A phonological description of Nyah Kur at Ban Nam …mulinet11.li.mahidol.ac.th/e-thesis/scan/001445.pdfthe phonology of a Nyah Kur dialect spoken at Ban Nam Lat, Tambon l{a Yang Krak,

001445

CENTRAL LIt]liAITYXiAHIDOI, L\ I\II.,RSITY

A PHONO],OGICAI, DESCRIPTION OF }[YAH KUR.

AT BAN NAM LAT, CHAIYAPHUM PROVINCE .

BY

SUBHAB PHIUKHOU-.1/

A THESIS SUBM]TTED I]'I PAIiTIAL TI]LI'ILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMII'ITS FOR TI{E DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ARTS

(LINGUISTICS : SOUTHMST ASIAl,l LANGUAGES

IN TIIE

FACIILTY OT GRADUATE STUDIES

OF

MAHIDOL UNIVERSIIY

1986

AND LINGUISTICS)

Copyright by Mahidol University

Thl.s Thesis

enti tled

rrA Phonolog1cal Description of Nyah Kur

at Ban Nam Lat, Chalyaphum Prorrj_ncerl

wa6 submitted to the Facul ty offor the MASTER 0f ARTS

Graduate Studies, Mahidol Universi tyon August 25, 1986.

(suuhatr phiukhou)' Candldate

(Davld D. Thomas)

Precepter

.-{"pl**-..*'*-f^-(Sophana Srichampa)

Co-precepter

it)i"l {Wo*,lr-r-....{..........(Wirat Niyomtham)

Co-precepter

Dean

Faculty of Graduate Studies

I.{ahidol Universi ty

)...4/.A-.:1tz/cllo,

(!,

(Suriya 1ia tanakul )

Director

Institute of Langua6e and

Culture for RuraL Developnent

Mahidol Universi tyCopyright by Mahidol University

EVAIUATION OF THE

THE DdFENSE

FINAL EXAMIIIATION

OF THESIS

l'le, the members of the supervisory Graduate Cornmittee

for

Subhab Phiukhou

unambiguously approve the thesis entitled

A Phonological Description of Nyah Kur

at Ban Nam Lat, Chaiyaphum Province

We therefore agree that he has

at the examination gl ven

sati factorily defended hls theslsby the supervisory Commi ttee

on

August 25, 1986


be

itr/e recornmend therefore that

Subhab Phiuhhou

awarded the degree of Master of Arts inLingui s ti cs

frou

Mah:idol University

/4. CL.*/d€0,-^*,pa-. *.(Monthree Chulasamaya)

Dean

Facul ty of Graduate Studies

Mahidol Unlversity

.)uev&&*

"-A/h*1JA*-(David D. Thonas)

Precepter

Co-precepter

(//irrl /W"","/*r-

(lYirat Niyomtha.m)

Co-pre c ep ter

(Suriya Ratanakul )

Di re c torfnstltute of Language and

CuJ.ture for Rural Developneat

Mahi.dol Urriversi ty

( Sophana Sri champa)


ACKNOITLEDGE,"IENTS

I would 1lke to acknowledge nay indeb,tedness to a. nurnber

of indluiduals wlthout whose help thi.s thesls would never have

cone into shape.

To Acharn Dr. David D. Thomas my princlpal- advi6or, Iexpre66 ny gratitude for his kindness, advlce, encouragement

and tlreless persistence in reading through the drafts and

girring nany valuable conments and suggestions on both substaace

and nanner of presentation. Special thanks are offered toAcharn Sophana. Sri chanrpa and Acharn 'l/irat Ni-yomthan, my

co-aduisors, for their reading through and making many

valuabl e suggestions.

fo all my teachers, I i,ri6h to express my appreciationfor their teaching and adrj"ce during my graduate studies atMahldol Unlversity.

I would also 11ke to ackaowl ed.ge ny indebtedness to allthe rillagers of all sub-vi1lages in Mue 5r Ban Nam Lat, Tarnbon

Na Yang Krak, Thepsath:i t District, Chaiyaphum province,

partl cularly to all the nenbers of yokcatturat Family, especiallyMr. Doknal Yokcatturat, my mai- n lan6uage-heIper, Mr. Nen

Yokcatturat and Mrs. Khok Yokcatturat for thelr heJ_p and

81vlng a lot of fac111ties.

Elna1ly, I rea11y appreciate the sincere help of Miss

Chutlma Man-iruengdet, Mr. Phromma phaenpha, Miss Saichai

Pongbunchan, MJ-ss V/arlrat ChJ.ncal and t'lr. Surlya Sitthlklang.

subhab Phiukhou

July 1,19B5Copyright by Mahidol University

ii

BIBLIOGRAPHI

NAME : Subhab PLlukhou

DATE 0F BIRTIi : october 8, 195?

PLACE 0F BIRTH : Khonkaen, Thailand

QUAL]FICATIONS & INST]TUTES ATTENDED :

M.S. 5 (Aunuaf Exams) 19?,

Prinary Grade Teacher Certificate (Annual Exams)

1978

Secoadary Grade Teacher Certificate (Annual Exams )

1979

B.Ed. (Engllsn) Srinakharlnwlrot Unlversity

Mahasarakhan 1983


1ii

ABSTRACT

This thesis concentrates on the descripti-on ofthe phonology of a Nyah Kur dialect spoken at Ban Nam

Lat, Tambon l{a Yang Krak, Thepsat}rit District, Chaiyaphun

Protrj-nce. According to Diffloth, this <iialect is inthe Central dial_ect of Nyah Kur : a language in theAustroasiatic Language Fam:i1y.

Thls thesis is dlvided into si-x chapters which

deal with an Introduction to this tribe and theirlanguage, the Intonati.on-Group, the phonolo6ical iVord,

the Sy1lab1e, the Phonenel and the last chapter dealswith a brief concluslon and a brief conopariaon, especiallyon the phonene inventory arnon6 the other l,lyah Kur dialectswhich have been analyzed, and it partly deals yrith thephonology of loanwords from Thai.

In additlon, at the end of the theeie, an appendlxwith a word-1i_st of about l,!OO words is 6iven.


l-v

AA

asp.

br

c/ con.

UI

cf

cI.Ex.

F.P.

IIK

1bld.

IE

i.e.KG

Mk.

N

n.

ne8.

NK

NI,

N9

NT

p/pp.

prep.

pro8.

ABBREVIATIONS & SYI'IBOLS

Aus t roasia ti. c

Analogous Environment

aspirated

breathy registerconsonan tcontrast lnclear registercl-assi fi-er

exampl e

fi na1 partl cle

Haui Khrai

ibidem (j.n the same book/articlo)

Identical Env:ironment

id est (that is)KIang

marker

nasal consonant

noun

nega ti ve

Nyah Kur

Nan Lao

numb er

Nam Lat

paSe

preposi tionprogressj- veCopyright by Mahidol University

v

q

sec.

SP

ST

T

TH

TP

U

una6p.

v/vvd.

v}.voI.

v8.

lt

VIK

rl

+

=

r

( cv) . ( cv)

( c)'

Ques ti. on

strongly stressed

section

suspected palr

Standard Thai

Tone

Local Thal

Tha Pong

unstress / no stress

unaspi ra te <i

vowel

voi ced

voj. c el ess

volume

ver6us

weak stress

Wang Kanphaeng

phonetJ.c transcri-ption

phonemic transcription

occumence

nono c curre nce

unchange d

changed to

Northeastera Thal V/ord

syllab1e-break

unrel eased


vi

CIIART A :

CHART B :

CHART F :

CHART C : Showi-ng the co-occurrence ot /a/in the presyllable 77

CHART D : Showlng the co-occumence o fmain vowels with flnal consonants 11J

C}IART E :

IIST O8 TEE CHARTS

pp.

Showing the co-occurrence of the

syllabic nasals with the ini tj-alconsonants of the main syIlab1e 73

Showing the co-occurrence ot / /in the presyllable 75

Sholring the co-occumence of the

cluster- forndng consonants (cr) 1A4

Showlng the occurrence of the

preceding sy1labIes 1n the Nyah

Kur dialects i52

CHART G : Showing the frequencies of vov,e1-

occumence in the given Appendix 1??


uil

Map A

Map B

Map C

Map D

Map E

Map F

],IST OF THE MAPS

! The Nyah Kur Di-alect Areae in

: Nakhorn Ratchaslma Prouince

: Phetchabun Province

: Chaiyaphun Prov:Lnce

: Thep Sath-it District

: Tambon Na Yang Krak

Thailand

paSe

o

10

'i'r

12

13

14


valLTAB],8 OF CONTENTS

Chapter One paSe

Introductlon 1

1.1 General Information on the Nyah Kur I

1.2 Language Classification 2

1.J Geographlcal Locatlon 7

1.4 Ban Nan Lat 17

1.4. I Histori- cal Background 17

'l . {.2 Houses 1 9

I .4.J Occupatlons 2'l

I .4. 4 I'ood 21

1.4.5 Music 23

1.4.5 Education 23

1.4.? Sone Interesting Rltes and Rituals 25

1.4.8 fafliIy Structure 2?

1.4.9 Relieion and Faith 2?

1.4, 10 Rel-ations with the Nyah Kur inother places

'I .5 The Objectlves of thJ.s Thesis

1 .5 The Scope o f th-is Thesis

1.? The Beneflts of thj-s Thesie

1.8 The Methodology

1.8.1 the Methods of the Study

1.8.2 The Descrlptive Approach

1.9 The Sources of the Data

1.10 Notes to Chapter Ore

29

31

31

32

22

33

35

70

39


t_x

Chapter Two

The Intona ti on-Group

2.1 General Definitlon2.2 $pes of Intonatj-on

2.2.1 The Rising Contour

2.2.2 ?he Falling Contour

2.J Phonenic $lrlting2.]. 1 Affirnative Statenent Intonation2.J.2 Negative Statenent Intonation

Z.J.J Cownand Statenent Intonation

2.J.{ Question Stateraent Intonation2.4 Notes to Chapter lwo

Chapter Three

The Phonologlcal lVord

J. I General Deflnltlon

5.2 The Phonological Word Structure

J.2. 1 The Monosyllabic Word

1.2.2 ?he Disyllablc Word

3.2.3 T}:e Tri-sy11ablc tVord

. 3.2.4 Vaslation of Monosyllabic

and Dlsyllabic Word

J.J lvord Stres6

].J. 1 Phonetlc Characteristics

3.3.2 The Dlstrlbutior of Stress

].J.] Stress Contraat

J.11 Word Pitch

J.4. I Phonetic Characteristi cs

pa8e

41

41

4l

41

4J

46

45

46

4?

4B

49

50

50

50

50

51

tiz

55

5?

57

,9

51

61


x

3.4.2 lhe Dlstr:ibution of Pitch

3.4.3 Pitch Contrast

Chapter Four

The Sy11ab1e

4. 1 General Defini tlon

4.2 Sy11ab1e Structure

62

69

$.2. 1 The

4.2.2 The

4.2.3 The

4.2.4 The

4.j Syl1ab1e

4.f. 1 The

4.3.2 T}:,e

Nasal Sy11able

Presyl-1ab1e

Minor Sy11ab1e

Main Sy11ab1e

Functi.ons j-n the Phonological

Nuclear Sy11able

P er:ipheral Syllable

?2

2)

74

7B

80

Vlord 82

B2

B3

Chapter lllve

The Phoneme

5. i General Definition

5.2 The Vowel Phonene

5.2. I The Distribution of Vowel phoneme

J.2.2 The Regi-ster

5.2.2.1 Phonetic Characteristice

5.2.2.2 The Dlstrlbution of Register' 5.2.2.J Register Contrasts

5.2.2.4 Register and Tone

5.2.3 Lenglh of Monophthongs

5.2.4 The Vowel phoneme Inventory

J.2.J Fornati ona1 S tatements

84

B4

B4

B4

90

90

91

91

95

96

100

looCopyright by Mahidol University

,t1

5.2.5 The Vowel Contrasts'

5.3 The Consonant Phoremes

5.f. 1 The Distri-bution of Consonant

Phonemes

5.3.2 t}:.e Consonant Phonene Inventory

5.3.3 Bhe f'ormational Statements

5.).4 \he Consonant Contrasts

5.4 Notes to Chapter Five

Chapter Slx

Conpari.son and Conclusion

5.1 Loanwords fron Thai

6. 1. I Phonene Changes

5. 1. 1. 1 The Initial Consonant

6.1. 1,2 Monophthong Vowels

6.1. 1.3 Diphthong Vowels

6. 1. 1.4 Suprasegnental Features

5.1 .2 Degrees of Word-Changes

6.1.2.1 Unchanged Loanwords

5.1.2.2 Changed Loanwordg

6.2 A Brlef Conparlson among Nyah Kur

Dlalecte 1rB

5.2.1 The Vowel Phoneme Inventory i5B

5.2.2 The Consonant phoneme Inventory 1r9

6.3 The Conpari-son of the Preceding Sy11able

114

120

120

12'

lt>

| )/r44

among the Nyah Kur Dlalects

5.3 Notes to Chapter SixSuggestions for Further Studies

Re ference s

Appendlx

145

145

145

14'

147

149

149

154

154

155

162

165

167

l58

171


CHAPTER OI.IE

I n troduc tion

l.l Generaf Infornation on the Nyah Kur

INyah Kurrr is one of the names of a tribe of peop)-e

who usually inhabit the upper part6 of the 1and, i.e., nostlyat the foot of the hiIls that separate the Northeast Region

fron other regi_ons of Thailand. That is, in the phetchaburn

Mountaj-ns wh:ich separate the Northeast Region from the North,and in the Phanom Dongrak which separates it from the CentralRegion. This tri_be has been known by the outside people sJ_nce

1918.1

The Nyah Kur people have rather dark ski.n with hearymouths, dilated nostrils and sonewhat curly hai_r. Compared

wlth the Thals, they are rather short in general; however,

for sone Nyah Kur people lt is dlf flcul_t to distlnguish them

from the ordi.nary Thaie because of the intermarriage among

them at the present time.

UnLike former generations, the i{yah Kur people atthe present tlme no longer wear their traditlonal dress inthelr da11y li-ves but the ordinary dres6 1ike the rural Thai-people. However, they stil1 keep their traditional costumesand ornanonts that are handed fron their ancestors and wearthen on certain occasions or when they are asked to wear them.

ThJ.s tern is conposed of two

This costume is cal1ed /phJr, .h:,5/ in Nyah Kur.morphemes : /ph5x/ rshirtr and

1t means 'a shirt which is sewed/ c\ry tto 6ewr ; therefore,Copyright by Mahidol University

2

by handr. The ornaaents mostly are arm-rln66, ear-rings and

necklacesl and they are generally made of silver.

1.2 Language Classi fL ca ti on

Nyah Kur has been classlfied as a menber of the

Monic branch of the Austroasiatlc Language Famlly.2 According

to DlfflothrJ th" phonologlcal features of Nyah Kur are nore

sinilar to 01d Mon than to Modern Mon. Therefore, it must

be a slstor-language to Mon whlch separated itself durlng

the 01d Mon perlod. Its norphology Ls partly slnllar to Khner.

The followlng tree diagram has been modified from

lbonas & Headleyts4 genetlc tree, which is based on cogaate

percentages.

Austroaslatl c

Khner Pearl-c Katrdc Bahnirlc Khnui c Palaungi c Viet-Muong Kha-61

Th1 s language

MoB $rah Kur

has been known by three nanes ae

Mon1 c

follows:-


3

Photo A : A Nyah Kur wooan

in her tradl tlonalcos tu0o.

I .t'l

r.J

Photo B: A Nyah Kur nan j.n

hJ.s dal1y costume.


4

Photo C : Nyah Kur wonen 1n

their tradltlona]and nodern coetunes.

Photo D : Arn-rlng6 of a

l{yah Kur yronaD.


1.2. t Nyah Kur or /fin *fu/fhl- s aane ia Eore popularly known by outslde

schoLars. It ls tho temr that these people prefor to calLthernselves as well as their J,anguage. Some scholars such as

Lebal and Seidenfaden5 trar,"cribed it as rNi-akuoll r & nNia-kuofn

respec tively ; notatlons of grin krir).two Nyah Kur words:

/pi1l/ ,pareour and /kir1 ty6rr, mountalnr. Tberefore, 1ts

Th3.s 1s one of two nanes that the fhal peopleLike to calL tbese people because thoy usually 11ke to llveotr the,upper part6 of 1aBd.

Thls nane consists of two Thal words: /chazv/rpeopler and /bod ionr. Therefore, 1t n6ane , the people vho11ve on the upper partsr.9

1,2.3 Chao Dong or ,/cha:w ao3/

Thls ie another name that the Thaiespeclally 1tr Chaiyaphum provlnce, call these peoplethey Ilke to Llvo 1n the Jung1e.

Thls aane aleo conslste of two Thal vords:/cha*/ tpeopler and /dog/ rJungle, forestr. Therefore, 1tneans I the people who llke to ]1ve 1n the forestr.

0f these three aarres, the Nyah Kur people, especlal_Iyat Ban Nam Lat, seem to llke the first nane beet, aad seento d1ellke the second one 11ks thelr foruler generations. A6

fo! the last name, 1t l-s neutral.

however, tbese are rough

Thl s nane coasi-sts of

neanlnge 1e rpeople fron the

1.2.2 Chao Bon or

upper parterT or rhl11 peop1e,.8

/cha:w bon/

people,

be cause


Slnce the l,iyah Kur language, 11ke other languagee lnthe Austroaslatlc Language Family, preseate a great deal ofdlalectal diversity. It iB difflcult to couclude how many

dlalects thls language ha6. The followi_ng dia6rame show theclasslfllcatlon of the Nyah Kur ranguage according to Difflothloand Thongkhuml I rsspgs ti ve1y.

Nyah Kur

The Northern Area

( Phe t chabun )

The Central Area

( Chalyaphum)

The Southern Area ((Nakhorn Ratchaslna)\

Pak Thong Chal

Further South

(Dlfflothr6 1984 : modlfled)

Nyah Kur

Northern

S outh ern

(Thoagkhunt5 1984 :

Nam Lao

Hual Khrai

Tha Duang

Nakhorn Thal

Chalyaphun

Pak Thon6 Chal

Map Krat

modlfied)Copyright by Mahidol University

1,, Geographlcal Locatlon

As already noatloned, the Nyah Kur peopl.e mostlylahablt the foot of the h11ls that separate the NortheastRegion from other reglous of rhall"and. Therefore, thelr locatlonnay be dlylded lnto tno ualn parts : -

1.5.1 The Nyah Kur 1n the North

Accordlng to thongkhun,6 surveysrlz the Nyah

Kur ln th!-s part are in the foIloulng area6 :-

Norg Phal Tha Duang

( Wl chtanUurt ; 1 5

Phltsauulok Nakhorn Thal

1.r.2 The Nyah Kur ln the South

AIso accordlng to Thongkhue r 6 surveye, thel{yah Kur in thls part are ln two provlnces, of whlch eonepart. coaasct with the phetchabun Range and the phanon DongrakRange ae follorrs : -

Prov:inc e

Phetchabun

Provlac-e

Cha1yapbun

Dlstrl ctMuang

DistrictBan Khwao

Nong Bua Raway

Thep Sathlt

V111agg

Nan Lao

Huei Khral

Vl11agg

tll/ang Kanphaeng

Tha Foug, Ilual yae etc.eeveral v1l j.agee 1n

Tanb on Ban Ral and

Tanbon Na Yang KrakCopyright by Mahidol University

8

Nakhorn Ratchaslna Dan Khun Thot

Pak Thong Chal

Khorn Burl

Chok Chal

several rillagesfakhJ"an Thong

Takhop

Phra Bung

Klang

Sap Nol

Hin Tha Ngo

etc.

Taliag Chan

Map Krat


9

Map A : The Nyah Kur Dial-ect Areas in 'r'hailand

ItltxtD

5rlLT

'rtt

$t/..)

to ir,. ^,,-* \-

--t

i cartoDrlI

(Diffloth:1984 1p,15)


I,lakhorn Ratchasima Provrnc e

N

tKHONKAEN

CHAIYAPHI]M

SAMBURI

PRACINBURI

Bua Yai

hurn Pho

Dan Khun Tho@ ons

Cakarat;,.8Huai Thalae

See Khirv

oChok Chaio

Pak ChongThong C

Serng

o

a

o

Pro vin c e

DisLrict

Sub-Di stri ct

iil( SpealicrsrDistrict


l1

Phetchabun Provincc

N

INakhorn

PHITSANI'],OK

NAKHORN SAWAN

KHONKAEN

CHAIYAPHIJM

O Lom iiao

OLom Sak

l{am l,iao 6

Chon Daen, O liuans

LOPBURI

ooo

P rovin c e

District

Sub-Dlstri ctNK Speakers t

DistrictIiK gnssl<srs tCopyright by Mahidol University

PIIETC}IABUN

Map D l Chaiyaphum Province

KHONKAEN

N

t

RI.{0 RATCHASIMA

KhornsanO

'tKaset Som-.

'Nong Bua Daeng

oEan

Tha

Kaeng [ho

CHAIYAPIIUM

horn sawan

Ban Khlvao

Thep Sathi

ot Naror

16l : Province

o,,o:

District

Sub-Di-s tri c

@:Nf SpeakereDLstrl ct

LOPBULI

NAKHORN RATCHASI}'].1A,


t)Map ..tt : 1,lrcp Sa bhi L l)istrlc L

Nong rua Dacng

aTha Pong

rronc Bua liarray

N

+otoddq,to

4'w Cat tura t

O ljap Yai

Barnnet

Thep

Xhal

lrarong

t

Daan I(hun Thot Dis tI.IAI(ItOIiN RA 1'CIIAIJ I},1A

I,[am Lat a

Khok Sa-a ta Yai t{en

#llom H.

"'u-.XPh* o.'mli'-'.-rslY'u,,s (qy,{, j'Hf' "'

J',;"".,i:: )ffi F;; ;\L#le !e rr::

i \. " Krak

_i'\.I

$(hoh r,raUuang Ai

ttlang Ai Pho 17l6Non Samy'ayl

O llon Savran /

'/o""BaA.Rai i1A\.r{a1 ! Oi7an6 ei I(h

",,P,*'l*k5ffir!,., .Ban

hanorn

La.n

liual

uaio

l,'a

/-\--.._/-!)i s t. Bound.

-. -. - - l)i6t. |oad*.. -.- -.Tambon Bound

.Prov. Iioad

l, t rrlltlt trl?ailway

ffidg.u",.'llivcr / Ca

;\;>.'t.i"t orri " "fdl Tar)bon

I T cpealicrs, vill.O ltK speakers' Vi

Olrow NK An.ral(crs I trj

A't'hep t;a ri t Fores

Ya1 c1

IOPBURI

sam.ra n


Nong Bua Daeng

Saliang Tho

.t'ambon BanRa j-

r4

",s! F : Tambon i'la Yang

Nong Bua Dacng

on6

Ose

i(rah

o60

d&.-loo

t0Hd@,

lTha Pon6 I,l

B u a n a v a vf

Ca t tura

, 1)silai"'i-- - .

?"* dtQ'

'lhong

EaphaaNBan

6 Putic''lrotro

Saphan Hin

f trtam. Lat- Hqai N

OPonB iihun Phet

I Dung vrian

Nam , Lang

I(hok Sa-a.t O

llok

nH.Ii.

Y Hom 11.al-

#H.

O,l.anA.L . - .g' i-)-,;.'.-.-*' -

.t\a 1eng ' Iiral;

,+.-.,za.-1lamb on D oundary

_. i;is Eri c t-i?oad

iri11{Hffi..... River ./ Canal

$ ilt.' spcalicrst Vi11a6e

FclT ill( speakersr ViIl.'1' spcalicrs I Vif lage

I'arnb on

co@


15

:Th^;+; . "i, L::"

.i'

Photo E : The scenery of Ban Nane Lat


16

i

F\tr*\i'.'L:

1,i:t$,"I

$.r

't'tPhoto F : The only tenple of the village

Photo G : The only meeting-house of

Mue )


17

1.4 Ban Nam Lat

I .4. I Hlstorlcal Background

From time lnmenorial , accordj_ng to Mr. TutYusabal ,14 tle ancesters of Ban Nam Lat used to live on the topof the Bang Hool Iqountala Range, which is about ten klrometresfron Ban Nam Lat; however, he did not know where exactly thelrforuer vllIage wa6 Eituated. Because of belng dlsturbed andeudangered by wild aninals and because of poor so1l , theydeclded to nlgrate to rower and rower parts. The fi-rst

'il1agethat they forraed oD. the lower part was /d6.:g wal khlc:g,/ orBan wang Khonl 5 in Tha1. They lived for d long time. Thereafter,some people of Ban wan6 Khon migrated to prok yai and prok NoL

because thelr fie1d6 were nearby.

A1so, sone people who had flelds around thearea where Ban Nae Lat ie situated at the pre.ent tine continuedmlgratlag to thls area fror prok yai. and prok Nol and establisbedtheir ner uillage naned,/d5;g d6:k 19:t/. Ine flrst two fanl1leethat cane here were Mr. Saeag yuphanonrel 5.rd iyr. pun Klang_-catturatrs. The year when they both mlgrated here was 2491 (194g).Later oa, more and nore people mlgrated to Ban Nan Lat fronBan ttrIang Khon as wel1 as froa other places.

