A Place in Time, the Development of Liverpool City Centre

Now2000 - 2025

A place in timeThe development of Liverpool city centre

A Humanities Education Pack for Key Stage 2 and 3

Promoting Geography and History Education

World War 21939 - 1945

Now2000 - 2025

Tudors1485 - 1605

The 20th Century1961 - 1969

Georgian1714 - 1837

Victorian1837 - 1901

COMMEMORATING THE GREAT WAR 1914 -1918

Section A: BuildingsTeachers Notes Date Worksheets Date

1a. The original site 1b. The position of Liverpool castle

2a. Tudor Liverpool 2b. Liverpool is a small Tudor harbour

3a. Liverpool at the time of the Civil War 3b. The Liverpool settlement in Stuart times

4a. The first wet commercial dock in the world 4b. The site of the Old Dock today

5a. The growth of Liverpool in Victorian times 5b. Liverpool grew rapidly in Victorian times

6a The Liverpool waterfront around 1900 6b. The world famous ‘3 Graces’

7a. Liverpool was bombed during World War 2 7b. Young children evacuated for their safety

8a. The Liverpool city centre today 8b. Liverpool as a 24/7 city

9a. A major development for the waterfront 9b. Cruise liners are returning to the city

Section B: PeopleTeachers Notes Date Worksheets Date

10a. The first seven streets of Liverpool 10a. Liverpool’s medieval H plan street layout

11a. Liverpool’s Georgian period 11a. The Georgian Quarter in Liverpool today

12a. The growth of Liverpool and Slavery 12a. Slave trade reminders today

13a. A tale of two cities in Victorian Liverpool 13a. The great Irish migration to Liverpool

14a. Liverpool leads recruitment call to enlist 14a. Fighting on the battlefields of Europe

15a The Western Approaches convoy routes 15a The Battle of the Atlantic

16a. The Swinging Sixties 16a. Liverpool the centre for popular music

17a. A ‘Cultural Celebration’ City 17a. Liverpool becomes a World Heritage Site

18a. Liverpool - the city in the future 18a. The futuristic Liverpool skyline


Image Liverpool’s medieval castle was a local sandstone building and was easily defended.2

Section C: TransportTeachers Notes Date Worksheets Date

19a. Crossing the River Mersey by boat 19b. Mersey Ferries at work

20a. Getting around town in the 1920’s 20b. Getting around today by bus

21a. The Leeds - Liverpool Canal 21b. The Manchester Ship Canal

22a. The Liverpool to Manchester railway line 22b. Liverpool Lime Street is a Victorian station

23a. Moving under the River Mersey 23b. The Queensway Tunnel today

24a. Liverpool John Lennon Airport 24b. LJL airport at work

25a. Containerisation in Liverpool Docks 25b. Ships loading at Liverpool Docks

26a. The Widnes to Runcorn Bridge 26b. The new Mersey gateway road bridge

27a. High Speed 2 rail link routes 27b. High Speed 2 fast trains and track

Section D: SourcesTeachers Notes Date Worksheets Date

28. The city centre and River Mersey A Moving Merseyside Forward:www.merseytravel.org

29. The River Mersey down stream B. World War 1www.IWM.org.uk/WWI

30. Liverpool Docks growth since Old Dock 1715 C. The Liverpool Palswww.theliverpoolpalsmemorialfund.com

31. A map of Liverpool 1768 D Mersey Ferrieswww.merseyferries.co.uk

32. Liverpool John Lennon Airport destinations E International Slavery Museumwww.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk

33. Liverpool population growth 1800 - to now F The Rainhill Trialswww.rainhilltrials.com

34. Liverpool city centre street map G. The Mersey Gateway Projectwww.merseygateway.co.uk

35. Liverpool from the air in 2007 H. High Speed 2 Railwaywww.hs2.org.uk


MerseytravelTelephone: 0151-330-1313www.merseytravel.gov.uk

This education pack is presented as a commemorative resource to mark the significance to Liverpool of the Great War between 1914 and 1918. It was an important period in local history when lots of young people volunteered and were recruited into the army to fight on the European mainland, especially on the battlefields of France. Many local soldiers were killed in action and others were severely injured in the trenches.

The changing development of Liverpool city centre provides the opportunity to study parts of both the Geography and History national curriculum programmes of study, starting September 2014. The study of the growth of Liverpool, and it’s past and present, provides an opportunity for pupils to develop independent learning skills while researching the city and places near to where they live. This pack has been divided into 3 sections: Buildings, People and Transport these were chosen because they are common topics or themes in primary and secondary schools curriculum maps. Each is referenced within the new national curriculum. Finally there is a section on Sources containing maps, charts and photographs that can be used, especially while planning to meet the requirements of Geography orders.

It is possible to make a timeline of Liverpool’s development using the many pictures in the pack, putting the city into a historical context. This will help pupils’ understanding of the concepts of time, change and development. If pupils know the key periods and famous dates of British history, they will have a framework to place the key developments that have occurred in their city.


A place in time

Take a picture

Notes

Time period Look online

A closer look

Key Information

Icon Key

Nearly all the local places mentioned in the pack can be further researched using various internet search engines. A research based approach will help pupils answer the tasks within each study section. A record of pupils’ independent research and the completion of worksheet tasks can be undertaken by annotating and dating the pack contents grid. Using the contents grid will help teachers monitor pupil progress.

Pupils should be encouraged to visit their city and see it at first hand. Liverpool has many famous landmarks and excellent museums and galleries. These experiences shared with either family or school will be better supported if a photo record is taken for discussion later. Merseytravel’s services provide the means to bring together city landmarks and the development of young people’s understanding of the place where they live. Merseytravel thanks all the organisations that have given permission to use their credited photographs. Special thanks to Roger Hull of Liverpool City Library, Record Office for researching and providing selected photographs. Most of the organisations and subjects referenced in the pack have their own websites for further information. Contact them directly for their opening times and other educational resources.

MerseytravelTelephone: 0151-330-1313www.merseytravel.gov.uk


Medieval Times1066 -1485

Image The position of Liverpool had many advantages for it to be chosen as a new defensive port.

Section A: Buildings1a. The original site

A closer look:

The original inlet from the River Mersey ran in the direction of Hanover Street, Paradise Street, Whitechapel to the roundabout at St John’s Gardens.

Sheltered inlet

Close to Ireland

Tidal river

Streams for water

Sandstone for building

Defensive castle

Flat fertile land

Fishing village

Military base

1

The city of Liverpool is sited on the low-lying east bank of the River Mersey estuary where it flows into the Irish Sea. It was this position on the estuary that led to the foundation of a small port in the 13th century. The original site of ‘Liverpul’ was probably that of a small fishing village by a tidal inlet pool of sheltered water that flowed into the River Mersey. This site would be around the Castle Street area today.

There is no mention of the Liverpool hamlet in the Domesday Book written in 1086. Later at the start of the 13th century, England had conquered Ireland and there was a need to garrison soldiers and their supplies at Liverpool so they could be ready to cross the Irish Sea and conquer the Irish people. Liverpool was chosen by advisers to King John as a military port because its position had great advantages.

King John founded Liverpool with a Charter in 1207. Local trades and craftspeople moved to the harbour area to trade at the new market. The population of the hamlet was very small. To attract more people, King John encouraged the plots of land around the harbour to be divided up into burgages.

Here owners could build a house and sell their goods but pay low taxes to the Crown. Later in 1227, a Royal Charter allowed local merchants to form a Guild. Trading became more organised and merchants funded services for some local people.



Discover more online

1. Using image 1, draw a sketch and explain why King John’s advisers recommended that the fishing village of ‘Liverpul’ should be developed into a new military port by 1207.

2. What was the ‘burgage plot system’? Why did it encourage people to move to Liverpool and make the port grow in medieval times.

3. Research why in 1227 another Royal Charter was given to the city.

Castle Street/ Town HallPost Code: L2 3SW Check services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image Liverpool’s medieval castle was a local sandstone building and was easily defended.

