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Page 1: A Perspective on Hybrid Cars and Factors Affecting Their ...ijettjournal.org/2015/volume-28/number-2/IJETT-V28P216.pdf · A Perspective on Hybrid Cars and Factors Affecting Their

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 28 Number 2 - October 2015

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 82

A Perspective on Hybrid Cars and Factors Affecting Their

Demand in Present Market 1Prashant Bidhuri

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chandigarh Group of Colleges

Mohali, India

Abstract—Hybrid cars are becoming increasingly

popular due to the cost of gasoline going up and the

move to save the environment. Hybrid cars are being

built to look like gas fueled cars. Conventional

vehicles use gasoline or diesel to power an internal

combustion engine. Hybrids also use an internal

combustion engine—and can be fueled like normal

cars—but have an electric motor and battery, and can

be partially or wholly powered by electricity. Hybrid

cars can be configured to obtain different objectives,

such as improved fuel economy, increased power, or

additional auxiliary power for electronic devices and

power tools. Many technologies like regenerative

braking, electric motor drive, automatic start or

shutoff are being used in hybrid cars to make them as

good as conventional vehicles.

Keywords — combustion engine, battery, fuel

economy, regenerative braking

I. INTRODUCTION

Hybrid vehicles have started making their mark in

the automobile industry having appeared on the

market in 1997 only to minimise CO2 emissions. With

increasing awareness towards economic and

environmental concerns associated with fuel

combustion in automobiles, the world is focusing

towards the development of sustainable technologies.

The transportation sector is one of the highest

consumers of fossil fuels and the largest contributor of

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 2004 turned out to

be another important year for hybrid vehicles where

the sales doubled for the second consecutive year. The

various factors that would lead to a faster spread of the

hybrid vehicles are lower cost, wider product line-ups

and opportunities to actually experience hybrid

vehicles. It has been observed that in transportation

sector, emissions from passenger cars constitute nearly

90 percent of the sector total. Thus, reducing CO2

emissions of passenger cars would be a big

contribution to the environment.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) offer a fuel

efficient solution that combines an electric motor

based drivetrain with the conventional internal

combustion engine (ICE) to reduce fuel consumption

and vehicle emissions [3]-[5].

Growth in on-road transportation is closely

associated with the development of the global

economy. Due to present worldwide trends in

population increase, expansion in international trade

and economic development, the demand for heavy and

light duty vehicles is on the rise. With close to 600

million vehicles on road today, over the next forty

years, 800 million more people are expected to own

cars around the world. In 2002, light-duty vehicles

alone accounted for 23% of the total 77 million barrels

of oil consumed per day in the world, and is expected

to go as high as 32 million barrels per day by 2030 [6],

making them one of the major users of energy.

Owing to its adverse impact on the global economy

and environment, and the possibility of complete

exhaustion of reserves, use of petroleum based

vehicles is raising concern and is driving the research

and industry sectors to look for alternative solutions.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) were designed to

overcome the disadvantages of gasoline powered and

battery electric vehicles. HEVs combine the

conventional ICE driven mechanical drivetrain with a

motor propelled electric drivetrain. Electric power to

the motor in a hybrid vehicle is usually provided by a

chemical battery. The presence of an on-board electric

motor allows optimized operation of the engine in its

maximum efficiency region, thus providing a higher

fuel efficiency than ICEVs while the use of ICE to

charge the battery allows for a much more extended

driving range than BEVs. The electric motor also

enables regenerative braking and shutting down the

Page 2: A Perspective on Hybrid Cars and Factors Affecting Their ...ijettjournal.org/2015/volume-28/number-2/IJETT-V28P216.pdf · A Perspective on Hybrid Cars and Factors Affecting Their

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 28 Number 2 - October 2015

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 83

engine during idling further increases the efficiency of

the vehicle.

Fig. 2 (a) Battery electric (b) fuel Cell (c) Hybrid Electric

Hybrid cars will make a difference because of its

almost zero emissions and the money it saves on gas.

Just think of being able to drive twice as far on a tank

of gas and saving money while doing it. A hybrid car

is a car with both a gas powered engine and an electric

motor. The electric motor is powered by batteries,

which are recharged while driving the same way as

with a normal car battery. The gas engine is the same

as one that would be found in a normal car. These two

power sources can be used simultaneously or by

themselves depending on what the car is doing. An

electric car is one that runs purely off an electric

motor that is run off batteries. When not in use the car

is plugged in by a special plug to recharge the

batteries. A fuel cell car runs off a special engine that

runs off hydrogen, oxygen, and other chemicals. The

advantage of this is the only by-product is water

instead of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide like

regular car engines, and other pollutants. The world is

in need of an alternative car to stop the pollution and

the large amounts of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere.

The good thing with hybrid cars is the emissions and

gas mileage. With low emissions comes significantly

less pollution. Hybrid cars have good gas mileage

since they do not run entirely off the engine. With

good gas mileage comes a reduced need for gas so it

will be conserved and there would be a lesser chance

of a shortage. Needing less gas would also lower gas

prices. The hybrid cars are also equipped with good

aerodynamics to reduce drag, which helps the car to

run smoother and not need as much fuel. By using

both a conventional engine and electric motor, the best

hybrids achieve significantly better fuel efficiency

than their non-hybrid counterparts. They also pollute

less and save drivers money through fuel savings.

