid: Gredos, 1977: chapter 1070; Argote, Gonzalo. Nobleza de Andalucía que dedicó al Rey Don Felipe II. Jaen: Est. Tip. de D. Francisco López Vizcaíno, 1866: 269, 320, 366-367, 374, 392 and 527; Alarcón, Maximiliano; García de Linares, Ramón. Los documentos árabes diplomáticos en el Archivo de la Corona de Aragón. Madrid: Imprenta de Estanislao Maestre, 1940: 2-3, 5-6, 10-11, 34-36, 54-55, 69-70 and 150-154; Crónica del Rey Don Alfonso. Madrid: Atlas, 1953: LXVI (chapter LVIII), 46-47; Crónica del Rey Don Alfonso. Madrid: Atlas, 1953: LXVI (chapter LIX), 47; Ibn Abi Zarc. Rawd al-qirtas, trans. and notes Ambrosio Huici. Valencia: Anubar, 1964: 614-618; Torres, Juan. Instituciones...: 251; Giménez, Andrés. La Corona de Aragón y Granada, historia de las relaciones entre ambos reinos. Barcelona: Imprenta de la Casa Provincial de Caridad, 1908: 37-40, 71-72, 77-80, 80-81, 90-91, 167-169, 212-214, 229-232, 306-311, 312-313, 314-320, 322 and 325-333; Estal, Juan del. El reino de Murcia bajo Aragón (1296-1305). Alicante: Universidad de Alicante, 1999: 50-53, 76-79 and 96-98; Tuñón, manuel. Textos y documentos de Historia Antigua, Media y Moderna hasta el Siglo XVII. Barcelona: Labor, 1984: 458-460; Gaspar, mariano. “El negocio de Ceuta entre Jaime II de Aragón y Aburrebia Solaimán, sultán de Fez (1309)”. Revista del Centro de Estudios históricos de Granada y su reino, 12-3/4 (1923): 169-170; Cerdá, francisco. Crónica del Rey D. Alfonso Onceno, Parte I. Madrid: imprenta de D. Antonio de Sancha, 1787: 167-168, 250-252 and 618-623; Bofarull, Próspero. Colección de documentos inéditos del Archivo General de la Corona de Aragón. Barcelona: José Eusebio Montfort, 1851: VII, 176-179; Gaspar, mariano. Correspondencia diplomática entre Granada y Fez (siglo XIV) Extractos de la “Raihana alcuttab”. Granada: Imprenta del Defensor, 1916: 230-231; El perfume de la Amistad. Correspondencia árabe en archivos españoles (siglos XIII-XVII). Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, 2010; Torres, Juan. La frontera...: 97, 110-111, 112, 134-135 and 138-139; Veas, Francisco. Documentos del Siglo XIV. Colección de Documentos para la Historia del Reino de Murcia. Murcia: Academia Alfonso X el Sabio-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1990: XII, 13-14 and 163-164; Vilaplana, María Victoria. Documentos sobre la minoría de Juan II. La regencia de Don Fernando de Antequera. Murcia: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1993: 94, 150, 186-187, 438 and 466-467; Toral, Enrique. “Dos cartas al rey Mahomad V de Granada”. Boletín del Instituto Estudios Giennenses, 140 (1989): 58; García de Santa María, Alvar. Crónica de Juan II de Castilla. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1982: 231-232, 267-269 and 402-407; Torres, Juan. “La regencia de don Fernando de Antequera”. Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos, 14-15 (1965-1966): 145; Arribas, mariano. Las treguas entre Castilla y Granada firmadas por Fernando I de Aragón. Tetouan: Editora Marroquí, 1956: 35-36, 37-39, 41-46, 47-56, 67-68, 65-66, 69-70, 75-84, 85-94 and 95-102; Alijo, francisco. “Mercedes y privilegios a una plaza fronteriza del siglo XV: Antequera”, Actas del I Congreso de Historia de Andalucía. Córdoba: 1978: 409; Salicrú, Roser. Documents per a la historia de Granada del Regnat d’Alfons el Magnànim (1416-1458). Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1999: 21-22, 51, 57-58, 199-208, 261-262 and 421-422; Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 381 and 388; Torres, Juan. “Las relaciones...”: 90 and 98; Suarez, luis. Juan II y la frontera de Granada. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1954: 38-42; García, José Antonio, “Las treguas con Granada de 1439”. Qurtuba: Estudios andalusíes, 3 (1998): 39-45; García, José Antonio. Treguas, guerra y capitulaciones de Granada. Granada: Diputación de Granada, 82-85, 85-86, 87-91, 92-97 and 97-105; Benavides, Antonio. Memoria sobre la guerra del Reino de Granada. Madrid: Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, 1852: VIII, 41-45; Ríos, José Amador de los. Memoria histórico-crítica sobre las treguas celebradas en 1439 entre los reyes de Castilla y de Granada leída en varias sesiones de la Real Academia de la Historia. Madrid: Academia de la Historia, 1879: 128-132 and 133-137; Abellán, Juan. “Jerez, las treguas de 1450 y la guerra civil granadina”, Estudios sobre Málaga y el Reino de Granada en el V Centenario de la Conquista, José Enrique López de Coca, ed. Malaga: Diputación provincial de Málaga, 1987: 16; López de Coca, José Enrique. “Acerca de las relaciones diplomáticas castellano-granadinas en la primera mitad del siglo XV”. Revista del Centro de Estudios Históricos de Granada y su Reino, 12 (1998): 24-30; Juan, Carmen. Colección diplomática medieval del Alcalá ́ la Real, ed. Francisco Toro. Jaen: Imprenta Esclavitud del Señor de la Humildad y María Santísima de los Dolores, 1988: 61; Molina, María del Carmen. Colección de documentos para la historia del Reino de Murcia XVIII, Documentos de Enrique IV. Murcia: Academia Alfonso X el Sabio, 1988: 158-159, 160, 289-291, 434-435, 448-
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A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 217
information and news of the truces. To this end, we prepared a table on a spreadsheet to bring together all the information extracted from the corpus of documents.
This was how we focussed on gathering the texts and news about truces ranging from 1246 (Treaty of Jaén) until the truce of 1486, the last before the definitive capitulation of 1491. The treaties between Ibn al Ahmar and Ibn Hud are not included as these were between two Andalusian lords and as recognition by the Nasrids of Ibn Hud’s authority. Thus, our register begins with the first great pact that is documented between Nasrid al-Andalus and Castile, that was of vital importance for the development of relations between the two worlds. It is also important to indicate that our list ends with the truce of 1486. The reason for this is that the pacts and treaties with Boabdil from around 1491 are not precisely a pact of truce, but rather a treaty of surrender that established capitulations with their conditions and that resulted in the handing over of Nasrid Granada and the end of al-Andalus.
3. Criteria for setting the information. Towards an analytical tool
To draw up a table that enables the spread of the truces over the centuries to be analysed, we eliminated all minor references (notifications, announcements, letters of credentials, etc.), those that do not supply relevant data about their contents. However, in some cases, despite the text not being available, some truces for which the chronicles contain extensive references are included.
On the other hand, only relations between states have been considered, in other words, between Granada-Castile and Granada-Aragon. Thus, we omitted all truces between private individuals. Also, these are few in number and, although they sometimes have a certain circumstantial importance, they are not relevant for the overall perspective24. This in no way implies that they were not important, but these
449 and 509-510; Torres, Juan. Estudio sobre la Crónica de Enrique IV. Murcia: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1946: 473-474; Torres, Juan. Estudio sobre la Crónica de Enrique IV del Dr. Galíndez de Carvajal. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1946: 355, 373-375, 375-377, 377-379 and 379-380; García, María del Mar. “Las relaciones castellano-granadinas en el sector Xerciense. El tratado de paz de 1460”. Estudios sobre Patrimonio, Cultura y Ciencias Medievales, 11-12 (2010): 108-110; Torres, Juan. “Las treguas con Granada...”: 194-195, 196, 197-198 and 198-199; Cascales, Francisco. Discursos Históricos de la muy noble y muy leal ciudad de Murcia y su reino. Murcia: Francisco Benedito, 1775: 432; Abellán, Juan. “Jerez y Granada en la tregua de 1467...”: 15-16; Fernández, fernando. “Historia y descripción de la antigüedad y descendencia de la casa de Córdova”. Boletín de la Real Academia de Córdoba, de Ciencias, Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes, 78 (1958): 268-271; Carandé, Ramón; Mata, Juan de. El Tumbo de los Reyes Católicos de la Catedral de Sevilla. Seville: Editorial Católica Española, 1968: I, 11-13 and 122-123; Rodríguez, José, dir. Colección Diplomática del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Jaén, siglos XIV y XV. Jaen: Ayuntamiento de Jaén, 1985: 60-62; Bonilla, José Antonio; Toral, Enrique. El tratado de paz de 1481 entre Castilla y Granada. Jaen: Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 1982: 29-32; Porras, Pedro. “Documentos cristianos sobre mudéjares de Andalucía en los siglos XV y XVI”. Anaquel de Estudios Árabes, 3 (1992): 227; Garrido, Miguel. Las capitulaciones para la entrega de Granada. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1992: 168-169.
24. In fact, we know that the peaces were not an exclusive initiative of the monarchs. Lords and councils signed private pacts in line with their specific interests, and this undoubtedly helped to make life easier.
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Diego Melo218
truces (for example, those agreed in 130125, 141826, 146727, 146928, 147129), were only partial and local agreements that benefited specific interests and not the state as a whole. We also left out letters of credentials that do not contribute more information than what they normally include, likewise with proposals and negotiations that did not lead to anything. Nor have we included diplomatic relations between Fez and Granada, as these lie outwith the scope of this study, although they could well be analysed on another occasion and be used in a comparative study.