The name of thJ-s vlllage con6i6t6 of threeNyah Kur words : /d6zt1/ rvllla6er , /d*k/ rwateri , arrd, /lazt/Ito flow throughr. Therefore, it neans rthe v11Iage throughrhlch rrater, especlally raln-water, always fl-ousr. Thl.s 1e


r8

because th5.s vl1lage ie situated on the top of a h-111. Lateron, thls na&e was changed to rBaD Nam Latn tn Thai.

At the present tine Ban l,tan Lat 1o of fli cia1lythe fiftb vlIlage of.Tanbon Na yang Krak, Thep sathit Dlstrlctla Chalyaphun Proylnce. It is about 56 klLometres Borth ofThep Sathlt Dlstr{.ct Oftlce. It has l{5 faro111ee and itspopulatlon is 535t of which the Nyah Kur speakers nunber 421.

rBan Nam Latr 1s a coll"ectlve nane whlch lsconpoeed of elght 6ne,11 villages. sone villages are lnhabi tedUy Thaf lT speakers (TH) and others by Nyah Kur speakers (NK)

as follows : -.

Nq Nanes of Vl1lages

(1) .

(11)

(111)

(1v)

(v)

(\rl)(rlt)(vlx1)

Nan Lat

Sap Krat

Pradu Ngarn

Sap Hong Thong

Khok Ai Thet

Nong Phak Waen

Sap llaagpha

Sap Yun6

T}Iy'NK

TH+NK

TH

TH

NK

TH

MIJ

NK

NK

Total

Ng of fan1I1ee

45

26

?o

12

15

lll0

6

146

In fact, the Nyah Kur people as we1l as theTal speakers have thelr own connuaJ- ti e6 though they both are1n the sane v111age. Above al1 , the TaJ- speakers do not llke


19

to assoclate with tho Nyah Kur; they Ilke to look dovn upon

,the latter a6 savage, uncirrllized and lazy people. Only a fewTal ,speakers can understand Nyah Kur, wh:ich is assumed to be

a language of for66t peopJ.e. On the contary, the Nyah Kur areeager to learn and epeak Tal .

For the above meutioned reasons; the Nyah Kurpeople ln eone vi11ages, for example Ban Saphan lll-n, the slxthvillage of Tambon Na yan6 Xrak, do not 1lke to speak thelrmothex tongue to the other Nyah Kur or among tbeneelves, butspeak Standard Thal , Korat Thal or Lao.

1.4.2 l{ouses

The sbape of the Nyah Kur houses at Ban Nan l,at1s generally 11ke a contnon Thal house in the Northeast Reglon,e.peclaLLy that of the Khner speakers 1n surin province. A11

tbe houses are nade of wood aad they are €Lpproxlnately l5O

centlnetrea off the grouad. However, there are some differe[ce.betweeu the houses of the rich and tho6e of the poor. Moet ofthe rlch bul1d trrin-hous6s whi.te the poor build slngle oaee.

As for the twin_houses, each 1s dlvlded lntotuo separated part6 : one part for sleeping and one for cooklng.These two parts are Jolned together by a raleed walkway. The

sleeping part 1s again divided j.nto two subparts : one forthe unna*1ed dau8hters and the other for the son6 and theparents. Tbese two parts are separated by a wooden wall.


Photo H : A house of a rich fanily

€---?

.A, house of a poor farnj.lyPhoto I :


21

1.4.3 0ccupations

Since this area is fu1l of enaIl hi.}1s, thepeople nostly work on upland fields (swlddens) rather than wetrlce-fields. A few v:illagers cultivate wet rlce but most ofthen raiee rlce and malze 1n h11l clearlngs. As for rice, theyralse both glutlaous rice and nonglutlnous ri.ce; the latterIs nore comnoa. They raise rlce only to eat, not to selI. Iathe flelds i-n the h111 crearrngs they p]ant corn, chilrl, mi11et,.Iobrs tear, hemp, banaaas and vegetables.

' In addj,tioa, they also keep domesticboth to eat and to work. Such domegtic animals nostlycattle, p1g and poultry. They also like to hunt vrlldvhl.ch are plentlful, for food.

1.4.4 Food

L1ke the Thals, the Nyah Kur eat both glutlnousrlce and nonglutlnous rlcol the latter is more preferable. Asfor condlnent, they prefer rather hot-tastlng food. What 1sgenerally found ln daily neals ls ve8etables and frults such asbananas, nelons, pumpkins, ground uuts, cow peas and wingedb eans.

Thelr hablts of eatin6, to be compared wlththe Thalrs i.n other reglons, is nore like the Thai,s in theNortheaet' Reglon. For exanp)_ e, they, especlally een, preferfresh chopped meat, whlch 1s calLed /p\at/ 1n Nyah Kur. It isregarded ae a speclal meal for certain occasions.

anlnals

are

anlmals,


22

Photo .I : The Nyah Kur are poundlng

their paddy.

photo K : This Nyah Kur woman

is wi-nnowlng her

pounded rl ce.


1.4., Music

The Nyah Kur people have their own musical

style and lnstruments. There 1s a folk song which they call/re.zreJ/. It is sung (but they eay /p6t?/ ,to dor) by avoman and a nan to f11rt with each other. Besldes this purpoee,

1t can also be sung for aature appreciation.

Th1-s folk 6ong can be sung by one persorl orbe sung by one person is for description whilecouplo ls for questibh and re6pon6e and for

However, to slug for entertainnent, the singers

by a couple. To

to be sung by a

entertalnment.

must be hlred.

they have

can also

especlally who are

an opportuni ty to

school-systeo. The

the present t1me, most of the

fess than twenty-three year6 ofget edUcated in a fornal system

pri-nary. school at Ban Nan Lat

For nusical_ lnstruments to acconpany singing,only an Indl-an drua aad a f1ute. However, this song

be sung without any nuslcal lnstrument.

1.4.5 Educatlotr

Most of the 1{yah Kur people at Ban Nan Latare usually educated informally. The younger generations

leara the way6 of lirlng from the oLder generations. Forexanple, they learn how to work in the fields, how to huntand how to cook.

At younger peopl e,

age, have

oriEahae been


Photo L :

24

A Nyah Kur woman

in her / re.z re.t /slnglng costume


2'

establlshed Blnce 2507 B.E. Irl the 2r2B academic year thelewere slx teachers and seventy-nlne pupi16. One of the inportantproblemE that the teachere have uaet 1s that some childrendo not attend school becauee their houses are too far fronthe school.

1.4.7 Sono Interesting Rites and Rltuals

1.4.7.1 Vleddlng Cerenony

The youths at Ban Nam Lat generallyget namied when they are between eighteen and twenty-four

for nen aad between fifteen and twenty for women. Like the

ThaJ. weddlng traditlon, the bridegroom usually goes to llveulth the brlde; but the latter sometlnes goe6 to live yiththe fomer.

As for the wedding cerenony, there

are feasts at both tho brldels and the brldegroorur s houees lnthe evenlng of the day before. Tho next norning, the brldegroonas well as hls relatlves wl1} go to the br:iders houee. There

the brlde| 6 relatlves w111 take the bridegroom lnto the

bridera room. Here there w111 be the wedding cerenony which

is a combination of the weddlng tradition of the ltryah Kur

and that of the Thal ln the Northeast Re61on.

' Having fin:ished the wedding cerenony

at the brlders house, the brldegroom and hi-s relatl.ves wil]return thelr own hou6es. In the evenin6 the bricie and hercompanlons riIl go to the bridegroomrs house and take him toher house. Copyright by Mahidol University

t6

1.4.7.2 BlrthWh1le a wonan is l.n a state of

pre6nancy, she is prohj-bited fron eating any fattish things,because the Nyah Kur people believe that eating fat vrillnake a pregnart wonan neet difficulty in giving birth.

Like the ordi-nary Thaj. wonen in the

rural area, prognant I'lyah Kur women 1ike to give blrth lnthelr own houee. However, there always is a woman who take6

care of that pregnant woman and w111 cut the umbil_i cal cord

of the neu-born chl1d. The Nyah Kur people do not have a

speclfic nans for thJ.s woman in their language, they call her

as rrMo Tamyaerr as the Thal do.

Ia case the pregnant wonan neets

with dlfflculties in glving birth, there will be a ma6ic ,

ceremony to facilitate her g1\ring blrth. The person who perfornsthls ceremony 1s a1waye a man.

After the pregnant woman hae 61vea

birth to her child, 6he mu6t stay near the fire for at leastflfteen days. Durlng thls tfuoe she is also prohlblted fron eatlngth:ings yrhich are assuned to be harmful. She can only eat pork,

chicken, ch1111 and sa1t.

1.4.7.3 Funeral

Accordlng to Mr. en yokcatturat,

the Nyah Xur people generally burn.a corp6e, except if lt 1s

a young chlldrthey bury lt. Burlal must be made the sarne day,


27

but an adult corpse i-s usually kept at home for one day.and

then burnt on the followlng day.

After the corpse has been burnt, there

generally is a celebratlon 1n the house of the dead person forthree n:ights. 0n the fourth day they will gather the bones of

the burnt corpse and hold the fj-na1 funeral cerenony according

to Buddhlst r1tes.

1.4.8 Family S truc ture

Llke the fanily etructure of the Thai, the

Nyah Kur cherleh nooogamy. A man or r/ornan cannot have nore

than one rrife or husband at the same tlne; however, one can

have a trew one rhen the other 18 dead or they are divorced.

tilonea have great care for their virg1tr1ty.

Generally, a daughter, especially the lastotre, who takes care of the parents, wl1l lnherj-t the properties

of the parents. A6 for a son, he will go to live in his wifetshouee and lnherit his wifets properties. In case there are

only sons, no dau6hter8, a son lnherits both the,property ofhie parents and that of hi.6 vrife.

1.4.9 Religion and Falth

The Nyah Kur people take faith 1n both

an1m1st1c beLlofs and 1n Buddhlem, which they have adopted

fron the thals. They often offer sacrifices to spirits on


Photo M : An altar in a Nyah Kur house


29

certain occa6lons 6uch as before and after harvesting or

when they get si ck.

In a I'iyah Kur house, there usually is at leastone altar whj-le in some houses there are more than one. In case

there i-s only one aItar, it is always 1n the part of the parente.

If there are tuo altars, they are ln both part6 of the oleeplng

house.

0n each altar what is usually found is an

irnage of Buddhal a eculpturo of a splrit and sone part6 ofwild anfurra16, which they regard as sacred thlngs, such as the

tu6k of a vr1ld pig, the tusk of an elephant or a bone of a tiger.

1.4. lO Relations with the Nyah Kur in Other Places

Accordlng to Mr. Nen Yokcatturat, ln the

forroer tine there were seveu Nyah Kur villages 1n thls area

as follors :-

Ng

(1)

(11)

(111)

(1v)

(v)

(lrl)

( vl1)

th6rp/h,p oi/

/d5:g se11e3 thcr{

NK Name

/a(tzg ch**//d6:g wag irhrc:y

,/a6:g *aq mon/

/d6:3 wa3 ?6:J

/d6:3 wa3 ?6:J

,/a6: g kheSa:1 khr6: k/

TH Name

Ban Na

Ban Wang Khon

Ban Bung lVlan

Ban Saphan Hin

Ban Wang Mon

Ban Wang Ta Thep

Ban lVang A1 Pho

Pre6etrt Status

popu!-ated

deserted

popula t ed

popul a t ed

de se r ted

popula t ed

populated


30

At the present t1.me only five vi11age6 arepopulated and the villagers of these villages sti1I vlsiteach other occasiotrall_y, especlally when there ls a fair.Besides this, the Nyah Kur people at Ban Nam Lat 6til1 knolx

6ome lnformation, especj_a11y the dlfferences among thej_rlanguages, about the sane tribe of people in th1.s area and

in farther places such as Ban Tha Duang in phetchabun and

Pak Thong Chal in Nakhorn Ratchasima. Some lrillager8 of Ban

Nan Lat used to cl1eb over the Bang Hoei Range to vlolt theirrelatlves at Ban Tha Duang in the former tine. Aa for pak Thong

Chai, they only know the infomration because It is very far.Mr. Neo yokcatturat gave me some examples

of the dlfferences among thelr languages as follows :_

Nan Lat lha Duang Pak Thong Chai Meanl-ng6

rmosqulto blteet

rwet clo th t

I Lolncloth t

Lmil: e kfisl

gne': c pdr.ern)

gne': c 1a.r bik"1

tng: q chri: cl

gn|: c

t,i.'c

che.'aialfl

t6$


t1

1.5 The ObJecti_ves of tir:Ls Thesls

The objectives of this thesis are to make a phonologicaldescription of the Nyah Kur language spoken by the Ban Na people

at Ban Nan Lat, Tambon Na yang Krak, Thep Sathlt District j.n

Chalyaphun Province and to nake a brief comparlson of thePhonology vdth the other Nyah Kur dlalects whlch have been

analyz ed.

These analyzed dlalects are :-(1) Tha Pong (rP)

(11) Klang (KG)

(j-11) Nam Lao (NL)

(tv) ttuai Khral(HK)

(v) Wang Kaaphaeng (viK)

1.6 fhe Scope of th16 Thesls

Tbe Nyah Kur l,anguage, which j_s dealt uri th in .thigthesls 1s spoken by the Ban Na people who mlgrated to Ban Nae

Lat, Tarnbon Na Yang Krak, Thep Sathlt Distrlct, Chaiyaphur

Prouince. It 1s generally ca11ed by the Thais nearby asrrChao Dongrr or rrDong Languagel, rvhich is a sub_dialect in theContral Area accordlng to Difflothr s classj. ficati on.

The study w111 deal wi.th pbonology a6 a hj.erarchyof rank6. These ranks be6in with the Intona tlon_Group, thenthe Phonologlcal word, the sy1Iab1e and the phonene respecti-ve1y.


32

The flnal part of the study will deal with thePhonology, especially the phoneme fnventory, of the otherNyah Kur dialects which have been analyzed to nake a brlefcomparlson wlth thls sub-dlalect.

A1eo, the f1na1 part w1ll deal withwhich have been used ln this sub-diaIect, 1n

and Morphology.

some Tal words,

both Phonology

1.? The Beneflts of this Thesis

As early nentloned, the Nyah Kur 1anguage presentaa great deaL of di_alectal dlversity, that is, people frondiffereat places have di-fferent ways of speaking. Though

Ban Na.n lat ls located rather lsolatedly ln the nountalnrange, many people both Nyah Kur Epeal(exs and Tai speakers havemigrated to l1ve here. In fact, the Tai. speakers have theirown connunltles but the Nyah Kur stil1 assoclate wlth each

other. so, Ban Nam Lat may be called 'tthe melting pot ofNyah Ku3tt because there are nany Nyah Kur speakers from dlfferentplaces. Anyway, I declded to choose the Ban Na d.1a1ect.

Therefore, ln studying the Ban Na dlalect, I expectedto achleve the following benefl_ts :-

(i) To record the phonology of thls dialect(11) To learn uore about a reglster 1anguage

developlng lnto a tonal language


001445

13

t r-Lr- )

(lv)To preserve this dying lan6uage

fo know the way of l1fe of the Nyah Kur

peclple, especlally at Ban Nan LatTo be a guide for further study of thisdialect.

flrst viei-tyears ago

YJere some

11vlng. So,

(v)

The Methodology

1.8.i The Methods of the Study

Being impressed by what I learned about

Nyah Kur when I presented a terrn-paper to GRLG jJ2 Southeast

Asian LlaguJ-etlcs, I began readlng a great deal of the books

and the articles about this language. rn Dlfflothrs fhe DvaravatlO1d Mon Language and Nyah Kur, f found that the Nyah Kur

dlalects spoken ln the area around Ban Nan Lat, where, accordlagto Dlffloth, he made a very short visit, are lnterestlng because

thts area le rather isqlated and conservative. Moreover, 1a

Menaaasr A-_Aescrj.ption of Ch)

Langggge 1n Tha11and, I learned that no Nyah Kur viIlage, oreven ln the sane rnl11age, epoke a1ike. Therefore, I decided

to go to thls area to lnvestigate this.

1.8

Otr Novencber 8, 19E5, I made theto Ban Nan Lat. There I was informed that a few

a student came here to study Nyah Kur but there

dJ.fflcultles about th6 lnformant and the ways ofthat student declded to go to other places. About five year6

r tool bl a cr


34

ago a forelgner alao visj-ted this v1I1age and asked some

questlona about the Nyah Kur vocabulary but that foreigner

stayed here a very short tine. Since tlien, no student has

made any visi t.0n the followin6 day, I started to collect

sone baslc data by lntervlewlng the villagers, who nostly

are bi11n6uals and polyglots by means of a Swadesh Vlord-1i6tt

Prelimlnary Grammar Questionaire and some hand-outo that freceived from ihe class. Apart from jotting these down, Ialso recorded other words that I was glven a6 nany as poseible.

I stayed at Ban Nam Lat for flve day6 and

coflected about ,00 words. Thereafter, I went hone and began

to analyze the data roughly and nade a comparison wj-th the

other dialects. As a result, I eaw what Menanas sald is true

and saw sorne dlffereDces, especially about some consonant

phoaenes and the register of vowels in addition. Therefore, Ideclded to i:resent ny proposal.

0n Novenber 23, 1985, I again went to Ban

Nan Lat and chose the language helpers (see sec. 1.9). Ittook ne twenty days staying here for the second risit.To elLclt the data, I used the followj-ng procedures :-

(1) I prepared what to intervievr the

language helpers at home day by day,

both Thai vocabulary and aidlng naterlals.(1i) I requested then to pronoutrce the


zq

Nyah Kur words at least three t.l mes

or nore for dlfflcult words and thentranscrlbed them inuediately in theInternatj-ona1 phonetic Alphabet (I.p.A. ).Then I pronounced what f had transcrlbedto them ti}1 roy accent wae accepted.

(ii1) I rechecked the transcribed rvords

mostly with my main informant by

pronouncing them to hln. If he did notknow that word, I put 1t aslde and

used what he sald instead.(iv) At last I tape_recorded all the transcribed

words day by day. The recordlng wa6

mostly done at his house but sometlmes

1n hl.s fleld.(v) As for the untranscribable words, I

recorded them in another section.The last violt took place on March J, 19g6. I

rechecked al1 the words, whlch had categorlzed by rhyme andaccordlng to the flr6t lnitlal consonants and recorded all ofthem.

*Lna11y, the data $/ere analyzed and the descrlptioawas yrl tten.

.8.2 The Descrlptlve Approach

The phonol ogl cal- descrlptive approach adoptedin thls etudy ls s truc ture-Func tl on, which is the study of phonol0gyCopyright by Mahidol University

36

a6 a hierarlhy of ranks. In thls thesis, I set up four ranks: -(i) The I n tona ti on-Group

(il-) The phonological Word

(ili) The Sy1lab1e

(iv) The phoneure

The unlts of each rank have a structure statedln terus of unlt6 of the rank below (except the 1oweet rank,tho Phonene) and the functlon 1n the structure of the rank

above (except the highest rank, the Intonation-Group). However,

the descrlption of the data is presented fron the tuighest tothe lowest.

The following dlagran gives an idea of thePhonologlcal Hlerarchy of the above nentioned four ranks :-

Func tl onINTONATI ON.GROUP

PHoNoLoGrcAL $oY

SYLIABLE I

\7

IStruc ture


37

The Sources of the Data

A6 early mentloned, Ban Nan Lat at the present tlne1s lnhablted by Nyah Kur peopl-e from ctifferent places.There consequently are d1-fferent rflays of speakitrg. There ieno real Ban Nan l,at dialect, but rather thereare many dlarects.So, I declded to choose people who mlgrated to Ban Nam Latfron BaL Na Yang Krak and have been living here over twentyyears a8 ny language helpers.

Such persons are : -(1) Mr. Dolsral yokcatturat

He wa6 forty_nlne years old in 19g5 (252g). Hieblrthplace 1s at Ban Na or,/d5:g chariz/. He mlgrated to BanNan Lat twenty-flve year. ago, three years after his elderbrotherrs dlgration. He has been living here slnce then.Llke other vl1lagers, he is a farner; noreover, he also isa famous /te.z re.t, / slnger (doer). Thls 1s one reason why I'decided to choose h1n as my nain lnformant.

(11) Mr. Nen yokcatturat

He was tl fty-one years o1d in 19g5 e52il. He 1selder brother of ay nain lnformant. He was also born at BanNa but he rj,grated to Ban Nan Lat twenty_ei.ght years agobecause he na*1ed Mrs. Khok yuphanom. He is the presentrrillage-leader of Ban Nan Lat. r stayed at hls house throughoutthe tine that I stayed at Ban Nae Lat. He gave ure a greatdeal of help and facillties. I sonetimes practlsed pronouncingsorne words with him especlally at night. I chose h:in as my

1.9


3B

nlDor lnformant.

(lii; 143u. Khok Yokcatturat (yuphanon)

She was forty-eight in 1995 (2gAB). She

1s Mr. Nenrs wife. She was born at Ban 'l/ang Khon or ,/d6:gwan kh1.c:5,/, which is deserted at the present tine, and she

mlgrated to Bab Nan Lat with her father, Mr. Saeng yuphanon.

At first I eagerly wished to choose her as my naln lnformantbut unfortunately she has 6ome deficits, especially she issoncenhat deaf. However, she st1I1 gave ne a great deal ofu6efu1 lufornatlon and vocaburary and gave I[e a l_ot of fac1I1ties.

Besides these three above mentloned persons, a 1otof the vi1l-agers also gave ne a great deal of words and

lnfornatlon, but 1t would be inpossible to nentlon all thelrEame6.

Ban Na

Eos t1y

peopl e

Kora t

So thls thesis ls baslcally a description of the fornerYang Krak dlalect. Ban Na or Ban Na yang Krak 1s norr

populated by Tai speakers. There are very few Nyah Kurand they do not Llke to speak lrtyah Kur but speak Lao,

fhal or Standard Thal 1n thelr dal1y 1ife.


t9

I .10 Notes to Chapter One

Seidenfaden, E. Some Notes About the Chaubun p.1

Thoraas, D and R. Headley More on Mon-Khner

Dlffloth, G.

g.ltb=sroupins r.9 ({o7)

The Dvaravati 01d Mon Lan8gagb and

Nyah Kur p.l l,rSone Considerations on the Classi-

-fication of Khmerrr 1n Austroasiatlc

Headley, R.

6

?

I9

Studies Part ILebar, F.M. Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast

Asla p. 1,8

Seldenfaden 1bld. p.lSeidenfaden 1bid. p.2

Lebar lbid. p.lf8Memanass P. A Descrl,ption of Chao Bon (nah kur'l

: an Austroasj-atlc lanEuage 1n Thailaad

p.2

Dl fflothThongkhun, T.L.

j-bid. p.33-40

1

2

l0

11

12

13

Igrah Kur (Chao Bon) - Thai -Eg6llsh Dictlonarv p.11

1b1d. p. j-

ibid. p.3

Ehongkhum

!lenanas


r5

16

40

'l 4 Mr. Tut Yusabaj. was sixty-two year6 o1d (199r).

Ee was a v-iIlage-leader of Ban irlan Lat for fifteenyear6. After his retlrement, he as well as hisfanl.ly nlgated to settle at tsan Khok Sa-at two

year6 ago. I had an opportunl ty to meet h-lm because

he carae to attend his nephewrs weddlng cerenony atBan Nan Lat oB Novenber 28, l91r.Ban l aug Khon or,/d6:n waX Xhfp:{ rrrillage + s1v.arp

+ logr lrad been deserted because its villagerenlgrated to eettLe elsewhere, nostly at Ban Khok

Sa-at, at Ban Nan Lat and at other rriLLages nearby.

Mr. Saetrg Yuphaaom vas the first vj-lIage-leaderof Ban Nan Lat and later oa he rvas elected as aTambon-leader (Kamnan). He i_e dead but hls desceadeats

are etl11 at Ban Nan Lat as wel1 as other rrillageswithln the flfth v111a6e. For example, Mrs. Khok

Yokcatturat 1s h1e last daughter and she herselfgavo ne informatLoa about her father.The term 'rThai'r whlch is used in this thesi-s

nean6 any diaLects in the Tai Language Family,which are spoken 1n Thailand. fts abbrevlatlon1s (Tll). As for Stanclard thai, its abbreviationis (sr).

17


CI,,APTEII TWO

The I ntona ti oa-Qroup

2.1 Genexal De fini tionThe I ntonation-Group is defined a6 the highest leveI

of the hj.erarchy and therefore, has no etatable function. Itsstructure 1s stated ln terms of the Phonological lVord.

e.2 $pes of IntoaationV/ith:ta the I ntonati on-Group iu Nyah Kur at Ban Nan

Lat, there ls a contrast of contour. This sets up two types

of the lntonation contours : the ftlsing Contour and the Ea1}1ng

Coutour. However, both types of contour.affect only the lastsyllab1e of the utterance while the remaj-ni-ng parts before

the last 6yllab1e are Dotr-contrastlve pre-contour.

