Name______________________________ Period___Mrs. Zupo

POETRYENGLISH 9 HONORS

HOW TO ANALYZE A POEM

LOOK

Titleo What might this poem be about?

Structureo Is there one?o How are sentences arranged?o What was the poet’s purpose?o Rhyme scheme?

Other elements to note?

READ TO HEAR

First impression o Who’s the speaker?o What is the tone?o What words support this tone?o Is there rhythm? Beat? Count the syllables. This will help determine the beat.o Does sound impact the feel of the poem?

General feeling

READ TO NOTICE

Figurative language present (simile, metaphor, personification, etc…)?

Sound devices present (alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia)? Identify.

READ FOR ANALYSIS

Vocabulary barriers? Look up definitions. Footnotes available? Read them. Paraphrase. Translate meaning into your own words. What is the central idea? Why did the poet write this poem?

LISTEN

1) First impression a. Who’s the speaker?

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Introduction to Poetry Billy Collins

I ask them to take a poem and hold it up to the light like a color slide

or press an ear against its hive.

I say drop a mouse into a poem and watch him probe his way out,

or walk inside the poem’s room and feel the walls for a light switch.

I want them to waterski across the surface of a poem waving at the author’s name on the shore.

But all they want to do is tie the poem to a chair with rope and torture a confession out of it.

They begin beating it with a hose to find out what it really means.

LISTEN

1) First impression a. Who’s the speaker?

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LOOK

1) Title --- What might this poem be about?

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2) Structurea. Is there a structure?

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b. What was the poet’s purpose?

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1cholla – spiny cactus found in Southwestern US in Mexico.

LOOK

Title --- What might this poem be about?

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Structure

Is there a structure? What does the poem look like visually?

__________________________________________

What was the poet’s purpose?

__________________________________________

LISTEN

First impression

Who’s the speaker?______________________________

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What is the tone? What words support this tone?______________________________

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NOTICE

Figurative language present (simile, metaphor, personification, etc…)?

Highlight and label.

Sound devices present?

Highlight and label.

ANALYZE

Identify three actions that the storm takes:__________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the effect of personification?______________________________

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What is the central idea of this poem?______________________________

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A Voice -- Pat MoraEven the lights on the stage unrelentingas the desert sun couldn’t hide the otherstudents, their eyes also unrelenting,students who spoke English every night

as they ate their meat, potatoes, gravy.Not you. In your house that smelled likerose powder, you spoke Spanish formalas your father, the judge without a courtroom

in the country he floated to in the darkon a flatbed truck. He walked slowas a hot river down the narrow hallof your house. You never dared to race past him,

to say, “Please move,” in languageyou learned effortlessly, as you learned to run, the language forbidden at home, though your mother said you learned it to fight with the neighbors.

You liked winning with words. You likedwriting speeches about patriotism and democracy. You liked all the faces looking at you, all those eyes. “How did I do it?” you ask me now. “How did I do it

when my parents didn’t understand?”The family story says your voice is the voiceof an aunt in Mexico, spunky as a peacock.Family stories sing of what lives in the blood.

You told me only once about the time you wentto the state capitol, your family proud as ifyou’d been named governor. But when you looked around, the only Mexican in the auditorium,

you wanted to hide from those strange faces.Their eyes were pinpricks, and you fakedhoarseness. You, who are never at a lossfor words, felt your breath stick in your throat

like an ice-cube. “I can’t,” you whispered. “I can’t.” Yet you did. Not that day but years later. You taught the four of us to speak up. This is America, Mom. The undo-able is done

in the next generation. Your breath movesthrough the family like the windmoves through the trees.

LOOK

Title --- What might this poem be about?

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Structure

Is there a structure? What does the poem look like visually?____________________________________

Based on punctuation, how should you read this poem?____________________________________

Why do you think the ending changes form?

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LISTEN

First impression

Who’s the speaker?____________________________________

What is the tone? What words support this tone?____________________________________

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NOTICE

Figurative language present?Label the highlighted sections.

ANALYZEWhat is the central idea of this poem?____________________________________

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The Road Not Taken ROBERT FROST

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both

And be one traveler, long I stood

And looked down one as far as I could

To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim,

Because it was grassy and wanted wear;

Though as for that the passing there

Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.

Oh, I kept the first for another day!

Yet knowing how way leads on to way,

I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence:

Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

LOOK

Title --- What might this poem be about?

____________________________________

Structure

Is there a structure? What does the poem look like visually?____________________________________

Is there a rhyme scheme? What is it?