4. A proposal for periodization
Graph 1. Spread of the chronological evolution of the truces.
Graph 1 shows the spread of the agreements for truces over time. It is interesting to observe how these are clearly clustered into two periods. The first goes from 1246 (Treaty of Jaén) to 1329, and the second, from 1405 to 1486. On the other hand, from the mid 14th century until the beginning of the 15th century, these are more widely spread, and are mainly clustered between 1366 and 1386. Despite this, the first period appears more scattered than the second, where there is a
The Fajardos, the adelantados of Murcia, signed pacts in their own name with the kingdom of Granada. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 112.
25. Giménez, Andrés. La Corona de Aragón y Granada...: 80-81.
26. Salicrú, Roser. El Sultanato Nazarí de Granada, Génova y la Corona de Aragón en el siglo XV. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2007: 199-208.
27. Fernandez de Córdova, francisco. “Historia y descripción de la antigüedad y descendencia de la casa de Córdova”. Boletín de la Academia de Córdoba, de Ciencias, Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes, 78 (1958): 268-269.
28. García, José Antonio. Treguas, Guerras...: 82-86.
29. carriazo, Juan de Mata. “Las treguas con Granada de 1475 y 1478...”: 349-350.
Tru
ces
Years
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A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 219
closer sequence of truces. From this, we can establish that the 15th century was the period with a greater sequence. Ti interpret the above in greater depth and establish certain epochs, it is necessary to cross reference the information with another type of graph.
Graph 2. Duration of the truces (years).
The information presented in Graph 2 complements the details from Graph 1. If we look at the “year of truce”, we can see that there was continuity in the period from 1246 to 1328. Then, from the mid-14th century (1328) the sequence of truces tends to become more scattered before clustering again between 1344 and 1369, with a more regular sequence. As mentioned above, the 15th century was the century of the truces, with over 50% of the information from this vector. On the other hand, it is also interesting to verify another aspect: during the 13th and 14th centuries, as well as being scattered, the truces tended to last longer, with an average of around 7.7 years, in contrast with the 2.8 years that the truces lasted in the 15th century. Moreover, in the period between 1246 and 1328, we can find truces with a duration of 20 years (1246) and several that lasted between 5 and 8 years. In the period from 1344 to 1367, it is possible to verify agreements with a duration of close to 10 years (the peace treaty after the siege of Algeciras). In the case of the peaces from the 15th century, they were much shorter lasting, with only one that stretched to 10 years. This illustrates an important phenomenon that, although the truces show the possibility and intention of peace for a certain period of time, these often ended by violent action with the seizing of booty and captives. This meant the breaking of the truces. However, depending on the domestic situation, efforts were quickly made to re-establish these.
Thus, through these graphs, it is possible to see, at least roughly, three distinct moments related to the phases of the truces: one from the mid 13th century to the
Du
rati
on
of t
he
tru
ces
(yea
rs)
Years of the truces
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
Diego Melo220
mid 14th, another from then to the beginning of the 15th century and a third, from the start of the 15th to the end of the same century. This does not preclude the existence of fluctuation within these periods, but as an overview, it seems interesting to note the possibility of defining these three main phases.
Thus, the stage from the mid 13th to the mid 14th centuries could be called the “Initial Phase: vassalage and violence”, the second, the “Middle Phase: dispersion and peace”, and the third, the “Final Phase: of conflict and frontier violence”.
Graph 3. Truces signed during the Initial Phase.
This stage began with the signing of the Treaty of Jaén (1246), and concluded around 1291 with the signing of the truce between Muhammad II and Sancho IV. The initial duration of the Treaty of Jaén was 20 years and this was confirmed in 1254 by Alfonso X the Wise after the death of Ferdinand III the Saint. It lasted until 1261, when the truce was breached by the Granadans30. All this coincides with the development of Alfonso’s expansionist policy, which took the form of the conquest of the enclaves of Cadiz, Jeréz and Niebla. This forced Muhammad I to resort to his fellow African Muslims, the Marinids. The rupture was widened by the Mudejar revolt of 1264, leading Granada to request a truce the following year.
However, this situation was accentuated with the internal revolt of the Asqilula, which spread due to Marinid meddling with the army. On the other hand, Alfonso X interfered in the internal affairs of Granada supporting precisely the Asqilula. Muhammad II could not resolve this complex situation facing the emirate without Marinid help.
This was also the epoch when the question of the Straight began to loom, a situation that the Marinids and Nasrids disputed. The external and internal pressures were eased with the signing of the truce of 1276, another signed in 1278, new signings in 1285 and then those of 1286 and 1291. The latter was never observed,
30. Argote de Molina, Gonzalo. Nobleza de Andalucía que dedicó al Rey Don Felipe II. Jaén: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Don Francisco López Vizcaíno, 1866: 267.
Initial phase: vasallage and violence
Tru
ces
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A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 221
which encouraged Granada to again negotiate with the Marinids, leading to a period of war until the death of Sancho IV on 25th April 129531.
It is for this that it is often claimed that there were twenty years of total insecurity between 1275 and 1294, because of the endless wars32. In this sense, it is usually stated that this was a complex epoch, but that this appreciation of the existence of periods of peace and truce should also be mentioned, as these were breathing spaces in this tense panorama. However, all this leads us to think that the time on the frontier in the last quarter of the 13th century must surely have passed in an steadily worsening state of war. On the other hand, a definitive pact was signed with Aragon for trade and collaboration in 1301.
Graph 4. The signing of truces during the Middle Phase.
This period, that began around 1295, with the death of Sancho IV, reached its most important moment with the conquest Algeciras in 1344. This was the start of a new stage in the relations between Castile and Granada, one that ended with the Battle of Los Collejares in 1406. Indeed, this stage was characterised by less frontier violence, with rather longer pacts of truces due to factors related to the domestic situation that arose with the death of Sancho IV, and the rise of the Cerda crown princes. This situation would continue throughout the reign of Ferdinand IV (1295-1312), who had to face conflicts with members of the House of Lara. The same situation, but even more serious, affected Peter I. All this contrasted with events in Granada, where, after the rise of Yusuf I, there was a stage of consolidation that reached its peak during the reign of Muhammad V.
It is in this setting that the 14th century began with a period of weakness for the Castilians, meaning that the war against the Muslims and the conflicts on the frontier
31. Argote de Molina, Gonzalo. Nobleza de Andalucía...: 333.
32. García, Francisco. “La frontera Castellano-Granadina a fines del siglo XIII”, Relaciones exteriores del Reino de Granada: IV del Coloquio de Historia Medieval Andaluza, Cristina Segura, coord. Almeria: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, 1988: 28.
Middle phase: dispersion and peace
Tru
ces
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
Diego Melo222
were less important33. During this century, we find a period of truces and peaces of around 85 years, while the wars were spread over 15 years34. In most cases, these clashes were not generalised, but mostly localised, such as with the sieges of certain cities. It is true that the first half of the 14th century was an epoch of clashes and frequent sieges, but these did not occur simultaneously everywhere nor last very long. The outbreaks of war in this period were as follows. Between 1297 and 1302, there was a Granadan offensive, which led to the taking of Alcaudete, Bedmar and Quesada and the siege of Alcalá de Benzaide, followed by the Castilian counter-attack of 1309 that led to the recovery of the places that had been lost35. A significant period of confrontations began in 1319; 1328 was also a time of military incursions in the region of Jaén, and there was another outbreak of war between 1341 and 134436.
However, the existence of ten treaties of truce from the first half of the 14th century must be taken into account. Some of these were long-lasting, like the one between 1303 and 1309, ratified in 1307 and 1309, the year when war was declared, to then find three years of extensions of the truce (1310, 1311 and 1312), which gives us a insight of certain periods of war aimed more at conquering lands and fortresses than the demand to sign peaces and truces, with recognition of vassalage to Castile and the corresponding payment of taxes37.
All this turbulence in the early 14th century ended around 1344, after the siege of Algeciras, when the Peace of Algeciras was signed and lasted ten years. Thus, in the first half of the 14th century, there were around thirty years of truce and peace (shown in graph 2), only counting on the news we have about peace treaties and the signing of truces and their respective duration. To this, we must add the months when there was no fighting because of the suspension of the conflict. In line with this, there are 18 mentions of war in the first half of the 14th century.
The second half of the 14th century saw a series of acts of war with the destruction of Jaén, Úbeda, the siege of Baeza and various attacks on Cordoba. However, all these incursions were very localised and due more to the civil war between Peter I and Henry II than the conflicts between Castile and Granada. Henry, on his part, was just as indisposed to the Granadans, allies of the legitimate monarch, that, when he reached power, he did what he could in a simulated way to sign truces with Granada, as he had enough work dealing with the disorganisation and problems of Castile, just after a cruel war38.
33. Segura, cristina. “Las reinas castellanas y la frontera en la Baja Edad Media”, IV Estudios de Frontera. Historia, tradiciones y leyendas en la Frontera. Homenaje a Enrique Toral y Peñaranda. Jaen: Diputación Provincial de Jaén, 2002: 519-534.
34. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 104.
35. Ladero, Miguel Ángel. “Los Estados Peninsulares a la muerte de Alfonso X el Sabio”. VII Centenario del Infante Don Fernando de la Cerda, Jornadas de Estudio. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Manchegos, 1976: 332-333.
36. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 105.
37. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 105.
38. Segura, Cristina. “La reinas castellanas...”: 527.
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A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 223
In these reflections, Rodríguez Molina concludes that en el siglo XIV las proporciones temporales más significativas fueron favorables a las treguas, pues sólo éstas ocuparían en torno a un cómputo estimado del 85% de la centuria y únicamente el 15% de ella y no completo, compondría el tiempo ocupado por las confrontaciones bélicas. Es decir, que durante un tiempo aproximado a los 85 años se pudieron practicar actividades comerciales, arrendamientos de pastos y tierras de cultivo39.