2.2,1 The Rlsing Cotrtour

The rising contour is used 1n commands and

in questloas, both content and polar. It is phonetically

characterlzed by the rising of the pitch of the last syI1ab1e

and 1t is phonetically marked by I --------/ ).The following are sonre examples of the ri sj-ng

contour : -2.2.1.1 Connands

In commands, the pitch leve1 ofthe last eyllable ls rather h16h, that is, hi6her than that1n questlons. I'he phonologlcal word that shows commandlng

bears greater loudness, which is sholn in the phonetic


transcrlption by a

rvhol e uttorance 1s

42

heavier 11ne. Moreover,

6enera11y higher than inthe pitch of the

statenents.

rDont t make a nolae. r

t?ffi,na,ti

L'J}:don I t

iDontt go far.t

frcew tdo:l ?i.tIc:?lreturn v111a6e now

lGo hone now. I

do nolse through F. P.

donr t go far F.F.

f'?6r8O

t pit?

do

rGo to

tna:n

work

work norr.

nor/

2.2.1.2 Questions

The pitch leve1 of questions is notas high as 1n coanands. The phonologi.cal word .that is senanti-ca1lyfocused both porar (yes,/no) questions and content questions 1snore sLressed than any other phonol0gicaf lvords. This stressedword 1s narked 1n the phonetic transcription by a heavier r-ine.The flnal ri.se J-s not as klgh as J.n a corurand.

Ex.


4t

L'c6: ?

eatrDo

'p6: Irlce

you eat

trip ke. rl5wl

del-icious Q.Mk.

rice deli-ciously.'

t I n'r6h r ni?

willto go

you

tYou

4.'1.1Prog.Mk.

are going

'? 5.r t he.,mirl

go fi eld

to the fie1d,

rmr:n ke. r16wll

true a.Mk.

aren I t you? t

[?a.'fitrwho

rWho

q.'1a!Prog.Mk.

1s coning

r10:t

c oltre

there? I

Ite:?J

there

Cn"fn '?'ar kne.'mi: t rg'an ,-p6rr:

you go field with who

' rlllhon do you go to the field with ?r

2.2.2 The Fall1ng Contour

The falling contour 1s used in affirmatlve6tatenents, negati-ve statements and responso statements topolar or yes./no questions. It 1s phonetically characterlzedby the falling of the pltch of the last syIlable of theutterance and is marked in ny phonetic transcription by L-----... l.

The followlng are 6one exampfes of the fallingcontour:-

2.2.2.1 Affirnative S tatements

The pitch leve1 of the last sy11abIeof the utterance is fa11in6 and the phonological word that isCopyright by Mahidol University

n. t k"a

44

senanticaly focuoed, especially the nain verb, is more stressedthan any other phonological words and has a sIlght rise.

Ex.

--__-__'---\-__['v5j i&1 z'"r-tEi-;.rqi, rII wiU go f1eld

tI w111 go to the fleld. I

awake sloepI I get up early. r

nornlng

?.2.2.2 Negatlve Statenants

Compared wlth afflrmatlve etatenents,the pltch leve1 of the last sy1lab1e of the utterance innegatlve statenents does not falI as 1ovi. The Phonologlcal word

that neans uegati"on (negative marker) is more stressed than any

other phonologlcal rrrords and It ls narked in ny phonetlc

tranecr{-ption by a heavj-er 11ne.

Ex.

r, ;r3he Neg.Mk. get go fieldI He dld not go to the field.t

sti11 Neg.Mk. get marry workCopyright by Mahidol University

45

I I dld not get married yet. I

2.2.2.) I?esponse to Polar Questions

Ex.

' questlon:t! phgh rlo:1 'j6:r '16:i)3you come long F.P.

not Iong F.P.I Not long I

tYou have come (here) for a 1on6 time, havenrt you? t

Response ln Negation r t,kfh-n;;--),re] (oe:m)l

in.Affirmation :

ln A ffirmation :

fr J6: rlong

I Y e6,

' ?e\llF. P.

(very) 16s9.

Questlon :

-/

---.---/'[' c6: ? 'p6:4 '?5: i ]J

eat rlce F.P.

rHave you eaten?t

BeEpgSEs in Negation t qgr6\:5I

sti1lr No.r

Lr ca: ?

eat P.P.

I Yes, (I) have eaten. I


46

2.1 Phonem:i c lt/rl ting

The I ntona ti on-G roups

Ban Nan Lat are contrastive. forlntonati on-pat terns are wrlttenwrltlng, conventlonal nethods ofenployed as follows : -

Ex.

/w61 n6t ? 6,r

I wiU go

I I w111 go to

in the Nyah Kur language atanalytical purposes, the

with pitch 1lnee. In phonemic

punctuation are usually

khen1:2./

fieldthe field.t

2.1.1 Afflrmatlve Statement Intonati-on

A fu11 stop (.) is used at the end of the

utterance 1n a phonemic transcrlptlon to show afflrnativeintonatlon. ( see sec. 2.2.2.1)

$6t nayia./

sleep norning

up early. i

2.5.2 Negatlvo Statnent

A plus (+) 1s used

1n a phonemi c transcr:iption to show

sec. 2.2.2.2)

Ex.

/*6J t€: r

I awake

rlget

f n tona ti on

at the end of the utterance

negative intonation. ( see


41

/Jri" xfur kho.: ? t 6r khena: ? +/

he Neg.Mk. get go fleldI He did not go to the fiel-d.t

2.3.3

of the utterance

intonation. ( see

B./ i1z

donr t

ndro kho.: ?

Neg.Mk. get

not get narried yet. I

p".h6,3 phr6i, d6z t/

nolse through tr'.P.

nake a noi-se. I

/"61

I

nkhen

sti11rldid

Comnand Statement Intonation

An exclamative nark ( t ) is used at the end

1n a phonemlc transcription to show connandlng

sec. 2.2. 1 . t )

p6;?

do

I Donr t

/zarnely ?5.r

donr t go

chang3 n5t t/I1 Dfar

far. tI Donr t go

/c& d6:q ?ct5z? t/'J

return v1lIage now

I Go home nov. I

tg:I 33: n+,/

narry work


/zayQh n1a1

rvho

hh'9n

you

Prog.Mk. come

l'/ho ie coning

4B

3C: n lct5:l t/

work now

work now. I

/t 5,r

8o

2.3.4

the utterauce 1n

intonation. ( see

Ex.

/ph'"h

you

/ c5z ? p6 , 3 ,ip kat'aw? /eat rlce dellcloue Q.Mk.

I Do you eat deliciously?t

p'al. ?

do

Go to

Question Statenent lntonation

L question rark (?) is used at the end ofa phonernic transcription to show question

se c. 2.2.1.2)

nlag

Prog.Mk.

I You are

n6t

willgolng

1o:1

?'ar

8o

to

t6t? ?/

there

there? I

hk"ama:? ,rrn kal'avt? /

field true q.Mk.

go to the fie1d, arenr t youi t

?Ar

ov

!j/houl

khema: ?

fielddo you go

-p6h yim/vri th who

to the field vrith?t


49

2.4 Notes to Chapter Two

Z /Zarne.:!/ is the real Nyah Kur word that shows

coumandlng, but it is used very rarely, mostlyby the older,people at Ban Narn Lat. Generally,

/J7z/ ie widely used by both the older people

and th6 younger one6.

The final partlcles/d,5:,/

connand etatements. they

a requeet.

and. /t5z/ are used inrveaken a command into

The flnalques tl on

It shows

partlcle /?52i7 is used 1n both the

statenents and the 'afflrmatlve re6poase6.

poll tone 66.

youEge rones u8e

only 1n negative statements. They are mutuallyexcluslve. Moreover, they can be used. in answeri.ag

polar queetions, with the neaning of rNor 1n

EngIlsh.

t In answerlng a polar questlon, the verb which issenantlcally in focus in the que6tion staternent1s norually repeated in the response etatenent.In addltion to the answer, a Thal final particle/c5.2/ Ie sometiraes used by the women.

As for /Xhritp/, a Thai particle, thegeneratJ-ons use j_t widely whl1e the olderlt very rarely.Copyright by Mahidol University

SHAPIER THREE

The Phonologlcal lliold

3.1 General Definltlon

The Phonologlcat Word 1s defined as the rank vrhose

unlts have a structure in term6 of syliables and functlonsla the Intonatioa-Group. The phonol ogi_ caI Word 1n Nyah Kur

at Ban Nan Lat has the followi.ng conponents :-(1) stress(11) pitch(lil) reglster (see sec. 5.2.a)

Tbe Phonolog1-cal tfilord Structure

The Phonologl cal Word in thi.s dialect has from one

sy1lab1es. V,lords uith one and two sy11ab1es are

uh11e onee wlth three syltables are very rare. The

one stron8ly stressed sy1lab1o as lts nucleus and

one weakly stressed sy1IabIe, or one nonstressed

or both, as lte perlphery.

The structures of word are monosyltabic, dieyllablcand trisyllablc as follows :-

3.2.1 'lhe Monosyllabic 'f/ord

A nonosyllalic word isneauingfuJ. sy1Iab1e which always bears

structure 1s : t,c(c)v(T)1.

3.2

to three

plentlfulword has

may have

syl1ab1o,

formed by only one

a strong stress. fts

Ex.


51

L,ti:l

L't hB:f

t'nirn)

['-Fi"lg p5: ?1

f pc: 1)

fmuaJ)

I qem)

f nri: t)

Ir.h..{pl

Ito say t

I fri end I

I full I

lhet

I to dream r

I to floatr

I onel

I to chop i

I liguor t

I fores t I

Both

be an

ea ch

3.2,2 The Dlsyllablc ',Vord

A d1-syllablc word 1s formed by tvro syIlables.of these eyl1ablee roay be meaning fu1 or one of them nay

enpty norph, or 1t may be a dlsyltabic naorphenel but incase it is one phonologica] word.

. There are three sub-typee of disyllabic word

as follows : -1.2.2.1 The Disyllabic ?lord Sub-type A

A disyllablc word of this sub-type 1e

word which is composed of a presyllable (see sec. 4.A.2) p1u6

a ma-ln sy1lable (see sec. 4.2.D. The order of the ey11ab1es

in a word is the presyllable precedin6 the main syltable. ?he

structure of thls sub-type ls : [c(c)v.rc(c)v(c)] .Copyright by Mahidol University

,2

Ex.

[c(c)v(c).rc(c)v(c)]

Ex.

fpt. 'thg,l

ftha.,me.:l

[tre. 'ch5N

[r a. 'nit)

1pe. ' t6: ?1

[pra.'cu!]l

[tra. ' "\1[ce.'xhrig)

[ca. ,khIin-lr..Ju

Ito pourt

I erop ty I

I spear I

I navel I

I tailI

I yellow I

I unbrella I

I pleaslng I

t to postpone I

3.2.2.2 The Dlsyllabic Y/ord Sub-type

L disyllabi.c word sub-type B

which l.s courposed of a mj-nor sy11able (see sec. 4.2.3)naln syl-Iable. The order of the sy1-Iab1es in a r,ord issy11abIe precedln6 the maln syI1ab1e.

B

1s a word

plus athe nlnor

The structure of this sub-type is:

ldun. r 1c:l

[u6: n. t ng':1

1tam. ,tie t!

tphan. '19. J)

[cu. rcuhl

ra ki-nd of

ra hind of

I thri fty t

Ia hlnd ofI to poke I

bird I

kni fe I

Plant t


53

1tu. , th6ir]

L.h.E.'trhlil

fdo1. rtr5: k')

Lphrej.'phrgr jl

tphrg*.,phraw1

I opponent t

rAdam I s apple I

t throat,

ryouth I

I woman t

1.2.2.3 The Disyllabj.c iuord Sub-type C

A dJ-syllabic word sub-type C is composed

of a nasal syllable (see sec. 4.a.1) plus a rnain syllabl-e. The

order of the syllab1e in a word is the nasal sylrable precedingthe main syI1ab1e.

I[. 'c( c)v( c)3

Ex.

The structure of thj-s sub-type 1e :

'p(: 9 I

'pr6plt ci: ?-l

I k5:f

rkra: Jl

t1. 'thr3: 1l

3.2.3 The Trisyllablc Word

A tri.syllablc word is formed by three syl3.ab1es.

Tbeee three syllabres glve only one neaning. However, trlsylrablcworde in Nyah Kur of Ban Na-m Lat are very rare. AE far as I

fm.

q.

fn.

t1.I

tt.

rinch t

ta liel

ryounger slbllngt

rpounded rlcet

ra kind of barkt

ta kind of frui t l


1f e. ,wA3. ,thra: jl

fca.,th;?.'thf:31

3.2.3.A The Trisyllabic t'Iord Sub_type B

A trlsyllablc word sub-type B 1s

composed 1n the 6ame way as the trlsyllabic word sub-type A,but the order of the sy11abIes J-s different. That is, thenlnor sy11abIe precedes the presyllable which precedes the roaln

one.

The structure of this sub-type i_s :

f r cvc. cv. tc( c) v( c)l

[,ba1.kh2.,12e1

['63. cha, 'u(en]

54

have collected data, I have found only four words.

The6e four tri.syllabic words may be categorizedj-nto two sub-types as follows :-

1.2.3.1 The Trisyllablc 1rr/ord Sub_type A

A trisyllabic word sub-type A isconposed of a presyllable (see sec. 4.2.2), a mlnor sy11ab1e

(see sec. 4.2.3) and a main syltable (see sec. 4.2.4). The

order of the syl1ab1es ln a word is the preeyllablo precedlng

the nlnor syl1ab1e, whlch precedes the main syllable.

fcv. , cvc.tc(c)v(c)l

Ex.

The structure of th-1s sub-type 1s :

rl-emon grass I

I cockroach I

rklng cobas t

ra kl.nd of snake I

Ex.


,5

,.2.4 Variation of Monosyllabic and Disyllabic 'rVords

' 1) Merging wj-th main syl1ables

Sone disyllablc words vrhose maln sy11abIes have

the clus ter- forraing consonants (1rrrw) as their initial consonants

and whose presyllables have cv. structure and have / e/ as

thelr nucleus (see 6ec. 4.2.2. 1) in the disyllabic word sub_type.Anay be nerged into one nonosyllabic word in rapid speech.

Ex.'[pe.

'16:31

[ce.'rfj]phe.,19:3)

[te. rt.u: j]

ge.'wltl

ftha.,wS.j1

['pr6:$

I cr631

I tru: J]

Ikwaf,]

I to roastl

rwalcj-ng r

talnost rlpe I

I tanarind I

I to hl-tr

I to svtlng I

sub-type A

syl1ab1ee

such the

2) Dropping presyllable6

Presyllables ln a disyllabic word ofcan also be dropped ln rapid speech. Only the maln

stlIl renain. There ls, however, no rule as to when

syllables can be dropped.

Ex.

[tha. 'r.5n]

grh.. 'r'*nt1

fcha. 'n6: m]

[rha. r n(: 3]

Ir{"1

t,rfp,l

I ni: ml

E n(: Jl

Ito step t

I fores t t

ryearr

I monkey t

g phrg:5)

Ir<\.9y1


55

)) Dropping nlnor sy11ab1es

Some mj-nor sy11ab1es of sub_type B (see

sec. 4.2.J) can al-so be ciropped in rapid speech and onlythe main sy11ab1es still_ remain. There is, however, no ruleas to vhen such a minor eyllab1e will be dropped.

Ex.

[nad.'p\9.:31 --J gphr.a.:gl

[phatf.'*y',$

[tam. ,ufet']

to\.'n"$fu"t{. ,

fbak'. ,

/. ,^crr- nJ

h-c .q:$

---) [wi:,jl

-+ [tiu:---) [r<5g1

---+ E ""irr1--+ ["hg,$

ra kind of

r thri fty t

rhalfr

I chestl

I shoe I

rfireflYt

eg6plantt


57

3,3 Word Stress

3.3.1 Phonetic Characterlstj- cs

There are three types of stressat Ban Nan Lat : Strong Stress, Weak Stress and

The strongly stressed syllabl e

the roost promlnent of the word. It ts symbolized

ie marked by [t] j-n front of that sy11able lntrans cripti on.

strongly atressed

stre6sed sy1lab1e

A phonological word has

6y11ab1e as 1ts nucl eus

or an unstressed one as

Stress 1n this dial ec t

in l"'yah Kur

No stress.1s phonetlcally

bY (s) ana

a phone tl c

one and only one

and may have a weakly

1ts periphery.

occurs in the followlng

The weakly strossed sy11ab1e is phonetlcallyless promlaent or has less volume than the strongly stressedsyllable but has nore volune than the unstreesed syl1abIe. It1s syabollzed by (W) and 1s marked by C.,l in front of that6y11ab1e 1n a phonetic transcrlpti-on.

The unstressed syllable is phonetlcally the

least promlnent eyllab1q or it has less volume than the flrettwo. It 18 symboliz ed by (U) and it bears no mark in my

phonetl c transcri-ptlon.

3.3.2 The Dlstribution of Stress

3.J.2.1 In the Monosyllablc Word

In a monosyllablc word, the strong

mannerEi : -


58

3.3.2.2 In the Disyllabic Word

In a disyllabic r,vord, the strong stressls always on the last syl1ab1e while the firet syltable 16 notstressed. Its structure is : [U.,S].

Ex.

[ka. ' 15'ra

[ta. '15 : Cl

stress is always on the peak ofi-s : f tsl

Ex.

[rprdn]

I ph*.]

I ti"fI thit

"1

that syllabIe. Its structure

rbaitr

Ito flyt

Ito breathe I

rmatcht

rbelowl

I beyond 1

I centipede I

rone hundred I

ra .klnd of tree I

I to poks t

I Llzard I

t scurfl

rlipl

I Eand I

[kir. 'kh.1: rl

fnu. ' ch.ol: lC)

Qri.,k5hl

1ci. ,cin1

Lcik. r c'ck'l

Qhe3.'r'e31

[q.'u5y1

ln. l tt{L ICopyright by Mahidol University

qo

stressthe no

3.3.2.3 In the Trisyllabic Word

In a tri-sy1Iabic word, the strongis always on the last syl1ab1e. The weak stress and

stress may be on the first sy1lab1e or on the second

6y11ab1€. It has two structureB aB follows: -(1) [.u.,w.,sl

B.[Ie.,w]g. r thra: Jl

[cs. r thi?.'thf:jl

(1i) L,\,'/.u.'slEx.

[,ba3.kha.'lapl

I r51. "b". 'nrian]

Stress Contrast

lleoon gtaesl

I cockroach t

I king cobral

ra kind of snake I

3.3.3

Though stress occurs more than oace 1n certalndlsyllablc and trlsyllab1c words, it can be concluded that thephono1o61cal word 1n thls dlalect bears only one atrong stress,that is, on the peak of the nonosyllablc word and on the lastsyllable of the di-sy11abic and tr{syIIablc words.

fherefore, stress is predictable. Its narkingw111 be left out l_n a phonemic transcrlption in those cases.


bU

I pr{n]

g' pharl

E tic'l

fka.rrS: nl

fta. rI5: t'l

[.kir. r kh.t: rJ

I bai tt

t to fly,

I to breathe t

I below I

I beyond I

I centipede t

I cockroachl

rking cobra t

/p*n/

/ph^r/

/tLc/

/kar6:n/

/tat6 t/

fce. , the'?. , thi, F[,ba1.kha.'l1m]

/\rkh1t r7

/ cethez thit:1/

bankhelam,/


6t

3.4 Itlord Pitch

3.4.1 Phoneti.c Charac teri s tj. cs

There are five phonetic pitch contours in theNyah Kur language spoken at Ban Nam Lat : the iiigh ftisi_ng

Pitch, the Mld Level pi_tch, the l_,ovr l.a1ling pltch, the low_High Pltch and the Hlgh-Low pitch. There, however, are onlytwo tonenes (see sec. j.4.3).

(1) The lligh Ri-sing pitch

The h-igh rising pitch begins at a higherIevel than the High Tone in Standard Thai and rlses to an

endlng polnt whlch 1s also higher than that of the Thai High

Tone. ft 1a found widely in the Nyah Kur word6 at Ban Nam Lat.It is narked by t.rl above the vowel i_n both phonetic and

phonemlc transcriptj-on.

(11) the Mld Level pitch

The mj-d 1eveI pi_tch also begins at thehlgher leve1 than the Mid Tone In Standard Thai; moreover,it does not faI1 sIlght1y at the end as the ltid Tone. Itbears no raark in my phonetic and phonenlc transcription.

(iij-) fhe Low Falling Pitch

The 1ow falllng pitch starts at the sane

fevel as the Low Tone ln standard rhai but fa11s to an endlngpolnt lower than that of the Lov/ Tone. It is marked by [.]above the vowel in my phonetic and phonemic transcriptioa.


62

loanwords fron

above the vowel

Tai

in

(v)

(1v) The Low-High Pitch

The 1ow-high pitch occurs only in the(see sec. 5. 1.1.1). It j-s marked by [t lny phonetlc transcrj-ption.

The H:Lgh-Low Pitch

ra negative F.P. I

I a c ompara ti ve 1,1k. t

I to faintt

I to pant r

t to rel ease t

i to tear I

The high-Iorv pitch also occurs only J_n

the loanwords from Tai (see sec 5.1.2). It i-e marked by E^jabove the vowel in my phonetic transcription.

3.4.2 The Distributlon of Pitch

The pitch ln this dialect 1s contrastive iuthe word leve1 and is partlalty conditioned by the sy1lab1e

structure in the fo1lowia6 nanners : -3.4.2.1 In the Monosyllabic i{ord

The Hleh I.'ising Pltch

The d:istributioB of the h16h ri-sing pltch1s very l'rlde. It occura i all sy1lab1e structures.

Ex.

Lrne:_l

I kw5:]

E r5p'l

I h 5: ro']

Ipr6tr]

[ "h6, t,1Copyright by Mahidol University

53

[,ri."']

['ni: c"l

g ph'irr1

I top of headt

I comb I

ra kind of starr

I to Poke t

I will I

I to eat t

I to look

I to cook

I full I

I chi-n I

rhalfr

a fter I

ricel

I fish-baskett

Ito love t

rlowt

r to digl

ra kind' of caster-oi1 plantr

I drunk I

I to return t

t to flow I

t walkway t

t pi-1Iowr

Ito pick upt

pthr5:tf1

t "6tlI c6: ?]

f cin3

['t i m]

f r$:Ikh,i,-;il

Ir<531

I rh5: 31

ll trihl

[ "h6r]I ci: rlIrh5r]

I bu:11

Ic5w 1

I r,i, "lIk6j]I t5: i]I p5c' ]


64

The Mid Level

The nld l evel-

Pitch

pitch occurs inmanners : -

the foI1o',rlng

(i) In open syllabtes vith long vowels

I to say t

I corn I

I to swi-ng t

I to scoldt

I name of the folksongr

ra kind of tree I

I to seen I

Inane I

ra kind of condlment I

twi-thr

t duckl

t cock- conb I

I fri end I

ra kind of kni fe t

ra final partl cl e t

Ithe vrord to stop cattlet

E tj-:l

[ li.:]

I r<w3,1

[ "h.qiIre.:l

[.r.h...,]

[.r.\..1

[..ngi]

Ephr.rl

Ir.h",1

I tha:1

Iru:)

Inn*i]

I thp.'l

Inc:l

E 1.1'l


The Iow

closed syllab]es ending with(see eec. 5.3.1.4) in native

or ln cLosed syl1ables endln6

l-oanwords fron Thal .

ending wJ-th

ra kind of tree I

Ito winnow l

t shoP t

t sone I

I a1lke I

I to wash I

t to flyt

I to creep I

ra kind of frult t

I to finl.shl

1 talkative I

ra flyr

I swelledl

Ievel pitch occurs only in the

the voiceless final consonants

v,tord6, but occurs in open sy11ables,

vrith the voiced consonants of the

65

(ii) fn closed syllab1 es

voiced final consonants (see sec. 5.J. 1.4)

.EE.

I krcm

Ixho: m]

I ran]

I ch": n]

[;$

[-phu.]

[wa: rlFrurl

Ithg: r]

Ion*il

Ixhu]Cl


56

Ex.

E r.hg" p]

Irp" tlI cltat']

U?1c'l

"ll ne: c' I

I ph.ir"]

Inhj' r.l

IaAtl

In]: 11

Ithr]"r,1

1.4.2.2

I branch t

Ito flow through t

r to take I

I exc rument I

I clothl

I along I

rJobra tears I

Ito 1aY downt

Inonglutlnous ricet

tmatr

In the Disyllabic Word

The pitch in the disyllablc words 1s

syllab1e and the pitch of the preceding

by that of the last syI1ab1e.

There are three pitch-patterns for the

contras ti ve

sy11ab1e 1-s

on the lastde term1ned

disyllabl c worde as followe :-

(i) I f the r. .i-n sy11ablo bears ir:L gh

p1tch, the preced5.ng syllable is usuali-y at a lorrer pitch-1eve1.