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LISTEN

First impression

Who’s the speaker?____________________________________

What is the tone? What words support this tone?_____________________________________

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NOTICE

Figurative language present?Label the highlighted sections.

Vocabulary (define)

Diverged

Undergrowth

I will read the poem aloud to you. As I read, try to get a general idea of what this poem is about. I will then read the poem a second time; during the second reading, I will ask you to draw a picture detailing the literal meaning of the poem. Draw the picture in the space below.

ANALYZEWhat road did the speaker travel? (Copy the line from the poem that proves your answer.)

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Does the speaker have a difficult time choosing one road over the other? _________ Can you tell, based on the last two lines, whether this was the right choice? Explain.____________________________________________________________________________________

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Look at the poem symbolically. What might the following elements REPRESENT?

Two roads ___________________________________________________________________

The road that was “grassy and wanted wear”__________________________________________

Yellow wood (Hint: think season. How old do you think the traveler might be?)______________

The title of this poem is “The Road Not Taken.” Why isn’t the title “The Road Less Traveled”? Which title has a more positive connotation? Why?

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I Wandered Lonely as a CloudWILLIAM WORDSWORTH

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o'er vales and hills,

When all at once I saw a crowd,

A host, of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine

And twinkle on the milky way,

They stretched in never-ending line

Along the margin of a bay:

Ten thousand saw I at a glance,

Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they

Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:

A poet could not but be gay,

In such a jocund company:

I gazed—and gazed—but little thought

What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie

In vacant or in pensive mood,

They flash upon that inward eye

Which is the bliss of solitude;

LOOK

Title --- What might this poem be about?

____________________________________

Structure

Is there a structure? What does the poem look like visually?____________________________________

Is there a rhyme scheme? Label the first stanza.Is there a beat? What is it?____________________________________

LISTEN

First impression

Who’s the speaker?____________________________________

Compare the tone of line 1 to the tone of line 6. In what way has the tone shifted?______________________________________

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NOTICE

Figurative language present? Label the highlighted lines.

To what does the speaker compare the daffodils in the simile in lines 7-8?_________________________________________

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Vocabulary (define)Jocund

Pensive

Solitude

What is the central idea of this poem?________________________________________________________________________

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And then my heart with pleasure fills,

And dances with the daffodils.

The World Is Too Much With Us

William Wordsworth

The world is too much with us; late and soon,

Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers;—

Little we see in Nature that is ours;

We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!

This Sea that bares her bosom to the moon;

The winds that will be howling at all hours,

And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers;

For this, for everything, we are out of tune;

It moves us not. Great God! I’d rather be

A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn;

So might I, standing on this pleasant lea,

Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn;

Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea;

Or hear old Triton blow his wreathèd horn.

LOOK

Title --- What might this poem be about?

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Structure

How many lines does this poem have? What type of poem is this?____________________________________

Is there a rhyme scheme? Label it.

LISTEN

Is there a beat? What is it?How many syllables in line 1 ____How many syllables in line 3____

Is there a beat? What is it?____________________________________

Who’s the speaker?____________________________________

What is the tone? What words support this tone?_____________________________________

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NOTICE

Figurative language present? Label the highlighted lines.

Vocabulary (define)Sordid

Boon

Pagan

creed

lea

forlorn

What is the central idea of this poem?_________________________________

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We grow accustomed to the Dark – Emily Dickinson

We grow accustomed to the Dark - When light is put away - As when the Neighbor holds the LampTo witness her Goodbye - 

A Moment - We uncertain stepFor newness of the night - Then - fit our Vision to the Dark - And meet the Road - erect - 

And so of larger - Darknesses - Those Evenings of the Brain - When not a Moon disclose a sign - Or Star - come out - within - 

The Bravest - grope a little - And sometimes hit a TreeDirectly in the Forehead - But as they learn to see - 

Either the Darkness alters - Or something in the sightAdjusts itself to Midnight - And Life steps almost straight. 

LOOK

Title --- What might this poem be about? ____________________________________

Structure -- Is there a structure? What does the poem look like visually?________________________________________

What’s up with all of the capital letters?_________________________________________

LISTEN

Is there a beat? What is it?How many syllables in line 1 ____How many syllables in line 2____How many syllables in line 3 ____How many syllables in line 4____

What is the meter?______________________

Who’s the speaker?____________________________________

NOTICE

Dickinson creates a contrast between light and darkness. What are the deeper connotations of these words?