Graph 5. Signing of truces during the Final Phase.
Except for the Battle of Los Collejares, the conquest of Antequera and the Battle of La Higueruela, the wars in the 15th century were brief affairs. However, the peaces and truces occurred almost annually, with short gaps between them, marked by the cavalry raids and certain frontier violence. This phase coincided with the rule of John II and Henry IV in Castile, and that ended with the rise of the Catholic Monarchs. From this point of view, there was a phase of consolidation by Castile, although not free of problems of succession and tantrums by the nobility, especially that frontier, differentiated from the internal processes that began to undermine the fragile stability of the Nasrid state, especially in the unstable decade from 1445-1455, and that Francisco Vidal Castro has clearly identified. This stage concluded in 1486 with the truce prior to the capitulations and handing over of the capital of Granada.
In this sense, in the words of Juan Torres Fontes,
desde la conquista de Antequera hasta el comienzo de la definitiva campaña de de 1482, que acabaría con la conquista total del reino de Granada, se caracterizó por una sucesión casi continuada de las treguas, cuya ruptura formal, tanto en el reinado de Juan II como en el Enrique IV, no cambiaría sustancialmente la situación, aunque ocasionalmente
39. “in the 14th century the longest periods of time were favourable to the truces, as these alone occupied an estimated 85% of the century and only 15% of it, and not all this, was taken up by armed confrontations. In other words, during around 85 years, one could trade, lease pastures and fields” (Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 107).
Final phase: conflict and fronter violence
Tru
ces
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Diego Melo224
se modificarán las condiciones económicas y geográficas entre ambos reinos, todo queda dependiente de las respectivas situaciones a la hora de renovar las treguas, la cuantía de las parias a pagar y de los cautivos a entregar. Hubo también incorporaciones territoriales de importancia, como Archidona y Gibraltar, aunque la conquista de esas plazas fronterizas no modificarán ni supondránun reajuste extraordinario de la frontera para los dirigentes granadinos, porque todo siguió sensiblemente igual40.
Thus, at least, González Jiménez also saw this for the area of Morón, where, between 1402 and 1427, relations between Castile and Granada were good, except for the 1405-1410 period41. However, with the exception of the Battle de Los Collejares, the conquest of Antequera and the Battle of La Higueruela, as stated above specific events, the longest period of war was the one between 1430 and 143942 and, even here, we find peaces signed within this same period, like that of 143143.
So, apart from the relevant events of war mentioned, short in duration, the most prolonged period of war was between 1430 and 1439 (during the reign of John II), which, in turn, fell inside a longer phase that stretched from 1432 to 145444. However, within this phase, we can distinguish a first period of war, as mentioned, from 1430 to 1439. A second phase, of peace, lasted from 1439 to 1445, with no significant modifications to the frontier. The events of 1445 to 1452 were very different. There was a Granadan predominance on the frontier and a manifest weakness of the Castilians. During this period, the rulers of Castile worked to counterbalance their military weakness on the frontier with political intrigues and financial assistance to the crown princes of Granada who aspired to take the throne. This was the turbulent decade that began in 1445 and led to a civil war in the Emirate of Granada.
A fourth phase stretched from 1452 to 1454, and was characterised by the onslaught by the nobles that brought down Álvaro de Luna’s government and led to his execution, and which prevented Castile from carrying out any foreign adventure. This was the start of a stage marked by frontier skirmishes mainly aimed at seizing bounty and captives for sale and exchange.
40. “from the conquest of Antequera to the start of the definitive campaign of 1482 that would end with the total conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, was characterised by an almost continuous succession of truces, whose formal rupture, under the reigns of both John II and Henry IV, did not substantially change the situation, although occasionally the economic and geographic conditions between the two kingdoms were modified, everything remained dependent on the respective situations when it came to renewing the truces, the amount to pay in tributes and the captives to be handed over. There were also important territorial incorporations, like Archidona and Gibraltar, although the conquest of these frontier places did not modify nor mean any extraordinary readjustment of the frontier for the Granadan leaders, because everything remained basically the same” (Torres, Juan. Las relaciones castellano-granadinas (1432-1454). Murcia: HUM-165: Patrimonio, Cultura y Ciencias Sociales, 2010: 84); Torres, Juan. La frontera Murciano-Granadina...:158.
41. González, Manuel. “Morón, una villa de frontera (1402-1427)”, Relaciones exteriores del Reino de Granada...: 57.
42. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 108.
43. Rodríguez, José. La vida de moros...: 105.
44. See the recently-published work by: Torres, Juan. Las relaciones castellano-granadinas (1432-1454)...: 14-15.
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A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 225
Thus, the internal struggle and weakness of the monarchy then impeded any Castilian activity beyond the borders. All attention was focussed on maintaining a predominant position and securing possession of lands, awaiting Henry IV’s accession and immediate decisions. This waiting attitude affected the frontier and lasted until the death of John II45.
Then, during the reign of Henry IV and until 1488, when the Catholic Monarchs began the final war against Granada, the frontier remained stable in many sectors, although it was not free from individual offensive actions. At this time, cattle rustling raids by Castilian councils became more dangerous when these were between a Christian council and a Muslim one. There was no lack of motives for retaliation, skirmishes, logging and burning, unexpected seizures, theft and even more-serious actions. All this is reflected in the local annals46.
Thus, this century was characterised, in general terms, by a practically uninterrupted continuity of truces, only broken by frequent raids, always localised, of no great importance except for a few larger ones. Many of the truces were signed effectively to stem brief and sporadic breaks by some of the parties to the existing peace and truce.
5. Final words
From the systematisation of the information about the truces, we have defined a progression of these in a dynamic that appeared with the passing of time, establishing three phases in the evolution of the truces: the first, from the mid 13th century to the mid 14th century, the second, from the mid 14th century to the early 15th century, and the third, from the beginning to the end of the 15th century. In view of their characteristics, these are defined as the “Initial Phase: vassalage and violence”; “Middle Phase: dispersion and peace” and “Final Phase: of conflict and frontier violence”.
Although it is true that some sub-periods can be recognised inside each of these, addressing minor alterations could lead to complex subdivisions that would impede an overview. Moreover, a possible contribution of this periodisation lies in it being structured from the nature and contents of the truces, not from the historical evolution of the states involved, although, logically, this is one of the determining factors of the truces.
45. Torres, Juan. Las relaciones castellano-granadinas (1432-1454)...: 16.
46. García, Manuel. “Un episodio de la Frontera de Granada: el Madroño 1462”. Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 79 (1974): 10.
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Diego Melo226
Ap
pen
dix
. Pac
ts, t
ruce
s an
d p
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Yea
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Arc
hiv
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Pac
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Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viiii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 227
12
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pre
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oss
a1
30
2,
1st
Ja
nu
ary
Jam
es I
I o
f A
rago
n
13
01
Trea
ty o
f p
eace
an
d a
llia
n-
ce b
etw
een
M
uh
amm
ad
II a
nd
Jam
es
II o
f A
rago
n
agai
nst
Cas
tile
Lo
s d
o-
cum
ento
s ár
abes
d
iplo
mát
ico
s d
el A
rch
ivo
d
e la
Co
ron
a d
e A
ragó
n,
ed.
Max
imi-
lian
o A
aró
n
Ala
rcó
n,
Ra-
mó
n G
arcí
a d
e L
inar
es.
Mad
rid
: P
ubl
icac
i-o
nes
de
las
Esc
uel
as d
e E
stu
dio
s ár
abes
de
Mad
rid
y
Gra
nad
a,
19
40
: 8
-10
Tuñ
ón
de
Lar
a, M
.Te
xtos
y d
ocu
men
-to
s de
His
tori
a A
nti
gua,
Med
ia
y M
oder
na
has
ta
el S
iglo
XV
II
Bar
celo
na:
L
abo
r, 1
98
4:
45
8-4
60
13
01
, 3
1st
D
ecem
ber
/ 7
01
, ra
bi
seco
nd
las
t d
ay
Mu
ham
mad
II
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
Diego Melo228
13
02
Trea
ty b
etw
e-en
th
e k
ing
of
Ara
gon
an
d t
he
kin
g o
f G
ran
ada
G
imén
ez
So
ler,
An
dré
sL
a C
oron
a de
A
ragó
n y
Gra
nad
a.
His
tori
a de
las
rela
cion
es e
ntr
e am
bos
rein
os
Bar
celo
na:
Im
pre
nta
de
la
Cas
a P
rovi
nci
al
de
la C
arid
ad,
19
08
: 9
0-9
1
13
02
, 2
4th
F
ebru
ary
Gra
nad
a1
30
2,
1st
M
arch
1
yea
rK
ing
of
Ara
gon
13
04
Agr
eem
ents
be
twee
n F
er-
din
and
IV
an
d
Mu
ham
mad
III
A
rgo
te d
e M
o-
lin
a, G
on
zalo
Nob
leza
de
An
dalu
cía
Jaen
: E
sta-
blec
imie
nto
ti
po
gráfi
co d
e D
on
Fra
nci
sco
L
óp
ez V
izca
íno
, 1
86
6:
chap
. X
LI,
vo
l. I
I, 3
66
-36
7
13
04
Fer
din
and
IV
of
Cas
tile
13
10
Pea
ce t
reat
y be
twee
n F
er-
din
and
IV
of
Cas
tile
an
d N
asr
G
imén
ez
So
ler,
An
dré
sL
a C
oron
a de
A
ragó
n y
Gra
nad
a.