Section A: Buildings1b. The position of Liverpool castle

2

Castle Street/Town Hall


A closer look.

Tudors1085 -1605

Tanners

Blacksmiths

By Tudor times Liverpool’s population had grown to around 650 people - small compared to other English towns of the day. Bristol had about 14,000 people in 1500. At the waterfront herring fishing was an important local industry. Small wooden boats were used for fishing in and beyond the River Mersey. Shipbuilding using local materials would also have provided work for many local craftsmen. A lot of people were farmers growing their own food and selling any surplus.

Inland from the waterfront, the Tudor Liverpool settlement was based upon a simple H street pattern first set out in the 13th century. It was common for craftsmen and tradesmen of similar skills to live and work close to each

other. The street names can be seen today and give clues about what activity was going in Tudor times. The buildings were made of timber frames filled with small branches and wet clay called wattle and daub.

Water Street was the main route between the waterfront and streets around the castle. A weekly market took place near the castle. Tudor Liverpool was not a large prosperous town and many of the shops supplied only basic provisions such as food or clothes. There was a mill grinding flour near the pool inlet. Few shops in the town sold luxury goods. The site of the market today would be behind the Town Hall.

Section A: Buildings2a. Tudor Liverpool

Weavers Metal workers Coopers

Foodstuffs

Joiners

Tudors settled near the River Mersey because the river supplied food for them...find out what fish they would have eaten.

Image A market day scene in a Tudor town where local products are sold.1


Tudors1085 -1605

Tudors1085 -1605



1. Look at the names of the 7 streets of Tudor Liverpool and suggest what work or function might be going on in each street by local crafts people and merchants.

2. Why was it an essential part of Tudor life to have a weekly market in Liverpool? What was bought and sold there to attract townspeople and local farmers to buy or sell?

3. Research how ‘black and white’ houses were designed and built just like the Tudor house called Speke Hall.

St John’s MarketPost Code: L1 1LRCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image Liverpool’s seven street road pattern dating back to Tudor times and earlier.2

St John’s Market


1. The Battery 2. Old Church 3. The Tower 4. Custom House 5. Water Street

6. Town Hall 7. Everton Beacon 8. James Street 9. Old Castle 10. Pool Lane

11. Low Hill 12. Townsend Bridge 13. The Pool 14. Road to Park

During the Stuart period there was unrest because of a national struggle taking place in many places, including Liverpool. The dispute was over who should rule the people, collect their taxes and choose their place of worship. King Charles I believed he was sole ruler, chosen by God and all should obey him. Parliament wanted national policies to be debated for the people they represented. A Civil War broke out in 1642 lasting until 1648, with local people - even families, taking sides based on their interests.

A great deal of fighting took place to capture Liverpool Castle. After different sieges, power changed hands between the Roundhead soldiers, fighting for Parliament and the Cavaliers, fighting for the King. The largest battle was in 1644 which saw Prince Rupert fighting for the King, leading an 18 day attack on the castle. Rupert chose Beacon Hill at Everton as his Royalist base camp. From this ridge, three miles away, he had an excellent view of the castle to plan an attack.

The final battle of the Civil War left Liverpool a Parliamentarian town. Charles I was later executed in London in 1649. The town and port began to grow again with increased trade to and from Ireland. London merchants imported through the port and took their cargo by land as it was safer than risking pirates in the English Channel. There was a significant plague in Liverpool in 1651, with many deaths recorded. This event happened not long before the Great Plague in London of 1665 and the Great Fire in 1666.

A closer look:

How did the residents of Liverpool contract the plague?

Stuarts1605 - 1714

Section A: Buildings3a. Liverpool at the time of the Civil War

Image Landmarks around Liverpool in Stuart times.1


Stuarts1605 - 1714


1. Why did the King and Parliament fight each other in 1642?

2. Research and then draw a Cavalier and a Roundhead soldier ready for battle..

3. Research the Pool Project map at: www.poolproject.co.uk

Prince Rupert’s TowerPost Code: L5 0RQCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image A map of Liverpool around 1670.2

Prince Rupers Tower

Section A: Buildings3b. The Liverpool settlement in Stuart times

©Liverpool Library and Record Office


Liverpool continued to grow rapidly and by the early 18th century the town might have had a population of 5,000. The world’s first enclosed commercial dock was built in 1715 transforming the port. The enclosed dock solved the problem of how to load or unload a cargo ship quickly when the tide was out. The Old Pool inlet was too small and unsafe to handle the many small ships that wanted to use the port. It was designed by an engineer named Steers who proposed to the council that the Pool should be drained and a new dock built with lock gates to the river.

The dock measured about 100 yards wide and 200 yards long. It could accommodate up to 100 ships. The dock walls were constructed from brick laid directly on to sandstone bedrock. The dock gates allowed for the dock to

be permanently full of water, ensuring the fast turn around of ships back to the sea. The height of water in the dock was probably topped up by water entering the dock from a stream. Many ships were also able to anchor safely and wait in a small basin in front of the dock gates.

The Steers dock design was copied along the River Mersey for all new docks. The handling times for cargo were transformed giving Liverpool a world lead as a merchant trading port. Banks, insurance and custom houses were built near the docks. Image 1 shows what the Old Dock would have looked like. A tour operated by National Museums, Liverpool, shows a section of the original dock which can be seen under Liverpool One shopping centre.

Image How the Old Dock would have looked in 1715.1

Georgian1714 - 1837

Section A: Buildings4a. The first wet commercial dock in the world

Notes

© Liverpool Library and Record Office



1. How did the building of the Old Dock overcome the problem of the River Mersey being a tidal river?

2. Using image 1, draw a series of simple sketches to show how the engineer Steers designed the Old Dock.

3. Why did more banks and insurance companies invest in building more docks in Liverpool in the 1700s?

Dock below Liverpool OnePost Code: L1 8JQCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image The Old Dock, now situated underneath Liverpool One.2

Dock Below Liverpool 1


A view of the historic Old Dock wall below Liverpool 1 shopping centre.

Georgian1714 - 1837


Image The British Empire in Victorian Times.1


Under Queen Victoria’s rule, Britain continued to claim lands that her navy had discovered around the world. The size of the British Empire doubled during Victorian times. At its peak, Britain controlled 23% of the world’s surface and 458 million people. These new territories provided large quantities of cheap raw materials; many were imported through the port of Liverpool. Vast profits were made in local northern factories when these materials were turned into products for sale.

The dock’s engineer of the day, Jesse Hartley, sought to improve the way the dock system was organised. A wall was built that enclosed the whole dock system to improve security and dock gates controlled access to the port. At this time large ocean-going ships gradually changed from sail to steam

power. New large ships were now being made of metal rather than wood. Coal powered engines meant ships could cover great distances more quickly and were not dependent on the weather conditions to arrive on time.Hartley brought changes to the way docks worked. The new Albert Dock that opened in 1846 was constructed out of stone, brick and iron as the first non-combustible dock in the world. The design created a revolutionary docking system where ships could be loaded or unloaded directly into nearby warehouses and storage buildings. Within two years of its opening it had a hydraulic crane that reduced ship turnaround times even more. Companies dealing in high value goods like brandy, cotton, tea, tobacco and silk found it a secure dock.

Section A: Buildings5a. The growth of Liverpool in Victorian times

The pink areas of the map show the British Empire

Key Information:


ADiscover more online

1. List the territories in date order claimed by Britain to be members of the Empire since around 1700.

2. Why was the conversion of ship power from sail to steam-engine regarded as a technological revolution at the time?

3. Why did the Albert Dock system prove to be such an important leading design in ports across the world?

Albert DockPost Code: L3 4AACheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image How Liverpool and the River Mersey looked in Victorian times.2

Albert Dock

Section A: Buildings5b. Liverpool grew rapidly in Victorian times




Early 20th Century1901 - 1950

In 1900 what we know today as the Pier Head area was George’s dock but it was filled in when it became too small for shipping. In due course the ‘Three Graces’ were built on this site by the river. The Port of Liverpool building was the first to be constructed and opened in 1907. It looked like a ‘cathedral’ to commerce and was owned by Mersey Docks and Harbour Board. The Cunard building was built for the world famous shipping line in 1916. The company saw the financial opportunities of trading with North America and Liverpool would become its most important port.

