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Production planning is a major activity in the manufacturing or processing industries. A good plan helps the company lower its expenses, increase profit, or both. However, the worldwide economy is made up of closely related systems. Thus, a small change induces fluctuation in the supply chain. Although a production plan is based on the predicted demand, economic fluctuations make prediction difficult. Therefore, coping with production risksof uncertain demands heavily depends on the judgment and experience of the producer or customer. In addition, the reuse of recyclable products has become a major approach in reducing resource consumption because of environmental consciousness. Thus, a closed-loop supply chain has replaced the traditional supply chain to facilitate recycling, accommodate reprocess, ease environmental degradation, and save on resource costs. This study thus considers a production plan in a closed-loop supply chain, where periodic orders of retailers are adjusted and de
Citation preview
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
www.ijera.com 213|P a g e
A Periodical Production Plan for Uncertain Orders in a
Closed-Loop Supply Chain System
Hsiao-Fan Wang1*
Hung-Shi Lin2
Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu,
Taiwan, ROC
ABSTRACT Production planning is a major activity in the manufacturing or processing industries. A good plan helps the
company lower its expenses, increase profit, or both. However, the worldwide economy is made up of closely
related systems. Thus, a small change induces fluctuation in the supply chain. Although a production plan is
based on the predicted demand, economic fluctuations make prediction difficult. Therefore, coping with
production risksof uncertain demands heavily depends on the judgment and experience of the producer or
customer. In addition, the reuse of recyclable products has become a major approach in reducing resource
consumption because of environmental consciousness. Thus, a closed-loop supply chain has replaced the
traditional supply chain to facilitate recycling, accommodate reprocess, ease environmental degradation, and
save on resource costs. This study thus considers a production plan in a closed-loop supply chain, where
periodic orders of retailers are adjusted and described byfuzzy quantities. The goal of the producer is to
maximize profit while trying to satisfy these orders to the greatest extent. Fuzzy Set Theory is applied to
construct a Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Production Mix Model (FCCPMM) to enable the risk attitude of the
decision maker to be adopted to address uncertainty.Theoretical evidence is supported by numerical illustration.
Keywordsβclosed loop supply chain, reprocessing, multi-order, backorder, fuzzy chance-constrained model,
optimality and parametric analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION When a new product is due for release,
information about its future demand is incomplete.
Although many forecasting methods exist to estimate
future demand, most of them need a large database
for statistical analysis. If the historical information is
limited, retailers can only estimate the demand by
their own intuition or experience. A gap exists
between the retailerβs wants and the manner of
expressing these wants to the producer because of the
vagueness of natural language, which causes
difficulty for the producer in determining the
production plan. To resolve the problem, this study
considers a multi-retailer and multi-period production
planning problem in a closed-loop supply chain
system, where the orders are regarded as fuzzy
quantities. To cope with the fuzzy demands induced
by the subjective judgment of retailers, we propose a
Fuzzy Production Mix Model (FPMM) based on
Fuzzy Set Theory. Using the concept of fuzzy
chance-constrained programming, FPMM is
transformed into a computable model, which
integrates the planning preference of the decision
maker to deal with uncertainty. Parametric analysis is
performed in this study. The structure of this paper is
as follows. Section 2 briefly reviews closed-loop
supply chains and Fuzzy Set Theory and its
applications. The problem is stated in Section 3, and
the formulation of Fuzzy Production Mix Model and
Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Production Mix Model
are proposed with a discussion of their parameters. In
Section 4, we use a numerical example to show how
the model works. Section 5 discusses the conclusions
of the study and recommendations for future
research.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW The accurate estimation of demand is an
important issue because the main purpose of a
production plan is to satisfy demand. However,
demand forecasting is often affected by many
complicated factors. The uncertain and variable
nature of demand almost makes the exact estimation
impossible to predict. We have proposed a
deterministic model as a basisfor investigating the
features of the problem (Wang and Lin, 2014), but
we also want to find out the main uncertain factors
that affect the result of the analysis and the
complexity of the model. Demand uncertainty is the
main source among these factors. Thus, this study
focuses on this issue and finds a resolution in coping
with this uncertainty. Fuzzy Set Theory is adopted in
analysis and modeling because of the subjective
preference of consumers embedded in the demand of
products. In the following sections, we briefly review
closed-loop supply chains and the basic idea of Fuzzy
Set Theory and its applications.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
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2.1 Remanufacturing and the Closed-loop Supply
Chain System
Environmental sustainability has become a
serious issue in recent years. Therefore, researchers
exerted significant efforts to ease the degradation of
the environment. Remanufacturing provides many
benefits, such as reducing the prices for customers
and the usage of material and energy resources (Lund
and Hauser, 2010). The stages from raw material
processing to the delivery of products to customers
are the only issues that concern traditional supply
chains. However, remanufacturing entails that used
products should be recycled in the factory for further
reprocessing, which means that the logistics from the
customer to the factory must be addressed. A
closed-loop supply chain (Guide, Harrison, and Van
Wassenhove, 2003) includes forward and reverse
logistics; these methods facilitate the reuse of
materials, reduction of energy consumption, and
slowing down of environmental deterioration. 2.2 Basic Concepts of Fuzzy Set Theory
Fuzzy Set theory generalizes the notion of the crisp
set to cope with vague expressions. Based on Zadeh
(1965) a fuzzy set is defined as below:
Definition 1 Fuzzy Set
Let X be the universal set, a fuzzy set π΄ can
be expressed as
π΄ = π₯, ππ΄ π₯ |π₯ β π, ππ΄ β [0,1]}
(1)
whereππ΄ is a membership function. It indicates that
the degree of x belonging toπ΄ .