Light = _________________________ Darkness = ______________________

What do you think “Evenings of the Brain” might be (line 10)?__________________________________________________________________________________

What is the effect of the rhyme that ends a line but not a thought? Does it stand out more or less? ____________________________________

How is this effective in this poem?_________________________________________

Dickinson is known for her use of the dash. How does it enhance the meaning of this poem?__________________________________________________________________________________

What is the central idea of this poem?_________________________________

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Poet's Page

Hope is the thing with feathers -Emily Dickinson

“Hope” is the thing with feathers—That perches in the soul—And sings the tune without the words—And never stops—at all—

And sweetest—in the Gale—is heard—And sore must be the storm—That could abash the little BirdThat kept so many warm—

I've heard it in the chillest land—And on the strangest Sea—Yet, never, in Extremity,It asked a crumb—of Me. 

What is the central idea of this poem?_________________________________

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LOOK

Title --- What might this poem be about? ____________________________________

Structure -- Is there a structure? What does the poem look like visually?________________________________________

What’s up with all of the capital letters?_________________________________________

LISTEN

Is there a beat? What is it?How many syllables in line 1 ____How many syllables in line 2____How many syllables in line 3 ____How many syllables in line 4____

What is the meter?______________________

Who’s the speaker?____________________________________

NOTICE

Where in the second stanza could you replace a dash with a period to signify the end of a sentence? _____________________________________

When does hope sing sweetest?__________________________________________________________________________________

What stanza does Dickinson utilize slant rhyme? ____________________________________

To what is hope metaphorically compared?

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What other words/phrases have metaphoric meanings associated with hard times in life?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

LOOK

Title --- What might this poem be about? ____________________________________

Structure -- Is there a structure? What does the poem look like visually?________________________________________

What’s up with all of the capital letters?_________________________________________

LISTEN

Is there a beat? What is it?How many syllables in line 1 ____How many syllables in line 2____How many syllables in line 3 ____

Much Madness is divinest Sense --Emily Dickinson

Much Madness is divinest Sense -To a discerning Eye -Much Sense - the starkest Madness -`Tis the MajorityIn this, as All, prevail -Assent - and you are sane -Demur - you`re straightaway dangerous -And handled with a Chain – 

What does this poem say about how people must relate to others in order to be viewed as safe?_________________________________

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What is the central idea of this poem?_________________________________

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LOOK

Title --- What might this poem be about? ____________________________________

Structure -- Is there a structure? What does the poem look like visually?________________________________________

What’s up with all of the capital letters?_________________________________________

LISTEN

Is there a beat? What is it?How many syllables in line 1 ____How many syllables in line 2____How many syllables in line 3 ____

Name__________________________________ Write a stanza in Emily Dickinson style

AdorationAmazementAnger AnxietyApprehensionClarityDelightDespair DisappointmentDisbelief ExcitementFascinationFriendshipGrief HappinessHateHelpfulnessHelplessnessInfatuationJoy LoveMiseryPain PleasurePower PrideRelaxationRelief RomanceSadnessSatisfactionSillinessSorrowStrengthSurpriseTirednessUncertaintyWearinessWorry

TrustWarmthWeaknessWisdomWitBeautyBraveryBrillianceBrutalityCalmCharityColdnessCompassionConfidenceContentmentCourageCuriosityDedicationDeterminationEgoEleganceEnthusiasmEnvyEvilFear GenerosityGoodnessGraciousnessHatredHonesty

Honor 

1. Choose an abstract noun from the list, or come up with your own abstract noun. Write it on the line below.

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2. Create a metaphor by comparing your abstract noun to something it wouldn’t normally be paired with. (e.g., “Hope is a thing with feathers—“)________________ is a _______________

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3. Continue the metaphor by using words that associate with the comparison. (e.g., The metaphor, “Hope is a thing with feathers—,“ continues by using words “perches,” “sings,” “tune,”). List some words that go with the metaphor you created in #2

4. Craft and Structure:

Lines 1 and 3 should have 8 syllablesLines 2 and 4 should have 6 syllablesLines 2 and 4 should rhyme (or have slant rhyme)Use dashes

5. Write a rough draft of your stanza here:

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6. Count your syllables.

7. Check your rhyme.

8. Fix where needed.

9. Write the final draft of your stanza here:

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Peer Reviewer Name_________________

Syllables correct: YES or NO.

Rhyme correct: YES or NO.

Eldorado Edgar Allan Poe

Gaily bedight,A gallant knight,In sunshine and in shadow,Had journeyed long,Singing a song,In search of Eldorado.

But he grew old-This knight so bold-And o'er his heart a shadowFell as he foundNo spot of groundThat looked like Eldorado.

And, as his strengthFailed him at length,He met a pilgrim shadow-"Shadow," said he,"Where can it be-This land of Eldorado?"