His
tori
a de
las
rela
cion
es e
ntr
e am
bos
rein
os
Bar
celo
na:
Im
pre
nta
de
la
Cas
a P
rovi
nci
al
de
la C
arid
ad,
19
08
: 1
67
-16
9
13
10
, 2
6th
May
Sev
ille
13
10
, 2
6th
M
ay1
31
7,
26
th
May
7 y
ears
Fer
din
and
IV
of
Cas
tile
13
12
Tru
ce b
etw
een
P
eter
I a
nd
M
aho
mad
A
ben
Aza
r
A
rgo
te d
e M
o-
lin
a, G
on
zalo
Nob
leza
de
An
dalu
cía
Jaen
: E
stab
le-
cim
ien
to t
ipo-
gráfi
co d
e D
on
F
ran
cisc
o L
óp
ez
Viz
caín
o,
18
66
: ch
ap.
XLV
II,
vol.
II,
37
4
13
12
, 7
th
Sep
tem
ber
1
31
2
P
eter
I o
f C
asti
le
13
20
Pea
ce b
etw
een
th
e k
ings
of
Cas
-ti
le a
nd
Gra
nad
a
G
imén
ez
So
ler,
An
dré
sL
a C
oron
a de
A
ragó
n y
Gra
nad
a.
His
tori
a de
las
rela
cion
es e
ntr
e am
bos
rein
os
Bar
celo
na:
Im
pre
nta
de
la
Cas
a P
rovi
nci
al
de
la C
arid
ad,
19
08
: 2
12
-21
4
13
20
, 18
th J
un
eB
aen
a1
32
0,
18
th
Jun
e
8 y
ears
Kin
g o
f C
asti
le
13
21
Trea
ty o
f p
eace
an
d f
rien
dsh
ip
betw
een
Ism
ail
I o
f G
ran
ada
and
Jam
es I
I
AC
A.
Can
-ci
ller
ia,
R.,
15
1
Ala
rcó
n
y S
antó
n,
Max
imil
ian
o y
G
arcí
a L
ina-
res,
Ram
on
Los
Doc
um
ento
s Á
rabe
s D
iplo
mát
i-co
s de
l Arc
hiv
o de
la C
oron
a de
Ara
gón
Mad
rid
: P
u-
blic
acio
nes
de
las
Esc
uel
as d
e E
stu
dio
s Á
ra-
bes
de
Mad
rid
y
Gra
nad
a,
19
40
: S
erie
C,
nu
m.
1,
34
-36
13
21
, 1
6th
M
ay/
72
1,
Rab
i se
con
d 1
7
Gra
nad
a?1
32
1,
16
th
May
5
yea
rsIs
mai
l I
13
25
Pea
ce b
etw
een
Ja
mes
II
and
M
aho
med
AC
A.
Can
-ci
ller
ia,
R.
55
5,
f.8
v.
Gim
énez
S
ole
r, A
nd
rés
La
Cor
ona
de
Ara
gón
y G
ran
ada.
H
isto
ria
de la
s re
laci
ones
en
tre
ambo
s re
inos
Bar
celo
na:
Im
pre
nta
de
la
Cas
a P
rovi
nci
al
de
la C
arid
ad,
19
08
: 2
29
-23
2
13
25
, 2
3rd
F
ebru
ary
Bar
celo
na
13
25
, 2
3rd
F
ebru
ary
5
yea
rs
Mo
ham
ad
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viiii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 229
13
26
Trea
ty o
f p
eace
bet
wee
n
Mu
ham
mad
IV
an
d J
ames
II
AC
A.
Can
ci-
ller
ia,
R.
55
Ala
rcó
n y
S
antó
n,
Ma-
xim
ilia
no
an
d
Gar
cía
Lin
ares
, R
amo
n
Los
Doc
um
ento
s Á
rabe
s D
iplo
mát
i-co
s de
l Arc
hiv
o de
la C
oron
a de
Ara
gón
Mad
rid
: P
u-
blic
acio
nes
de
las
Esc
uel
as d
e E
stu
dio
s Á
ra-
bes
de
Mad
rid
y
Gra
nad
a,
19
40
: S
erie
C,
nu
m.
1,
54
-55
13
26
, 1
5th
May
/7
26
, Y
um
ada
seco
nd
11
Gra
nad
a1
32
6,
17
th
May
5
yea
rsM
uh
amm
ad I
V
13
28
Tru
ces
betw
een
K
ing
D.
Alo
nso
an
d M
aho
mad
o
f G
ran
ada
A
rgo
te d
e M
o-
lin
a, G
on
zalo
Nob
leza
de
An
dalu
cía
Jaen
: E
sta-
blec
imie
nto
ti
po
gráfi
co d
e D
on
Fra
nci
sco
L
óp
ez V
izca
íno
, 1
86
6:
chap
. L
XI,
vo
l. I
I, 3
92
13
28
Kin
g A
lfo
nso
13
29
Tru
ce b
etw
e -en
Gra
nad
a an
d C
asti
le
C
erd
á y
Ric
o,
Fra
nci
sco
Cró
nic
a de
l Rey
D
. Alf
onso
On
-ce
no,
Par
te I
Mad
rid
: A
nto
-n
io d
e S
anch
a,
17
87
: 1
67
-16
8
13
29
Sev
ille
for
a ce
r-ta
in t
ime
Kin
g
Alf
on
so X
I
13
31
Tru
ces
betw
een
G
ran
ada
and
C
asti
le
C
erd
á y
Ric
o,
Fra
nci
sco
Cró
nic
a de
l Rey
D
. Alf
onso
On
-ce
no,
Par
te I
Mad
rid
: A
nto
-n
io d
e S
anch
a,
17
87
: 2
50
-25
2
13
31
, 1
9th
F
ebru
ary
Sev
ille
4 y
ears
Kin
g
Alf
on
so X
I
13
44
Tru
ce b
etw
een
G
ran
ada
and
C
asti
le.
Trea
ty
of
Alg
ecir
as
C
erd
á y
Ric
o,
Fra
nci
sco
Cró
nic
a de
l Rey
D
. Alf
onso
On
-ce
no,
Par
te I
Mad
rid
: A
nto
-n
io d
e S
anch
a,
17
87
: 6
18
-62
3
13
44
, 2
6th
M
arch
1
0 y
ears
Kin
g
Alf
on
so X
I
13
44
Inco
mple
te c
opy
of
the
pea
ce
trea
ty s
ent
to
the
Cas
tilia
n
chan
cello
ry b
y Pet
er I
V, K
ing
of
Ara
gon
, an
d t
he
Du
ke
of
Gen
oa
AC
A.
Car
-ta
s R
eale
s n
úm
. 8
4
Bo
faru
ll,
Pró
sper
o d
e“C
ole
cció
n d
e D
ocu
men
tos
inéd
ito
s d
el
Arc
hiv
o G
ener
al
de
la C
oro
na
de
Ara
gón
”, 7
Pro
ceso
s de
las
anti
guas
Cor
tes
y P
arla
men
tos
de C
atal
uñ
a,
Ara
gón
y V
alen
-ci
a. B
arce
lon
a:
José
Eu
sebi
o
Mo
ntf
ort
, 1
85
1:
VII
, 1
76
-17
9
13
44
, 2
5th
M
arch
1
0 y
ears
13
67
Pea
ce t
reat
y fo
r th
ree
ye-
ars
sign
ed b
y M
uh
amm
ad
V o
f G
ran
ada
and
Kin
g P
eter
IV
of
Ara
gon
AC
A.
Car
tas
árab
es 7
5.
Per
gam
ino
6
3+
7 x
37
A.A
.V.V
El p
erfu
me
de la
A
mis
tad.
Cor
res-
pon
den
cia
di-
plom
átic
a ár
abe
en
arch
ivos
esp
añol
es
(sig
los
XII
I-X
VII
)
Mad
rid
: M
inis
-te
rio
de
Ed
uca
-ci
ón
, C
ult
ura
y
Dep
ort
e, 2
00
9
13
67
, 1
0th
M
arch
Gra
nad
a1
36
7,
10
th
Mar
ch
3 y
ears
Mu
ham
mad
V
of
Gra
nad
a
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
Diego Melo230
13
67
Pea
ce t
reat
y fo
r th
ree
year
s be
twee
n P
eter
IV
an
d M
oh
amet
V
of
Gra
nad
a in
h
is s
eco
nd
rei
gn
AC
A.
R.
13
89
, f.
3G
imén
ez
So
ler,
An
dré
sL
a C
oron
a de
A
ragó
n y
Gra
nad
a.
His
tori
a de
las
rela
cion
es e
ntr
e am
bos
rein
os
Bar
celo
na:
Im
pre
nta
de
la
Cas
a P
rovi
nci
al
de
la C
arid
ad,
19
08
: 3
06
-31
1
13
67
, 1
0th
M
arch
Lle
ida
3 y
ears
Pet
er I
V o
f A
rago
n
13
69
Trea
ty b
etw
een
P
eter
IV
an
d
Mo
ham
ed V
of
Gra
nad
a o
n h
is
on
w b
ehal
f an
d
of
that
of
the
sul -
tan
of
Mo
rocc
o
G
imén
ez
So
ler,
An
dré
sL
a C
oron
a de
A
ragó
n y
Gra
nad
a.
His
tori
a de
las
rela
cion
es e
ntr
e am
bos
rein
os
Bar
celo
na:
Im
pre
nta
de
la
Cas
a P
rovi
nci
al
de
la C
arid
ad,
19
08
: 3
12
-31
3
13
69
, 1
7th
N
ove
mbe
r
5 y
ears
Pet
er I
V o
f A
rago
n
13
70
Tru
ce b
etw
een
G
ran
ada
and
C
asti
le f
or
eigh
t ye
ars,
it
incl
ud
es
Ben
imar
in
To
rres
Fo
n-
tes,
Ju
anL
a fr
onte
ra m
ur -
cian
a-gr
anad
ina
Mu
rcia
: A
cad
e-m
ia A
lfo
nso
X e
l S
abio
, 2
00
4:
97
13
70
1
37
0,
1st
Ju
ne
8
yea
rs
13
77
Pea
ce t
reat
y fo
r fi
ve y
ear
betw
een
Ara
gon
an
d G
ran
ada
AC
A.