The Royal Liver Building opened on 19th July 1911. It was regarded as an American skyscraper building by local people at the time. It was commissioned by the Royal Liver Friendly Society as their head office and took three years to

build. It has 4 famous clock faces, the largest ever built in Britain. The building has two Liver Birds on its towers that act as symbols of welcome to visitors to the city. The landing stage at the Pier Head is an important construction that has allowed shipping to berth close to the city centre. It has been rebuilt many times but it is vital because of the tidal nature of the river.

Behind the Pier Head is Albion House, built in 1898. It was from the balconies of this building that company officials shouted out news about the sinking of the Titanic. At that time the Titanic was the largest ship in the world. The ship hit an iceberg south east of Newfoundland on 14th April at 11.40pm. The ship sank in two-and-a-half hours with the loss of 1490 lives. It was the maiden voyage of a ship that was supposed to be unsinkable.

Image Liverpool factories and the Overhead Railway at the start of the 20th century.1

Section A: Buildings6a. The Liverpool waterfront around 1900

The Royal Liver Building is based on the design of a Chicago Skyscraper.

The Cunard Building is based on the design of an Italian villa.

The Port of Liverpool Building was originally a design for a cathedral.

Key Information:

© National Museums of Liverpool


Now2000 - 2025


Albion Building Post Code: L2 7PSCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image The Pier Head buildings are major tourist attractions.2

Albion Building

Section A: Buildings6b. The world famous ‘3 Graces’

1. More than 9 million people sailed from Liverpool to America around 1900; can you find and name five important shipping lines that used Liverpool at the time?

2. Solve the mystery of the ‘Liver Birds’, what do you think they are and how did they get their name?

3. Research the journey of the ill-fated Titanic. Why do you think the Titanic story has been given such a special place in the Maritime Museum in Liverpool?


World War 21925 - 1945

There are many reasons why World War 2 started in Europe but the invasion of Poland by the Germans led to Britain declaring war on Germany on September 3, 1939. At this time Liverpool was an important port, trading in foods and goods especially with the United States and Canada. Other raw materials for making metal also came to the docks. Shipbuilding was an important local industry at the Cammell Laird shipyard at Birkenhead. It had built and launched many ships so Britain could ‘rule the waves’ all over the world.

Destroying Liverpool would hold up the British war effort as essential weapons were being made or assembled in the region. It was not surprising then that the city and its docks were important targets for German bombers. Liverpool was the most heavily bombed area of the country, outside London. It is estimated that 4000 people were killed during the Merseyside blitz. The bombings drew communities together especially when sheltering in the air-raid shelters. Fires burned, famous buildings were destroyed or were so badly damaged that they had to be pulled down.

To protect local children from the bombings an evacuation plan called ‘Pied Piper’ was drawn up by the council. Many of the children were separated from their families and sent to small towns or rural areas for safety, mainly in Cheshire or North Wales. The air-raids on Liverpool lasted for three years. By the end of the war 2,716 people in Liverpool, 442 people in Birkenhead, 409 in Bootle and 332 in Wallasey had been killed. Today the shell of St Luke’s Church on Berry Street provides a memorial to the devastation of the blitz. The Overhead Railway system along the Dock Road was also bombed during World War 2 by the German Luftwaffe.


Image The view of Liverpool from a German bomber.1

Section A: Buildings7a. Liverpool was bombed during World War 2

What area does this part of the map show?

Tip: Look for landmarks on a modern satelite map.

A closer look:


World War 21925 - 1945


1. Why was Liverpool an important target to be bombed in World War 2?

2. Research how local papers like the Liverpool Echo photographed the Blitz bombings.

3. Write a short story about how you would feel if you had to be evacuated from your home away from your family for a year.

St Luke’s ChurchPost Code: L3 1HUCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image Liverpool children leaving the city to go to safe places in the countryside.2

Section A: Buildings7b. Young children evacuated for their safety


St Luke’sChurch



Now2000 - 2025

Liverpool is a major city and port. Like all cities it is a ‘place in time’. In the last ten years there have been many spectacular changes in and around the city. New buildings such as hotels, shopping areas and office blocks have been built. The local council, government and businesses are working together to improve the quality of life for local people and are making Liverpool a regular European destination for visitors to spend their money and enjoy themselves.

The city centre can be mapped into 5 distinctive development zones. Planners have a vision for each zone. It is hoped in time, as each zone grows and spreads they will form a massive hub of activity bringing new jobs and increasing the city’s wealth.

Together these developments should have a positive impact on other local districts and towns. Recent evidence in the census shows this is working as more people are staying in the region, especially young people. Liverpool keeps changing. It wants to meet the demands of how and when people use their leisure time. The city is open for business every day, all the year round, offering employment especially in the retail and leisure areas. The city centre comes to life as darkness falls with its restaurants and the major shopping areas staying open. Parking is both cheaper and easier at weekends. Public transport serves the city centre well, if people want to go to the theatre, cinema or to a music concert in the evening.

Image There are five planning and development zones in Liverpool today.1

Section A: Buildings8a. The Liverpool city centre today

Notes

Waterfront

Retail District

Commercial District

Knowledge Quarter

Creative District


Now2000 - 2025

Now2000 - 2025


1. What impact has the Liverpool 1 Centre had on the city centre for shopping?

2. Find images of Liverpool One and collect them for your file.

3. Research the painting ‘The Liverpool Cityscape’ by Ben Johnson painted in 2008.

3. Explain the importance of good planning for Liverpool’s future.

Liverpool One CentrePost Code: L1 8JOCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image Liverpool city centre is alive at night.2

LiverpoolOne

Centre

Section A: Buildings8b. Liverpool is a 24/7 city


FuturePost 2025

Local authorities are working together to secure the future interests of the region. On 1 April 2014, the local councils of Halton, Knowsley, Sefton, St Helens, and Wirral formed the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. It is responsible for decision-making on behalf of the1.5 million local residents. It deals with strategic policy areas such as economic growth, transport, tourism, culture, housing and the physical infrastructure in the area. It officially took over the function of Merseytravel as the local public transport authority.

The future plans for Liverpool are emerging. Private companies like Peel Holdings have submitted and have had approved large scale plans to develop former dock areas to the north of the city centre along the river. These plans include new buildings, which will cover

a vast area with high rise offices and flats. The development will bring new jobs in construction and when completed, turn what has been a neglected area into a thriving community to attract other businesses and further growth to the city.

Liverpool is now re-establishing itself as a port for cruise liner tourism at the Pier Head. Early last century it was the home port of the world’s major shipping liner companies. Today cruise holidays have again become popular; they are the fastest growing tourist sector. Passengers want to visit many places with attractions during their short sea voyage. Being able to berth near the city centre on the river at the new liner terminal is a great advantage for cruise companies who choose Liverpool as a destination.

Image The plan for the large scale development at Mersey Waters.1

Section A: Buildings9a. Major development for the waterfront

Key Information

Liverpool 2 is the expansion of the docks and creation of a river terminal. It will be able to accommodate the world’s biggest ships.


FuturePost 2025

FuturePost 2025


1. List advantages of why local authorities should work together as a Liverpool City Region to meet the needs of local people.

2. Using image 1, research the Liverpool Waters project and produce a simple sketch map of its proposed facilities.

3. Research the ‘Liverpool 2’ port development that will attract larger ships to use the port.

4. Look at image 2, make a list when shipping liners will visit Liverpool this year.

Waterfront Cruise LinersPost Code: L3 1DLCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image Once again a cruise liner makes a River Mersey port of call.2

WaterfrontCruise Liners

Section A: Buildings9b. Cruise liners are returning to the city


A. Castle St. B. Water St. C. Chapel St.

D. Old Hall St. E. Tithebarn St. F. Dale St.


Section B: People10a. The first seven streets of Liverpool

Key Information:

Liverpool remained about the same size in medieval times as by the end of the Tudor period. Only a few of the narrow town’s roads were paved - most of them could be described as dirt tracks, only suited to horses and other cart-pulling animals. Most people walked short distances across town and carried what they could. To travel further they would be on horseback or driven by carriage. A horse drawn coach could only cover 20 miles in a day so inns became overnight resting stops.