"Over the MountainsOf the Moon,Down the Valley of the Shadow,Ride, boldly ride,"The shade replied-"If you seek for Eldorado!" 

1. _____The words gaily, gallant, and singing in the first stanza suggest a feeling of A. sorrowB. optimismC. drunkennessD. seriousness

2. _____ In the third stanza, what is the phrase a pilgrim shadow most likely referring to?A. a dark spot in his mindB. a ghost or spiritC. an area without sunlight

Read through one of Edgar Allan Poe’s last poems: “Eldorado.” The word Eldorado refers to a mythical city of gold dating back to the Spanish exploration of South America (Columbia) back in 1535. Poe wrote the poem in 1849, which happened to be during the California Gold Rush.

El Dorado is a Spanish word that translates as “the golden one” in English.

Quick Tips:

Count the syllables per line and you’ll see a pattern. Map out the rhyme scheme. Note obvious examples of repetition (any words repeated in certain lines, stanzas?). Do your usual annotation to help you gain a better understanding of the poem in front of you.

Oh yes, the word “bedight” means adorned or decorated. The word before bedight is a word you should know, though not the meaning you usually see.

D. a dark-skinned traveler

3. _____ Which stanza demonstrates the literal meaning of the word shadow?A. 1st stanzaB. 2nd stanzaC. 3rd stanzaD. 4th stanza

4. _____Based on the information in the fourth stanza, which of the following is MOST likely to happen?A. The knight will soon find Eldorado.B. The knight will lose his life to the shadow.C. The knight will take his own life.D. The knight will not find Eldorado in this lifetime.

5. _____ What information supports the idea that Eldorado is a wonderful place?A. It is very difficult to find.B. The knight has spent many years searching for it.C. It is a happy place.D. It is a place with much sunlight.

6. _____ The difference between the knight’s knowledge of Eldorado and the shadow’s knowledge of Eldorado is BEST expressed by which statement?

A. The knight wants to find Eldorado, but the shadow knows it is a bad place.B. The knight knows where Eldorado is but the shadow does not.C. The knight knows everything about Eldorado, but the shadow knows nothing.D. The knight does not know where Eldorado is but the shadow does.

7. _____How does the shadow respond when the knight asks it for help?A. The shadow encourages the knight.B. The shadow misleads the knight.C. The shadow does not answer.D. The shadow becomes angry.

8. _____ This poem conveys a sense ofA. desperationB. unrequited loveC. hatredD. satisfaction

9. _____ Which sentence BEST describes the theme of this poem?A. Bravery is not always rewarded.B. Paradise cannot be found in this world.C. Hard work pays off in the end.D. Life is too short.

10. _____What is ironic about the shadow’s reply in the fourth stanza?A. The shadow seems happy. B. It proves that Eldorado does exist.C. It is just the knight’s imagination.D. The shadow’s directions are impossible to follow.

11. _____In which stanza does a mood of despair first appear?A. 1st stanzaB. 2nd stanza

C. 3rd stanzaD. 4th stanza

12. _____ The poetry of Edgar Allan Poe combining mystery with dark romanticism. What is the best way to write the underlined portion of the sentence?

A. The poetry of Edgar Allan Poe combinedB. The poetry of Edgar Allan Poe will be combiningC. The poetry of Edgar Allan Poe could combineD. Leave as is.

13. _________ its lack of positive feedback, the publication of Poe’s first collection of poems gave him the confidence to continue writing. Which is the best option to fill in the blank?

A. Because ofB. Due toC. DespiteD. For

14. _____ Best known for his tales of mystery and macabre, Poe was one of the earliest examples of gruesome and gory American storytelling. Which word best explains the meaning of “macabre”?

A. mysteriousB. horrifyingC. deceptiveD. optimistic

15. What do you think this poem is about? What is “Eldorado”? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RavenEdgar Allan Poe

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.''Tis some visitor,' I muttered, 'tapping at my chamber door-Only this, and nothing more.'

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.Eagerly I wished the morrow;- vainly I had sought to borrowFrom my books surcease of sorrow- sorrow for the lost Lenore-For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore-Nameless here for evermore.

And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtainThrilled me- filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating,''Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door-Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;-This it is, and nothing more.'

Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,'Sir,' said I, 'or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,That I scarce was sure I heard you'- here I opened wide the door;-Darkness there, and nothing more.

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering,fearing,Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before;But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, 'Lenore!'This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, 'Lenore!'-Merely this, and nothing more.

Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.'Surely,' said I, 'surely that is something at my window lattice:Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore-Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;-'Tis the wind and nothing more.'