EI.I cj- gare t te I

t charcoal I


_....-F_

67

I nel-on I

I to hope I

rhal- f I

I lizard t

i to gnaw I

Itickllshl

ra kind of flowerl

I tongue '

rinternoder

If the maln sy11able bears 1ow pitch,j.s usually at a higher pltch-leve1.

I custard appl e I

t to cut I

ra kiud of blouse r

Ito hltt

ran equipnent to playr

I ghost I

Ito hurl t

the precedlng

Ex.

tEefifrEr

rthr;tffip[xin.[iI5ir.--<JJ

tc;te,lt;5k1L.

fk"o-rJ'k"6: r]

wFiS*t

1g{-F6kr

(1i )

the preceding syl}abl e

Fv

i;Af5dJrt;nlXLI'rtk".l11igr

G*[G!'r

tl.tl%-?f

t".\:thsg'f

Etda.-r':(ij_i) If the main

syl1abIe j-s slightlysyllable bears the mid pltch,lovrer than the roaln one.

[tc'x'.pi:rfl


6B

[r;"J+d+llL

tba-'fLla,,l*:l

r6af angerl r

rjujuber

ra klnd of birdt

I forest I

I to v/ear I

I to embrace I

ra kj-nd of plantl

ta kind of flowerl

tqgrtd++l

EhJlne+{rf

t4!'4*,.affm..roLn-l

tpj*ir-*irts.ilhl

3.4.2.3 In the Trisyllabic 9lord

trlsyllabic words as

There are two pitch-patterns for

follows : -

Mid-Lol,l,-l"iid(i)

fra.,wi3. 'thra: il rlemon grass I

I king cobralf , ua3.kha\. tl-aml

(1i) righ - Lov, - High

t, p51. "h"'. 'rr("ol

1o5.,thg'?.,thf,jl

ra kj-nd of snake t

l cock-roach r


1xbt55/

7xbr"y

/ chl'r1

/ chur/

/t623/

ho:1/

7xh6:y/

/kbotg/

/3wi r/

/3waz r/

Contra6 tIE

3.4.3.2Contrast iE

IE

}{j-gh Risin8 - Lovr

/ chi: /

IE

IE

]E

IE

69

).4.3

at Ban Nam Lat

contrast occur6

the pitches in

Pitch Contrast

The pi tches in the itl.yah Kur langua6e

are contrastive at the ,,vord 1eve1 , that

on the final 6y11ab1e of the word and

any preceding eyllables j-n the word.

3.4.3.1 High Rising; - Mi-d Level

inl dea fl

I many I

tdogt

I fenal e I

I talI I

I to come t

?a klud of

ra kind of

ra kind of

I thread I

T.eveI

I tree I

Ito flghtt

spoken

is, the

de termi nes

she1l I

plant I

fishl

/ "hi, /


7o

Contrast in Sj-milar Cnvironrnent (Analogous llnrironment)

AE Statement : -

Iligh llising 'Ione / // a:rci Loiv Ialf ing ,lone / \,/ contrastin analogous env-ironinent (A1i) : -

/nit //d;? /

rlvill-t

I to 1ay dovrn t

These only dJ.ffer 1n word-iniiial consonants. The

only reasonable hypothesis is that High }tising Tone

/'/ is caused by /n-/ anrl trow Falling Tone /\,/ iscaused by /d-/. But t}rls is false as shown by

/nip/ I to count t

Showing that the word initial consonant cioes not

condi.tion the presence of tones, lherefore, ///ana /\/ belong to seoarate tonemes.

3.4.t.3 I'{id Level & Low Fall-j-ng

The mid 1eve1 pitch and tire lovr Ieve1 pj-tch

are in Complementary Distribution as follows : -

E \ I occurs only i-n a closed sy11ab1e ending

vrith a voicel-ess final consonarit

] never Ooes

Therefo.re, t -l ancl [,\] are the allotones ofthe sane toneme / /.


?1

I phr.l

[,phix,_l

I r.J: 11

Ir.r1:$

t n.e): 11

Irer,r]

Lr to fly r /p,,ar./

htalon6r /p"ak/

I efder sis terr ttr'rl t

t monk I /lu:\/rmotiierr /ny? /I true I /nez n/

The Low-High and High-Loy/ pitches only occur

in Thal loanwords, so are not considered phonemic. Therefore,there are two tonemes in the Nyah Kur dlalect spoken at Ban

Nan Lat : The Hlgh Rj-si-ng Tone and the l,Ii d,/Loy, Tone. These

two tonemes need to be vrritten in a phonemj-c transcrj_ption.


C}IAPTI,R FOUR

The Sy11able

4.1

have a

in the

4.2

General De fini tl on

The syllable rank is defined as the rank whose units

structure in terms of the irhoneme and \,/hich functions

Phonologlcal ,/ord.

Syl1ab1e S truc ture

Ito liet

I bean I

I rLlne I

llazyt

rmatr

I thread I

The structure of the syIlab1e is described in terms

of a nucleus formed by a vowel (V) or a syll abic nasal- (11) and

a periphery formed by consonants (C).

There are four types of sy1lab1e in the l,lyah Kur

language spoken at Ban Nam Lat : tire I'lasal Sy1lable, the

Presy11able, the M:inor Syllable and the l"lain Sy11ab1e.

4.2.1 The Nasal Sy11ab1e

A nasai 6y11ab1e is defj-ned as a syllablewhich is formeci so1e1y by one of the nasal syllabics. Itahray s occurs as a presyllable in the disyllabic word sub-type C

(see sec. 3.2.2.3). ft always bears no stress. Its structurers :[f.].t1t) r"V be a bilabl.I [q], an atveolar fn1 or a velar [$.

Ex.-r-11.'nlafJ

[q.'r5..pl

ln. 'ci: f I

L1. ' .4., rlL3. 'r,6: 11

I

L1. 'wa: r]I


7'

CHART tr : Showing the co-occumence of the syllabicnasals with the initial- consonants of the

main sy1Iab1e.

m nI

4I

syllabi c

nasal ni tialconsonah ts

+hPr P r o

+ t, th, d

+ c

+ + ch

+ k, kh

?

n, n, 3

+.P

+ h

+ + + frr

+ w

j

occurrence

nono c currenc e


74

4.2.2 The Presyllable

The presyllable is defined as a sy1Iab1e whose

nucleus 1s only /a/ or /a/ (see sec. ).2.1 .l) and bears only

no stress. It can only be an open syIlab1e. Its occurrence

is optional. A presyllable can be nerged lvi th the main syl1ab1e

into one monosyllabic word and can also be dropped in rapid

6peech. It precedee the main sy11ab1e in a disyllabic word

and the nxa1tr 6y11ab1e or the minor syl1ab1e in a tri_syIlabicword.

There are two types of the presyllable according

to its structure;

has no effect on

etructure can be

in theht, t Ct

only

fcha.'r5:]

It<e. 'r5: n]

ftre.'rin]

lpra. 'h5: n-]-)-

[t.". 'chi5l

fk.e . 'wte n]

The following

initJ-al c posi tion

ch, k, kh, ?, m, h,

[r] ls found.

Ex.

however, the dlfference betvreen its structureother aspects of the phonology; therefore, 1ts.

sunnrarlz ed as : fc( c)v.] .

I to sooth (baby) I

rbel-owl

I smel1 |

I cotton- thread r

I umbrella t

I scy the I

are the consonants that are found

of th.e presyl}ables z- /p, ph, br. t,

L, r/, but in the second (c) position


75

As for /a/ and /a/ in a presyllable 1n the real

I'lyah Kur words, there often is a free variation, that J-s,

it is very difficult to distinguish even in normal or careful

speech. llowever, this variation i-s not found 1n the 1'hai

loanwords that are composed of ttro sy1lab1es and the

presyllable has clearly /a/ or /a/ as the nucl-eus.

The fol-lowing charts sumr.rariz e all presyllables,

which have /a/ or /a/ as the nuclei, which are found 1n my

data. Only certain presyllables can occur before certain

initial consonants of the fo1lowin6 main sy1IabIe. The nucleus

of the presyllable can be clearly distinguished as / e/ or

/a/ as ahown in the charts.

In these two charts it i-s clearly seen that only

/p/ ana /n/ can occur with the same aounds in the rnain

sy11ab1es. The ccv structure of the presyl1ab1e6 can be

found only 1n the presy11ab1e6 of uhich nucleus ts onl-y /e/.


lo

CHART B : Shorving the co-occumence of / a/ in the presyllablewith the initial consonants of the next rnain

syl1ab1 e .

c onsonan ts

presyl1.

+ = OCCUffenCe

= nOnOcCurrence in my data


7?

CHART C : Showing the co-occurrence ot /a/ in the presyllablewith the initial consonants of the next mai-n syllabIe.

c on6onants

pre6y11.p hp b L th d c h k .h a m n I I h I r j v,

pa + + + + +

hpa + +

ba

ta + + + +

tha + +

ca + +

hca + + + + + +

ka + + + + + + + + + +

.hK + + + + +

?a +

ma + +

l-a + + +

ra +

+= o c currenc e

nonoccumence in my data


4.2.1

lo

The Minor Sy11abl e

A mlnor sy1Iab1e is defined as a syl1ab1e

t'rhich bears no stress 1n a di-sylIabic word and has a rveak

stress ln a trisyllabic word. It always prccedes the main

sy1lab1e in both a disyllablc vrord and a trisyllabic one.

Minor syIIabIes cannot be roerged with the mai-n syl1abIes

into one monosyl]abi-c word, but some can be dropped in rapid

speech. Its struciures can be either closed or open syl1ab1es.

Horvever, the nucleus of minor sy11ab1es of which structuresare open can be any vowels except /a/ and. /a/. tts structureis: [c(c)v(c)].

There are three sub-types of the minor

syl1ab1e as foIlows : -

(i) sub-type A

The minor syI1ab1es of this sub-type

occur due to reduplicating two main sylJ-ables and merging

tvo monosyllabic vrords. The votiel of the minor syllabLe wh:i ch

occurs due to reduplicati_on 1s usual"Iy the same vowel as thatof the nain sy11ab1e but it may be different 1n length. ,,rihereas,

the volel of the ninor sy1lable vhich occurs due to nergj_ng

of tlro nonosyllablc words may be same or different fron the

vowel of the main one. Its structure is : ["u.1

RedupLication : [rel.rre:][ci.'crirrl[r. ]. ,r.5r, l

ra folk oongt

I to poke t

ra kind of tree I

Irv


79

tr."..'ri.',1

Merg|sg : [ku. 'th6hl

[xu.'t-c.:p1

g6u. , cho': IiJ

(i1) Sub-type B

Its structure

Ex.

[phan. t1.e Jl

[tem. r bLatl

[te3. ,ha: n]

[tiw. 'ai*J

tti5. 'ti5l(iil) Sub-type C

Ito talk in oners sleepr

I opponent I

rdull l

I one hundred I

is : fcvcl.

ra kind of plantl

I thrftyl

ra wood to dlp up rlcer

ra klnd of henpr

I ear-ornanent r

is : fccvc] .

I woman I

Inanl

rAdamr s appl e I

I north I

Ex.

f ts s.tructure

lphrf1*. ' ph.cgwl

[truJ. ' tr(:q 1

fchrun. r khu 1l

[p1aJ. t ti: n]


80

4.?.4 The Main Sy1lable

A main syllable is defined as a syllab1e whlch

. immediately precedes a potential pause' It ahvays takes a strong

stress. Its occurrence is obligatory, that ia, every word must have

one main sy1lab1e. Its structure is : Cc(c)v(cI] .

There are four sub-types of the main eyllable

as follows : -

(i) sub-type A

Ex.

Ex.

Ephr.,l

[i thru:l

[trwi:)

f ts structure 1s : E cv.] .

E thgi

[t:":1

["ngJgch,i:1

tpu.'td ,to pourr

(il) sub-typ6 B

lts structure i6 : [ccvf, .

r duck I

l to say t

I to scold I

I woori I

ra kind of condlnentl

la kind of f16h- trap t

I to swing I


B1

(ii1) sub-type c

f ts structure

0 pSnl

Ethe$

In5: n]

[y6r1

fte. 'r5wl

0 cvc.l .

I four I

Ito sitr

Ito have I

I pangolinl

I six I

I cockioachl

ra kl nd of snakel

1s : [ccvc] .

Ex.

pa. , tt't. , thri: llf,ta3.rha. 'taml

(1v) Sub-type D

f ts structure

Ex.

Et\): el

[.ur5x]

I to scratchl

I to want I

Ito spri-nkJ.e I

rlemon grass I

[pe. 'pr6h]

Se. , wA3. 'thr6: il

In the main sy}}ab1e, all the consonants, except /Jh/,can f111 the inl tlal posltion (see sec. 5.3.1.2). r'Jhereas, only

certaln con6onant6 can fill the final position (see sec. ,.5.1.4).A11 kinds of vowels can occur as nucleus ln the ma'in syllable; but

on].y a long vowel can occur in the open syIlabIe.


ot

4.3 Syllable Functions 1n

The sy11ables function

There are two mai-n classes of the

function in the phonologj-cal word

the Peripheral Syl1ab1e.

4.3.1 The Nuclear Syl1ab1e

The sylIab1es i-n this c1as6 function as the

nucleus of the phonological word. The nuclear sy1lable is the

maln sy1Iab1e and always takes the strong stress. It always

occuples the last po6itlon 1n the vrord.

Ex.

u mgPl

q.

[-n.

q.I

En

Bg3.'rc:1

Ge. , thi ?.

!ba5.khe.'lgml

Itrn5y)

[r.rhri c"1

'pdjl

'arirl

'h6,: rl

.'cdrrl

the Phonological lVord.

in the phonological word.

sy11ab1e in terms of their: the liuclear Sy11ab1e and

t deli- clous I

ito askt

Ito eteal I

rmolel

I to snore I

lmatl

Ito pokel

ta kind of bi-rdr

I cockroach t

rking cobral


4.3.2

QZv)

The Perlpheral Sy11ab1e

The syIlables 1n thie class function as the

periphery of the phonological word. The peripheral sy11abIes

consist of a presyll-able (see sec. 4.2.2) which takes no stre6s,a nlnor syllable (see sec. 4.2.)), which takes no stress in a

disyllablc word 6ub-type B (see aec. ).2.2.2) and a weak

s.tress in a trisyllabic word (see sec. 1.2.3), and a nasal

syDable (see sec. 4.2.1), whlch takes no 6tre6s 1u a dlsyllablcword sub-type C (see sec. 3.2.2.1).

The peripheral sy11ab1ea occupy the flretposition ln a disyllabic $ord (see sec. 3.2.2) and the firstpositi-on and the second one in a trisyllabic word (see sec.J.2.J).

Ex.

rche. tr5:]

re:i.'cfu,1

q.

t4.

E.I

'to soothe (babY) I

Ito poke I

rchestr

ra kind of blrdl

ImoleI

I to snore I

rmatl

I cockroachltc a. . tt\ ?. ' th(: nlJ

tD-ir.. '".iirl[d:r4. 'rc 1

'p(jl

'd{rlth5: rl

[rbeg.khe. 'rau1 rking cobral


CHAPTER FIVE

The Phonerae

5.1 General De fini tl on

The Phoneme i-s defined as the rank whose un:i tsfunctlon in the sylIable. It is the lowest rank of hierarchy

and so has no statable structurel however, the phonetic forms

of the Phoaene may be described. The Phoneme is dlvided intotwo classes : Vowel and Consonant.

5.2 The Vowel Phonene

Tho Vowel Phonene ls one of two main classes ofPhonemes. Aga-in, 1t is divided iato two categorles : the

Clear Volce-Register VoweLs and the Breathy Voice-Reglster

Vowels. Besides Register, Length of Monothongs 1s also contrasti-ve.

5.2. 1 The Distribution of Vowel Phon6me6

The Vowel Phonerne functions as the nucleus

of the Syl1ab1e i-n the Presyl1ab1e, the },iinor syI1able and

the Maj.n Syllable and consj-sts of ,/i-i:, e-e:, €-€: , tr-u:,€-3i r A-41 , U-U:, O-O:, C-C:, iO, Ua/

the Vowel Phonemes may be sub-dirided intofour sub-c1a6ses as follows : -

5.2.1.1 Sub-c1ass v,

This sub-class functions 1n the

Presyllable (see sec. 4.2.2) and

consists of /a, a/.


B5

Ex.

Ex.

5.2.1.2 Sub-c1ass va

Ttri s sub-c1ass functlons in the Minor

Syll-ab!-e Sub-type A (see sec.4.2.3)

and the Maln Sy1lab1e Sub-typea A & B

(see sec. 4,2.q and con6ists of

f),t, ez r €i r [r ru! I or a:, a:, u, u:,o:r c, c2, ua/.

-haLp *:.

'to soothe (baby) t

I ri ce- fi e1d I

rbelowr

I to pourl

I year I

I to fai-nt t

I relatlve I

ra folk songt

I one hundred t

tto taLk 1n oners sleept

I duIl t

gcha. '16N

fche. , 16.l

ga. r#;n3

gpa. r th.e.:)

pha. rnl:m]

Sha. r15pl

. t re:-l

'chg), tt]

I ma: I

t 1."., pl

,n6: 1i)

l-re:

Ass,

l-ne.

B!.


85

rc!. , cdhl

rr).,rir,t

tto poke I

ta kind of tree t

I southl

Ito sayr

I to svrlng I

rnegative F.P. I

Ito scold I

Inetl

I butr

I to 6eem I

t name I

ra F.P. for request I

linl

I wi thl

I duck I

I to howl I

t frl end I

ra kind of knifet

ra kind of tree t

Ito telI I

tpounded rlcei

Orria.tnc:n]

I ti:lF kui:'l

Ir"rl["hg,l

I h6t

l tit[.xhrl

[. chgi

[.natl

F ne:'l

[r<hai

IthglIr"t]

Ith*']

E tho tl

rq.'oh.e':

[pe. ,chJ:]

E.'B-6tlCopyright by Mahidol University

87

,.2.1.3 Sub-class v,

This sub-type functions in the Minor

Sy11ab1e Sub-types B & C and consists

of / It Q r ulr or d1 o.i 1 ur u: r o,

ct cat ia /.Ex.

ttic..'di"l ta kind of henpl

txh.i*. 'k5, f, rrice porr:idger

r"hej.'r6jl rscurfI

frlir.'1irr1 rto cut downr

rd$.,th,{tftil.'rr61p

rnjr. , o'ar-l\lrl

Ito hope I

I hal fl

Ito feel hot I

rt6k. tn.e): cl I sheetr

tchi: j.'ch6: Jl rnecklacer

a&il. 'phrawl rwomanl

te\.'r"'r,l Inose'

L!91.':.c:1 'a kind of blrdl

[uu: n. t ma':] ra klnd of knifel

Aq. 'ph6, tI ttwlnst

a&3.'th.g:$ reelr

fklr. tkhi: r] I centlpede tCopyright by Mahidol University

88

Ldc.I. ,tr5: }{l

t-cc': ti'. ' c5: t<']

BS!.'thieliflien.rlianl

5.?.1.4 Sub-class vU

I throat I

I to scratchl

tto flickl

I eaglel

This sub-cIass functions in the Main

Sy11ab1e Sub-types C & D (see sec. 4.2.4)

and consists of all the Vowel Phonemes.

B.[pe. '

E.hi

E "niEa.,

q.'b

[.xhr

I central I

I comb I

I to wlde I

I ra ttan I

tIiPt

IklteI

I noisy I

, clothl

I near I

I 6hort I

Ito havestl

I narrow I

I melon I

ci ttl

: t']

tlri:?l

"Jile:,ru

[cha. rr61]

In,].: c]

[5d'1

[n. ' ti:1]

Ih]icl[r.h,i,p,]

b".'r6ilCopyright by Mahidol University

89

Ephfi:q J

6he. rr6t'l

[tr f t-J

Eu5 t':

IS.'15: Ul

[.rgpt]

I th9): xrl

[u6t']fcha.'wi: tlIxhr.{rl

Et he', p.l

gttul

[ "h(, ,rl

F nunl

Exh*,d

Ikh6t.']

E15:31

[mun.'th.qn]

Itr .: c'J

ra kind of scal e I

, th-l ck fores t I

ra coldl

Ito straighten I

I palate l

I delicioust

I to drumr

tdrJr

I sticky t

I seed t

I bench I

I to rise !

I five I

I pi-mp1e I

ra klnd of tree I

I to coj.l I

rrlcel

ra hind of tree r

ronly one I

roldrI trJ5)


;r<a. ' thr} apr]

I tun(eo]

I-' r) at'l

5.2.2 The Reglster (volce Quality)

One of the most interesting features of the

languages in the Austroasiatlc Language Fami-ly is Re6ister.

It is one of the three components of the PhonoLogical fford

(see sec. ,. 1). It is used to differentiate the meanings of

worde as Tone in a tonal langua6e 1s.l

In the Nyah Kur language spoken at Ban Nan Lat,

there are two kinds of Register : the Clear Voice-Register and

the Breathy Voi c e-Regis ter.2 They are in contrast. Above all ,

the Nyah Kur people themselves realize the dlfferences of

these two registers, but they cal-I "Light ',{ordrt for Clear

Register and I'HeaW i{ordrr for Breathy }iegister.

5.?,2,1 Phonetic Characterlstics

(i) ?he Clear Voice-Register

The vowels w1,r-L ch bear the Clear

Volce-Reglster are normally maqe vrith outgoing breath which

erits the lung and passes through the vocal tract. Sounds

are made by raising the ve1um, tirus cl-osing off the nasal

cavity and directing all of the airstream into the oral carlty.J

on

L'crlak'l tto slice (bamboo) t

I to runr

tantr

tto fal1 dolvnl


91

The Clear Voice-Reglster i6 not marked 1n my phoaeticand phonerolc transcription.

(ii) The Breathy Voi ce-Regi_ster

' Sounds are produced in the same

way6 as the vowels vrkich bear the clear voice-ReSister; however,when the alrstream pas.es through the vocal cords, it nake thenrrrbrate normally along part of thelr length. At the same time,the renainlng portion of the vocar cords is held too far apartto vibrate. Thj.s pernits a large amount of air to escape.

The Breathy Volce-Register is marked by (.. ) undera uonothong and uader the first vowel of a diphthong in nyphonetlc and phonenl c transcription.

5.2.A.2 The Dlstribution of Register

Both kinds of Regleter occur wideLy,that is, they can occur with aI1 Vowel phonemes. Compared wlththe Breathy Voice-Register, the Clear Votce_Reglster occursmore w-Idely, while the former is most comrnon 1,ri th long vowels.The Breatby Voice-Register rarely occurs wlth short vowels,especially w:-t.h /e/ and /o/.

Hos/ever, I find no rules that strictly describethe occumence of both klnds of Regi-ster 1n thls dlalect.

5.A,Z.J Register Contrasts

Since the occurenceVolce-Re61ster vs. the Breathy Voice_Reglster is

of. the Clear

unpredl c tab1e,


Regl s t er

phoneni c.

CI

1E

ln the Nyah Kur

It needs to be

CD

/i/-/t/

92

language spoken at Ban Nan Lat lsuritten in a phonemlc transcription.

Ex. Meanlngs

1wi1,/4

IE /iz/-/!:/

IE / e/-/ 9/

/ez/-/.e.2/

rE /e/-/s/

IE /e;/-/9.2/

IE /a/-/y/

/wirr/

/ chL: r/

/ ch!.t r/

'to feel 6iddy'

I to playr

| ( father ) -ia-law I

I to findl

lbarnl

tyout

I Srand father I

I to narly t

I tigestttol

I to leakl

rbanboo-mat I

I expensi-ve I

Ito rub I

ra kj-nd of blrdl

I to seen,

I rtanoe I

1 book I

tph'p.nt

/p"ril/ tezyt//ap,e,zy/

/tl c/

/t(.c/

Tphxrrl/4

/ohg.tt1/

/^irt/4

/nfit1

/t<hq 1

/ chw: //jchwl

/ph(,u/4

/ut /-/gz /


93

uL

AE

1E

SP

/a/ -/ 9/

/e:/-/.a;/

IE

rE /a/-/e/

/a:/-/a.71

IE /ct /-/ 2: /

AE

IE

/o/-/.o./

Ex.

/u5p/

/6.p/

/n*/

/n5.t /

/$,nt

dtnt

/y6 ihl

Meanings

I to cra ck t

I delicioust

ra F.P. for requeet I

rl-nt

rwi thl

I vrho I

I to cut dolvn t

ra c1. noun for bananal

Ito take r

Ito stlrl

I silkvtorm I

rpi1low,

I wrist I

I throa t t

! what r

I elophant grass r

ra kind of kni fe r

I to ask for r

AE

/y{: ih1

/kh6r./

/xhao/

/nczn/

/n.c.:n/

/kcl.? /

/k?.2? /

/^&/

t*6: // thot /

/ tho; n/"J

/oz /-1s' I


94

c1

IE

CD

/u/-/y/

/uz / -/rLt /

he/-/1a/

Ex.