Can
-ci
ller
ia,
R.
13
89
-13
3
Gim
énez
S
ole
r, A
nd
rés
La
Cor
ona
de
Ara
gón
y G
ran
ada.
H
isto
ria
de la
s re
laci
ones
en
tre
ambo
s re
inos
Bar
celo
na:
Im
pre
nta
de
la
Cas
a P
rovi
nci
al
de
la C
arid
ad,
19
08
: 3
14
-32
0
13
77
, 2
7th
May
Bar
chn
aF
east
of
Sai
nt
Joh
n,
Jun
e
5
yea
rsP
eter
IV
of
Ara
gon
13
78
Ex
ten
sio
n o
f th
e tr
uce
of
13
70
, fo
r tw
o y
ears
AG
S.
Est
ado
, F
ran
cia,
K
-17
10
, fo
l 6
. O
rigi
nal
o
n p
aper
Tora
l y
Fer
-n
ánd
ez d
e P
eñar
and
a,
En
riq
ue
“Do
s ca
rtas
del
re
y M
aho
mad
V
de
Gra
nad
a”
Bol
etín
de
Inst
i-tu
to d
e E
stu
dios
G
ien
ense
s, 1
40
, Ja
én,
19
89
, 5
8
13
78
, 1
0th
F
ebru
ary
1
37
8,
1st
Ju
ne
13
80
, 1
st
Jun
e2
yea
rs
13
79
Co
nfi
rmat
ion
of
tru
ces
betw
e -en
Gra
nad
a an
d C
asti
le
A
rgo
te d
e M
o-
lin
a, G
on
zalo
Nob
leza
de
An
dalu
cía
Jaen
: E
stab
le-
cim
ien
to t
ipo-
gráfi
co d
e D
on
F
ran
cisc
o L
óp
ez
Viz
caín
o,
18
66
: ch
ap.
CX
XX
IV,
vol.
II,
52
7
13
79
, 9
th M
ay
Jo
hn
I o
f C
asti
le?
13
79
Con
firm
atio
n o
f tr
uce
s be
twee
n
Gra
nad
a, C
asti
le,
Fez
an
d T
rem
ecen
To
rres
Fo
n-
tes,
Ju
anL
a fr
onte
ra m
ur-
cian
a-gr
anad
ina
Mu
rcia
: A
ca-
dem
ia A
lfo
nso
X
el
Sab
io,
20
04
: 1
10
-11
1
13
79
, 2
1st
A
ugu
st
13
79
, 2
1st
A
ugu
st1
38
3,
21
st
Au
gust
4 y
ears
Hen
ry I
I o
f C
asti
le
13
82
Ex
ten
sio
n o
f th
e tr
uce
of
13
79
, be
twee
n G
ran
ada
and
Cas
tile
. It
in
clu
des
Fez
.
To
rres
Fo
n-
tes,
Ju
anL
a fr
onte
ra m
ur-
cian
a-gr
anad
ina
Mu
rcia
: A
ca-
dem
ia A
lfo
nso
X
el
Sab
io,
20
04
: 1
12
-11
3
13
82
1
38
2,
1st
O
cto
ber
4
yea
rs
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viiii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 231
14
05
Pea
ce t
reat
y fo
r fi
ve y
ears
bet
we-
en M
arti
n,
Kin
g o
f A
rago
n a
nd
h
is s
on
, M
arti
n
of
Sic
ily
wit
h t
he
sult
an o
f G
ran
a-d
a, M
oh
amed
VII
AC
A.
Can
-ci
ller
ia,
R.
22
48
, f.
13
1
Gim
énez
S
ole
r, A
nd
rés
La
Cor
ona
de
Ara
gón
y G
ran
ada.
H
isto
ria
de la
s re
laci
ones
en
tre
ambo
s re
inos
Bar
celo
na:
Im
pre
nta
de
la
Cas
a P
rovi
nci
al
de
la C
arid
ad,
19
08
: 3
25
-33
3
14
05
, 4
th M
ayB
arce
lon
a1
40
5,
5th
M
ay1
41
0,
5th
M
ay5
yea
rsK
ing
Mar
tin
o
f A
rago
n,
Kin
g M
arti
n
of
Sic
ily
14
08
Co
nce
ssio
n
of
a tr
uce
fo
r se
ven
mo
nth
s
To
rres
Fo
n-
tes,
Ju
an“L
a re
gen
cia
de
do
n F
ern
and
o
de
An
teq
uer
a”
Mis
celá
nea
d
e es
tud
ios
arab
es y
he-
brai
cos.
Sec
ció
n
Ára
be-I
slam
, 1
4 (
19
65
): 1
45
14
08
, 1
5th
A
pri
l1
40
8,
15
th
No
vem
ber
7 m
on
ths
Fer
din
and
I
of
Ara
gon
14
09
Am
bass
ado
rs o
f G
ran
ada
in V
alla
-d
oli
d. N
ew T
ruce
s
Cró
nic
a d
e Ju
an I
I,
chap
. 1
21
Car
riaz
o,
Juan
d
e M
ata
Cró
nic
a de
Ju
an I
IM
adri
d:
Rea
l A
cad
emia
de
la
His
tori
a,1
98
2:
26
7-2
69
14
09
Val
lad
oli
d
14
09
, 3
1st
A
ugu
st5
mo
nth
sK
ing,
Qu
een
an
d P
rin
ce
14
10
Trea
ty o
f tr
uce
s w
ith
Gra
nad
aC
ón
ica
de
Juan
II,
ch
ap.
19
1
Car
riaz
o,
Juan
d
e M
ata
Cón
ica
de J
uan
II
Mad
rid
: R
eal
Aca
dem
ia d
e H
isto
ria,
19
82
: 4
02
-40
7
14
10
, 1
0th
N
ove
mbe
r
14
10
, 1
0th
N
ove
mbe
r1
41
2,
10
th
Ap
ril
17
mo
nth
sD
on
Fer
di -
nan
d,
Qu
een
C
atal
ina
14
12
Ex
ten
sio
n o
f th
e tr
uce
of
14
10
A
lijo
Hid
algo
, F
ran
cisc
o“M
erce
des
y
pri
vile
gio
s a
un
a p
laza
fro
nte
riza
d
el s
iglo
XV
: A
nte
qu
era”
An
dalu
cia
Med
ieva
l. A
ctas
de
l I C
ongr
eso
de
His
tori
a de
An
-da
luci
a (C
órdo
ba,
nov
iem
bre
1979
),
Có
rdo
ba:
Mo
n-
te d
e P
ied
ad,
19
82
: 4
09
14
12
, 1
0th
A
pri
l
14
12
, 1
0th
A
pri
l1
41
3,
5th
F
ebru
ary
10
mo
nth
s
14
13
Let
ter
of
tru
-ce
s be
twee
n
Fer
din
and
I
and
Yu
suf
III
AC
A.
Can
-ci
ller
ia,
R.
2.4
04
, fo
l.
31
r.,
l 1
.
Arr
ibas
Pal
au,
Mar
ian
oL
as tr
egu
as e
ntr
e C
asti
lla
y G
ran
ada
firm
adas
por
Fer
-n
ando
I d
e A
ragó
n
Teto
uan
: E
di-
tora
Mar
roq
uí,
1
95
6:
67
-68
14
14
, 2
8th
F
ebru
ary
Sar
ago
ssa
1 y
ear
14
14
Tru
ce b
etw
een
C
asti
le a
nd
G
ran
ada
AC
A.
Can
-ci
ller
ia,
R.
3.3
97
, fo
l.
17
9 r
., l
. 1
Arr
ibas
Pal
au,
Mar
ian
oL
as tr
egu
as e
ntr
e C
asti
lla
y G
ran
ada
firm
adas
por
Fer
-n
ando
I d
e A
ragó
n
Teto
uan
: E
di-
tora
Mar
roq
uí,
1
95
6:
75
-84
14
14
, 2
2n
d
May
1
41
4,
14
th
Ap
ril
14
15
, 1
5th
A
pri
l1
yea
r
14
15
Tru
ce b
etw
een
C
asti
le a
nd
G
ran
ada
AC
A.
Can
-ci
ller
ia,
R.
2.3
97
, fo
l.
17
5 r
., l
. 1
.
Arr
ibas
Pal
au,
Mar
ian
oL
as tr
egu
as e
ntr
e C
asti
lla
y G
ran
ada
firm
adas
por
Fer
-n
ando
I d
e A
ragó
n
Teto
uan
: E
di-
tora
Mar
roq
uí,
1
95
6:
85
-94
14
15
, 1
st
Feb
ruar
y
14
15
, 1
6th
A
pri
l1
41
6,
17
th
Ap
ril
1 y
ear
Fer
din
and
I
of
Ara
gon
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
Diego Melo232
14
17
Pro
lon
gati
on
of
the
Tru
ce o
f 1
41
5
Torr
es F
on
-te
s, J
uan
La
fron
tera
mu
r -ci
ana-
gran
adin
aM
urc
ia:
Rea
l A
cad
emia
A
lfo
nso
X,
20
04
: 1
34
-13
5
14
17
, 1
6th
A
pri
l1
41
9,
16
th
Ap
ril
2 y
ears
Joh
n I
I o
f C
asti
le
14
18
Tru
ce a
gree
d
betw
een
Alf
on
so
the
Mag
nan
i -m
ou
s an
d t
he
Alc
aid
e H
ayre
n,
Mes
sen
ger
of
Mu
ham
mad
V
III
of
Gra
nad
a
AC
A.