By 1600 there would have been around 1000 people living in Liverpool. The streets were unclean and waste was dumped directly into the streets or the river. The population would have been larger if not for the outbreak of ‘Sweating Sickness’ that killed around a third of the people in 1557. The castle was in a poor state and needed to be repaired. St Nicholas Church was the local church, looked after by the people and was given a slate roof in Tudor times. At this time archery, bull baiting and cock fighting were popular sports.

The seven main streets are still laid out at the centre of the town. Water Street, Castle Street and Dale Street attracted the wealthy residents. House prices were also high on the

streets close to the harbour side and the castle. Smaller and cheaper houses were on Chapel Street, and Juggler Street. Other houses were found on the south side of the castle along Tithebarn Street. It was common to see travelling musicians, jugglers, jesters and singers providing street life entertainment to crowds of local people in known open spaces.

Image The medieval town centre location in the city centre today.

© Alasdair Stirling Liverpool

1

AB C

D

E

F

B CD

E


Section B: People10b. Liverpool’s H plan medieval street layout

Early Times1066 - 1714

Image A map to show where the medieval town centre was located.2


1. Explain why it was that only rich people could travel around Britain in Tudor times. Why were their journeys uncomfortable and long?

2. Research the symptoms and conditions of the mysterious ‘Sweating Sickness’ that killed hundreds of people in Britain during Tudor times.

3. Why was it popular for large crowds to listen to travelling story-tellers and singers to get their news in Tudor times?

Liverpool LibraryPost Code: L3 8EW Check services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

LiverpoolLibrary


Key Information:


Servants’ rooms on the top floor

Family bedrooms

Houses usually built of red brick

Kitchen, laundry and servants’ working areas

in underground basement

Heavy wood-panelled door

Main reception rooms on ground floor

Wrought iron railings

Section B: People11a. Liverpool’s Georgian period

Liverpool in the 1970s

Georgian1714 - 1837

This grid street plan can be seen clearly from the tower of the Anglican Cathedral looking towards the Catholic Cathedral, along Hope Street. The area of housing is known as the Georgian Quarter and includes Canning Street, Hope Street, Upper Parliament Street, Grove Street, Myrtle Street, Rodney Street, Gambier Terrace and Faulkner Square. Today the Liverpool Georgian Quarter is being fully renovated and once again takes pride of place as an up and coming affluent area in the city.

Today two cathedrals dominate the Georgian quarter skyline. The Anglican Cathedral was built in stages and took 74 years to complete. Its foundation stone was laid in 1904 and Queen Elizabeth II opened it in 1978. The Catholic Cathedral had its crypt opened in 1937 but its large dome design was changed and scaled down because of rising costs, just after the Second World War. A model of the original design by the architect Luythens is exhibited in the Liverpool Museum. The Port of Liverpool building was the runner-up in the design competition.

Image Georgian houses on Rodney Street near the city centre.1

In the 1790s Liverpool was a small town; wealthy and poor people lived close to one another. Many merchants had become rich based upon cotton, sugar and tobacco trading. Around 1800 those who could afford it built new fashionable houses on the inland ridge, overlooking the river Mersey. In 1800 a surveyor called John Foster had the idea to build a housing area based upon a grid street plan, covering a peat bog to the east of Rodney Street. Most houses had three floors and were distinctively built.


Hope Street

Section B: People11b. The Georgian Quarter in Liverpool today

Image A view of the area where most Georgian houses can be seen today.2


1. Why do you think the rich people in Liverpool built their houses away from the busy town and port in Georgian times?

2. Draw a sketch of a typical Georgian house and its distinctive features.

3. Research the postcard that shows the original design by Luythens and compare it witha photograph for the Catholic Cathedral that was built.

Rodney StreetPost Code: L1 3BX Check services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

RodneyStreet

Georgian1714 - 1837



Section B: People12a. The growth of Liverpool and Slavery

1Image The ‘Triangle Trade’ routes of the 18th century that made Liverpool wealthy.

During the Georgian period many European countries had established colonies in the Americas. Each country wanted to exploit the riches they had found and then send the materials back home for profit. Workers on a large scale were needed especially in the colonies’ sugar and cotton plantations. Between 1783 and 1804 Liverpool’s ships carried around 650,000 African slaves to the Americas. By the mid 1780s Liverpool was the European centre of the transatlantic slave trade. The voyage conditions for slaves on these ships were brutal.

The ‘triangle trade’ between Liverpool, the African coast and the Americas was dependent on merchants being in each place to trade. Many early Liverpool bankers were also merchants who owned slave ships. The bankers needed to borrow money to pay for the long distance voyages and had to insure their slave ships against damage or loss. So Liverpool developed into a thriving financial and insurance centre in the 18th century, funding different sections of the transatlantic slave trade.

Liverpool can celebrate that some of its local leaders helped to end the slavery trade including William Rathbone and William Roscoe MP. Many local people feared the economy of the city would be seriously affected if the slave trade was abolished. Public opinion changed and the slave trade was abolished on March 25, 1807. The International Slavery Museum opened in the Albert Dock in 2013 as a living memorial to the atrocities of slavery.

Notes

Georgian1714 - 1837


River M

ersey

Section B: People12b. Slave trade reminders today

Georgian1714 - 1837

Image Many Liverpool street names today are reminders of trading in slaves in the past.2


1. Using image 1, explain the transatlantic ‘triangle’ slave trade, start with the Liverpool to West Africa section.

2. Using image 2, research the names celebrated on Liverpool’s street signs. Describe their involvement in the transatlantic slave trade.

3. Research the work William Roscoe MP did to bring an end to the s lave trade.

4. Research the mystery of the Williamson Tunnels.

Slavery MuseumPost Code: L3 4AX Check services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

SlaveryMuseum

Georgian1714 - 1837

EarleStreet Cunliffe

StreetTarltonStreet

BoldStreet

RodneyStreet

JamaicaStreet

ParadiseStreet

GoreeStreet

ChurchStreet

WaterStreet


Image A scene of poverty in a street near the docks in Liverpool during Victorian times.1

High rents for what you got

No heating and damp conditions

Standpipe water supply

Families sharing one room

Communal cesspit so poor sanitation

Poor cooking area and lighting

Poor cooking area and lighting

Section B: People13a. A tale of two cities in Victorian Liverpool

Victorian Liverpool society was finely divided between the rich and the poor. The wealthier merchants started to move out from the compact city and build their individual houses on the rural fields at the edge of town. Places like Anfield, Breckfield and West Derby were rural in the late 19th century. The Everton area was popular to live in as it had impressive views of the River Mersey and Liverpool docklands. Out of town areas became popular with the rich with the development of new transport technologies, the trams and trains. The city population nearly doubled between 1840 and 1900 reaching 650,000. Most of the increase was to do with poor people trying to find work and a better life. The poor outnumbered the rich many times over. The living conditions near the docks were harsh. Families were squeezed into extremely

low-quality rented housing - either terraced, back-to-back or court houses. The ‘court houses’ were the worst and were barely fit for human habitation. The sanitation was poor and so water borne diseases like cholera and typhoid were rife. During 1847 about 300,000 Irish refugees, escaping the ‘Potato Famine’, landed at Clarence Dock. Some carried on to America, but most stayed looking for work locally. The Vauxhall and Scotland Roads became popular Irish areas. Liverpool council struggled with the influx of refugees and asked for Government help to improve housing and sanitation conditions in the city. Many families in Liverpool today can trace their heritage.


A closer look:

Visit Liverpool’s ‘court houses’ at the Museum of Liverpool.