/kh'tj/

Meaningg

I shrimp t

I talkati ve I

t to rub I

I fri end I

Ito smokel

I talkative t

I leech I

I snooth t

I stingy I

I to study I

1 tomato I

I papaya-sa1ad I

AE

AE

+/xhuj/

/th(z/

lxhyt /

/r&p/4

/ry.zp/

/ndfuap/

/ar1ep1

/d;.rerl/

/"+p"/

rx /w/-/ye/ /lt'toi//1tya1/

The example€ wlth contrasts 1n Analogous Environnent (AE)

are given 1n the order of : first a near-nlnimal pair, then

a counter-examplee to the hypothesis inplied by the near-rnininal pa1r. (For an exampl e of this type of argunentationwrltten out 1n fu1l see sec. 3.4.j.2)


95

5,2.2.4 Regi6ter vB. Tone

Register and Tone are independent

Both registers can occur with both tones

following examples :-

CLear Register , /ph!-rr/

/pey/

/tltn//tiwdiw/

As for Tha1

and Hlgh-Low,

sixty words.

loanwords that bear

I exclude them from

factors in I'iyah Kur.

as shown by the

I hail ?

I grand father t

I to love I

ra kind of hemp r

lhel

I top of head t

tyout

I to narryt

other two pl tchee,

the chart. They all

Breathy_Reglgler. : /fr rL/

/wic/

7ph'en/

/t.e,zS/

But there ls a tenciency for 1ow pitch to be acconpanied

by Breathy Reglster and high pitch to be accompanled by Clear

One as shown in the chart which gives the frequency of my data.Cl ear Brea thy

Illgh Tone B14 215

Mid ToneMld 325 223

Low 45 154

Iow-H1gh

are about


96

in1D

not

5.2.3 Length of Monophthongs

Besides vowels in this di-alect being dlfferentRegister, Monophthong vowels are al,so dlfferent in Length

closed syIIab1es. But the length of Diphthong Vowels i6c ontras ti ve.

Fhonetica}ly, the vowels in an open syllable

are realized a 1ittle longer than those i-n a closed syI1ab1e,

but thj-s doe6 not effect phonemj-c transcription.

The foLlovring are examples of the contrasts

of I'lonophthongs in Length.

AE

CI SP

/i/ - /i?/IX

/e/ - /ez/AE

AE

Ex.

/pi!//pi

)//win/")/bitn//wizz /4

/na'ey/

1a{c/

/ d.{: c/

/n6.y/

/t9;r// aez n/

M eanings

I fuIl I

ra kind of tree 1

I to play I

I to srvim I

tleftl

rliprI bean r

ra cl. n.I forme r I

for knl. fe t

Ito hatchlta few I

Itr/e/ - /tz/


97

CI

All

SP

tnn.r.y

}'.

/p"e:n/

/&)k//x6:x/

t^!ytt/nftvtdrnt

I'i eanings

I enough I

I expcnsi ve !

/w/ - /wt /AE tlate ni6htt

I dumb I

ta kind of bird t

ra coldllorl

AE

/ez/IE /kaj/

/ka: j/

I lvalkrvay I

, to prop I

I coldlrhott

IE /nan/

/wtn/

/az /IE /daak/

/d*x/,h / ./ c a nam/

/ chanS;n/

/ i7u7

/ ja:k/

/phuk/

/pbazl</

I of I

I vlate r I

I hutr

lyearl

t smoke I

tto poundl

'alongIrJob's tear I

IE

IE

I5


CI

IE

rE

/o/-/oz/

/c/-/ * /

9B

Ex.

/"h{rt/

/ch{:V

/ chirl/

lchizrl/

1n^(p/

/nrr{r;r/

meaningg

I remainder'l

t silkr

rfootl

rwhi te I

I Etovo I

'gr"y (hd")t

I Thal noodle I

I caEe I

I su6arcanel-ike treer

I rlce I

la kl-nd of tree t

I lndl-an drumr

Ito openl

:6 peel I

'hqy'

rhairl

IE

AE

AE

AE

/n6n/

/t6rn/

tph6!/

1p621/

/^*fu/tapt: : n/

/p5x/

/p'ctk/

/ chSu/

/ ch'c;u/

IE

]E


99

SPCI

IE

IE

/r1;/*'et/rh91/

I-{eanj-ngs

Ito battlel

I around I

Ito si tt

rconnecting polntry th1.t1/4


100

5.2.4 The Vowel Phonemes Inventry

The Vouel Phonemes Chart

ONOPH-

THONGS

5.2.5 The Formatlonal Statements

The followlng formational statenents are

regardless of Register, clear and breathy; however, the

exanples are of both klnds of Register.

5.2.r.1 The MonophthongE

/1/ Ul a 6hort close front unrounded vowel .

It occurs before all the finalconaonants ( see sec. 5.1.1.4),except /!,r, i, I / .

Ex.

tpLf,l rto closel tiitt

UIiROUNDED ROUNDED

FRONT CENTRAL BACKshort long short l ong short long

gL,osE t- 1: tr u: u

MIDDLE e a o o:

OPEN L oa a c

DIPHTHONGS io ue


I tie]

I ripJ ttipt[ .h.it'] | to wide , / "hit/gw{e1 ttop of headr ywic/

[".41 rto play ' /w!]/

/i:/ [il a long close front unrounded vowel.

It occurs sy1lab1e- finally and beforeall the flnal consonants except /h,i, q/.

Ex. t

[If r] r cornr /liz /

[q.'ci: t] ryounger sj.bling' /ncit?/

Icr.p /cLty/

Ir<uil /kw{t /

/lnn;?/Eirri: rJ ,pest1e,

[ur_:p rto swiml /b|t yL/

/e/ Lel a short middle front unr ,unded vowel.

It occurs only before /pr.,:rmrnrtlrb/.

Ex.

* ["6p] f a kind of knifet /n.:.p1

fcha.,r5i<l ta kind of treer /cha.,,ek1

[1.".r] ra cl-.nounr /t-.lr/

101

I to teart

I to loosel

t e1 ephan t t

Ito swingr

/tic/


Ex.

[ "hi "'l

102

I lipr

I noisy I

ra kind of basket t

I fresht

'you'

I f.rui t I

tq.'bS1

1cha. t (31

/nb'ey/

f'thr Jnl-xJ lxblen/

[ "hr5i,l[.rh6.r,l

/et/ ["1 a long rdddle front unrounded vowel .

1t occurs sy1lab1e- finally and before

all the final consonants except /prk,h,l ,j, g/.

Ex.

[.h".'"J1 ,to soothe (baby) , /cber{z/

[ "hJ,

f ] r to tearr / ch6, t/

[n6, cl rbeauti fur , /n6: c/

[..hg.,] r to s cord , / 9h 9.: /* [ ph.J: t'l I to pretend t /phez t/

[nd.: c'1 r croth | /ne: c/

/e/ Lt] a short opi.n front unrouuded vowel . ftoccurs before all the final consonants

except /p rkrw , q ,t .

/ chet'9y1

/ "hr'.t 7

tnhfnl

/ ch€ c/


[y6,1

ti. 'd.flIrrrial

I rhler]

[.pe pl

/tt/ Gl

U he:l

1n.'ai: t!Ip"6' r]

10J

I to suck t

I fish-hookt

Ito harvestl

lwetl

I to shootl

a long open front unrounded

occura sy11abIe- finally and

the fj-nal consonants except

,netl

I srnall I

I whlskY t

rbutr

Ito hurl r'

t mo ther I

rone . hundred I

ra kind of cucumberl

Ito rubl

ra k1nd of birdt

/y(.n/

. [.tp:,]

/d

[q. 'nhr..': tJ

lm,ei tJ

[u] a short close central unrounded vowel.

It occurs before /prt rkrmrtrgtrhr!/ and,

syl1ab1e- fina11y.

fmul r ch.}: x]

[trha. ,rfo]

/nai.y/

/nr{.c/

/eh,l.^1

/peo/

vowel. Itbefore all/yrhrr, i t g

/h{/

/nd€z t/

/pr|z?/

ytg.z //nphre...t/

,/ne.:? /

tfuwbo.zt</

/t<h ez &t/

y chanfitT

/n&t/

[che. 'r(1'1Copyright by Mahidol University

- [t(rp']

[n.'khunl

/w: / Lr'l

104

t thi ckt

Ito shoulderl

I book I

ra coldr

I dumb I

I to re turn I

Ito dropl

I deli ci ous t

rdustr

Ito reach into I

I to pass rvlndt /kapu.. t/I to talk in one I s sleept/m,en a.: /

/tfie/

/!kn'n/

/nchwz,/

/n{.: t//6zk/

/khw:n/

/ iep/

ynie/

/na5t7

a long close central unrounded vowel.

It occurs syllabl e- finally and before

/trkrnr g./ .

Ex.

Ex.

[.ph6' ih] f a scale of neasuret /pM,f/

/a/ [a] a short niddle central unrounded vovrel.

It occurs sy1labl e- finally and before

all the final consonants except /!ri /.

Itr{: t'l

[td: x'l

[r.h:n]

Ika. ,p(: t'][n a. rm ail

:,_\! jap.J

[i n5r'l

B. ,a5t'l

t1.'"hoY1

gpe.'thgl ra klnd of vegetable, /patha../

Irohr5xt] /trht6x/Copyright by Mahidol University

/at/ [a:l

Ex.

6re ' ' chj:]

[thr5: x']

I aa: nl

[".{']

I thgt: tf

Ia,,rl

I spear I

I to poke I

I oldl

tinI

I to drumr

rne6ative Mk. I

/trach{z /

/x\6zx/

/deza/

/n6.t /

/thgzx/

/ dg,zn/

/a/ ["] a short open central unrounded vowel. Itoccurs sy11ab1e- finally and before allthe flnal consonants excepl /c/.

Ex.

Ito pour,

I to faint I

I trunk t

r bamboo-nodel

las vle11 ast

I to dance I

r:OrlII

vho I

/pathez // chatSp/

/trn1/hna3/

/y6'n1

/rar./

/thrgp/

[ea.'th.e-:l

[cha. '15p!

I tSrl

I trnafl

glnl

F raml

I tho"n-1

105

a long mlddle central uarounded vowel.

It occurs syl1ab1e-fina11y and before

all the final consonants except /cr?,hrw, 1/ ,

[fir,] /nah/Copyright by Mahidol University

lo5

/a;/ tgl a long open central unrounded vowel.

It occurs sy1labIe- finally and before

a1I the final consonants excepl /h/.Ex.

h)/ [u] a short close back rounded vowel.ft occura

sy11ab1e- finally and before all the fi na1

consonants cxcept /Z ytw/ .

It h"t]

fxha. 't5: pl

fcha. rw6: t']

E r,6: el

F th",l

[th+)'pJ

[phr]: tI

Ithat: e]

rwitht

I j3wt

I glutinousr

I forehead I

rduckl

t stlckr

I banana I

I match I

1t<haz /

/xhat 6; p/

/ chawiz t/

/hi: c/

/th}, /

/tharp/

/phrV.t t/

/thaz c/

luuth/.n/

/kul c.; p/

h(tt/puk/

rchd3/

Ex.

Iku. ! thihl-\lku.rlc:dl

I pi,t ]Iptu1

[.h,ig)

I opponent '

I du11 |

I to breakr

Ito extractl

I footl

Ito forgetlphe.,witt /thewr!t/Copyright by Mahidol University

107

/t: / tu'J a long close back rounded vowel . Itoccurs sy11able- finally and before

all the final consonants except /hrw/.Ex.

["h(,]

I ch(: f]

[lpir: Cl

Ir.hlLrl

6h".,ri.: tJJ

.\lllu.: c'I

/o/ Lol a short

o c curs

Ex.

* [.th5t']

* [ c5t<,]

fcha. 'n6tl

In5n]

. [n,,5J]

ftre. 'p'oir]

[thor]

E.thlJl

fmun.'th.qn]

mlddle back rounded vowel. Itbefore / t rk r? rnrnrSrhrl/.

I silkl

Ito punch I

I fri end I

I bone I

I wrong I

l ch(: /

/ ch6: t/

/pit c/

7xb1tz/

/ chetv L/

/luz c/

/kh6t/

/ c6x/

/ chan'ol /

/n6a/

tph6!/

/uep'on/

/kho7/

/ntho? /

/rrunthon/

Ito coilt

rhoel

r what I

I Thai noodl e I

rdustl

I to thresh I

I caster-oi1 plant I

rrrillage-leatierl

ta kind of tree t


108

/ot/ fo:] , long mlddle back rounded vovrel. Itoccurs syllabl e- finally and before

al-1 the final- consonants except ,/p,

yr}..rw, i / .

I tho:]

* [kh.. r a5: tl]

fra.'td c!.

fl.'kh.o.,]I

* [pho.: t!

[kro: c"]

/c/ [c]

ra kind of knifet

Ito jumpr

t crispr

ra kind of tree,

I utmos t I

ronly one t

Ito

ra klnd of

t toad I

ta kind of

Inowl

flshl

/thoz /

/khad6; V

/tal6: c/

t/

c/

U lcdl

Iu 5t'l

I p5r']

Er,;.p1

E r[t')

Ir.{t')

la

Ito

rto

fain t I

kind of mushroom I

open I

bat tl- e I

6Ei. 'rdn1

/3khot /,h/P o.7

/lr'roz

/fi17

nStt

/p5ut

/r{.e/

/{9.t1

t r!.c1.t

/*x(n//n75t t /

a short open back rounded vowel . Itoccurs sy1Iab1e- finally and before allthe final consonants except /cryrl ,wrjr g/.

EJ .r1d:?]

tree I


109

/cz/ Lrtr a 1on6 open back rounded vowel. Itoccurs syJ-Iab1e- finally and before

all the final consonants except /c,

/t}:.r\{, q /.Ex.

fka. ' cht'J

[ka. 't5: f]

t to te1ll

Ito cackleI

I hair I

Inowl

rpounded ricer

t topt

tghostt

ra long timer

bn "hi, //kaL|t t/

/ ch{tu/

/?c]-ct? /

/r$5t/

/ ic.t t/

/nth.c.zk/

/ac.z? /

[ "h5,

ri]1-

f?c. rIc:?J

b.'kiilI

* [59): t'J

fn.tthc':kJ

[ttr': tJ

5.2.5.2 The Diphthongs

There are two diphthongs 1n the originalNyah Kur language spoken at Ban Nan Lat. The length of these

two d5-phthongs is not contrastive (nonphonernic). fn fact, there

is also a borrowed central unrounded diphthong /wo/ jrl theil^daily speech but I exclude it from the Vowel phonernes Inventoryand descrlbe it under the Phonol-ogy of loanwords in Chapter Vf.

These diphthon6s are close vole16ri.e.,/ i, u./ gliding to schvra /a/ as the figure on the next page.


lro

Like the fornati_ onal statements of the above mentioned

Monophthongse the Register :- clear vs. breathy, is regardless;however, the examples are of both kinds of Register.

/1a/ Gel a cl-ose front unrounded diphthong. Itonly occurs sy1lab1e-mediaIly, that is,before all the final consonants exceptthe palatals /c, !, l, q/ afi /t/.

B.

"r'

/ "h{.p//rathr:apl

/r1leo/

/pri,et/

/phtt.t/

/ crl,a*/

/th1px1

/ t{ez /7p\Laz/- [ph:-]"d

Epienl

[.cl".]

[ "ht'"p]l[ka. ' th

[5+in']

I pr{a t'J

rPalnful t

apl] t to run,

rquiet,

r pustuleI

t blackl

Ito slice bamboo r

Ito crackl

ra kind of banana r

rlinb I

[.rhrietf

Icriek'l

It$"r.J

Iti.e11

ra part of chi- ckea-organr / pLen/

f to sharpen, / riau/Copyright by Mahidol University

111

/ue/ [ua] a close back rounded diphthong.It occursoyllable- flnally and before aI1 the fitralconsonants except /p, ?, a, yr/.

["hi"flllh1e nl

Irj-pn]

fn. 'dielJ

Eti"31

Iprleq]

fche. ,# eirl

[.h+]i,lEn(arl

[tt"']I tiaw]

Erlew]

I tame I

tto be ehortenedl

I to study I

Ito put onl

rbedt

tbuffalo'

I watercout.se t

Imatt

t curry I

ra kind of birdt

I straight I

t cat l

t 6outh t

tlung t

Ito fa1l downt

I to wlstlet

thatt

/ "hi"o//nient

/4n//aoie!

/tiey/pnl// chanlan/

/ thr\ea,/

/ni-a17

1thLer/

/tlaw/

/nj-.ew/

Ex.

I-hria. tnc: n-l

[ "h("d]gtuat'J

rn;cu1

IraiaH]

/huatc:n/

/ chiat/

/tyat/

luhiac/

/wpt<.7


Itu""]

[-ch(an]

lca.rrua

I-na. t nuanl_ -L-

[-chu"1p

Inuep

[:,hg"S

[xhr["i,1

[c(a]["t3i"rJ

ll cuerl

Sa.'t9.afl

Ss.'thua3]

Ichu"31

[mu aJl

Ich(aEJ

Ez,i" q'1

112

I childl

I garden I

ra kind of

I sand f1y I

raxel

I trunk of basketl

' cluster I

I kl- tchen t

I to ]rL re I

I cottonl

I canal t

I earl

I scorpion I

Ito helpr

lonel

I twentyr

I flrewood r

/kten/

/ chdan/

shell I /caruY

/nanyy/

/ chuaj/

/nuel/

/ehy"1/

/t<hriau/

/c(eU

/(1aU

/ ciar/

/kat:uar/

/kathuai/

/ chr; 11

/laye J/

/ "h("ih1rt{afr


CHART D :

113

Showing the co-occurrence of allwith final consonants (see sec.

vowel phonenes

5.).1.4)

t 1: e c u u: a a u u: (, o: c ia u€

onsonan te

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + -p+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -t+ + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -k+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -?

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -m

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -n+ + + + + + + + + + !+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + :3+ + + + + + + + + + + -h

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + -1+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + -r

+ + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + -?+ + + + + + + w

occurrence

nonoccurrence j.n my data


114

The Vowel Contrasts

The exanples with contrasts in Analogous

Enulronment (AB) are given in the order of : flrst a near-mini-mal pai.rr. then a counter-example to the hypothesis

lnplied by the near-mi.nimal pair. (For an example of thi6 type

of argumentation written out in ful1 see sec. 3.4.3.2),.2.6.1 Vowels that contrast in Tongue-Hei-ght

5.2.6

CD

/t/-/ e/

/Lz /-/ ez /

/e /-/t /

Ex.

/"hr!n7

/ "hr'"n/

/pt':!/

/pezl/

/ ch{: t/

/ch&t/

/ "h{.,

/

/ "h.6.t

/

Meanj-ngs

Ito fall downt

I fresh I

ta kiad of treet

tgrandfatherl

Ito combt

t to tear t

I colour I

Ito scoldl

, horse I

/ chr'.n/

/"4u/


115

SPCI

AE

Ex.

/t.ey/

/le.:n/

M eanlngs

ra cI. n. for knifet

' sharp,

Ito soothe baby t

rri-ce-fiel-dl

Ithstt(nearer)

Ithatr ( further)

t to pul1 t

Ito holdr

Ito shoulder t

t sti.l1 t

ra c1 . n. for

I vagin2 t

c1o the t

t sugarcanelike treet

I dust t

IE

IE

/et /-/t z /

/a/ -/a/

/v: /-/ ez /

/ ch er6: /

lchat4: /

/t/et? /

/tit? /

/dE/

/ t'at1/

AX

AE

AE

/*hw//,yh{"/

1ph&z n/

/pha:n/4

tpn6(,]E

tnh5l/


115

CI CD

/or/-/cz/

Ex. M eanings

]E tp6,y lricel

rolder sibl j-ng t

Ito dip upt

I to hammer t

I cricket I

I fence I

I to swe11 I

t egg t

1p523/

IE /t6tu/

/t5:u/

/khgzk/

/kh.x.zk/

IE

IE ,h/p oiB/

/phc:n/

AE 7xh(c/

/kh6t/

t"hG/

/ c6u/

I to thi-nk I

Ito coill

ra klnd of

ra hoe I

AE bamboo t

/ut/-/ot/

IE /chd'1/ Iwhi te t

I to drinkl

I coconut ,

I village t

/ch6:3/

/aiz(IE

/a6zyCopyright by Mahidol University

SPCI

IE

IE

5.2.6.2

/i/-/w/

/i: / -/wz /

11?

nnl.,r*,/pho.z L/

/khvn/.. -J

t./ E Oa n/..J

Vowels that

ta*jt

*/c\:/

*7chr;/

* /2i|k/* /kitk/

*/n(.e/

/a{.e/

contrast in

Meani ngs

I to speakt

I utmo6 t t

I tiredl

I Plncer t

Tongue-posl ti.on

t dike I

l to pulI I

I colour I

I nane I

tagailt

I durb I

ra kind of knlfel

t dell clous I

I recently t

I coldl

AE /ai{

AE

AE

AE

/ e/ -/e/

/laqezn/IE/e:/-/az/

/la\a:m/Copyright by Mahidol University

ltB

FvSPC1

IE

AE

IB

/nt6t/

/na(t/

/uz/-/u:/,./

/hiE r/./

/h;a:.t/.

5.2.6.J contrats of

/ndek/

/na'aL/

yt$/

IE

IE

1E

/n{z /

/r'5,: /

1pht.e.:3/

/pht ",

rt/4

/{anJ/

1xhrfrn/

yt<hr3e/

M eanj- ngs

I song !

t fire f1y I

I 6and t

| trortar I

ra cold I

ra kind of lnsectt

other euspect pairs of vovle16.

tdustl

Ito poundt

Ito holdt

tto trap t

I forest I

I seed t

ra F.P. for request t

I face t

/a:/-/a;/


CI SP

IE

l19

Ex.

yphtg.:g/

M ean:LnBs

t fireflyt

I be fore I/ph:ra:\/

IE /dat/

/n5t7

/d6k/

/d5k/

rcubltl

Ito shrinkt

I ofl

! pl entl ful I

IE

/az/-/cl/

1E /p5.zk/

/p5*/

/ ch*t</

/ ch'ctx/

/ohlzz/

/phc:t /

I to breakl

Ito peel t

I pa6t t

r hair t

I fa ther I

Ito carry in oners arasl

IE

IE


120

,.3 The Consonant Phonemes

5.3.1 The Distribution of Co[sonant Phonemes

The Consonant Phonemes function as ey11ab1e-

nucleus 1n the Nasal Sy11able and as syllabl e-poriphery inthe Presy11ab1e, the Minor Sy11ab1e and the Plai-n Sy11ab1e.

They coneisl ot / p, ph, b, t, th, d, k, kh, ?, c, ch, m,

nrlrlr Qrh, lrrrw, j/.

The Consonant Phonemes nay be sub-diylded

lnto four sub-classes as follows :-

5.1.1.1 Sub-class ci

Ex.

Thl.s sub-cIass functlons as nucleus

of the Nasal Syl1ab1e (see sec.4.2. l)and conaists of / ,, n, {.

tq.'tflfm. I p1: ?-l

B.'ph{t''lt-n.rt(: flrn. ,thdn.l.;' -

Q''"'i'!f1.'r.(31

I

q.'ons'lln. 'r5fr.l

I

rlipr

, peanut t

t 6rass I

I moon I

Ito windl

t lazY t

Ito sleep t

I to pierce t

I edge tCopyright by Mahidol University

121

Ex.

5.3.1.2

E pSnl

[.ph"ci]

Itran1

[.ther]

[ciyJE.h6' gp

Itkri: n I

Sub-cla6s c2

This sub-c1ass functlons as initialconsonant in the syllab1e pattern :

ca(c)v(c) and consi-sts of all the

eonsonant phonemes except / q /.

Ito chase I

I rain I

ra kind of banana I

r duckt

I el ephant t

I chi cken t

t hard I

I forest t

Ito got

I dike I

roldr

t eye'

I gl utinous t

tpangolin t

I near I

' gun t

pr.hr.for

Lz'"r)

Ibin I-J-

[da: mJ

[,6t']En5, dl[.rnar]

[36n1

[.116t']Copyright by Mahidol University

L'16nl

Ef1,J

I i5d]

[w5i1

5.3.1.3

gi,sit!

E irS6p.l

kri: nlJ

Iplit][i'V: i]

122

I morning t

I corpse t

Ito droP t

rIt

Sub-cIass c,

This sub-cfass functlons as the

cluster- forming cJ consonants inthe eyl1abIe pattern : c crv(c)

and consists of / m, n, 1, tr w/.

t gur, t

t good ,

I hardl

I to detachl

rPotato t

5.3.1.4 Sub-c1as6 c4

This sub-class functions as f1na1

consonant cU in the sy1IabIe_pattern

: c c vc4r i. e. , the l,tinor Sy1lab1e

Sub-type B and C (see sec. 4.2.3)and the Maj.n Syllable Sub_type C

and D (see sec. 4.2.4), and conslstsCopyright by Mahidol University

ofh,

123

/p,trcrix,l, t, vt, j/.

