A photo album of jews life during world war 2

The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored perse-cution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators.

“Holocaust” is a word of Greek origin meaning “sacrifice by fire.” The Na-zis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Ger-mans were “racially superior” and that the Jews, deemed “inferior,” were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or influence dur-ing World War II.

In Germany 500,000 of the population were Jews. They represented less than 1% of the population, 1/3 lived in Berlin. The Jewish residential dis-trict was centered on Oranienburger Strasse and the district of Schenen-viertel. The Jewish population had in average higher education and in-come than the ordinary German. The German Jews were fully integrated into German society

Two German Jewish families at a gatheing before the war. Only two people in this group survived the Holocaust. Germany, 1928.

Recently appointed as German chancellor, Adolf Hitler greets PresidentPaul von Hindenburg in Potsdam, Germany, on March 21, 1933.

Members of a Jewish family walking along a Berlin street wear thecompulsory Star of David. Berlin, Germany, September 27, 194

Recently appointed as German chancellor, Adolf Hitler greets PresidentPaul von Hindenburg in Potsdam, Germany, on March 21, 1933.

Those who were political opponents of the Nazi policies, was in the early 1930s sent to the newly established labor and concentration camps.

Discrimination and persecution of Jews began in 1933; it was SA (Stur-mabteilung: Nazi Party uniformed support) who conducted terrorist acts against the Jewish citizens. Jewish stores was boycotted and painted with a Star of David. Several Jewish businessmen lost their high official positions. In 1933 there were 100,000 businesses in Germany, in 1938 the number had fallen to 40,000.

Between 1935 and 1939 the Jews were stripped of their civil rights that would protect the German blood, race and honor. Additionally, in the period adopted other laws and regulations against the Jews. Jews were also excluded from schools, universities, cinemas, theaters and cinemas

A motorcyclist reads a sign stating “Jews are not welcomed here.”

Germany, ca. 1935.

Nazi propaganda poster warning Germans about the dangers of east

European “subhumans.” Germany, date uncertain.

SA men in front of Jewish-owned store urge a boycott with the signs reading “Germans Defend Yourselves Do not buy from Jews”

Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933

SA men in front of Jewish-owned store urge a boycott with the signs reading “Germans Defend Yourselves Do not buy from Jews”

Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933Windows of a Jewish-owned store painted with the word “Jude” (Jew).

Berlin, Germany, June 19, 1938.

JPassports issued to a German Jewish couple, with “J” for “Jude” stamped on the cards. Karlsruhe, Germany, December 29, 1938.

In 1938 it was legalized to discrimi�nate and persecute Jews because Grünspan Herschel, who was a Polish jew, murdered a German diplomat in Paris.

The Nazis used the assassination as an excuse to devastate, de-stroy and terrorize Jewish build-ings and shops.

This happened at night between 9th and 10th of November, known as Kristallnacht because of the many shards of glass from broken windows.

Portrait of Herschel Grynszpan taken after his arrest by French authori-ties for the assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath.

Jewish-owned shop destroyed during Kristallnacht (the “Night of Bro-ken Glass”). Berlin, Germany, November 1938.

The Boerneplatz synagogue in flames during Kristallnacht (the “Night of Broken Glass”). Frankfurt am Main, Germany, November 10, 1938.

A private Jewish home vandalized during Kristallnacht (the “Night of Bro-ken Glass” pogrom). Vienna, Austria, November 10, 1938.

Jews arrested after Kristallnacht (the “Night of Broken Glass”) await de-portation to Dachau concentration camp. Baden-Baden,

Germany, November 10, 1938

Roll call for newly arrived prisoners, mostly Jews arrested during Kristall-nacht (the “Night of Broken Glass”),at the Buchenwald concentration camp.

Buchenwald, Germany, 1938

Members of the SS and police speak among themselves during a roll call at the Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, Germany, 1938-1940.

View of a section of the barbed-wire fence and barracks at Auschwitz at the time of the liberation of the camp. Auschwitz, Poland, January 1945.

In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or influence during World War II. By 1945, the Germans and their collabo-rators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the “Final Solution,” the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe.

To concentrate and monitor the Jewish population as well as to facilitate later deportation of the Jews, the Germans and their collaborators cre-ated ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews during the war years.

After the German occupation of Poland, many Jews were sent to Polish concentration camps, which were built to exterminate the Jews. The Jews were led into gas chambers, which were camouflaged as showers.

Prisoners at forced labor in the Siemens factory. Auschwitz camp, Poland, 1940-1944.

Prisoners at forced labor build the Dove-Elbe canal. Neuengamme con-centration camp, Germany, 1941-1942.

Identification pictures of a Jewish inmate of the Auschwitz camp. Poland, between 1940 and 1945.

Hungarian Jews on their way to the gas chambers. Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland, May 1944.

In the final months of the war, SS guards moved camp inmates by train or on forced marches, often called “death marches” in an attempt to prevent the Allied liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As Allied forces moved across Europe in a series of offensives against Germany, they began to encounter and liberate concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners en route by forced march from one camp to another. The marches con-tinued until May 7, 1945, the day the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies.

Six million Jews died during World War 2.

In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. Be-tween 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emi-grated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957.