Section B: People13b. The great Irish migration to Liverpool

Image Clarence Dock where 1.3 million Irish people landed to escape the famine. 2


1. Why did rich merchants around 1850 want to move and build their houses on open fields at the edge of the built-up city boundary?

2. Using image 1, explain why you think the life expectancy for some men was as low as 25 years in the 1860s.

3. Using image 2, research the role Clarence Dock played in the mass emigration of the Irish to Liverpool in the 1840s.

Memorial at St Luke’s Post Code: L1 0DNCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Memorial atSt Luke’s


A closer look:


Image The map of 1914 country ‘Alliances’ in Europe.1

Section B: People14a. Liverpool leads recruitment call to enlist

At the start of the 20th century Central Europe was dominated by Germany and the Austria-Hungarian Empire. To the east, Russia was in alliance with France. To the west Britain had an overseas empire and respected the neutrality of other nations like Belgium. Conflict was ignited with the murder of Arch Duke Ferdinand the heir to Austria-Hungary by Serbs in 1914, leading to a war between them. Russia came to the Serbs’ aid. Germany then declared war on Russia. Germany attacked France by invading Belgium so Britain declared war on Germany.

Britain’s regular soldiers were sent to fight first in Belgium and northern France in 1914.More troops were needed so a massive recruitment campaign for volunteers started. In Liverpool, men from offices and factories registered together to form what became known as the Liverpool Pals. On 31st August 1914, many recruits came to register and packed on to St George’s Plateau in Lime Street. After training together the Pals, now the 89th Infantry Brigade, left for France on 31 October 1915.

On arrival in France the ‘Liverpool Pals’ were soon at the battlefront engaged in trench warfare. Soldiers dug trenches for shelter to try and escape the German machine guns, explosives and poison gases. The Pals were involved in some costly battles, taking part in the ‘big push’ at the Somme in 1916 with great losses. Today the cenotaph outside St George’s Hall marks their bravery and a reminder of their sacrifice for their communities.

Notes

World War 11914 - 1918

A closer look:

Why do Pals Regiments no longer exist?


Section B: People14b. Fighting on the battlefields of Europe

Section B: People

Image Life was hard and dangerous for soldiers in the trenches.2


1. Using image 1, draw a simple timeline that explains the actions taken by some countries that lead up to the start of World War 1.

2. Search for the photograph of the Liverpool Pals leaving the city on 20th March 1915. Explain why you think so many local young men volunteered to go to war.

3. Using image 2 and any of Wilfred Owen’s war poems, describe a day in the life of a soldier in the trenches at this time.

Liverpool CenotaphPost Code: L1 1JJCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

LiverpoolCenotaph

Ammunition boxes

No man’s land

Water and mud

Barbed wire

Sandbags

Dug-out

Wooden slats

Rats

World War 11914 - 1918


Section B: People15a. The Western Approaches convoy routes

Image The supply convoy routes to Britain were known as the Western Approaches.1

The port of Liverpool was a major target to bomb and destroy during World War 2 in the 20th century. The import of foodstuffs and essential materials for the war effort was to prove vital for the nation to survive and win both wars. The Germans deployed submarines or U-boats out in the Atlantic Ocean to attack merchant and naval shipping in an attempt to cut off the food life-line with the United States and Canada. A large number of Liverpool-owned ships were sunk in these ‘Western Approaches’ to Britain.

Naval experts knew if merchant ships travelled in groups close together or ‘convoys’ and were protected by warships, it was more difficult to for submarines to detect and attack them. The convoys took a rectangular shape with the navy warships escorting on the outside. Even so thousands of British and allied seamen were killed in convoys as part of bringing in vital supplies to Britain. In 1941 the Western Approaches’ headquarters was set up in the city centre to defend and control the Atlantic shipping routes.

With the disruption of food imports, the government had to introduce food rationing. Local people had to register for Ration Cards to show at the local shop and then were given a small parcel of food depending on how many lived in the house. To produce more food, a national campaign called ‘Dig for Victory’ encouraged people to grow their own food and become self-sufficient. Small allotment plots were dug and some families dug up their gardens to plant and grow basic vegetables like potatoes and carrots.

World War 21925 - 1945


Section B: People15b. The Battle of the Atlantic

Image German submarine surprise attacks caused many allied ships and crew to be lost at sea.2


1. Research a map that shows the Atlantic Ocean and the convoy routes to Liverpool during World War 2.

2. Research Captain ‘Johnnie’ Walker -’the man who won the Battle of the Atlantic.’ What did he do in Liverpool during World War 2?

3. Research the story of U-Boat U534, it can be seen on display at the Woodside ferry terminal in Birkenhead.

Western ApproachesPost Code: L2 8SZCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

WesternApproaches

World War 21925 - 1945


Section B: People16a. The Swinging Sixties

Image Replacing houses with flats in the 1960’s.1

© Liverpool Library and Record

After the war, rebuilding began and change occurred in Liverpool, just like in other cities in Britain. The city council delivered a large scale plan to pull down houses regarded as not fit for living in post-war Britain. Many communities were relocated outside the city to housing estates with few established services. Many of the new homes on these estates were in high-rise flats, quite different homes from what people were used to. A number of new office buildings went up in the city centre as part of the regeneration plan.

Great changes were now taking place in the Liverpool dock area. The country was gripped by recession. Lots of people became unemployed as the goods they were producing were no longer needed in a changing European market. The city’s population declined with some local people leaving the area completely. Since the late 60’s the council has continued to plan, regenerate and improve the city so that people could have a better standard of living. There have been many notable successes.

At this time most young people, especially teenagers, did not remember the last war. Television was new in many homes and new fashions were in demand. Portable radios allowed young people to listen to their kind of music. One group captured the mood of the time, the Beatles from Liverpool. This talented group could write songs, play guitar and drums as well as sing. Liverpool soon became the capital of popular music. Many pop groups formed in the city and created the ‘Merseybeat’ sound. Their records were sold across the world.

Notes



Section B: People16b. The Battle of the Atlantic

Image The Beatles are welcomed in America and make Liverpool a ‘pop pilgrimage’ site today.2


1. Using image 1, explain why so many homes were pulled down and local people re-housed outside the city. Why did many people feel isolated in their new homes?

2. Can you find out the name of any large factory that closed in the city during the 1960s and any new ones built to provide work?

3. Using image 2, research the Beatles and find out about the homes that each group member grew up in, to give you an idea of life in Liverpool in the 1960s.

The Beatles StoryPost Code: L3 4ADCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

The BeatlesStory


© Merseytravel Beatles Experience


Section B: People17a. A ‘Cultural Celebration’ City

Image Liverpool as Capital of Culture had a variety of events organised all around the city.1

As Liverpool entered the 21st century it received awards for its heritage, culture and sporting achievements. Its waterfront mercantile architecture was awarded World Heritage Site Status in 2004. It has over 2,500 listed buildings, many in the William Brown Street area. In 2007 the city celebrated the 800th Anniversary of receiving its charter as a Town and a Borough, from King John. After a highly competitive bid it won the national nomination to be European City of Culture in 2008 with its theme, ‘The World in One City’.

The city has long taken pride in the making of music and theatre-going. There are many venues for holding concerts and watching plays. Music excellence thrives in the city. It has its own orchestra and popular music continues to be performed at many

venues, dating back to the Beatles. The city also has many museums and art galleries including the Tate Gallery at the Albert Dock, the nearby Maritime Museum and the recently opened Liverpool Museum. The city has two major football teams- Liverpool and Everton. Both clubs are long established members of the Football Association. There is great rivalry between the clubs but both are community focused and do a lot of work to engage local people. The histories of both clubs are marked with great success on the field but there have been great losses off the field especially in 1989 when 96 Liverpool supporters lost their lives before a match at the Hillsborough Ground in Sheffield.

© Brendon Cox and www.allertonoak.com

A closer look:

Now2000 -2025

How many people visited Liverpool in 2008 when it was ‘Capital for Culture’?

Have visitor numbers increased since then?

Were visitor numbers lower in previous years?