?, n, n, j, 5, Q,

l_! na: pl

fna. 'citf

I gluti-nous I

I central I

I sma1l I

tlegt

I father I

Ito soakl

twhatr

I to askr

t to chase t

I to float t

| 6word t

Ito flyt

t louse I

Itent

I thri fty t

rnanl

I ear-ornanent r

[n. I di: Cl_l

I J6r]

Elhg', t1

E tr6nl

E na: nl

Ii,n5fl

E rh.r,51

I p5irl

0 p c.:11

I t5: w]

I nhgrl

I o{i]

tlcaq l

[tam. 'tiat!ftruq. r tr,I:ig;

G,5.'tfuJCopyright by Mahidol University

124

CHART E : Showing the co-occurrence of the cluster-formlng consonants (cr) with the inj- tialc onsonan te .

m 1 W

p + +

hp + +

b + +

t +

th +

k + + +

kh

+ + +

c +

h:============

h

+

+

+

+ + +

+ = OCCUI-fenCe

= nOnOCCurrenCe


12'

5.3.2 The Consonant Phoneme Inventory

The Consonant Phoneme Chart

5.t.3 The Forma tj-onal Statements

/p/ [p] a voiceless labial stop wi-th

egressive lung_alr. ft only occulasyllab1 e_i ni tially and ls released.

POINTS

MANNERS

LAEIAL ALVEOLAN PALATAL VE,,AR GLOTTAI

sToPs ,/

TFFRI CATE

vl. p t c k ?

aEpr hp th"h

,-h

vd. b d

CONTINUANTS

Nasal s m n j-3

FrC-catlves -s h

La t eral I

rRILL ,/ II.AP r3EFlr-VoWE[,S w J


1?6

tpl a voi.celess Iabia1 stop wj_th

egressive lung-alr. ft only

occur6 sy11able- finally and

i-s unreleased.

Ex.

I pi: tJ

l-n. t n 'ch'l

[ "hip'l[.trn6p'l

/ph/

I three ,

I seven I

r to loosel

t Sood t

/pit?/

/nplcnT

/chipl

/ntAp1

Ex.

/nh1.zz 7

/tephytk/

/nph'at/

, h .t . ,/ p a Joz tt/

/arlx/

/ubir/

[ph] rn aspirated lab1.al stop rvlthegresslve lung-air. It only

occurs syllable-inl tially.

F phat: ?-l

fta. 'phd:kl

[q.'ph.4t-l

phe. r ;5: kJ

/b/ tul a voiced

lung-alr.ini tlal1y .

E ur5r1

In. 'b6rl

I father I

t to cutl

r gra6s I

I mj-llet I

t to want I

l shootst

labial stop tvi. th egressive

1t only occure sy11ab1e-

E:!.


[ue. 't6t"]

[te. 'binl

Ex.

It(:flfte.'t6w]

Ich(: t'3

g ch6: tI

/th/ Lthl

Ex.h_

l-r t"a: I

;re. ' thf: 3l

[the. 'u(1J

/t/ Etl a volcelese alveolar stop with

egressive lung-air. It only occurs

syllabl e-ini tiaI1y and j-s released.

Lt'] " voiceless alveolar stop with

egressi-ve lung-air. It only occurs

sy11ab1e- finally and is unreleased.

127

I mel-on I

I glutinous t

r to burn r

thotI

I comb I

t to tear I

an aspirated al veolar

egressive lung-air. ItsyJ-1ab1e-ini tia1ly.

I duckt

I baske t I

rdeerl

/aathxl

/ tab'an/

/t&r//uetlaw/

/ "h{,

t/

/ ch6, t/

otop with

only occurs

/thx, //t<ethiz i//theai3/

I village-le ad.er, /ntho.?/1-n. 'thlt1


/d/ l"al

Ex.

[t o5: rn]

ldc5. rtr5: k']

[n. 'a6rl

128

a voiced alveolar stop with egressivelung-ai-r. ft only occurs syllable_in-i tia11y .

roldr /d{zn/Ithroatr /d.c3tr6zk/

rto poundr /naix/r Gweet' /thadiz c/

a voiceless palatal affrlcate withegressive lung5air. It only occurs

sy11ab1e-j.rri tia11y and is released.

a voiceless palatal stop with e6resslvelung-air. 1t only occurs sy11ab1e- flnallyand 1s unrel_eased. ft sometlmes has an [ilonglide, especially before /u/ and, /\2/.

[tha.'o6: e-1

/c/ [cl

[c']

Ex.?/-LrcaJJ

ltra. ,c6tttl,/L'k"li l c'l

L'n6: c'l

Lt?u'cl

t,ro\.,i,i"l

I louse I

I to die I

tpigt

rforeheadr

Ito puncht

rgray hairr

/ ciail

/xa ci t/

/xhtlz c/

/hiz c/

/zic/

/u\i: c/


[3. '"hi: u]

[cha. r r'rp ]

Ex.

[,t6: rvl

fce.'k5nl

1,35x_1

L p{: t'l

/k/ LX] a voiceless velar stop lyi th egress].velung-air. ft only occurs syllable_1ni tia1ly and is released.

tX'] a voiceless velar stop rvl th egresslvelung-air. It only occurs syllabIe_finally and 1s unreLeased.

affricate wi thIt only occurs

/ "h$.,

q /ground-lizardr /chiz j/

/lchi:x/

/ chal'cp/

/ "h/

129

t chl an aspirated palatalegresslve lung_ai.r.

sy11ab1e-lni tia1Iy.Ex.

fr

Ir

ch6r g' J

h/ .'1c a: J I

t feverl

ta kind of

, spl"inter t

t to faint '

/k*w/

/ cak5n/

/15x7

/pizk//Xh/ [kh] an aspirated veLar siop with egressive

'lung-air. It only occurs syl]able_i-nl tial1y.

I fl ower t

I clean t

t curled ?

I to breakt

I r.hf e.'1 wi- s tl e t /*hdac/Copyright by Mahidol University

11ha.'i:tl

[ce. ' kh6f ][3" thg'1

I

/?/ Ltl

130

lratl

rbedbug t

Ito piercel

a voiceless glottal

lung-air. 1t o c curs

and final posi ti-on

/Nhaitz/

7 cauhfity

/jkhgn/

Ex.-/[?uag I

[ph".'t6t]

[' c5: r]-\1t e. , rt: eJ

/a/ tnlI

In]

with egressive

rn both iilitialof the sy11ab1e.

tfirewoodt

IsaltI

Ito eat t

I ra ttan t

a voiced bilabial syllabic nasal

with egressive 1un6-air. It onlyoccur6 disyllabic-lvord-ini tia11y

as the nucleus of the Iiasal Sy}1ab1e.

a voiced bil-abial nasal I'd th egressive

lung-air. It occi.irs sy1Iab1e-inl tia1ly,sy11ab1e-media11y,nd sy1lab1e-fina11y.

/2i"9 7

/phat(r/

/ citt /

/Z art- l/

Ex.

[m.

[n.

tpuJ.l

'nngu-l

lmofer

I grass I

/npij/

7r.,'irh'at1


111

tq.'u5:31

tri.,r5.y1

Lq. 'rc3IIm5: c'3

[ne.'ni1fl

[pe.rm63J

E iua5t'l

E tr5n1

C "h{r1

Ex.

g r1.'tf,r]

t1. ,thltyl

[n. 'ci: tt]

I tiger t

t bean I

/abctj/

/n6:y/ra kind of vegetablet/mrcl/

/n'ez c/I beauti- ful I

I sand f1y t

I hous e rvall t

t gun'

Ito soak

IbloodI

I sand I

I gaur I

I nine I

rpostt

/tta1py/

ypa^6j/

/nmit1

/tr{.n/

/chi^/

/nt6t/

lnthi:a/

/ncl,: V

/""h{y

/n/ tll a voiced alveolar syl1ab1c nasal

wlth egressive lung-ai-r. It onlyoccurs disyllabi c-word-inltlallyas the nucleus of the Nasal syllable.

[n] a voiced afveolar nasal tvith egressive

lung-air. It occurs oyllable_ini tia11y,sy1lable-media1ly and sy11ab1e-final1y.

tT.'ch,ijl


11. ?r,-lI n. I dur I

L1. 'rart-.;

-\I n. I riao' I

Ini, "'J

Fv

[c a. ,rillnn6t71

/3/

132

I heart t

rto sipt

I young I

I srnoo tht

I conb I

I spld erl

Ito grip!

' good t

I near t

I pangolin I

Ito launderl

Ito slicel

ito ask I

/ynnt

/ndir/

/n5n7

/nr\ep/

/ri: c/

/nu3na:j/

/kanl p/

/hn5p/

/j€n1

tThr

t"*1.'q,j1

[ka. 'J: p.]

Iirn6p,1

W a voiced palatal nasal with egresslvelung-air. It occurs syl1ab1e_ini tialty,and syl1able-fina1ly.

[-36o1

/)/

ty6t1

tth". y6,il /uh7i5ir,/

/ceri//nl,Jy/

Ijl a voiced velar syllabic nasal withI

egressive lung-aj-r. It only occurs

disyllabi c-word-1ni tla1ly as the

nucleus of the Nasal Sy11ab1e.

til a voiced vel-ar nasal wi_ th egressivelung-ai-r. It occure syllabl e_ini tiallg


133

Ex.

and syI1abIe- finally.

I bookl

rskY t

Ito pi erc e t

rmatl

r,palatet

I thread t

Ito blooml

rbonfire I

I fart

t egg t

r lnch I

tskYt

I chopped bamboo I

Ito change t

L5. 'chil:lI

[1.'k6:q"1I

fl.'xh.?,1I

$. 'h5: rlI

fr.'t5: t'l1

q. ,wa: r1

g1. 'r(: c-]-t

03,irJ

ftha.'3.?jJ

[.nh.".,3J

/c/ [q'J

,p(iqil

r k{:9'l

/lchw 7

/rjxi,: q 7

/nxhen/

/3h6 r/

/3L6 t t//3wa:il

/3r* c/

$irt/ cha1li/

/phc:n/

/rrpi g //jxiz q //phi, c/

a voicel-ess palatal frlcative wlthegressive lung-aj_r. It only occurseyllable-fina11y. It sometines has'an Lil onglide, especi.ally before

/r/ and /u:/.Ex.

tq.

t5.

lphi'iq1

Ephr6qi Tpht'aq/Copyright by Mahidol University

/h/

114

th] a voiceless Blottal fricativewith egressive lung-air. ft occurs

syI1ab1e-initj_a11y and sy11able-

flna11y.

Ex.

Ex.

[,irn6tt

L rrnanl

I irriam]

I hri: ?]

Ihdj]

fire. 'n6.1

Lte. rhbjl

F nh(i,J

llIe c'J

[r e. 'Lhi 51

/l/ t1] a volced alveolar lateral wj.th

egressive lung-air. It occurs

sy1lab1e-inltia11y, syllable_ned1a11y and syl1able_finaI1y.

tgunt

I barnboo-node t

I nail t

I Pestl e t

tdaYt

I cross-bow ?

t sun r

t you'

r tor

I tlredl

rwater leech t

Ito poke I

/nnit/

/hnan/

/h]r,].an/

/ urtzz 7

/t-,aai/

/Iwn$: //tani,i/

tohignt

A€c/

1che. ':-,q:5p

/Lakh€h/

Tchat.a;y

Ixbr5: x'] /x\5*/Copyright by Mahidol University

['"ef[re. 'a5: c!

fce. 'r6jlI rm5r]

p"hi"J

Ephri: n]

Ipr6n]

[w]

egresslve lutrg-air. It occurs

sy1labIe-ini tially and sy11able_

flna11y.

a voiced aLveolar flap withegresslve lung-air. ft only occur6sy11able-mediaIIy .

135

/r/ lrl a voiced alveolar tri1l with

['rhr ":,,p1

[tha. 't'ar]

[n. ' ti:11r-l

[rl

rredl

rcheekl

'paln t

Ito buYt

ra kind of

I waxi-ng r

rslightly t

I resin I

I ed6s t

rbaitt

Tphte.S/

/thaaLt/

/nt5.:U

banbool

/,9f//red6t c/

/ ceiiT

/nn&/

/ chir/

/phri:n/

/pr'an/

a voiced labiaf seni-voweI withegressi-ve lung-air. ft occurssyl1ab1e-initially, sy11abIe_

medially and syI1ab1e_fina1ly.Copyright by Mahidol University

1J6

Ex.

Exo

LrwaJl

fpe. ",t-i: p]

)Gr.\it rlIu*itEtti: *]

Lt e. , r5O

/i/ r.j l

I Jgt: ml

I l6:n]

L t6:l

[.hii]

a volced palatal semi-vowel withegreeslve lung-air. ft occurs

sy11ab1e-ini.tially and syI1ab1e-

finally.

rrr

t galangal- I

rshYt

I to svring t

I fl ower I

lsi.xl

I to rveep t

I to stand I

rhand I

l int es tines t

/w5i1

/paw:-..j/

,,/xhwa: ? /

/kw].: /

/k6zw/

/ terSv/

/ ia.zn/

/1tuil/t€i1

/ "h6J/


CI

IX

IE

1r7

5.3.4 The Consonant Contrasts

5.3.4.1 consonants

sP , Ex.

/p/-/ph/

/plcn/

/ph5u/

r6v/pbix/

/r/-/th// tiz? /1t\zt/

/t|ax1

/thax/

/ c/ -/ .h/

/cic/

/ ch€ "7

/ cinl

/ "h€n/

that contrast by Aspiration

Il eanings

Ito chase r

ra kind of mushroomr

I to open t

t shirtl

I soil 1

I turtl e I

t to cover r

I to fasten t

Ito stick intI fnlitI

t j.r '

t horse I

t to prop I

I used to I

IE

IE

]E

IE

/kaz i/

/x\;t/AE

/k/-/kh/


/kh{t t/

qDCI

/p/-/a/

/r/-/d/

118

Ex.

/kd t/

/^pi17

/na:6i1

7p'cn/

/b5h/

/raak/

/alau/

/ r'etn/

/alan/

5.3.4.2 Consonants that contrast by Voi cir8

l,l eaninBs

M eanlnEs

I to shave r

I to scratch t

ImoleI

I fish reserved with saltl

t to ch65s t

ran inrperative F.p. r

t to cover t

I of I

I trunk t

I to transplant r

Ex.SPCI

IE

]E

IE

IE

5.3.4.2 Consonants that differ by pointsof Arti culation.


CT

IE

SP

tn/-/F/

139

Ex.

/akAt/

/ cek6t/

/ chazL: t/

/ chaz'az c/

7$t//l'"t//ncl: t//ncizz /

/x.6.zz/

/?'9.2 ? /

/pL:u/

/p6:?/

/lr.eli.r./

Meanings

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE

' cold I

tto nipt

ta kind of eggplaut I

I to eharpen t

I to plantl

I to preserve t

rLj.net

tyounger s1b11ngr

I throat I

I this t

Ito break r

I to dot

I sme11s I

toilI

I forestl

Ito dye t

/ketiry/

/n.c.ta/4IE

/nc: n/Copyright by Mahidol University

140

CI

IE

/76tx/

$6:x/

IE

IE

SP

/a/-/1/

/y-ry/

/th/-/ ch/

Ex.

/*5177

IE

/rSti zt/

/trLn/

rE

IE

/*ay

/th5zy/

txhS:y

/thir// "hi /ythirx/

/ chizx/

5.3.4.4 Consonants thatof Arti culation

/aint

/n6u/

M eanl ngs

t termite hill t

tpod of sllkworn t

ta ki-nd of banana I

Ito closet

I Enare t

Inillett

t chinl

| fi.sh basket t

I to rub r

I wood r

Ito clip offr

t thlck forest t

d:i f f er by Manners

Ito sharel

I mug lg659 t

]E


CI

IE

SP

/d/-/n/

/d/-/t/

l4t

Ex.

/al2n1

/n.5.n1

/b'a: r//w5.r il

/nnt ? //wit ? //tr6$//triyr/

* /.das/

/nan/

/ d.6,: //n5: /

/a€n1

/Gn1

Meanings

Ito throw avray t

I end I

Itwol

Ito creep I

I lineage t

I fresh r

tto eoakt

I taro I

Ito transplant t

ta neg. Mk. I

ra tr'.P. for statementl

!a f'.P. for request r

ra F.P. I

'. )ralned I

I ylIIare t

I ta1l t

rE

AE

IE

1E

IE

IE

/a6:3/IE

/t6:3/Copyright by Mahidol University

c1

rE

IE

IE

IE

IE

br

142

Ex.

/ain1

/4.n/

Meanlngs

ra F.P. r

tmorn:ing I

I 6nare I

rmi-1Ietl

I to lj-el

r heap t

rwi thl

I toad I

Ito give t

I nrountain I

consonant pair6

| trephewl

I brother-in-1awl

ra kind of bamboo I

I catfj.bht '

/y-/i/

/J6:k/

/pi..//pi J/

/t/-/r/

5.3.4.5

/t5v7

t4.ut

/ka//kir/

Other suspect

/ c'aw/

/)6*t

/ rad6;c /

/c/-/S/

IE

/y6zx/

/t<aa6:;/Copyright by Mahidol University

143

CI SP Xx. Meaning6

IE lxhdc/ 'to thinkl

/xh{q / rto deploret

IE /pL: c/ ' to d1-p up r

/pi", q / rantelopel

/{an/

tp!, c /1to spl1tr

tto pick upr

The examples wlth contrasts in Analogous Environment(AE) are given in the order of : first a near-nj-nlmaI pa1r,then a counter-example to the hypothesls implied by thenear-mlnimal palr. (For an example of this type of argunentatlonwritten out 1n fuII see sec. j.4.Z.j),


r44

5.4 Notes to Chapter l-ive

i Diffloth, Gerald. The Dvaralatl Old lloa Language

and iiyah Kur. 1984. pp. 332.

2 fhese two klnds of voj.ce-quallty are called by

the 11ngui-sts differently :-

t st Register e'j-resl6ler. Franklin E. Huffman |lheadl chestfl

Gerald Di-ffloth rclear[ [breathy[

Theraphan L. Thongkhun rrclearr breathyr

J. S1oat, Clarence & Others. Introductton to pho:aology.

1978. pp. 52

4 Such a words are contrastlve onJ-y when thelrpresyllables are dropped in rapid speech.


CIIAPTI]R SIX

Comparlson and Conclusion

Loanrrrords fron Thai

As early mentj-oned, many Thai speakers have been

migratj.ag to settle down at Ban Nam Lat, As a result, there

undoubtedly is assimil-atj-on between tirese tvlo langua5;e

families, Tai and Austroaslatic, because of their socialinteraction and intermamiage. Therefore, j.t is not too much

to say that everyone born at Ban I'lam Lat j.s bllingua1 orpolyg1ot.

According to Superstratum Theory, a great deal ofThai vocabuLary has overwhelmed the l{yah Kur and there have

been Nyah Kur loans into l-ocal Thal. Ilowever, the i'Tyah Kur

w1l}ing1y adopt Thai vocabulary, and especially Thaj_ phonology

and morphology, because they think that Thai is more usefuland i-t seeras to make them more civilized and more accepted

as Thais, not forest people.

The following are some examples of the above

mentioned clrcumstances : -

5.1.1 Phoneme Changes

5.1.r.i The Initlal Consonant

Thi.s dj-a1ect of liyah Kur has only

/ch/; not a voicel-ess alveolar fricativethey bomovred some Thai vrords whi ch

5.1

an aspirated

/s/ as lhaj-

a ffri cate

doe s. Y/hen


146

had /s/ as the initial consonant, they changea it to /ch/;mo.reover, they sometimes changed sorne other components ofthese loans. Thls change is more apparent in the older

6eneration than in the younger genera'uion. Because neitherThaj- nor liyah Kur has final / s,/ or / ch/ , ,lnai .rrords v;hi ch

originally naa /ch/ as the initial consonant stj-]l remain, h,/ c / tn l\yan [ur.

iiords narked with + are specifically Northeastern

Thai, unmarked ruords are either Central- Thai or are coomon

to Central and Northeastern Thai.

Ex.

STlTH Me anings

I col our I

ta kind of Bnake I

I strand I

Ito chop I

I ]rond I

I past I

Ito slicet

I chai-n I

I to fi8ht t

Ito hi- c cop t

[ "hi

ilNK

lsi:l

t"aJl

[s6n ]

tsip:

lsizl

[si: k']

[sc:3]

[s6:1

lsii':1

f"nf,[

"h6nl[

"h6g1

I ch6t l[

"h6, rl]

[ "h5, i]

[ "h6,1

[ .h,),]

[sa?Xr] ["h

["h

a.,t6f fa. tdavl]fsadavrl ra kind of tree'


147

6.1.1 .2 I.ionophthong Vorvel s

In some Thai lvords

by the l,lyah Kur', their nuclei as ive]l- a.6 some

are changed and the change of some vor,,eIs can

by the rules as follows :-

(i) tel -)

/

elsewhere

that are borrowed

other components

be described

Lj-l /lll /

has [e]to til

has [o] as

to [u] innucleus as

ST/TH

gch6t'1

* [ph6r]

ltheml

Ir.h;t']

(ir) tol -J

That

its nucleus and

Nyah Kur, rvhil e

well-, but bear

NK

[,ch.it-']

E ph"it'1

Ithir]

E xh'et']

Lu)/ /

fcl/ eIs ervhere

is, an original

bears iligh 'Ione

the others vhi ch

other tones lri-l- I

Thai word

// / 'utl.lhave fel

to [e.] .

Thai word

///,titthave folchange to

whi ch

chang e

as the

l'leaningg

t to wide I

ra kind of 6tar t

rsaltyr

Ito take alml

Ito be afraidl

That is, an originalas its nucleus and bears liigh Tone

in Nyah Kur, while the others which

nucleus, but bear other tones will change

Ex.

Etl [:.151

whi ch

change

as the

[c].Copyright by Mahidol University

Coropared rvi th other vowels,

Iiyah Kur words v;ith /e/ and. /o/ inabout four months to collect thern.

may be the reason that the l'{yah Kur

/e/ and /o/ into /t, i/ and / c, u/

I'ieanings

I to 1i ftt

Ito be tornl

t to fai-ntl

tto shrlnkl

rplenti fu1 I

rround-shapedr

I to inhale t

Ito grumblet

I cigare tte I

tircre are very few

my data though I spent

Thi- s perlpheral status

changed Thai loans ,,vj- th

respectiveIy.

ST,/TH

t;5t.t

* [p5u'.]

tsaldp'l

lhbt']

[ao'rt

[klom]

fdoml

[udnj

(rj-i ) tul :

-\Lburi:]

148

Nii.

E:fi.'l

I p(t'1

[cha. ' t 5p''1

E nit'l[. a5t']

I r.:.5*1

Eajml

llbcnl

Ia]

fua. 'r11


149

6.1.1.5 Diphthong Vo.,vels

Since there are only tlvo diphthongs,

i.e., /Le/ and /ua/ in the ilyah Kur J-anguage spoken atBan l{am Lat, / rd vras added to thej-r volel system when

they bomowed Thai words whj-ch had / wp/ as the nucleus.

Ex.

l{ eani ngs

tdj-rtyt

r to postpone I

I almostr

I to sawl

cm

,ra*:Elfianl

Eklap3

t1ffaj I

I{K

Lt pura n]

ttlmen]

E tr6"p.l

f luaJl

5. 1.1.4 Suprasegmental- Features

Both Thai. and llyah Kur have contrastivepltches or tonemes, that is, the former has five contrastivepitches, while the latter has only two contrastive pitches.

In addltion to two tone6, Nyah Kur has llegister or Voice

Quali ty as a significant feature. l,ihen Thai words are borrowed.,

some tones are changed or nodlfied whil-e others remain

unchanged. Thi.s adds live pitch levels in the Nyah Kur

language spoken at Ban IIan Lat at the present time. Many ofthe tone changes foll-o!, regular patterns as foLlows : -


1ro

Ex.

Ex.

(i) The Mld Pitchi

STlTH

/ jai/

/kan/

/t:u;n/

// --J

/lrr-]":c:1/

/dan/

/ iwn/

/dw/

/ jan/

/sc: i/

(il)

/xhrua/

The H5-gh

S\/T

Pltch

[[

tf

[';"jl

Et anl

I tu: m]

trl

EtrS : nl)-

L a6ml

[:6, n]

Iai5]

[:5n]

Ich 5, j]

[.rohr("r,1

NK

t I /-N

F chc, ril

l,leanings

rwebt

I to prevent I

I to blossom r

I drun I

I to transplantt

I to stand I

I to pu11t

Ito propt

I to s1i ce I

t ki tchen I

MeaninEs

I spoon t


/x\t/(111) The Low Pitch

/hizp/

/t<i:, t/* /klzk/

['],2_

I thet: t'1

Ephg): t'1

l")/_

I khir]

l/)

V+

Meanings

+ stop

ra klnd of duckl

I Eex r

s top

tto thi.nkt

rboxr

t to give birtht

I dumb I

rplate I

' lump t

ra kind of flshr

I to peel t

Ito be shortened I

/thizt//k:.in/

/tit7/pitk/

* /ian/

15t

ST,/TH

/ rh6t t//ph6zV

NK

t'hi: p]

L'i.5: dl

I t6: t']

[.th6, rj]

[.t r'u,r]

[.r:?.rI

I n 'c: tt'1

I hianl


152

(rv) The High-Low (rat11ng) pi_tctr

:=+ [ ] ,/ -continuant, f---? r.)J / -stop

That is, an original Taj. word wtr_i ch bears the High_Low Pltch and ends with a continuant r,ri11 change to a

word which bears the Mid pitch in Nyah Kur and an or1ginal?ai word which bears the High-Lorv pltch and ends with astop will change to a word which bears the Low pltch andite nucleus always bears breathy quality.