Bombing raid over part of the Auschwitz camp. Auschwitz, Poland, August 1944

Soon after liberation, surviving children of the Auschwitz camp walk out of the children’s barracks. Poland, after January 27, 1945.

Soon after liberation, a Soviet physician examines Auschwitz campsurvivors. Poland, February 18, 1945.

American military personnel view corpses in the Buchenwald concentra-tion camp.This photograph was taken after the liberation of the camp.

Germany, April 18, 1945.

A girl in the Kloster Indersdorf children’s center who was photographed in an attempt to help locate surviving relatives. Such photographs of both Jewish and non-Jewish children were published in newspapers

to facilitate the reunification of families. Germany, after May 1945.

THE HOLOCAUST AND WORLD WAR 2 TIMELINE

1933January the 30th: President Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler Chancellor of GermanyApril the 1st: First nationwide boycott of Jewish shops and institutions.April the 25th: A law against overcrowded schools is adopted. The number of Jewish and female teachers is limited.

1935July the 14th to 18th: Anti-Jewish demonstrations toke place in BerlinNovember the 14th: Jews denied the right to vote and to hold public office

1936January the 6th: Jewish tax advisers are denied permission to work.April the 3rd: Jewish vets are denied the right to practice

1937February the 13th: Prohibition of Jewish notaries.May the 8th: Jews are denied the opportunity to take medical exam.November the 4th: Jewish citizens are prohibited from using the German greeting: Heil Hitler.

1938April the 26th: Jewish fortunes of more than 5000 Reichsmark are made notifiable.July the 25th: Jewish doctors are stripped of their authorityJuly the 31st: Jews are forbidden to receive Aryan heritage.September the 27th: Prohibition against hiring Jewish lawyers.October the 5th: Law on involvement of the Jew passport. All newly passports to Jews are marked with a J.November the 9th and 8th: KristallnachtNovember the 12th: Jews are imposed a collective fine of one billion Reichsmark because of Kristallnacht.November the 15th: Jewish children are denied access to public schools.December the 3rd: Jews are stripped of their license and is prohibited from driving vehicles throughout Germany.December the 6th: Jews are denied access to certain neighborhoods in Berlin.December the 8th: Jewish students are thrown out of universities and higher education institutions.

1940January the 23rd: Jews do not any more receive rationing tickets for clothes.February: Jews from the “Jew Houses” are transported to Polish ghettoes.April the 9th: Germany invades Denmark and NorwayJuly the 29th: Jews are not allowed to have a telephone.

1941July the 12th to 13th: British aircraft throws 82 tons of explosives bombs over Berlin.September the 18th: Jews are only permitted to use public transport with special permission.September the 19th: Jews have to from the age of 6 years wear the Star of David with the scripture Jew on the left chest side.October the 1st: Jewish citizens are denied emigration from Germany.December the 7th: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor and the U.S. declares war the next dayDecember the 12th: Jews are denied to use public telephones.

1939January the 17th: Jewish dentists, dental technicians, veterinarians, pharmacists, medical practitioners and nurses are denied work permit.January the 30th: In the Reichstag Hitler declares “extermination of the Jewish race in Europe” in the event of war.February the 21st: Jews who own precious metals, pearls and precious stones are forced to hand over their property.March the 11th: Jews are excluded from military service.April the 30th: Jewish housing tenants are forced to move out of Aryan houses and are forced to move to “Jew Houses”.September the 1st: September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland, starting World War II in EuropeSeptember the 30th: Jews must hand in their radios

1942January the 20th: On a conference in Wannsee it is decided that all Jews must be executed. The Nazis calculated the number to be around 11 million Jews.February: The Jews lose their rights and have to mark their houses with the David-Star.June the 30th: All Jewish schools are closed down.September the 27th: On the English radio station BCC the emigrant writer Thomas Mann reveals the Nazi mass murder of Jews. Germans heard the broadcast.October the 5th: Heinrich Himmler, head of SS (Schutzstaffel) and Minister of the Interior, commanded that all Jews in the German concentration camps are to be deported to Auschwitz.

1943April the 30th: Jews are deprived of German nationality.December the 31st: Germany is in war with 43 countries.

1944June the 6th: D-Day: Allied forces invade Normandy, France

1945January the 27th: Soviet troops liberate the Auschwitz camp complexApril the 14th: Himmler commands that no prisoners may be alive when the concentration camps are vacated.April the 15th: British troops liberate the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen.April the 22nd: Soviet and Polish troops liberate concentration tenant Sachsenhausen.April the 25th: The red army surrounds Berlin. 1500 combat aircraft attacks Berlin.April the 30th: Hitler commits suicide.May the 2nd: Berlin capitulates.May the 7th: Germany surrenders to the western AlliesMay the 9th: Germany surrenders to the Soviets

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sourcesDet Tredje Rige: Fælleskab og Forbrydelse af Peter Frederiksen: Kapitel 9 og 13.Hitlers Tyskland: Dagligdag i Det Tredje Rige af Matthew Hughes & Chris Mann: Kapitel 8 og 15

made by2. semester, gruppe 10: Frederikke Hald, Peter H.-Kristensen, Jimmi Nielsen & Daniel WeedeKEA, Lygten 16, 2400 København N. Tlf: 27 82 30 07