Arena

Theatres

Museums

Libraries

Music

Galleries

Footballgrounds

Horse racing


Image Some of the listed buildings that led to Liverpool becoming a World Heritage Site. 2


1. Research St George’s Hall - a grade 1 listed building, to find out why it was built.

2. Make a poster with the title ’What’s Going On’ to show how Liverpool celebrates its culture today.

3. Find out what things Everton F.C. and Liverpool F.C. do to improve local communities in and around the city.

Tate GalleryPost Code: L3 4ADCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

TateGallery

© Merseytravel Beatles Experience

Now2000 -2025

Section B: People17b. Liverpool becomes a World Heritage Site


Section B: People18a. Liverpool - the city in the future

Image An image of Shanghai skyline gives an idea of cities in the future.1

© Hazy Lujiazui - PuDong, Shandhai by Nicholas Poon

A study of Shanghai in China today can give a glimpse of future city life. This city was formally twinned with Liverpool in 1999. There has been a long history of trade between the two cities dating back to 1834. Liverpool ships sailed for months around the Cape of Good Hope, off Africa, first trading in India and then China. In China, ships loaded up with silk, furniture, ceramics and tea before the long journey home. Some Chinese seafarers settled in Liverpool so it now has one of the oldest Chinese communities in Europe.

Shanghai is a living urban laboratory. In just two decades Shanghai has been transformed into one of the largest and most dynamic cities in the world. It is complete with the fastest train on earth and more high-rise buildings than on Manhattan Island in New York City. City planners must have strategies and ideas to make sure that any disaffected groups of people living there are not left feeling excluded from the rest of the urban community.

What works in Shanghai could be successfully modelled anywhere to provide future city solutions for urban living. The Liverpool City region has pledged its aims to manage itself as a sustainable city; that is to protect the needs of the present city without compromising the needs of future generations. Careful thought will need to be given to providing houses, roads, open spaces and shopping areas, as well as employment opportunities so that people on Merseyside enjoy a good quality of life.

FuturePost 2025


FuturePost 2025

Image An artist’s view of Liverpool’s skyline in the future.


1. Research images of the Shanghai skyline and compare them to future images of the Liverpool waterfront

2. Research the Chinese community on Merseyside and explain its development and festivals upto the present day.

3. Name the services and features for local people you would like to see in your city of the future.

Chinese ArchPost Code: L1 9DFCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

China Arch

Section B: People18b. The futuristic Liverpool skyline

2


Key Information:


There has been a ferry across the River Mersey for over 800 years, it was recorded in the Domesday Book. The monks of Birkenhead Priory first rowed local people across the river for a small charge. In medieval times this was hard and dangerous work. This service was granted a Royal Charter in 1330. Soon charges were being made for passengers and their packhorses.

By the end of the 18th century five ferry terminals on the Wirral bank connected with the Pier Head landing stage in Liverpool. In 1919-20 the Woodside ferry carried 13,587,000 passengers between Birkenhead and Liverpool but ferry services went into sharp decline after the opening of the Mersey rail and road tunnels in the 1930s. The ferries that carried vehicles or ’luggage boats’ eventually closed because of the faster tunnel service. Today Mersey Ferries are still used by commuters and are a popular tourist attraction, offering visitors to the city a unique river crossing experience whilst listening to a commentary explaining the history of the city and viewing heritage

landmarks along the waterfront. The ferries remain of strategic transport importance as there is no bridge link from the Wirral side to the city centre. Unforeseen events in either the road tunnels or disruption to rail services could involve the ferry services providing an alternative route across the river.

Image River and weather conditions made the ferry crossing in Medieval times a difficult journey.

Section C: Transport19a. Crossing the River Mersey by boat

1

• Not being able to use the sail in strong sea winds

• Coping with unknown fast flowing river currents

• Using a small wooden boat with a sail

• A long distance to row using only oars

• Getting wet often because of heavy rain and gales

• Difficulty of leaving the boat at low tide on sand banks

Difficulties of crossing the River Mersey

Ferries were used as they are today to commute to and from work in Liverpool. The journeys were so frequent that workers could ‘pop’ home for lunch.


Image A Mersey ferry leaves on a River Explorer Cruise to see famous waterfront landmarks.


1. Explain using image 1, why you would have found the ferry from Birkenhead Priory to Liverpool an unreliable and dangerous journey.

2. Explain what caused the decline of the Mersey ferries in the 20th century and why they are still of strategic importance to the transportation system around Liverpool today.

3. List the famous riverside landmarks you will see on a River Explorer Cruise.

Pier HeadPost Code: L3 1DPCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

PierHead

2

Now2000 -2025

Section C: Transport19b. Mersey Ferries at work



From 1850 the population of Liverpool increased because of the many job opportunities available. The settlement spread inland and especially along the waterfront. To move people around the town a system of horse-drawn buses developed from around 1870. By 1897 there were 267 horse-drawn trams in Liverpool. Electric trams came in 1901 and by 1905, 5,838 departures were recorded from the hub at the Pier Head. By 1943 Liverpool had the biggest municipal tramway in England with 191 miles of track. In 1947 these trams were replaced with motor buses.

In 1893 there was a great demand to get people to work in Liverpool and the world’s first electric elevated railway opened called the Liverpool Overhead Railway (LOR). Liverpool Museum has a LOR exhibition on show today. Its

extended route along the dock road had 7 miles of track with 17 stations. It was a steel viaduct structure that stood 16ft above the road and operated with electric coaches. It provided a faster way to get to work and to see the dock system. In 1919, 17 million journeys were recorded on it. It was closed in 1956 needing great investment to maintain its safety.

After World War 2 motor buses became very popular. In the 1960s, the Pier Head was the major bus terminus and the ‘centre of town’. It connected people with the Mersey Ferries landing stage. The late 20th century saw large department stores dominating city centres. The Queen Square bus station opened near to Lime Street, it is now the ‘new’ centre of town.

Section C: Transport20a. Getting around town in the 1920’s

Early 20th Century1901 - 1950

Image Electric trams were widely used in Liverpool at the start of the 20th century.1

A closer look:

What types of transport could be used to cross the River Mersey? What was the quickest/slowest way of travelling from Liverpool to the Wirral?



1. Research the tram-way system of Liverpool, and explain why the ‘change route’ and terminus was built at the Pier Head.

2. How did the ‘Docker’s Umbrella’ reduce traffic congestion on the dock road by separating passengers and freight in the late 19th century?

3. Explain the reasons why bus stations seem to have relocated inland from the river since 1960 to be around the Lime Street area today.

Museum of LiverpoolPost Code: L3 1DGCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Museum ofLiverpool

2

Section C: Transport20b. Getting around today by bus

Now2000 -2025

Image The Queen’s Square bus station in the city centre.


Georgian 1714 -1837

The growth of Liverpool was influenced positively by the opening of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal during the late 1700s. The canal opened up trading opportunities to many northern towns. Moving heavy materials like limestone, coal and cloth by canal was slow but cheap. The canal was opened in sections along its 127 miles route. In 1777 a section opened between Liverpool to Gathurst via Parbold and this is where the last horse-drawn barge was recorded in 1960. The Leeds and Liverpool canal prospered until the coming of road haulage by truck. Commercial canal traffic has dwindled since the 1970’s, it is now used mainly for leisure trips. In 2008 a new link was even built into the Liverpool dock system at the Pier Head, connecting it to the city centre. In 1894 the 36 mile Manchester Ship Canal opened along the River Mersey estuary at Eastham. This new canal was built in competition to Liverpool because Manchester’s business community viewed the charges imposed by Liverpool’s docks and the railway companies to be excessive. Manchester mills and factories found it often cheaper to import goods from Hull on the opposite side of the country. Manchester wanted their

own route for ocean-going vessels and for the city to become a port at Salford nearby.

The Manchester Ship Canal was bought by Peel Ports, who intend to increase the number of containers it moves to 100,000 by 2030 as part of the Atlantic Gateway Project. The Mersey Ferries also run popular leisure cruises along the Manchester Ship Canal each summer.