Can
-ci
ller
ia,
R.,
re
g. 2
64
1,
ff.1
53
v-1
56
r.
Sal
icrú
i
Llu
ch,
Ro
ser
El S
ult
anat
o N
azar
í de
Gra
na -
da, G
énov
a y
la
Cor
ona
de A
ragó
n
en e
l sig
lo X
V
Gra
nad
a:
Un
iver
sid
ad
de
Gra
nad
a,
20
01
: 1
99
-20
8
14
18
, 4
th a
nd
5
th J
uly
Sar
ago
ssa
2 y
ears
Alf
on
so
the
Mag
-n
anim
ou
s o
f A
rago
n
14
19
Ex
ten
sio
n o
f th
e tr
uce
of
14
17
To
rres
Fo
n-
tes,
Ju
anL
a fr
onte
ra m
ur-
cian
a-gr
anad
ina
Mu
rcia
: R
eal
Aca
dem
ia
Alf
on
so X
, 2
00
4:
13
8-1
39
14
19
, 1
8th
A
pri
l1
42
1,
18
th
Ap
ril
14
21
Tru
ce b
etw
e -en
Gra
nad
a an
d C
asti
le
R
od
rígu
ez
Mo
lin
a, J
osé
La
vida
de
mor
os
y cr
isti
anos
en
la
fron
tera
Jaen
: A
lcal
á G
rup
o E
dit
ori
al,
20
07
: 3
81
14
21
, 1
5th
Ju
lyTo
rdes
illa
s1
42
1,
16
th
July
14
24
, 1
5th
Ju
ly3
yea
rsJo
hn
II
of
Cas
tile
14
24
Let
ter
of
tru
ces
betw
een
Jo
hn
II
of
Cas
tile
an
d
Abu
Abd
All
ah
Mu
ham
mad
V
II,
el I
zqu
ierd
o
BN
E, m
s.
nú
m.,
13.2
59, f
ol.
380
r., l
. 5.
Arr
ibas
Pal
au,
Mar
ian
oL
as tr
egu
as e
ntr
e C
asti
lla
y G
ran
ada
firm
adas
por
Fer
-n
ando
I d
e A
ragó
n
Teto
uan
: E
di-
tora
Mar
roq
uí,
1
95
6:
95
-10
2
14
24
, 11
th J
un
eV
illa
de
Oca
ña
14
24
, 1
5th
Ju
ly1
42
6,
16
th
July
2 y
ears
Joh
n I
I o
f C
asti
le
14
27
Tru
ce b
etw
e -en
Gra
nad
a an
d C
asti
le
To
rres
Fo
n-
tes,
Ju
an“L
as r
elac
ion
es
Cas
tell
ano
-G
ran
adin
as,
14
27
-14
30
”
Rel
acio
nes
ex
teri
ores
del
ren
io
de G
ran
ada.
IV
de
l Col
oqu
io d
e H
isto
ria
Med
i-ev
al A
nda
luza
, C
rist
ina
Seg
ura
, ed
. A
lmer
ia:
Inst
itu
to d
e E
stu
dio
s A
lmer
i-en
ses,
19
88
: 9
0
14
27
, 1
6th
F
ebru
ary
1
42
7,
16
th
Feb
ruar
y1
42
9,
16
th
Feb
ruar
y2
yea
rs
14
29
Ex
ten
sio
n o
f th
e p
revi
ou
s tr
uce
To
rres
Fo
n-
tes,
Ju
an“L
as r
elac
ion
es
Cas
tell
ano
-G
ran
adin
as,
14
27
-14
30
”
Rel
acio
nes
ex
teri
ores
del
ren
io
de G
ran
ada.
IV
de
l Col
oqu
io d
e H
isto
ria
Med
i -ev
al A
nda
luza
, C
rist
ina
Seg
ura
, ed
. A
lmer
ia:
Inst
itu
to d
e E
stu
dio
s A
lmer
i-en
ses,
19
88
: 9
8
14
29
, 5
th
Feb
ruar
y
un
defi
ned
Joh
n I
I o
f C
asti
le
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viiii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 233
14
31
Pac
t o
f va
ssal
age
betw
een
Jo
hn
II
an
d Y
uce
f A
ben
Al-
Mau
l
B
enav
ides
, A
nto
nio
Mem
oria
sob
re la
gu
erra
del
Rei
no
de G
ran
ada
Mad
rid
: Im
pre
n-
ta d
e la
Rea
l A
cad
emia
de
la
His
tori
a, 1
85
2:
vol.
8,
41
-45
14
31
, 1
6th
D
ecem
ber
Ard
ales
14
31
, 1
6th
D
ecem
ber
li
felo
ng
Joh
n I
I o
f C
asti
le
14
32
Rec
ogn
itio
n o
f va
ssal
age
by Y
u-
suf
IV t
o J
oh
n I
I
AG
S.
Pa-
tro
nat
o
Rea
l. L
eg.
1,
fol.
12
4
Su
arez
, L
uis
“Ju
an I
I y
la
fro
nte
ra d
e G
ran
ada”
Cu
ader
nos
de
His
tori
a M
edie
val,
2
(1
95
4):
38
-42
14
32
, 2
7th
Ja
nu
ary
Gra
nad
a
Joh
n I
I o
f C
asti
le
14
39
Tru
ce f
or
thre
e ye
ars
agre
ed
by I
ñig
o L
óp
ez
de
Men
do
za
wit
h A
bd A
llah
al
-Am
ín
Arc
hiv
o
Do
men
ecq
-Z
uri
ta,
Señ
orí
o d
e F
ern
ánd
ez
de
Zu
rita
(O
lim
) n
°7;
n°1
3
(fo
lio
2v)
Gar
cía
Lu
ján
, Jo
sé A
nto
nio
“Las
tre
guas
co
n G
ran
ada
de
14
39
”
Qu
rtu
ba, E
stu
dios
A
nda
lusí
es,
3
(19
98
): 3
9-4
5
14
39
, 1
1th
A
pri
lJa
én1
43
9,
15
th
Ap
ril
14
42
, 1
6th
A
pri
l3
yea
rsJo
hn
II
of
Cas
tile
14
39
Mu
ham
mad
IX
si
gns
the
ttru
-ce
s w
ith
Jo
hn
II
of
Cas
tile
AM
C.
Lib
ro
Azu
l, f
f°.
56
-57
Ald
ón
, M
a-n
uel
an
d
Mar
ín,
José
“La
emba
jad
a d
e D
iego
Fer
nán
dez
d
e Z
uri
ta a
l S
ul-
tán
Mu
ham
mad
IX
de
Gra
nad
a”
Al-
An
dalu
s-M
agre
b, 5
(1
997)
: 69-
70
14
39
, s.
m.
Gra
nad
a1
43
9,
15
th
Ap
ril
14
42
, 1
6th
A
pri
l3
yea
rsM
uh
am-
mad
IX
14
42
Co
py
of
the
Ch
arte
r an
d L
iti -
gati
on
th
at a
cit
y (A
lcal
á la
Rea
l)
sen
t by
ord
er o
f h
is m
ajes
ty,
in
the
year
14
42
, to
th
e M
oo
rish
k
ing
of
Gra
nad
a an
d t
he
pri
nce
d
on
Mah
om
at,
his
nep
hew
an
d t
he
hei
r to
h
is k
ingd
om
, as
suri
ng
them
th
at f
or
a p
erio
d
of
five
yea
rs
no
dam
age
or
har
m w
ou
ld
be d
on
e to
th
e ci
ties
an
d p
lace
s o
f h
is k
ingd
om
Leg
ajo
p
arti
cula
r d
e A
lfo
nso
C
alo
nje
Mar
tín
Ro
sa-
les,
Fra
nci
sco
“Do
cum
ento
s so
bre
la F
ron
tera
d
e A
lcal
á la
Rea
l”
III
Est
udi
os d
e F
ron
tera
. Con
vi-
ven
cia,
Def
ensa
y
com
un
icac
ión
en
la fr
onte
ra.
En
mem
oria
de
don
Ju
an d
e M
ata.
Car
riaz
o
y A
rro
qu
ía.
Jaen
: D
ipu
taci
ón
P
rovi
nci
al d
e Ja
én,
20
00
: 8
61
5 y
ears
Joh
n I
I
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
Diego Melo234
14
43
Joh
n I
I o
f C
asti
le
con
ced
es a
tru
ce
for
thre
e ye
ars
to
the
Em
ir o
f G
ra-
nad
a. A
n a
nn
ex
con
tain
s th
e N
a-za
rin
e co
mm
it-
men
t to
pay
th
e p
aria
s an
d h
and
o
ver
cap
tive
s
BL
. A
dd
iti-
on
al M
s. N
° 9
.92
4,
fols
. 2
27
-23
5
Ló
pez
de
Co
ca,
José
En
riq
ue
“Ace
rca
de
las
rela
cio
nes
di-
plo
mát
icas
cas
te-
llan
o-g
ran
adin
as”
Rev
ista
del
Cen
tro
de E
stu
dios
His
-tó
rico
s de
Gra
nad
a y
su r
ein
o, (
2n
d
epo
ch),
12
(1
99
8):
24
-30
14
43
, 2
0th
M
arch
Esc
alo
na
14
43
, 1
5th
A
pri
l1
44
6,
16
th
Ap
ril
3 y
ears
Joh
n I
I
14
45
Mem
ori
al w
he -
reby
Bar
tom
eu
Reu
s, r
oya
l se
cret
ary
and
am
bass
ado
r o
f Jo
hn
of
Nav
arre
to
Alf
on
so t
he
Mag
nan
imo
us,
an
swer
s Jo
hn
o
n b
ehal
f o
f A
lfo
nso
, w
ho
ag
rees
to
sig
n a
tr
uce
fo
r a
year
w
ith
Yu
suf
V
AC
A.