Fig. 3 Basic Hybrid Car Parts

II. FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND

There are still some downsides with hybrid cars.

The small amount of pollution they produced, the

pollution from the factories making these cars, and the

chemicals used in powering the fuel cell cars.

Obviously if a hybrid car has a gas engine than there

will be some pollution produced but still a substantial

amount less than normal gas cars. Where a car or

anything is produced by a factory, there will be

pollution. With the development of these new cars

there might be new technologies that will improve the

way things are made. The fuel cell cars also have a

disadvantage and that is the chemicals needed to run

the car. Even though there are some negatives with the

alternative cars the more they will be used the more

improvements will be made to make them even better

than they already are.

There are many factors that are responsible for slow

sale of hybrid cars, such as:

Lack of Information to Consumer: There are many

misconceptions associated with the fairly new hybrid

technology that mislead consumers. One such

misconception is the high maintenance cost on

batteries. Battery replacement can cost two to three

thousand dollars, however most manufacturers now

offer 8-10 years/240,000 km warrantees and in

coming years, with the progress in battery technology,

this warrantee is expected to go up to vehicle life.

Financial Limitations: The high initial cost of

hybrids is the main cause of low sales. Most hybrids

cost seven to twelve thousand dollars more than their

non-hybrid versions of vehicles of the same class. This

increase in cost is attributed to low demand and higher

cost of additional electric components, particularly the

battery.

Challenges in Technology: The addition of

electrical components to the vehicle traction system

makes the design and control of hybrid electric

vehicles a challenging task. Drivetrain components

Page 3: A Perspective on Hybrid Cars and Factors Affecting Their ...ijettjournal.org/2015/volume-28/number-2/IJETT-V28P216.pdf · A Perspective on Hybrid Cars and Factors Affecting Their

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 28 Number 2 - October 2015

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 84

have to be designed specifically to HEV application

such that the vehicle performance can compete with

all other available automobiles in the market. In this

regard, hybrid vehicles have several challenges to

overcome, particularly in the design and control of

their electric drivetrain for enhanced driving

performance, advancement in battery technology for

longer life, lighter weight and higher power density,

and the improvement in the spaciousness of the

vehicles to satisfy consumer expectation.

There are some other downsides also that the

consumer will get with the purchase of a hybrid car.

The main disadvantage with almost all electric, hybrid,

and fuel cell cars is the low amounts of power.

Fig. 4 Expectations of Users

It is likely that we would be able to see some

increase in the size of the hybrid car market. Though,

there is no doubt that the market must have a wider

line-up of models offered at prices that are more

competitive. The main issue that the industry is facing

is how to offer smaller-sized components that can be

manufactured for lower cost. While many electrical

equipment and component manufacturers have set up

dedicated automotive marketing divisions and

research centres. They do not have any means of

identifying the needs of the major manufacturers. The

growth of the hybrid car market will require that

hybrid systems are made smaller and offered at lower

cost. For the electrical components manufacturers the

industry provides quite stable outlet. At the same time,

the industry demands a high level of quality and is

always putting pressure on its suppliers to cut costs. If

the component manufacturers were able to refine their

technologies so as to miniaturize components and

consequently reduce their manufacturing cost, they

will profit from their participation in hybrid car

market.

III. CONCLUSIONS

The production of the hybrid car will continue, as

popularity increases, and the people will enjoy in the

tax saving and the features that the hybrid automobile

brings to the benefit of the people.

In conclusion, hybrid cars will be the next

alternative to fuel vehicle. Their demand is increasing,

not only in America, but worldwide. Asia countries,

such as Japan, Korea and Singapore owners of hybrid

cars are enjoying tax relief from switching to hybrid

motor. It is inevitable that fuel motor cars model will

be going down to history and hybrid cars is making a

history.

REFERENCES

[1] Statistics Canada Report: Energy Statistics Handbook –

Fourth Quarter 2007, Catalogue no.57-601-X, April 2008.

[2] Transport Canada Report: Transportation in Canada – An Overview, Catalogue no. TP 14816E, 2007.

[3] I. Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles-Design

Fundamentals, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2003. [4] D. J. Santini, P. D. Patterson, and A. D. Vyas, Importance of

vehicle costs, fuel prices, and fuel efficiency in hybrid

electric vehicle market success, Transportation Research Record, Issue 1738, pp. 11 - 19, 2000.

[5] D. Hermance and S. Sasaki, Hybrid electric vehicles take to

the streets, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 35, pp. 48-52, Nov. 1998. [6] World Energy Outlook 2004, International Energy Agency

(IEA).

[7] Satti Swami Reddy , Kola Siva Tharun, Eco Friendly Vehicle (Hybrid Electric Vehicle), IJETT, Volume 4 Issue 4- April

2013

[8] Surender Dhanasekaran, A Review On Evolution Of Hybrid And Electric Vehicle, International Journal of Engineering

Sciences & Research Technology, ISSN: 2277-9655.