• A towpath let horses pull the barges without motor power

• Canals were built next to factories and mills in some towns

• Great quantities of bulky materials could be moved in one go

• There were fewer breakages on a barge than moving goods by road

• Canal movement of goods was much cheaper than using horse and cart

• Fewer workers were needed to move lots of goods by barge

• Locks were needed to keep canal water levels all the same

• Men powered barges through tunnels by ‘legging’ the tunnel roof

Key Information

Section C: Transport21a. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal

Image The Leeds - Liverpool Canal connected Yorkshire towns with Liverpool Docks.1

Notes



1. Using image 1, state what are the advantages and disadvantages of using canal transport in the 18th century. Why are canal holidays popular today?

2. Using image 2, make a sketch map of the Manchester Ship Canal route. Provide notes on the sketch map to explain why the canal was built.

3. Reseach the famous landmarks you will see on a trip going from Manchester to Liverpool on the Ship Canal.

Manchester Ship CanalPost Code: WA7 1BE Check Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

ManchesterShip Canal

Image The Manchester Ship Canal, built to avoid Liverpool Docks by Manchester merchants.

Georgian 1714 -1837

Georgian 1714 -1837

Section C: Transport21b. The Manchester Ship Canal

2



The first fully timetabled train service in the world opened between Liverpool and Manchester on September 5, 1830. The railway was built to move imported goods, mainly cotton from America, wool from Ireland and other yarns to the textile mills in towns in and around Manchester. The finished cloth was then taken back to Liverpool for export to countries all over the world. Soon this 35 mile line became more popular than the canals and road routes because it was faster and cheaper to use.

In October 1829 the owners of the railway line held a competition to decide which type of engine was best suited to run on the new line, soon to be opened. A trial was organised at Rainhill, near St Helens and a £500 prize was on offer to the winner. Of the five locomotives that

entered only one completed the trial. It was the ‘Rocket’ owned by George and Robert Stephenson. The Stephensons won the contract to produce and operate their steam engine’s rocket design on the line.

At the Liverpool end of the railway line the sandstone rock on which the city is built was a barrier to taking trains and their goods directly to the docks. Long extensive tunnels were dug from Edge Hill railway station to the north end and south end docks by the river so ship turnaround times could be improved. In 1829 the Wapping Tunnel from Edge Hill to South End docks was the first railway tunnel in the world to be operated under a city. Today Edge Hill railway station is still in use on the City Line.

Section C: Transport22a. The Liverpool to Manchester railway line

Image The first trains between Liverpool to Manchester had no passenger coach roofs.1

Notes



1. Why was the railway line built between Liverpool and Manchester??

2. Why was the railway line built between Liverpool and Manchester?

3. Research why Edge Hill train station is important in world railway history.

3. Look at image 2, why were hotels often built next to railway stations in Victorian times?

Lime Street StationPost Code: L1 1JDCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Lime StreetStation

Image The high curved station roof allowed trains to let off steam and smoke.2


Section C: Transport22b. Liverpool Lime Street is a Victorian station


Now2000 -2025

Birkenhead and Liverpool were linked by a road tunnel for the first time when the Queensway tunnel opened on July 18, 1934. Great crowds welcomed King George V and Queen Mary who arrived in the city for the official opening. The construction of the tunnel had begun on either side of the river in 1925 and they joined up in 1928. Before the tunnel was built, ferries and trains carried 35 and 10 million passengers a year respectively across the river. The new road tunnel allowed a greater movement of motor traffic under the river.

The Queensway tunnel construction was preferred to building a bridge because it was thought it would be cheaper to build and maintain. Also there was a view that the river could be blocked by a bridge if it were damaged in time of a war. The tunnel is not very deep, with the lowest

point being 170 feet below high water level in the river. At one point in the middle of the river the main tunnel is only 4 feet from the river bed. The tunnel is circular in section and needs gigantic ventilation fans working daily to keep it in operation.

With the continued increase of road traffic and congestion another tunnel was built to cope with demand. The new Kingsway tunnel was opened by Queen Elizabeth ll on June 24, 1971. This tunnel had two bores (tubes) allowing for 2 double road lanes in each direction. It was built with massive mechanical ‘moles’ that could excavate 200 feet of rock a week. Like the Queensway tunnel, the Kingsway tunnel’s running costs and maintenance are covered by toll charges paid by users. The impact of crossing the river by tunnel saw a decline in the use of the ferries.

Section C: Transport23a. Moving under the River Mersey

Image The cross section of the Queensway tunnel is a construction wonder.1

Notes


Now2000 -2025

Section C: Transport23b. The Queensway Tunnel today


1. Using image 1, explain why, where, when and how the Queensway tunnel was built.

2. Using research and image 2, write a short story of what it is like to drive through a Mersey tunnel.

3. Explain why and when, at different times in the day, the flow of traffic peaks in either direction - Liverpool to Wirral and back again.

George’s Dock BuildingPost Code: L3 1DDCheck services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

• The tunnels are lit up for safety

• There is a speed limit in each tunnel

• There is a tunnel toll charge to pay

• Tunnel traffic flow is monitored by the police

• All types of motor vehicles can use the tunnels

• It takes about 5 minutes to drive through

• Sometimes the tunnels are closed for charity events and film making

• Pedestrians are not allowed in the tunnels

Key Information

Image 2 Today the tunnels are vital in moving traffic in and out of the city centre.2


Now2000 -2025

Around 1915 Merseyside had two small airports based at the horseracing courses at Aintree and Hooton Park. There had been a tradition of making planes in the city associated with the war effort of both World Wars. An aerodrome was built south of the city on the banks of the River Mersey at Speke by Liverpool Council in 1928. Air routes in the 1930s were few, carrying mail and around 10,000 passengers a year. Popular destinations were Belfast, Blackpool, Glasgow, Isle of Man, Dublin and Amsterdam.

After World War Two the Speke aerodrome was still a small regional airport. A new runway was opened in 1966 running alongside the river and linking to the original runway which meant it increased in size. Passenger numbers grew to 500,000 by 1995. Low-cost airlines such as Easyjet (1997) and Ryanair (2002) transformed the fortunes of the airport with their cheap fares to European ‘sunshine city’ destinations. By 2003 just over 3 million passengers used the recently opened new terminal building.

The number of passengers using the airport continued to grow reaching 5.2 million in 2011. The tourism industry voted Liverpool the third most popular European city to visit in 2013. The airport is about half an hour drive away from the city centre. It is served by good local bus and train services. Many passengers arrive by taxi or car using the many large airport car parks nearby. The airport is vital to the region’s economy and especially the tourist industry. It was renamed Liverpool John Lennon Airport in 2002.

Image A view of Liverpool airport and its runway.1

Section C: Transport24a. Liverpool John Lennon Airport

© Dale Coleman

Notes

Away from large built up areas

Open flat land

Close to the city centre

Good road transport links

Land for expansion and storage

Emergency services nearby

Modern terminal building

Open spaces for car parking



1. Look at image 1. With the help of a drawing explain why the Speke area was chosen to be the original site of Liverpool airport in the 1930s and why it has continued to be developed.

2. Use the headings ‘Liverpool City Breaks and Overseas Destinations’ to explain why Liverpool John Lennon airport continues to be popular with passengers.

3. Make a list of 10 different jobs at the airport probably employing local people.

John Lennon AirportPost Code: L2Y 1YDCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image 2 Planes waiting to be loaded with passengers and cargo outside the Terminal Building.2

Mid 20th Century1950 -1975

Section C: Transport24b. LJL airport at work

John LennonAirport

Liverpool John Lennon Airport


Late 20th Century1075 - 2000

The Seaforth Dock, part of Liverpool Docks, became a purpose-built dock and container terminal in 1972. Each steel container has standardised dimensions. This means the handling system can be completely mechanised so that all handling is done with cranes and special forklift trucks. Containers can be loaded and unloaded; stacked, transported efficiently and transferred from one mode of transport to another; including container ships; rail transport flatcars; and all without being opened.