Ex.

sllIll/tGan1

nA"t/

/1Az i7

/ cbfl: //khtzp/

/ r0 p/

/ph&t/

/rizp7

NK

[,fu,"'r;

I rue 3l

[r*':lE.h'lIi.le)o1

L "p)

p1

[nhp), t]I ru'r r'-l

In1,1'' t-1

t{1euJ

Lr.,Fn'l

M eaninEs

I to postpoae t

t to 6an I

I easy t

1 narue I

I na.rrow t

I around I

rutmostr

rPicturet

Ito speakt

t quiett

Ito scaldt

/pht: t/

'i"nt/tiak/


ijx.

(v) The Low-Hj.gh

ST/\H

/L't: n7

1pbt,n/

/sa::l:(tphl!/

/nKn/

111

(Rising) Pitctr

I.iK

[,16: ml

rphi'

t'ph6Jl

t'n6nl

lcha. '16 :jp

Meanii ngs

I sharp t

ra cl. n. for clothet

I harnful thin6 t

rdustt

1xhXzl/ ['kni$It ls seen that the exampl es

kinds of Register, i.e., Clear and

pronounced by the liyah Kur.

rThai. noodlet

r thing r

given above are of both

Breathy, when they are

To deecribe which register a Thai loan will have

Nyah Kur, I find the following rules :-

High-Low ( f'a11ing) Ione /^/ always seerns

to take }:reathy Register, Hi-gh Tone ///often doe6, \11d / /, Low /\/, and Low_High

/v/ are usually Clear Eegister.


NK

a

a

a

t tq. ,thinl

15t+

6.1.2 Degree of ,,Vord-Changes

There are a great number of Thai words

that have been borrowed by the Nyah Kur and these words

are used in the 6a&e or nearly sane mean-1ngs. Sonle ofthese loanwords are changed and some are unchan6ed and

6ome are modified by addition of some linguietic propertieswhi-ch are speclfically found in the Austroasiatlc languages.

6. 1 .2.1 Unchanged Loanwords

Ex.

ST,/TH

/kathi.n/

/h\zw/

/ti x/

/cLy/1uaX/

/xhri: t/

/ tban/

/kan/

/? an/

* /jaz!/

L'hE: wl

L,ri: t]]

Lrce:Jl

t'3ua31

E khr{: tll

t irXnl

I th..il

['kan]

! tanl

[ :a:31

I"leanings

ra kind of treet

ryokel

t lightened t

rhandle of baeke t t

I to rake I

Ito wind I

I on ti-ne t

I to prevent t

la cI. n. l

I ca tapul t I

t 8o1d t

* /tt\n/

/thct3/ E thc'jJ


155

5.1.2.2 Changed Loanwords

Loanwords from Thaj- are changed inthe Nyah Kur language spoken at j:an liam Lat in the followingways : -

(i) By deleting the cluster-fcrming consonant

/r/ ana changing the lnitial consonant /k/into the homorganlc aspirate /kh/ as w et1-

as changing the pitch-1eve1 into hi-6h pitch.cm

zr."I'a, tz

/kradw/

,/kraden/

(ii) By

and

/xarotay

/l.ambitk/

/ chognhot I

t,11.&,t

(lii) ev

its

il.a?|at/

Ikh

tkh

Eh

NK

a. 'a6: t'l

a. taiurl

a. 'd6nl

Meani-ngs

I to jumpr

rbuttont

I to splash t

the minor syIlab1e

a syllabic nasa1.

I'ieanings

'prog. I4k. t

I di- f fi cul tr

ra ki-nd of treer

I book I

rdeli-catet

I bowl I

deleting the cv- ofchangj-ng the -N to

fm.I

Im.-l

q.I

E.I

changi-ng an offglidin6 diphthong intohomorganic long hi.gh nonophthong.

Ea.'?i: tl0 th,i, ;1

NK

'ri$'b6: k'l

'khg,l

'c"u._l

Ex.

t tht^it Copyright by Mahidol University

Ex.

(i-v)

/pi:n/

/:d.ap/

/ s|v/

(v)

/hv/rwa/

/"hil/

NKD1

156

By adding the cluster- forraing consonants

/il ana /l/ in the initial position.

I,l eanings

By adding the final consonant /-h/ after/ w, wa, rta./ .

['pIi: n]]

E krriepl

L'chr{w1

L'nful

E rurehl

I chrua rr]

C irhr.$ rrl

By adding presyllabl es

Thai words.

fka. tnj.; p'l

tra.'t51

I ria o1 'l

'c(: i{l

[ca.'kham]l

I to c1i-nb I

I almost I

I sad t

I ort

I boatr

t to believe I

I ki tchen t

before monosyllabi c

I to grJ-pr

,big,

Ito support'

I smooth I

I splinterl

/xhrua/

( \ri )

/rJ':p1

/toz/

/!rhAn/

/ riap/

/A*/fn.

I

q.ICopyright by Mahidol University

( vi1)

Ex.

Ex.

Ex.

E phr.E,

I t.et:]

['r.i, p]

g pho.,3l* yphozj/

/k\J/

( utii )

/ tt\; /* /r't:p/

/:,i:p/ ! 16p'l

/bat 3/ E uaSJ

(ix) By the breathy register

/phte':11/ 5l,.h v ,/K anez \/ lkha.,nJ.:$

157

By lengthening the vovr eI s

NK

['y: wJ

E xhir *l

I kg.\: n]

I khc: j]

By shortening tire vowel s

Iv,eanj- ngs

rkapokl

I bad srrelL r

rari-sl

rslightly t

I thick ( fores t )

I some I

I song t

I cylindg3 t

rbutl

Ito hidel

tto svrell t

ST/TH

/r1iw1

* 7yhi,n/

/kin/

As earlier mentioned, I find no strict rules to describewhat kj-nds of words lvill be bomowed wi th breathy register;however, 5-t j-s noticeable that loanl'rords with breathyregister nnostly have long vowels as their nuclel .


6.2

1'B

A Brief Comparlson among Nyah Kur Dj_alects

The foll-ovring are brief comparisons of the

Nyah Kur language Bpoken at Ban Nan Lat with other dialectswhlch have been analy.zed by other lingulsts, both forelgnand Thai. The conparisons concentrate only on the phoneme

Inventory.

6.2.1 The Vowel Phoneme Inventory

(i) A Nyah Kur Dialect spoken at Ban Nam lat

(ii) Ban Wang Kanphaeng Dj-alecta

(ij-i) Nan LaoJ

Tha pong

K1an6

Huai Khrai_

1 1i m [r u u:

e: e o o:

e €: a c

10 ua

1 t_3 u u: u u:

e e: e o:

e, a c c:

ie ue uo


t- I; u ul: u u:

e e o o:

€ a c

ie ua ua

6. t.1 The

(i)

159

Consonant Phoneme lnventory

Ban Nam Lat (Thep Sathit; Chaiyaphum)

pth L .h

b- d-

mn

h

rr

Kamphaeng (

IC+h ^h

d

nn )6

1

k.hK-

5

h

I

jw

(ii) wang

p

hp-

b

lll

f

Ban I{hy/ao;

k?.hIt-

Chaiyaphum )

.1

h

w rCopyright by Mahidol University

150

(ii-i) Nam Lao (Muang Phetchabun)

ptck?h .h h .hp- f,- c- K-

b- d-

mn]lhn- hn- i5r-

f--jhwlj

h1_

(iv) Tha Pong (nong Bua Raway; Chaiyaphum)

ptck?ph- th- ch- kh-

b- d-

,onj-lhtr- hn-

-jwrj

Ih1-

( v) t<l"an8 (Pak Thong Chai; I,takhorn Ratchasina)

ptck?

Ph- th- "h- kh-

b- d-

nnISjh

wrjCopyright by Mahidol University

161

( lrj-) Huai Khrai

pth .hp- I-

b- d-

mnhE- hn-

u/

hw-

1

hl-

Phe t chab un )

k?,_h

( Muang ;

^h

]nS-

-J

j

hj-

h


162

b.J The Compariaon of the Precedj-ng Sy11abte5

anong the Nyah Kur Dialects.

CHART E: Shovring the occurence of the preceding

syllables in the I'lyah Kur dialects.

\'-Q<1ects

Sy11abI-E't-.-NT NL TP KG HK

Pa

pen

p"J

par

paL

hpaph" t

ba

ts

tem

tan

teltartaL

the

the m

t%n

+

+

+

+

:t.+t+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+


163

NT NL rP KG HK

Ce

com

con

can_t

car

ca1

hca

"h",hc etr

"h"oJko

ken

kan

kal

khe

x%n

khel

?€

?ep

ma

nak

ha

r€

x€ El

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

:+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+


r54

SyI1abIdNT i{t, TP }!G HK

ran

r"r1a

1em

1"5

prahprah.Pen

bak

k-na

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

(Thongkhum (1984) : modifled)

+ = Occuffence

- = nOnOCCuf.renCe

blank = blank in Thongkhumt s chart


165

6.3 Notes to Chapter Six

A11 five pitches are contrastive in Thai but

only tryo pitches, that 1-s, the }Llgh Pltch

and the Mid Pitch, are contrastive 1n the

Nyah Kur langua8e spoken at Ean liam Lat.

The i'lyah Kur language spoken at Ban i{ang

Kanphaeng was an\rzed by Memanas (1979). she

did not distinguish two kj-nds of registerthough she made comments about a breathy

regi s te r.These four dialects were analyzed by Thongkhum

ia 1984. She used (') for clear voice-regieter(the first re6j-ster) and (\) for breathy

volce-register ( the second register).

A dash (-) used here is to 1nd:[ ca te the positlonof that phoneme ln a sy11ab1e.

I use the term rrPreceding SylJ-ablett lnstead

of rrPresyllablerr because of the dlfference1n categorlzlng the sylJ_ab1e-types between

Thongkhum and rne.

Thon8khum (1984) divided the syllables inNyah Kur into two types : the presyllable

and the Main Sy11able vrhj-le I divided then


166

i-nto three : the Presyl1able, the

It{inor Syl1ab1e and the l"lai n Syllable.Thi-s is because I found three-syllab1ewords at Fan Nam Lat but only two-syllablewords are found j_n Thongkhumr s Uyah Kur

(1984). However, the vrords vri th three

syIIab1es that I found are very few inquanti ty .

Therefore, Thongkhum t s presyllable nay

overlap my minor sy11ab1e, so I subsume

my ninor syl1ab1e under the presyllableand put them thus in the chart. I thinkit 1s better to use the term trPreceding

Sylfable't than'tPre6yl1ab1eI. The preced.ing

syI1ab1es that are in the chart are onlythe coroponents of trvo-sy11abIe liords.

- Thai I English Dictionar


167

Suggestions for Further S tudj-es

1. Nyah Kur in this area presents a great deal of

phonologi-cal variations, so it woufd be very intere6ting

to see lvhether its syntax will var';, or not.

2. A coparative study of the phonological systems

amon6 the Nyah Kur ciialects spoken at oan i,an Lat should

be made because nany iiyah Kur people have migrated here

from many di.fferent places.

3. There is also an apparent difference in the ways

of speaking between the younger generations who had an

opportunity to attend school and the oLder generations

who had not. In this case, comparative studj.es of the

accent6 between the Nyah Kur younger people and the l,lyah

Kur older people should be made.

4. Above all , the culture and the ways of livingof the tlfii, frr. in this area are very interestin6 and so

they should be worth studying to knovr thj-s tribe better.


16tJ

REFERENCES

Aldine-Atherton Inc. 1921 .

Di.ffloth, Gerald. The Dvaravati O1d Mon Language and

{yah Kur. Chulalongkorn Uni,versi tyPri-nting House. 1984.

Headley, Robert K. rsome consideratlons on the

Classi ficati-on of Khner[ inAustroasi.atic Studies part I,edited by Ph:ilip N. Jenner and

Others, The Unlverslty press ofHawaii. 1975.

Huffnan, F.E. trThe Regj_ster problen 1n Eifteen Mon-

Kfurer Languagesr in Aus troasiati c

Studies Part I, edlted by plr-i1ip

N. Jenner and Others, The Unlvereitypress of Hawaii. t9?6. pp.5?5_59}.

Ladefoged, Peter. .The University of Clr-icago press. l9ZJ.

Lebar, F.M. and Others. Ethnic Group of Mainland

Southeast Asi-a. Human Relations

Area Rlles Pre6s, New Haven. 1954.


159

Memanas, P.

Austroasiatic Lalteuage in Thalland.

M.A. Thesls, Mahldol UnJ.verslty. 1979.

Pitturan, Richard S. rtThe Explainatory Potential of Voj.ce-

Register Phonologyr 1n Mon-Khmer Studies

VII, edited by Philip N. Jenner, fhe

University Press of Hawa-ii. l9ZB.

pp. 201 - 226.

S ei den fad en, M.E. rrSome Notes about the Chaobon : A

Disappearing Tribe in the Korat Provincetl

in JournaL of the Slam Society vo1. 12.

l9lB.pp. 1-11.

51oat, Clarence and Others. Introduction to PhonoloAy.

prentice-Hall Inc. l9ZB.

Thomas, Davj.d and Headley, Robert K. trMore on Mon-Khmer

Subgrouping" in l,j-ngg vol. 25. North-

Holland Publishing Conpany. l9ZO.

pp. f9B - 418.

Thongkhun, T.I,. IiJrah Kur (Chao Bon) - Thai - Engllsh

Dictionary. Chulalongkorn UnlversityPrinting House. .l984.

Descrtptioa of Chaobon (nah kur) : An


Gregerson, Kenne th

170

J. rrTongue-1ioot and liegi6ter inl"lon-Khmerrr in Austroasi-ati c Studies

Part I, edited by Phili"p ii. Jenner

and Others, 'I'he University Press

of Hawali. 19?6. pp. 123 - 369.


APPENDIX


172

CHART q : Showing vowel frequercies of the words given 1n

the Appendix

The following chart shols the

that are found in the words given 1n

frequencies of vowels

the Appendix.

VowelsNo of words

Total %Short V. Long V.c1 br nl br

38 11 48 24 121 8. Br

€r€ 4 c z.b 1? q23.BC

e tLi +o 1B 20 14 109 , oc

u ru: 13 9 232 2.3:

a , e: 39 zb 24 1t too 7.3c

ara: 144 51 10? 58 360 26.31

uru: 87 14 50 35 216 t5.7e

oro: 12 3 54 32 91 6.6:

crc: 6z 23 qo35 179 13.1:

TOTAI +47 180 414 229 1260 )C.lz

iacL orf,11 24 58 4.2:

IF 34 16 v) 3.6t

TorAr 1358 roo


171

Itlotes to the Appendix

l) The word that bears the mark (*) j.s Standard

Thai.

2) The word that bears the mark 1**) is l.;ortheastern

Thai

(?) fs used as the voicel-ess glottal stop.

The breathy register vole1 bears (..), while

the clear register volel cioes not.

3)

4)


/ tic/

/paniz/ rnavel , * /triz/

174

/i//t to looset /pit/ I to cIo6et

t to squeeze I

fto breathet **lphr{X/ ta kind of starr

/p""it/ rcentral , /att//kaplic/ rto blink, /uhaaic/ r to pul1 '

/"htp/

/ cin/ r^/Ito l-ook afterr / c"rin/ tpeanutl

/rbloodf **/din/

I hovu marry I

I gunpowder I

I fu11 |/ey/,ha/ c 11]

/Patih/a./

/tj-h/

/rr-pj.: /

/Lit /

/kad]-: /

I ashes I

/it/

ra kj_nd of treet /tir/

fcornf x /barJ-z / tcigarette t

/ra kj-nd of fisht /fr:p/ rluggager

/karntp/ rto gript /ncl:t/ rniner

/c\m7

/ke).i-,n/ rsmell r

/pat\/

tto ro11 together t

ltrachil/ I urnbrellat / t,rltjll I ear-ornanent t

1a:,1/ fdikef ** /"hrl

/ 'bat,

7 sh gwi!,/ I to feel giddy' /UetiS/ roilt

/kach'i!/ ,backt t chiS,/

/tmushroomr / tri|n/

f to rub t /"hrtn/ r to falr 4ownl

/bakcrih/ tchestt /ti-vtdj-.tt/ ta hind of hempr

ra klnd of snake t

I to love I

I soif t


/ "hi,t

t/

/tthti: c/

/nj-:. c/

* /lchitt</

/ t:..z? /

/thizt //xhan{zt/

/nci:t //tizn/

* /plj-z n/

/pawtzr/

/nity/

/tiz1/

175

I to combr /phi, "/,pigt /nai: c/

rconbr * /ti:X/rsplintert 7pi:?/I to say t /tani:?/lturtlet /npl:z/t ratf / ni:t /ryounger siblings' /pa?i:m/

I Donrtt /phri:n/I io climb t /pi.l.p/

./rgalangal r / cizy/

'a c1. n. for /tati:r1/banana I

I to parcht /dj-:l/

I oli-ver / tsvtitl/

fhailt / cl-: r/

I father-j-n-lavr' /ttl-; r/

rflatf */ph{tr,/

f to flowr **/kh- :w/

I to fearr

t sma1I I

' a8ain,

t three I

lnewr

I bean I

I house t

rsti.ll'

ra ki-nd of treet

I eI ephan t t

Ito go astray r

runthick forestl

Ito vrindl

'to dig,

I bamboo- tray t

I skin t

tbad smel1 |

/khaz1":l/

/ph{, r/

/n"ht, r/

/ tr,*zw /

/hj-zw/


* 1ch'it/

/wic/

l caxhtlo/

* / chawirl/

/*anin/

t"in/

/uN!: /* /l-a?!z t/

/ chaw*:t /

/htt?/

/b+zt/

/x\*r,//"h*y/ti-zt1/

/ ch*z r/

/nplz r/

I to rYide I

I top of head I

Ito postponel

t fishnetl

rpeoplel

t root I

Ito swingr

I deli ca te I

tleftr

I pestlel

t to swiml

IlongI

I blouser

t spacy hotl

t to look for t

I pumpkinr

I kapok I

I to vlash I

/e/fa kind of tree | /nben/

fbarnf / chren/

176

/i/*/khit/

tS*nt

/wi-n/

7ph^ri-n/

/12 /*/ch+:/

/ r.h aru!; ? //zari-l.? /

/ cantbiz? /, .h./ nt ti lr/

,/ prach1 t n/- "J,h./ c tt 4/"J

lnchizt/

/k\rkhy,,: r/

,/khivtrhi: /

/t<hizvt/

/2it c/

'to thinkr

t he I

t to pl-ayt

r people t

tliverl

I colourl

Iturtler

I ra ttanl

ra l,jnd of birdl

t gaur I

t to weightr

I to sew I

I Tazy t

I centipede t

I rj. ce porridge I

I to vJrasp I

I excrument I

rtipl

I fresh I

Trhrin/

/t+tw/

*/3+zw/

/ ch teto/

/tapheh/Copyright by Mahidol University

17?

/ez/

/n6z // char6z // c6: c/

/ rad6: c/

/phat6zz /, h h/

/ p omp e: m,/

/*&S/tx\{:,y/n6:y/

tp\6tS/

/uhat e:11/

/uhan6; r/* /he:w/

az6t/,)

ra folk soa6 t

t to pourt

* h.e.n/

,h/c

/ "h.u.,

/

/.,hall,e.z /

rneg. F.P. I

t 'uo soo the I

Ito share!

I bamboo t

rki tel

I bean I

rredl

t to sfantt

ra ki 1d 61

I gorge I

Ito scoldl

I emptyr

tthere (further) t /t5z?/

ta kind of j-nsectr/tr6;n/

ra kj.nd of birdr /Xaa6tS/

/z 6z;/

/ ch6:,y/

/oe:s/

/nn6-.il

banana'/h6tv/

ra c1. n.

kni fe t

Inoisyr

/e/

for **/n.e.o/

/dei/

/ ch6: t/

/n6t c/

/phaz'e; c/

/ph.nh/ tyout

/ rg: rg.: /,'h

/ pal- g.| /

la l'.P. for sureness I

I to tear I

t beauti ful I

Ito lean againstt

I that ( further) t

rlittle squimelI

I catfishl

t6elf!

Ito caruy by two

personsl

I 5rand fa therl

I chi cken- cor.rb t

rhungryr

ra hind of itnifel

/pt/


178

* / th9; t/

/n9.: c/

/phg, t/

/;*:n/

/tennelS/

I forner t

rDonr tr

rscreenl

ItiSelt

I song I

ta kind of fisht

tto be afraid I

I to cut t

Ito hat cht

I tol

rfruitl

ra kind of bamboo r

tsalty,

I strand I

t nearl

rhastyt

I clul ckJ-y I

t to cut doyrn I

/ the1 .e; p/

/np.e.:St/

. 1pht.e.:1/

* /xhang.:1/

/@kr{t/

/xa c(t/

/ cak{.c/

/uhtic/

/nb€c/

/tz c/

/ c{.c/

/the? /

ty{n/* /rhaa(n/

/na(1t/

./rty/*th/

/w{t1* /xh{t/

/k{c/

/di//':-{ c/

/ chi c/

/phr€c/

* 1xh€n/

* Tshln/

/1{n7

/kar{r7/

/nr(!/ tat(y,/

/la1e:n/

/ te.: y/yxhavgty/

ra kind of duckl

I clother

ra moment I

I to marry I

Ito swingt

rleechl

I cyli-nde r I

I fish-scale t

Ito diel

I fan I

Ito steal I

I unripe t

Ito dropr

Ito stick inl

t to ber

Ito suckt

Ito splashl

I fish-hookl

Ito take aiml

I narbl e t

/ rang.:S/


1',l9

/oholvh{, t/* /pt€tk/

/tcw€tk/

/pr€z? /* 7ph(:? /

/bt€z?/

/?e zn/

* * /sez n/

/ua*{t3/

/nt(i/* /t(zw/

/.in1

/kev(h/

/nayirt/

/{ntyt(n/

/ ch{r/

lceii7

/ ch.r(z /

/nd{t/

t 3arr

t accurate I

I norning I

I here I

I sprainedr

rlowI

I waxi ngj I

/e:/I ri ce- fi eldr

I very sma1l I

I twinl

I etrange I

Iticklishl

I liquort

rgoatr

lexactt

rsha]low baskett

I shortr

I fini she d I

/ ch(n/

/n'.n1

/ cax(n/

Tatn/

/kabit/

tiit/ph, j/

/pau{:w/

/c{1/

' to sharpen knite, /th{t2/f to utter ,ahem, t*/ph{,n/

,h/p r€i

/pher!/

I mustache t

I 'r.o nudge t

I to share I

I ca1 fl

I hand t

I enough t

I fishnet t

I few t

rl-ittlet

I yoke t

ra klnd of plantt

' that ( furthe6t) t

Ito ki ckr

I otter t

I a flatr

rbamboo-matl

Iwater-courseI

' chj-11i- |

rli-6irtenedl

/ht: //p{: L/)/dL c/

* /?etk/

, h./ ,/p ei K/

/t{:z//kat{ t ? /

1/


/the#.c/

/phry //xat!.yL/

nexh€.n/

/L?.w(.h/

Aor.it/nhpt9.i1

, h.,/pac ?J/

*/tg.t/

1o0

/ .e./

I banbo o- sli c e I

ruetl

I plour t

I tiredl

tto cut down I

t skel eton I

ra kj-nd ofmedicine-plantl

rironl

/ .e.z /

rbutl

I narrowr

I to hurl I

I Ehort I

ran equipment

for playingr

raxisl

I expensi vo I

x* /k-at!.!/

/nri.c/

/ory/

fioyn{.n/,h/p t.E J/

/ ch er?i/

/ "n:rj/

* /xh.t; /**/me-zp/

/ ceLht: z /

/nt: ? /*h.t:n/

*/retn/

**/ceiw/

I to harvest t

I to shoot I

I a }:ind o f blouse t

I aunt I

I rai-nr

I banyan r

rpai.nful t

ra kj-nd of tree I

I to h-Lde t

I ci cadar

I no therl

I sharp I

rstrongt

rpounded chil1i t

/uphrg.: t/

/xht.e,:t /

/r1tt.z? /

*/k\zp/

* /k.e.zn/

*/nhg.t1/


tBl

/w/LAt/ rto exltr **7tip/ ,tirick ( forest) r

/k;l/ tto bite t /V.at{ut/ 'slj-ppery'

/ caXb{ttt/ I bedbugr /baA{tk/ , r-:re1on I

* l aitX/ r late night ' / chaafurr/ I to kno'rt

/XhaZitn/ rcucu.mberr */tav.l{n1/ tve6etablel

. /a61/ I to pul1 t

/"#11 I sand.t

/ thwltbitrl/ | to hope '

/w: /

* lkhw: / t to seemt */1c\z / tbookl

*/ph6tn/ ra cI. n, for clotht /phiz q/ ra scale of measurementr

* / ii:n/ I to standr ** 7k{t;k/ r dumbr

* /khu'. n/ tto returnt

/s/

/^frt/ ra kind of birdr /chanyg,/ rto rubr

' /t\x1 rvild duckt /kathyn/ rciarkr

/k"aasn1 tto heart{ /1u\"7 rto shoulderl

/r\*/ 'thighr **7fith/ rorl

frt/*/c\z/ rnamet /pat\:/ ta irind of vegetablel

**16fi:t/ ta coldl


1t'z

/kad,5p/ I headl / i5p/ t to drop r

/chaaSp/ rvralking stickt /LhaaSp/ tto stumblel

/a5p/ tto crackt /1xdp1 rpo t,-coverl

/tay5t7 ' to frighten , /b6t/ r to stra-Lghtenl

/t5c/ rexhaustedr **/cha?'ak/ I to hiccupl

/Xa35n/ twarmr

/xa1x51/ ,a hat-ft

/n"h6'1/

1x\a1/ rmanyr

/r:15h/ ryoung leafr /takhal/ rstumpr

nSLt tto 1ay dov,rnr / cbalz 6t/ t to spi-t-1 r

/ch^n6t1 rgarbage, /p6t/ tmixedr

ttit/ I to plant r /*a,tt/ ,pathvrayr

/c&t/ tto return, /y!j/ |Ir

tX6 it rwat-kr,vay t

/zam/ rto suckt

/na5t1 ,dus1 l

/cat6n/ rthickl

* lth(tl1 ra p.p. for requestl

/16z/ ta i'.P. for perrnissiont

/ ch uoaoT I aunt t

/ran/ tshopr

1tfi/ tto holdt

/ma5n/ rbrave ( fire)'

t gl,utinous ri ce in /x\5n/ , deal ,

J'bambool


txh4.y/

/ datL/

/tatr/

/y6t i/

/ne.p/

,.h t ,/K rq-P/

,,h /. ,/R araK/

I spear I

Igl-utj-nousl

I palate I

Ito pokel

I devl I

I vagina I

I chinl

!footprintl

I to wake I

Ito propr

I diliciousl

I j ungle I

I to sl'.tay I

Ito feel hotl

I to piercel

Ito step downl

rstoofl

I heavy I

I brave I

183

/ez/

tr''6't

* /',<6 z t/x"/talStL/

/ 116 t vt/

,h/c ain/

fi-anb5tn/

/kh6rI/

/nditt/** y caLh(; r/

/vit j/

* /phi.p/

/\ihr{n/

Q6."//ry{n7

/Xuh6n/t.