Can
-ci
ller
ia,
reg.
2
69
8,
ff.
13
5r-
13
8r.
Sal
icrú
i
Llu
ch,
Ro
ser
Doc
um
ents
per
a
la H
istó
ria
de
Gra
nad
a de
l R
egn
at d
’ A
lfon
s el
Mag
nán
im
(141
6-14
58)
Bar
celo
na:
Co
n-
sejo
Su
per
ior
de
Inve
stig
acio
nes
C
ien
tífi
cas,
2
00
3:
42
1-4
22
14
45
, 2
1st
O
cto
ber
Ad
ria
1 y
ear
Alf
on
so
the
Mag
-n
anim
ou
s
14
47
Pro
rogu
e o
f Tr
uce
be
twee
n G
ran
ada
and
Cas
tile
R
od
rigu
ez
Mo
lin
a, J
osé
“La
vid
a d
e m
o-
ros
y cr
isti
ano
s en
la
fro
nte
ra”
Jaen
: A
lcal
á G
rup
o E
dit
ori
al,
20
07
: 3
88
14
47
, 1
7th
O
cto
ber
1
44
6,
Ap
ril
14
49
, M
arch
3 y
ears
Joh
n I
I
14
50
Pro
clam
atio
n
of
dis
mis
sal
AH
MJF
. A
rch
ivo
d
el C
on
ce-
jo,
14
50
, fo
l.1
43
v
Abe
llán
P
erez
, Ju
an“J
erez
, L
as
Treg
uas
de
14
50
y
la G
uer
ra c
ivil
G
ran
adin
a”
Est
udi
os s
obre
el
Rei
no
de M
álag
a y
el R
ein
o de
G
ran
ada
en e
l IV
Cen
ten
ario
de
la C
onqu
ista
. M
álag
a:
Dip
uta
ció
n
Pro
vin
cial
d
e M
álag
a,
19
87
: 1
6
14
50
, 2
7th
M
arch
1
45
0,
27
th
Mar
ch
18
mo
nth
s
14
50
Joh
n I
I co
m-
mu
nic
ates
th
e gr
anti
ng
of
tru
ces
AH
MJF
. A
rch
ivo
del
C
on
cejo
, 1
45
0,
fols
. 1
68
r-v
Abe
llán
P
erez
, Ju
an“J
erez
, L
as
Treg
uas
de
14
50
y
la G
uer
ra c
ivil
G
ran
adin
a”
Est
udi
os s
obre
el
Rei
no
de M
álag
a y
el R
ein
o de
G
ran
ada
en e
l IV
Cen
ten
ario
de
la C
onqu
ista
. M
alag
a: D
ipu
-ta
ció
n P
rovi
n-
cial
de
Mál
aga,
1
98
7:
16
14
50
, 7
th A
pri
lA
réva
lo
5
yea
rsJo
hn
II
of
Cas
tile
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viiii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 235
14
52
Mis
sive
fro
m
Joh
n I
I to
th
e ci
ty
of
Alc
alá
la R
eal,
st
atin
g th
at h
e h
as g
iven
po
wer
s to
D.
Ped
ro d
e A
guil
ar t
o m
ake
a tr
uce
fo
r fi
ve
year
s w
ith
th
e k
ing
of
Gra
nad
a
Co
lecc
ión
D
iplo
mát
ica
Alc
alá
la
Rea
l, O
rig.
3
10
x 2
95
m
m.
Juan
Lo
vera
, C
arm
enC
olec
ción
Di-
plom
átic
a M
edie
val
de A
lcal
á la
Rea
l
Alc
alá
la R
eal:
E
scla
vitu
d d
el
Señ
or
de
la
Hu
mil
dad
y
Mar
ía S
antí
sim
a d
e la
s D
olo
res,
1
98
8:
14
0-1
42
14
52
, 1
6th
A
ugu
stB
urg
os
14
52
, 1
st
Sep
tem
ber
5
yea
rsJo
hn
II
of
Cas
tile
14
52
Joh
n I
I in
form
s th
e co
un
cil
of
Mu
rcia
th
at
tru
ces
hav
e be
en s
ign
ed
wit
h G
ran
ada
for
five
yea
rs
AM
M.
Caj
a 1
, n
úm
. 1
04
Abe
llán
P
erez
, Ju
anD
ocu
men
tos
de J
uan
II
Mu
rcia
: A
ca-
dem
ia A
lfo
nso
X
el
Sab
io,
19
84
: 6
65
-66
7
14
52
, 1
6th
A
ugu
stB
urg
os
14
52
, 1
st
Sep
tem
ber
5
yea
rsJo
hn
II
of
Cas
tile
14
56
Zaa
d,
Kin
g o
f G
ran
ada,
ne -
goti
ates
tru
ces
wit
h J
uan
Bra
vo,
rep
rese
nta
-ti
ve o
f P
edro
G
iró
n,
Mas
ter
of
Cal
atra
va
AH
PJ.
Arc
hiv
o de
lo
s C
onde
s de
H
um
anes
, le-
gajo
15.
789.
C
opia
co
etán
ea d
e la
Ch
anci
lle-
ría
Gra
nad
ina
Po
rras
Arb
o-
led
a, P
edro
“Do
cum
ento
s so
bre
mu
sul-
man
es y
ju
dío
s en
arc
hiv
os
señ
ori
ales
y d
e p
roto
colo
s (s
iglo
s X
V y
XV
I)”
Cu
ader
nos
de
Est
udi
os M
edie
-va
les
y C
ien
cias
y
Téc
nic
as H
is-
tori
ográ
ficas
, 1
6
(19
91
): 1
52
14
56
, 1
0th
O
cto
ber
Gra
nad
a1
45
6,
16
th
Oct
obe
r1
45
7,
15
th
Feb
ruar
y4
mo
nth
sZ
aad
, K
ing
of
Gra
nad
a
14
57
Ro
yal
Ch
arte
r to
Die
go P
uer
-to
carr
ero
abo
ut
the
tru
ce s
ign
ed
for
five
mo
nth
s
AM
M.
cart
a o
rigi
nal
, ca
ja
1,
n°
13
0
Mo
lin
a G
ran
-d
e, M
aría
de
la C
on
cep
ció
n
Doc
um
ento
s de
E
nri
que
IVC
olec
ción
de
Doc
um
ento
s pa
ra
la H
isto
ria
del
Rei
no
de M
urc
ia.
Mu
rcia
: A
cad
e-m
ia A
lfo
nso
X e
l S
abio
(C
ole
cció
n
de
do
cum
ento
s p
ara
la h
isto
ria
del
Rei
no
de
Gra
nad
a, 1
8),
1
98
8:
16
0
14
57
, 1
6th
O
cto
ber
Jaén
14
57
, 3
1st
O
cto
ber
14
58
, 3
1st
M
arch
5 m
on
ths
Kin
g o
f C
asti
le
14
58
Tru
ce b
etw
e -en
Gra
nad
a an
d C
asti
le
To
rres
Fo
n-
tes,
Ju
an“E
nri
qu
e IV
y
la f
ron
tera
de
Gra
nad
a”
Hom
enaj
e al
Pro
fe-
sor
Car
riaz
o. S
evi-
lla: P
ubl
icac
ion
es
de la
Un
iver
sida
d
de S
evill
a,
1971
: 3, 3
55
14
58
, A
ugu
st-
Sep
tem
ber
Hen
ry I
V
et C
asti
le
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
Diego Melo236
14
60
Ro
yal
ord
er,
no
tify
ing
the
tru
ce s
ign
ed
wit
h G
ran
ada
AM
M.
Car
-tu
lari
o R
eal,
fs
. 9
9v-
10
0r
Mo
lin
a G
ran
-d
e, M
aría
de
la C
on
cep
ció
n
“Do
cum
ento
s d
e E
nri
qu
e IV
”C
olec
ción
de
Doc
um
ento
s pa
ra
la H
isto
ria
del
Rei
no
de M
urc
ia.
Mu
rcia
: A
cad
e -m
ia A
lfo
nso
X e
l S
abio
(C
ole
cció
n
de
do
cum
ento
s p
ara
la h
isto
ria
del
Rei
no
de
Gra
nad
a, 1
8),
1
98
8:
16
0,
28
9-2
91
14
60
, 3
rd A
pri
lM
adri
d1
46
0,
15
th
Ap
ril
14
61
, 1
5th
A
pri
l1
yea
rH
enry
IV
et
Cas
tile
14
60
Art
icle
s o
f th
e tr
uce
s si
gned
by
Hen
ry I
V
and
do
n S
ad
of
Gra
nad
a
AM
J. A
.C.,
1
46
0,
fs.
61
v-6
2r
Gar
cía
Gu
zmán
, M
aría
del
Mar
“Las
rel
acio
nes
ca
stel
lan
o-
gran
adin
as e
n e
l se
cto
r X
erci
ense
. E
l tr
atad
o d
e p
az d
e 1
46
0”
Est
udi
os s
obre
P
atri
mon
io,
Cu
ltu
ra y
Cie
n-
cias
Med
ieva
les,
1
1-1
2,
(20
10
):
10
8-1
10
14
60
. 3
rd A
pri
lM
adri
d1
46
0,
15
th
Ap
ril
14
61
, 1
5th
A
pri
l1
yea
rH
enry
IV
et
Cas
tile
14
62
Do
n P
edro
Gir
ón
, M
aste
r o
f C
ala -
trav
a an
no
un
ces
a si
x-m
on
th t
ruce
w
ith
Kin
g Is
mae
l o
f G
ran
ada
AM
M.