One company that has used the Port of Liverpool to export cargo, including expensive cars and agricultural machinery, is ACL. It sends a vessel every fortnight between Liverpool and Baltimore, a port on the eastern seaboard of the United States. The ACL Company uses the ‘Roll On/ Roll Off’ method to quickly turn around its ship and get it back to sea. The cargo will be waiting to go and will have been delivered locally by train or road. Once in dock it is quickly loaded on the ship, the ‘Atlantic Container’, to go back to America.

A new dockside industry that has seen great growth along the Dock Road is the recycling of scrap metal. Large piles of scrap metal can be seen on the dockside waiting to be exported to countries like Indonesia where there is a high demand for it. The scrap metal comes from old cars, factory equipment and household appliances, like fridges and washers. It has to be sorted and processed before being exported abroad by ship. The industry is of high value with regional companies making millions of pounds in profit.

Image Containerisation at the Seaforth Docks, Port of Liverpool.1

Section C: Transport25a. Containerisation in Liverpool Docks

© Peel Holdings

Containers shorten shipping time

All containers are numbered

Containers reduced losses from damage and theft

Containers can be tracked using computerised systems

Containerisation has also reduced congestion in ports

Container ports have small numbers of skilled workers



1. Using image 1, describe the benefits of containerisation over more traditional ways of handling cargo.

2. Using image 2, look up the ‘roll-on-roll-off’ method of handling cargo and explain the process in simple terms.

3. Using image 3, suggest why scrap metal companies are not always popular with local residents.

Port of LiverpoolPost Code: L21 1JDCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image 2 The Atlantic Container ship.

Port of Liverpool

Now2000 -2025

Section C: Transport25b. Ships loading at Liverpool Docks

2 Image 2 Loading scrap in the Port of Liverpool.3


Now2000 -2025

The river Mersey has provided Liverpool with many opportunities for trade in the past. However, the river is also a communication barrier. The narrowest crossing point downstream from Liverpool is between Widnes and Runcorn known locally as the Runcorn Gap. Here a railway bridge was opened in 1868 and a road transporter bridge was built later in 1905. With the continued increase in road traffic in the region since World War Two, engineers were challenged to come up with bridge designs for crossing the river.

In 1961, the Silver Jubilee Road Bridge opened to provide local towns with better links to the emerging motorway system in the region. It was designed with four lanes catering for 9000 vehicles a day and it now carries ten times that amount. Road vehicles have got larger and heavier

so bridge repair work has been essential. Repair work causes some bridge lane closures and sometimes long delays especially at peak times. Drivers then have to be patient as there is no close alternative route to cross the river.

As the number of vehicles has continued to increase into this century, another toll bridge has been commissioned by Halton Council called The Mersey Gateway. This bridge is planned to bring prosperity to the region and will open in 2017. It will be a six-lane road bridge, to be built close to the Silver Jubilee Bridge. The route of the Mersey Gateway will be from junction 12 on the M56 in the south to the A62 Speke Road in Widnes, in the north. To use the new bridge drivers will pay a toll similar to the one at the Mersey Tunnels.

Image The regional map of local motorways.1

Section C: Transport26a. The Widnes to Runcorn Bridge

Key Information:

The new Halton bridge will be the nearest point of river crossing to the Mersey Tunnels.

When complete, drivers will pay a toll to cross the new bridge, and will also pay to cross the existing Silver Jubilee bridge.

Local residents will be given a discount.


Now2000 -2025

Section C: Transport26b. The new Mersey gateway road bridge

© www.merseygateway.co.uk


1. Using image 1, explain why the River Mersey has been a barrier to rail and road links in the past.

2. Research the road transporter bridge between Widnes and Runcorn, find out how it worked and say why you think it was replaced.

3. Using image 2, trace a sketch of the site of the new Mersey Gateway Bridge also showing the location of Liverpool, then research this building project.

Fiddler’s FerryPost Code: WA7 1DFCheck Services and times:www.merseytravel.gov.uk

Image 2 The route of the proposed Mersey Gateway road bridge.2

Fiddler’sFerry

Liverpool City Centre


Now2000 -2025

The building of the High Speed 2 railway is scheduled to start in 2017 and its first section between London and Birmingham should be completed by 2026. The line is planned to be extended to the cities of Manchester, Leeds and to Scotland later. The speed of the train will be 225mph - much faster than today’s fastest train of 125mph. There is little debate that the shrinking journey times around the United Kingdom should encourage travellers and businesses to explore further and see more of the country and do it more often.

At present Liverpool is not on the first plan for a high speed connection. Local business leaders are demanding that the HS2 plans are changed to include Liverpool as they fear that investment for the future will follow the line and the city will miss out on new jobs and new industry. A new rail link from the capital will cut journey times from London to an hour and half instead of today’s two hours and ten minutes, making visits here more popular.

The HS2 should also be good for the rail freight business. As the port continues to expand to take the world’s largest container ships, rapid movement by rail instead of the congested motorways would be a great advantage to attract new business to the city. These developments will need new terminals and connections to be built in Liverpool. There will be a need to debate the impact such changes will have on the environment against the social benefits of new employment opportunities for the future. Rail travel has a lower impact on the environment than freight being transported by vehicles on the road.

Image The proposed routes for HS2 to the North of England.1

Section C: Transport27a. High Speed 2 rail link routes

BIRMINGHAM

© hs2engineforgrowth

Notes

MANCHESTER

MANCHESTER AIRPORT

LEEDS

OLD OAK COMMON

SHEFFIELD MEADOWHALL

EAST MIDLANDS

BIRMINGHAM INTERCHANGE

LONDON


FuturePost 2025

Section C: Transport27b. High Speed 2 fast trains and track


1. Using image 1, explain why the government is investing such a large amount of money into the High Speed 2 railway line.

2. Using image 2, state what are the advantages and disadvantages for people in the Liverpool region of living close to the HS2 railway line?

3. Explain why local businesses are asking the government to connect Liverpool to Crewe with an HS2 rail link.

High Speed 2 TrainCheck latest news at:www.hst.org.uk

Image 2 An artist’s vision of train travel in the future.2

High Speed 2 Train

• Liverpool is not on the new HS2 route yet

• Liverpool connections now share freight train routes

• The existing platforms are too short for new HS2 trains

• The existing tracks cannot take 250mph HS2 trains

• Liverpool would need a new station HS2 terminus

• The HS2 project will cost £40 billion and be ready in 2032

Key Information


Now2000 - 2025

Section D: Sources28. The city centre and River Mersey


Now2000 - 2025

Section D: Sources29. The River Mersey down stream


Section D: Sources30. Liverpool Docks growth since Old Dock 1715

The image above shows the names and location of some of the many Liverpool Docks

Gladstone 1927

Nelson 1848

Albert 1845

Hornby 1884

Stanley 1848

Kings 1781

Alexandria 1881

Clarence 1830

Queens 1796

Brocklebank 1881

Victoria 1836

Coburg 1753

Canada 1859

Waterloo 1834

Brunswick 1832

Huskisson 1862

Princes 1821

Toxteth 1884

Wellington 1849

Canning 1829

Harrington 1883

Bramley-Moore 1848

Salthouse 1753

Herculaneum 1864

The table above shows the names of Liverpool docks and when they were opened

Notes:

18th & 19th Century


Georgian1714 - 1837

Section D: Sources31. A map of Liverpool 1768



Section D: Sources32. Liverpool John Lennon Airport destinations

Now2000 - 2025


A Walkable City

Section D: Sources33. Liverpool population growth 1800 - to now

Now2000 - 2025


Section D: Sources34. Liverpool city centre street map

Key

Times are estimates only

A Walkable City

Key

Notes

Now2000 - 2025


Section D: Sources35. Liverpool from the air in 2007

Now2000 - 2025


Section D: Sources36. The regions major roads and motorways

Now2000 - 2025


Merseytravel - Mann Island - The Strand - LiverpoolTelephone: 0151-330-1313

This resource can be downloaded for free at: www.merseytravel.gov.uk/education


Documents

A Place in Time, the Development of Liverpool City Centre