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quaintvolume

bleakemberwroughtsurcease

entreating

latticethereat

Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore;Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door-Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door-Perched, and sat, and nothing more.

Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore.'Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,' I said, 'art sure no craven,Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the Nightly shore-Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!'Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,Though its answer little meaning- little relevancy bore;For we cannot help agreeing that no living human beingEver yet was blest with seeing bird above his chamber door-Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door,With such name as 'Nevermore.'

But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke onlyThat one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.Nothing further then he uttered- not a feather then he fluttered-Till I scarcely more than muttered, 'other friends have flown before-On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before.'Then the bird said, 'Nevermore.'

Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,'Doubtless,' said I, 'what it utters is its only stock and store,Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful DisasterFollowed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore-Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden boreOf 'Never- nevermore'.'

But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling,Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and door;Then upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linkingFancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore-What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt and ominous bird of yoreMeant in croaking 'Nevermore.'

This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressingTo the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease recliningOn the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated o'er,

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obeisancemien“Bust of Pallas”

ebonybeguilingstern decorumcountenancecrestshornshavencraven“Night’s Plutonian shore”nevermore marveledungainlydiscourserelevancy

placid

dirgesmelancholy

beguilingominousgrimungainlyghastlygaunt

But whose velvet violet lining with the lamplight gloating o'er,She shall press, ah, nevermore!

Then methought the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censerSwung by Seraphim whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor.'Wretch,' I cried, 'thy God hath lent thee- by these angels he hath sent theeRespite- respite and nepenthe, from thy memories of Lenore!Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!'Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

'Prophet!' said I, 'thing of evil!- prophet still, if bird or devil!-Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted-On this home by horror haunted- tell me truly, I implore-Is there- is there balm in Gilead?- tell me- tell me, I implore!'Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

'Prophet!' said I, 'thing of evil- prophet still, if bird or devil!By that Heaven that bends above us- by that God we both adore-Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore-Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.'Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

'Be that word our sign in parting, bird or fiend,' I shrieked, upstarting-'Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore!Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken!Leave my loneliness unbroken!- quit the bust above my door!Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!'Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'

And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sittingOn the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming,And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floorShall be lifted- nevermore! 

Name(s) ________________________________________________ Mrs. Zupo

Directions: Write your FINAL assigned stanza translations for “The Raven” on the lines below; use BLUE/BLACK ink. Label the stanza # in the space provided.

Stanza #

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Stanza #

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Lyric poem - A poem, such as a sonnet or an ode, that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet.Sonnet – a fourteen-line lyric poem consisting of three quatrains and a couplet Narrative poem - A poem that tells a story. It follows a similar structure as that for a short story or novel. Stanza - a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a usually recurring pattern of

meter and rhymeFree Verse - is a form of poetry that refrains from meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern.Blank Verse – unrhymed iambic pentameterRefrain - is a repeated part of a poem, particularly at the end of a stanza or between two stanzas

Sound devicesRhyme – having a regular correspondence of sounds, especially at the ends of lines.

Rhyme scheme – The pattern of rhyme recurrences in a stanza.End rhyme is rhyming at the ends of lines.Internal rhyme is rhyming within lines, as in “I see a bumblebee.”Slant rhyme is a near rhyme, as in “What did the wind/ Seek to find?

Rhythm - an ordered recurrent alternation of strong and weak elements in the flow of sound and silence in Speech

Meter (the rhythmical pattern in a poem) Meter in poetry is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Stressed syllables are signified by / and unstressed syllables by u. There are multiple meter patterns but the four most prevalent are:

1. iambic: u / Example: hello2. trochaic: / u Example: under; most nursery rhymes3. dactylic: / u u Example: canopy4. anapestic: u u / Example: understand

Alliteration - the commencement of two or more words of a word group with the same letterAssonance -Also called vowel rhyme. Prosody . Rhyme in which the same vowel sounds are used with different consonants in the stressed syllables of the rhyming words, as in penitent and reticence. Consonance - the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in short successionOnomatopoeia - the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it

Figurative languageImagery - It is the usage of details and descriptions in order to create a sensory experience for the readerSimile - two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or asMetaphor - The comparison of one thing to another without the use of like or asPersonification - the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notionsHyperbole - an extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literallySymbol - Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something invisibleAllusion – a reference in a work of literature to another literary or historical work, figure, or eventTone – designates the attitude that a literary speaker expresses toward his/her subject matter and audienceMood - The atmosphere that pervades a literary work with the intention of evoking a certain emotion or

feeling from the audience.Repetition - is the simple repeating of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular

placement of the words, in order to emphasizeParallelism - Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses

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