Car
-tu
lari
o R
eal
14
53
-14
78
, fo
l. 1
48
.
Torr
es F
on
-te
s, J
uan
“Las
tre
guas
co
n G
ran
ada
de
14
62
y 1
46
4”
His
pan
ia, R
evis
ta
Esp
añol
a de
H
isto
ria,
23
/90
(1
96
3):
19
6
14
62
, 3
0th
N
ove
mbe
r P
orc
un
a
14
63
, 1
st
May
6 m
on
ths
Hen
ry I
V
et C
asti
le
14
63
Ord
er f
rom
E
nri
qu
e IV
to
D
on
Ped
ro G
iró
n,
Mas
ter
of
Cal
a -tr
ava,
to
agr
ee
a tr
uce
wit
h
the
Kin
gdo
m
of
Gra
nad
a
AM
M.
Car
-tu
lari
o R
eal
14
53
-14
78
, fo
l. 1
53
r.
Torr
es F
on
-te
s, J
uan
“Las
tre
guas
co
n G
ran
ada
de
14
62
y 1
46
5”
His
pan
ia, R
e-vi
sta
Esp
añol
a de
His
tori
a, 9
0
(19
63
): 1
97
-19
8
14
63
, 2
7th
Ja
nu
ary
Alm
azán
8 m
on
ths
Hen
ry I
V
et C
asti
le
14
64
Ro
yal
ord
er t
o
tho
se o
n t
he
fro
nti
er w
ith
th
e k
ingd
om
of
Gra
nad
a, n
o-
tify
ing
them
of
the
tru
ce s
ign
ed
by t
hei
r k
ing
AM
M.
Car
ta
Ori
gin
al,
caja
1,
n°
15
0;
Car
t,
cit.
,fo
l. 1
65
v.
Mo
lin
a G
ran
-d
e, M
aría
de
la C
on
cep
ció
n
“Do
cum
ento
s d
e E
nri
qu
e IV
”M
urc
ia:
Aca
de-
mia
Alf
on
so X
el
Sab
io (
Co
lecc
ión
d
e d
ocu
men
tos
par
a la
his
tori
a d
el R
ein
o d
e G
ran
ada,
18
),
19
88
: 5
09
-51
0
14
64
, 1
4th
M
arch
Jaén
1 y
ear
Hen
ry I
V
of
Cas
tile
14
65
Pro
rogu
e o
f th
e tr
uce
of
14
64
C
asca
les,
F
ran
cisc
oD
iscu
rsos
His
-tó
rico
s de
Mu
rcia
y
su r
ein
o
Mu
rcia
: F
ran
-ci
sco
Ben
edit
o,
17
75
: 4
32
14
65
, 2
8th
May
Sal
aman
ca
2
yea
rsH
enry
IV
o
f C
asti
le
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viiii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
A Possible PeriodisAtion of the treAties of PeAce And truce 237
14
69
Th
e sh
eik
s A
bd
All
ah b
. In
an,
Am
mar
b.
Mu
sa
and
Rah
hu
an
d
com
man
der
s A
lon
so d
e L
isó
n
and
Die
go S
oto
, ag
ree
to a
tru
ce
for
thre
e ye
ars
AH
N.
Arc
hiv
o d
e lo
s D
uq
ues
d
e F
rías
C
atál
ogo
15
, n
. 2
. P
apel
, 3
00
/42
5m
m.
(Oli
m)
Cax
ón
11
, n
. 1
28
Gar
cía
Lu
ján
, Jo
sé A
nto
nio
Treg
uas
, Gu
erra
s y
Cap
itu
laci
ones
de
Gra
nad
a
Gra
nad
a: D
ipu
-ta
ció
n P
rovi
nci
al
de
Gra
nad
a,
19
98
: 8
2-8
5
87
4 E
.H.
19
th
Mu
har
ran
/ 1
46
9,
29
th J
uly
Lla
no
de
Gu
adal
op
e8
74
E.H
. 1
9th
of
Mu
har
-ra
n/
14
69
, 2
9th
Ju
ly
3
yea
rs
14
69
Th
ree-
year
tr
uce
agr
eed
by
Ain
en,
Am
ir
Abé
nam
ar,
Rah
o
and
Abu
lhay
a an
d D
iego
L
óp
ez P
ach
eco
AH
N,
Arc
hiv
o d
e lo
s D
uq
ues
d
e F
rías
, C
atál
ogo
15
, n
. 2
. P
apel
, 3
00
/42
5m
m.
(Oli
m)
Cax
ón
11
, n
. 1
28
Gar
cía
Lu
ján
, Jo
sé A
nto
nio
Treg
uas
, Gu
erra
s y
Cap
itu
laci
ones
de
Gra
nad
a
Gra
nad
a: D
ipu
-ta
ció
n P
rovi
nci
al
de
Gra
nad
a,
19
98
: 8
5-8
6
14
69
, 2
9th
Ju
ly
1
46
9,
29
th
July
3
yea
rs
14
71
Tru
ce b
etw
een
G
ran
ada
and
th
e fa
ctio
n o
f th
e D
uk
e o
f C
abra
Co
lecc
ión
D
iplo
mát
ica
de
En
riq
ue
IV,
n°
CX
C,
p.
65
9
Car
riaz
o,
Juan
d
e M
ata
“Las
tre
guas
co
n G
ran
ada
de
14
75
y 1
47
8”
Al-
An
dalu
s, 1
9/2
(1
95
4):
34
9-3
50
14
71
, Dec
embe
rG
ran
ada
10
yea
rsA
ly s
on
of
Abu
-l-N
asar
14
72
Pea
ce t
reat
y be
twee
n M
awla
y H
asan
, K
ing
of
Gra
nad
a,
and
Hen
ry I
V
of
Cas
tile
AH
N.
Arc
hiv
o d
e lo
s D
uq
ues
d
e F
rías
, C
atál
ogo
15
, n
.3.
Vit
ela,
5
65
/60
0
mm
. (O
lim
) C
axó
n 1
9,
n.
26
, n
. 5
8.
Vi -
llen
a, v
ol.
99
Gar
cía
Lu
ján
, Jo
sé A
nto
nio
Treg
uas
, Gu
erra
s y
Cap
itu
laci
ones
de
Gra
nad
a
Gra
nad
a: D
ipu
-ta
ció
n P
rovi
nci
al
de
Gra
nad
a,
19
98
: 9
2-9
7
14
72
, 1
8th
Ja
nu
ary
Gra
nad
a1
47
2,
18
th
Jan
uar
y1
47
5,
17
th
Jan
uar
y3
yea
rsH
enry
IV
o
f C
asti
le
14
75
Let
ter
of
tru
-ce
wit
h t
he
Kin
gdo
m o
f G
ran
ada
AM
C.
Tum
-bo
de
los
Rey
es C
ató
li-
cos,
I,
63
.
Car
riaz
o,
Juan
d
e M
ata;
Ca-
ran
dé,
Ram
ón
El T
um
bo d
e lo
s R
eyes
Cat
ólic
os d
el
Con
cejo
de
Sevi
lla
Sev
illa
: E
di-
tori
al C
ató
lica
E
spañ
ola
, 1
96
8:
I, 1
22
-12
3
14
75
, 1
7th
N
ove
mbe
rV
alla
do
lid
Tiem
pos
a vo
sotr
os
bien
vis
to
Cat
ho
lic
Mo
nar
chs
Fer
din
and
an
d I
sabe
lla
Imago TemporIs. medIum aevum, viii (2014) 211-238. issn 1888-3931
Diego Melo238
14
76
Ex
chan
ge o
f le
tter
s ab
ou
t th
e si
gnin
g o
f p
eace
be
twee
th
e C
at-
ho
lic
Mo
nar
chs
and
Mu
ley
Abu
lhac
en,
Kin
g o
f G
ran
ada
AM
J. A
ctas
d
e 1
47
6,
fols
. 2
9r-
30
v.
Ro
dri
guez
Mo
-li
na,
Jo
sé (
Dir
)C
olec
ción
Di -
plom
átic
a de
l A
rch
ivo
His
tóri
co
Mu
nic
ipal
de
Jaén
. Si
glos
XIV
y X
V
Jaen
: E
xm
o.
Ayu
nta
mie
n-
to d
e Ja
én,
19
85
: 6
0-6
2
14
76
, 1
1th
Ja
nu
ary
Jaén
14
77
, 1
1th
M
arch
14
81
, 1
1th
M
arch
4 y
ears
Cat
ho
lic
Mo
nar
chs
Fer
din
and
an
d I
sabe
lla
14
78
Tru
ce b
etw
een
G
ran
ada
and
C
asti
le
To
rres
Fo
n-
tes,
Ju
anL
as t
regu
as
cast
ella
no
-gr
anad
inas
des
de
14
75
a 1
47
8
His
pan
ia. R
e-vi
sta
Esp
añol
a de
His
tori
a, 3
6
(19
62
): 2
19
-22
0
14
78
14
81
3 y
ears
Cat
ho
lic
Mo
nar
chs
Fer
din
and
an
d I
sabe
lla
14
81
14
81
Pea
ce t
reat
y be
twee
n C
asti
le
and
Gra
nad
a
AH
N.
Sec
-ci
ón
del
C
lero
, le
gajo
n
° 2
.45
6/2
Bo
nil
la y
Mir
, Jo
sé;
Tora
l,
En
riq
ue
El T
rata
do d
e P
az
de 1
481
entr
e G
ran
ada
y C
asti
lla
Jaen
: In
stit
uto
d
e E
stu
dio
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