* / c,-'5n/

/ "hp,r/

ra I'. P. for scatenentl

Ito 6ive bi r'th I

I utmost I

I oldl

I ti ckli sh I

I fi shbasl<e t t

I heel I

rnot enough I

t head- top t

I to find I

Ito reach into t

I ed6e I

I hot I

rstillr

Ito collidet

rfirewoodt

I to seep I

/trach* /

/n5tp/

/1t5 t//xht5zx/

/ncbi t^/

/kaphezn/

/e/

lxach(1/

/thpr/

/uhla.u./

/yn'16.^/

/gl h9m1

/tlgn/

/ ndan/

/pha19t/


184

/ph6,/

7xi.w/

/n{.w/

/ chang.i/

/La1ezn/

/khaj g-zn/

/chate 1/, h .,/ c adai t/

* /? ?.2 i/

/pakip/

* / clap/

/nt6p/

* /ra1,6p/

Ito barkl

I ov1 |

r'!Yhere I

I far I

ra irlnd of

tbil-et

t to pointl

I to talk in

sl-eep t

I cold I

I to tiptoe '

t lvater 1ee ch'

I to found I

ra F. F. forperfe c tion t

/a/

I to turn upsi de

downr

I to aruestl

rgrasshopperl

I calm I

/e; /

oners /th9:k/

/dyrr./

/khp, j/

/tp.z t/

/ t'ap/

/nprip/

/hndp/

/tatip/:.nsecu /p5.t/

/ takSt/

u,/ t"e.w/

,h ,.,/ p an?.w /

Ito escapel

I vhere I

I llhen I

I to drum t

Inotr

rfireflYr

I shoe I

Ito be used tot

I to pass I

Ito crochet t

tto teIl a li-el

I gooci I

t to soakl

Ito squeez e t

I cold I

I fire I

/t1ua$1r/

Tphr p.: X/

/uauchg.:1/

/pa 5.t/

/ka:,6t/Copyright by Mahidol University

185

*/thanit/ trea1ly, / c\ajmit/ 'lighterl

/UhaA'at/ t to moldr /bl;t / , dry r

/thLx7 tto fastent /tlx7 rto coverl

/h;L/ tcubitt

/ "h

r'^t/ I to pound t

/xaphl,Lr,/ tto bl-oru outt

/patLX/ 'to poi-nt downt

/ chaaLx/ | to cou6hl

/ te vla\/ I to vrave one I s hand I

/naLv,/ rto pound'

/Ua!au/ r loincf othl

/da'l/ ' to 1ay downl

/ trlan/ I to soakl

x * /U1/an/ | Lra i-nir f ul thi ng t

/prin/ rbaitr

/nrnl,t/ ' gun'

/ callat/ I to rript

/uawat/ rto hitl

/prLt</ rsilverr

/c/ak/ tsteept

/chultix/ tarnpltl

/d|k/ tofr

/nnLx/ rmalel

*1sh'at/ rpondl

trAtt rwiI1 |

lpa{an/ tlast night' /t'an/ rtrunkt

/cha{an/ rhutl

lpin/ tfourt

/rrLn/ ta kind of bananat /1xln1 ra kind of animal-l

t "ar'y/ | to sl- j- ce t /lrht'yt ! pythonr

/ea^Ly rhouse-wa11 , ltr'aj/ tto closel

yt63/ fto trapr /thabil/ rbamboo-shoott

/pap/ah/ I to waterr /pu.Ln/ rsourr

/{an/ rto splitr /katlah/ rstonerCopyright by Mahidol University

/thauit/

t1,itt

/ tanirl

/ thur ar/'/ftLv/

/ cal/

/bdai/

/z ^nli1tp{c/

/ tan? 6q/

/aekhlaz /

/ cer'atp/

/pl,p/

/ka'n/a,: t/

,7a'az t/

/thaaiz c/

/kat/az c/

/p/azY/

/kal'atk/

/patat ? /

/ nt/a: ? /

/xhijazn/

I jujube , /kha: /

ra !,ind of ghost' /\n|lp/J

186

I cheek t

I pangoli n I

Ito ro11 I

ra bi te I

I taro t

I nephel r

I sun I

ryesterdayr

t ten I

I to sneezel

ra iiind of duckl

ra kind of barkl

I bahtl

t sweet I

rhotl

Ito breakt

I crov/ t

I +^.i l r

I next I

I cocodilet

/tak'ai-/

/ "h'ut// t6r/

/nblr/

/ tariv/,h/ ,/ c aw/

/ "i11, h h/.,/ c aJc aJ/

yw5,9/

7 tr6,1/

!to breakr

! corn-a:cis I

t handl- e I

rshootl

I six I

I red ant I

I fouse I

I tendon I

I to measure I

Ito cut downl

I wi thr

I breakfastt

t i"u, t

Ito rakel

r glutinou6t

Ito sharpen t

tto diP upt

I to murmur I

I water I

I root I

t year I

/uhat i: p/

* /yhri.: t/

/ chawi; t/

/ ch.z'a; c/

/p'a: c/

/hrA:k/

/a!:u/

/ t{:t //cl:?/

/nt/a;n/Copyright by Mahidol University

/ chanatll./

/pana:n/

/ naz n/

/tlazy/

lpa.h{.:1/

yp5:1/

/ch*t/

/ntitt/

/ka1!,2 r/

/1wa: r/

/pat5,:w/

/klzw/

/tencha; j/

/ ch6,: j/

/xr|z q/

1w6,21/

/thri.p/

/"thip/

/^ph'g,t/

/ph*/

I year I

r vlhy r

t iv.ha t I

I to ,,veave I

I 60und I

I mouth I

Ito wliittLet

' paln t

Ito 1ie face upt

tthreadl

I to poi-nt down t

I fL ower I

I rabbi tl

I bee I

Ito bloon t

Ito step forwardl

t grass t

ralongr

/a/

I to staggerl ,,h // K rap/

I to wind strongly, *1Xh{O/

/^5,t7

/ ta.t'/

1b7

/Skratrn/

** /p6:n/

/ ialhA: n/

/nnla:y/

/nar*1/

/ chirl/

/lrhaj*t/

/xhwl,:t //al:r//3wi r/

/ ti;vt/

/kalrri;w/

/paka: j/

/ cawa: j/

/jx{. e/

yp{:7/

ra kind of knj- fel

I bi- r thma rk '

I hor', t

I to roast I

rchickenl

rwlnd I

Ito look a fterl

Itenl

ra kind of fi-shr

I sword I

rwild-pi.g- trapt

I starr

I un cl_ e I

tskyt

tantelope t

I seed t

I thigh t

teyet

ra prep. of tlmet


,h/p an33/

/"*!/lxh.t'yn/

t^l*nt,h/p r?w/

/t<hra,tt/

/padli/

'/vv,j/

/ ch{c,/

/th}, /

/bu:nnVz /

/kh?rp/

/phra: t/

/ tha.: c/

188

Ito give birth'

I to dance I

I to ernbra c e I

rcfiffl

I froml

I to rel ease I

rnonglutinous ricel

rvllfel

I to crorvl

lpennisr

rquicklyl

I fever I

/at/

t duck t

ra kind of kni fel

I branchl

I battana I

I match I

Ito scratchr

t to pound I

I r,/hi rf vlind I

* /ph1: /*/i1t/

/lal. t/

/? a,: t/

/ c etha; c/

/Lat c/

/ph*,k/

/ tapba.:t</

1t<ht7u/ / jsu/ I smoke I

* / rVn/

/nptan/

* /r?\/

7xhwlz c/

/ tqzx/

/nl-a:k/

/aa2,khalan/ rkin6 cobral

**/Pan/

/thr11/

/?aleh/

/phtln/

7phr.4rph"!*/twoman r

* 1sht1,u/

* 7 tbgi/

* l chojchgi/ t to suspectt

/ ch.t$1/ ta kind of treer

Ito ro11 I

I hornl

ra kind of treet

r irho I

t to loose I

tsadl

I rake I

i to lead|

l Donr tr

tto flow throught

I tobacco t

Ito ki ckt

tto laY t

rJob I s tear I

rto cutl


189

/ehv.:z I/na:. ? /

/ jyn/

/val. n/

/"Ary

/nu1n1z1/

rfatherr

I linea6e I

I to vteep I

tluternode I

I to buy I

I spicier I

I to c rarvl- |

I frog I

tyoung nan I

Ithinl

ra kinri oflizardl

/u/

ralikel

Ito tear t

I heac- end I

I to tirinkl

Ito divel

I to extlac t I

rmudl

Ito fold lipslnlvards I

' j ar'

/kharlra;? /

*/na:n/

/ rTnra; n/

/matma.: t/

/kha.;w/

/pht. j/

/ ch araz i/

l chat g/

Q,tiP7

/p(t/

/karhGL/

/xh(c/

/n(tc/

tpiu/

/tar(*1

/praz(m/

* hln/

* 7 thip/

/ ch(tt/

/nptl /

/t $c/

,h/,/ p l,uc/

/ "hixl/t(x1

rykr

* /Xlin/

/khwa;? /

/nv;n/

/m7zg/

L

/ c ara.i w/

* / ra:. 'r.t /,h/np ?t J/

* /b?.t i/

ground- /rya: q/

| fi- elci I

Ito shy I

I uncle I

I !Jork I

I husband t

I to blossonl

Ito squeezet

I ro!,I I

Ito shoulderl

I afternoon I

I to comb I

I to ki-11-t

I remai nde r t

Ito <ie ta cht

Ito puncht

ra kind of tree I

r a iri rLd o f bafiboo r

Irelused ivater I

I heart I

tlurnp tCopyright by Mahidol University

190

/tanun/ rstairs' /tin1 'up'

/Lal(n/ rsoftl

V// P"luh/ Ithrough'

/kul/ t to gj-vs t

/ cbi./ ' dog'

/jur/ rbonfirel

/khuj/ | shr:i-mt

/Xx611 tlo 6l-eepr

/kachun/ rmarbl e I

/tu1til/ ' lo,ooor / thaa$1/ | de e.r I

/ "t'rij/ | hot- e t

/patin/ ,pus,

/ ctt a? un/ t f ra.,an t I't'

6h(n/ t to be boiled t / Luit/ ,body t

/phut/ 'les'

/nd,tl/ rnortarr

/ c"ur/ | femal er

/nlplj/ Inol-e|

/nbni/ tsalt fisn'

7xh(tg/ rto deplorel

/lt /

lch(:/ rrvoodt /?ici:/ teel-trapr

/han& / rcross-bowr /\u: / rcock-combt

/char(:p/ tto snloke t /bh{L/ rto ivindt

/chali:t/ 'spoiledt /chi:t/ rsifk'

/pan(: c/ rchisel , /pi: c/ rto puncht

/hn(tc/ trittle hol-er /ch(tc/ rto make l-ove'

/Zi:tr1 tspathet /nritZ / ,montht

/t<echi;z / rarecar /l-achitt / 'vetetabler


* 7 cbyn/

/xht1:yt/

/nS,ug/

Tpaxh(an1

tu\{*t/7y1t/

/thar;r(Lr/

I fiver

t kni fet

t ye11or't I

I co conut I

I drunkardl

I dove I

Ito siralpen

I heap I

I rledl cine I

I inch I

t rlpe t

I to forgetl

I tuskl

ra kind of

Ito shake'

I ali-ve I

Ito blowr

I evening t

ra ki-nd of

ra kind of

191

irnifer

/ y:/

/ ch anp]rtl'"/

*/tY/

fishtrap r * /k14n/

/m:yin/

I cousin I

Ito di s turb I

Ito lj.er

rwhitel

I pond I

I above t

I to burn I

| -l oc6 I

rtnonkey I

r\Yirite-ant !

lman I

I rineappl e I

I bump I

ta kind of treet

rpimplel

I post !

I to cry I

ryoungr

tra6t

I stove t

, h./ c ui n/

/bi:n/

,,h / ,/ E arsvi n/

/i;it n/

/ put p/

/nai 4/-)

/nt&t//tGr// ju: t'/,. lr / ,

/ K ArIUi J/

/ |].]bvi J/

/nuiyt/

tph{t/

/haiy/

lrrchrlj/

frul t t

bee !

/phrin/

/ cetht z thf; j/ I cockroach t / cL(r, n/.)

/pracnzf/

/a6,: j/7ai:t/

/p{ r/

/ .h(r, ,/

/pi, i//nai: j/

/rupiz q/

/tatiz q/

/ theurul/

/pht*/

/ truqtt.i: c,/


192

* /xhgj/ Ito talkl /h'ni/ I s teatl I

/ thrtlz /* /phg: t/

/LU.z c/

/tt1z]r'/

/pachr4: t /

/nchy:z /

/t<h eryin/

I flsiitrapr

Ito speakl

I trlong I

t to boi-l I

I oldl

I woru I

I to ,.v ear I

I sunshine I

Itiredl

t fini sh t

' gray '

I flwl

rswelledl

Ito coilI

ra kind of

vege tabl e !

I forest I

Ito poundr

lxht1: /

/ cha]r,]: L/

/nu:. c/-t"

* 71hu:k/

I fr1 end I

I bone t

I to slvall ovl I

I rlgntl

/ ra? rlzS/

/:i.h,at1/

/thr1:t/

/nnu r/

/rw i/,'h/K \l.g/

* 7xh6t/

/u, /

Ttapphlg: ?/ 'beLet,

/\u.: ? /,h./pac u:n/

1th14:Sr/

/1-*tj/

/xhtltt/

/ La].*: i/

/kaphtl: j/

/ny; q/

/ c6x/

/n6n/

I elder si sterr

IenilensyI

I bamboo I

rBudcihist monkt

Ito cut downt

I tamarindl

!to swingr

I mosqui tol

I hoe I

I'i'hai nocdlel

rsugarcanel-ike treet

t what I

/balk}(h6ri./

tphdl

/^|ot /

*/aoy/


* /1,khgt /

/kro.: c/

/ph9.,k/

/ ch?:t</

/ chro;m/

ra ki-nd of knlfel

llri ct

I mango I

rbol- tr

rsheetr

I ri6ht sidel

I tc harig I

t dilutedl

I to come I

I to shave I

Ito hitr

/9./

I trillag e-1ead erl

/g, /

ra kind of tree I

I herd-l eaderl

t nattress I

I hemD I

I snaiie t

19i

/ot/

/ thoz /

/z at6; 1

/la2 6: c/

/ tt'6tE/

/cha?6:?/

/p6: ? // c at5: m/

/ iot n/

* 7 c.no: /* yyhae6: V

/pr6:v/

/ nc5:t;/

/khaj6z? /

/il622/

/t6: n/

/ po|-!/

/toz !// chan6;U

/t 6: r/* /a6: i/

I chai-n I

I to j umpr

rsouirrel I

rbi-i1 black spicier'

Ito selI I

t she11 |

I case I

I ricel

I tal] |

I shad ovl t

I cockl

I side I

lphado:j/

/to:j//k6z r/

* /b6': i/

/nth92 /

I"** /P"o.: t/,L/p roi R/

/ tbeno,zk/

/k"o.: t</

/xhoz ? /

/wg.? / I elephant 6rassr

rutmostl

Ito tumble dovrnt

rscaf f olti I

I cri cke tl


lphro:j/

/thotX/

/nbol. r/

/pt|t/

/k5V

/p5x/

/aphiul, yph{t /

/kfrn/

/acn/

/ cexlcn/

194

I to wi-nnoiv I

I Indian <irwn t

t omen I

I to ask forl

rmortarr

/c/

I to release I *

t to hoLdl

tto openr

I to change '

ra kind of mush-

-fOO& I

ra kind of treet r

I to smell- I

I clean I

I oldr

rbetel I

I to chase t

rbreastl

I seven I

I slightly I

,, h./ }sOC OZ m/ ra i<ind of fisht

I cotton- threadr

ra kind cf hempr

I ba-mboo-baske tt

I fork of rear I

I to faint I

ra kind of mushroon r

rshirtr

I cobra I

I to vomi t t

t round I

rwaistr

Ito grumbl s t

I to burn I

Ito take of f t

ta kind of eggplantl

rbeforel

? salival

t cold I

/khozr./

/taphotn/

/tbanSx/

/prahoz 1/ypittot l//yo:3/

/nkho: j/

/ chatSp/

/b5t/

hhlx/

/ tanz 5z /

/ktcrr,/

/xatln/* /b{n/

/ c43/

/ph{n/

/ "hn^ln//nc(n/, h/ ,/ cap cr/

,zrcgrc(

/tl1/t "h*31t/p4nt

/$h//np{n/

/nn|r/


/xach6z //nak5; //:n5:p/

/p4zk/

/ cc tkcSzk/

1p{ r? //?cL!:2 //gti zz // t6zn/

/n5zu/

* * /nit n/

/kar{: u/

/b{2il

leit3/ tolder siblings' /trech{zj/

/tra?5:3/

*Tchtzi/

* / r.l.p/

/ri.t 7

/#.vt

/t uchr!3 /* / r?n/

I to teII I

rpapayar

Ito pantl

I to peel t

I to scratchl

I to dream I

Inow I

rsilk pott

Ito cook rice I

Ito have t

I silkworn I

I eggplantl

I to sl-i- ce I

/e/

I to battlel

I toad I

rwi th I

Ito erodel

rumbrellat

195

/cz/

* Txhc; j/

*/tit/

/rrthlu/

/ ch"$.k'

/np.2 /

1a{//du!7at /

/katl t/

/rap(:k/

/ chan!;k/

/triz?/

/nti t? /

/vvn6: ? /

/3i:m/

/rhcXr4:1/

la F D I

ra kind of birdt

I to cacklel

Ito pounce oDr

I to i tch I

tmadl

Itermite hill'

t rockl

rbel owt

tunderl

, place t

rwater moni torl

t millionpede t

I to wai- t for t

ra kind of lishr

Ito pokel

I to spear I

I justt

tjar '/t-han.o.n/


/th" .r.1/

tthe.\/

/ ch.$n/

/nin/

1a*3: /.J"

/ catlr.c.zp/

/l?tp/

/t<hc-:t</

/nthc,zk/

/phct?/

/z !.:t //nctu./)"/t5;n/

*/n{.t{

/jxc.t3/

196

I room I

t to sitr

I gor8e I

lendl

/lt /

rpounded rj- ce I

/than.n/.J

l cavhiny

/a3n7

/n{.n7

/ j?.

/ cak1t? /

/phanctlr,/

* / ch1;n/

1pht9.:X/

7,rhtc:1/

/ cath c.t j/

/z c* {: r/

ra kind of treet

t day after tomorrovr I

I to throw a,,vay I

rat dustl

I the iyord

cattlet

I around I

r top r

IcloudI

rotherr

I throad I

to stop

I one anothert

I forestr

I spoon I

ra hi-nd of mushroom l

'1og t

rconnecting pointl

r81ad I

t to cover t

I to enter I

t fence I

t ghostr

Ito camy i-n

oners almr

I thi.sl

I to dyel

I to turn t

t Pil1ow t

I ear of paddy t

I to fl- oatl

*/r?,

*/j?.

/n?

p/

t/

k/

k/

?/

/ncz

rxi;

tph.r.r(

/pc.:t/


/ chi"p7

/prtat/

/ crjgk/

/n cien/

/kravj.er,/

/aieil

/ "hi."1//rhiaavh{aV

/1ia"//pl:-aw/

/xeth4ap/

/nh1.t7

/1+.ax/

/phtrat/

/rian/

/or|aX/

/4hriaq/-J

/th4en/

/niaw1

tpainful I

tpustuleI

I to slicel

rbirdl

I scythe I

t truely t

Ito flickler

tto thriIl|

t oxen-burnp I

I to join closely r**/l,jtan/

I birdtrap I

t thri ftyt

ra kind of banana t

Ito cf enchl

t tame I

Ito be shortenedr

I to wear I

I water- course I

I curry I

rstraightl

I smoothl

Ito takel

Ito crackt

I sister-in-Ialv t

Ito studyt

Ito shoulder t

I eagle I

ra kj.nd of bird I

197

/Ia/

A./

/nci.ap/

/ tarr.bj.a t/

/ t{-a2 /

/ cakj'.en/

/ chtan/

/nala{

/ chanlawt

/iarl/ttaw/

I to run I

IblackI

t toothl

t l-imbl

Ito chop I

rbuffalo I

I hammockt

lmatl

I cat I

* /ariap/

/ ciet/

/th7ak/

/nd1an/

* / rian/

/xhlian/

/l.ia3l+Y

/thiar/


/ "hi"t//xepiac/

/kuan/

*hy(an/

/chw3/

/phatuat/

/th(ar/

/kathuai/

/11'rci/

/lyar/*/rliak/

/kha jypT/

/rannypr/

198

/u./

rLungt

tknotl

tchildI

ra kind of treer

laxel

I cream- col- our I

rhornetl

I scorplon I

I papaya-sa1ad I

/y.a/

Ito faIl dounr

I h. + t

t sand f1y I

t kj- tchen I

Ito fishl

I pl ea sing I

ra kind ofeggplan t I

I firelood I

/karrl{.at/

/uhaaiac/

. /nt(an/

/ c(aL/

/ clar/

/npiai/

/ chuaq/

** / ph 2rhu at/

*/:.yaV

/nhw1/

tti,ptt

/katuer/

/^\tai/

/t1ry j/

tto rol-1 tobaccol

ra k-ind of tarol

ra k1nd of fish t

ra l<i-nd o f sheIl I

t basket-hancile t

Ito hi- re I

t canal- |

Inetl

Itwentyr

ta kind of

Ito boi-1 I

I clusterl

I cotton t

I ear I

ronel

'topt

knifel

/ cantyr/

.*/1ua3/

/rt.anrly/

6hr(1en/

/at:uej/

/t tp 1/


00144s199

a

* /kri.ap/

* / pwan/

* /1wan/

-/rdal( ratw)/

* 7 sbfian/

, /r6"n/

/uta/

I almost I

tio postponel

tstoryr

/we/

tto b e1i eve I

t boat I

I


Documents

A phonological description of Nyah Kur at Ban Nam …mulinet11.li.mahidol.ac.th/e-thesis/scan/001445.pdfthe phonology of a Nyah Kur dialect spoken at Ban Nam Lat, Tambon l{a Yang Krak,