In Fuzzy Set Theory, fuzzy number plays an
important role in many applications. Fuzzy number is
described in terms of a number and a linguistic
modifier. Before defining fuzzy number we first
introduce a kind of crisp set called Ξ± β level set.
Definition 2 Ξ± βlevel set(Zimmermann, 1986):
A crisp set of elements which belong to a fuzzy
set A at least a degree Ξ± iscalled Ξ± βlevel set of A
defined byπ΄πΌ = {π₯|ππ΄ π₯ β₯ Ξ±,Ξ± β [0,1]}.
Based on Klir et al (1997), fuzzy number can
be defined as follows:
Definition3 Fuzzy Number:
Let π΄ be a Fuzzy Set of the real line R. π΄ is called
fuzzy number if the following conditions are satisfied
(1). π΄1 is not empty.
(2). π΄ is a convex fuzzy set.
(3). π΄πΌ is a closed interval for Ξ± β 0,1 .
2.3 Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Programming
Chance-constrained programming resolves
optimization problems under uncertain conditions.
Instead of finding an optimal solution that satisfies
the constraints, the main concept of
chance-constrained programming is in finding an
optimal solution that is feasible within a confidence
interval. Fuzzy chance-constrained programming
(Yang and Iwamura, 2008) is proposed to deal with
the uncertainty induced by fuzzy quantities. We
introduce Possibility Theory first because this model
is developed based on this theory.
2.3.1
2.3.1Possibility Theory
In Possibility Theory, possibility measure is used to
describe uncertainty estimation of a fuzzy event. To
define possibility measure, it is necessary to define
the possibility distribution. Based on Zadeh (1977),
possibility distribution, possibility measure and
necessity measure can be defined as follow:
Definition 4 Possibility Distribution (Zadeh, 1977):
Let π be a variable which takes values in a universe
of discourse U. Let πΉ be a fuzzy subset of a universe
of discourse with its membership function ππΉ .Given
a proposition, Xis πΉ ,πΉ acts as an elastic constraint on
the values that may be assigned to X. The proposition
βX isπΉ β is translated into
R(X) =πΉ (2) (2)
Associates a possibility distribution, ππ , with X
which is postulated to be equal to πΉ . The possibility
distribution function ππ(π’) is defined to be
numerically equal toππΉ (π’), i.e:
ππ(π’)=ππΉ (π’) (3)
Although ππ(π’) is numerically equal toππΉ (π’), they
have different meanings. ππΉ π’ describes the degree
of compatibility that u fits the fuzzy subset
πΉ ,whereas ππ₯(π’) indicates that the degree of
possibility that π is u given the proposition π isπΉ . The possibility measure and necessity measure
are developed based on possibility distribution.
Definition 5 Possibility Measure (Zadeh, 1977):
Let ππbe the possibility distribution associates
with π and A is a non-fuzzy subset of U. The
possibility measure, π(A), is defined by
π(A) = ππππ π β A = π π’ππ’βπ΄ππ(π’) (4)
Definition 6Necessity Measure (Zadeh, 1977):
Let ππbe the possibility distribution associates
withX, A is a non-fuzzy subset of U. necessity
measure,ππΈπΆ π β A , is defined by
ππΈπΆ π β A = 1 β π π’ππ’βπ΄πππ(π’) (5)5
2.3.2 Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Program
Fuzzy chance-constrained programming uses
the linear combination of possibility measure and
necessity measure to describe the chance of validity
of constraints. Let πΉ be a fuzzy number with
membership functionππΉ , and A is a subset of real
domain R. Linear combination of possibility measure
and necessity measure, calledππ measure, is defined
by
ππ(πΉ ππ΄)=πππππ πΉ ππ΄ + (1β π) ππΈπΆ πΉ ππ΄ (2)
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
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The notations used in (6) are a bit different from (4)
and (5), but they imply the same thing.
πcan be regarded as optimistic indicator. Higher π
indicates that decision maker is more optimistic about
the chance of a fuzzy event.
If the decision maker wants to maximized its
optimistic return value, the fuzzy chance-constrained
programming model can be constructed by
ππππ₯
ππππ
π
Subject to
ππ π π, π β₯ π β₯ Ξ±
ππ ππ π, π β€ 0 β₯ πΌπ , i=1, 2,β¦, n.
π± β πΉ
πis a fuzzy number.
(3)
π π, π is the original objective function which
contains a fuzzy number. ππ π, π is the original
constraint which contains a fuzzy number. πΉis the
feasible region of x.
If the decision maker wants to maximized its
pessimistic return value, model can be constructed by
ππππ₯
ππππ π
Subject to
ππ π π, π β€ π β₯ Ξ±
ππ ππ π, π β€ 0 β₯ πΌπ , i=1, 2,β¦,n.(8)
π± β πΉ
(4)
Besides, take into consideration both optimistic and
pessimistic aspect about return value, the model is
constructed as following form:
ππππ₯ (π½ Γ ππππ
π + (1β π½) Γ ππππ π )
Subject to
ππ π π, π β₯ π β₯ πΌ
ππ π π, π β€ π β₯ πΌ
ππ ππ π, π β€ 0 β₯ πΌπ , i=1, 2,β¦,n. (9)
π± β πΉ
(9)
.4 Concluding Remarks
This section reviews the concept of a closed-loop
supply chain system and Fuzzy Set Theory. On the
one hand, the development of a closed-loop supply
chain system helps companies reduce cost and ease
environmental degradation. On the other hand, Fuzzy
Set Theory deals with the uncertainty that results
from the vagueness of natural language.
Demand in production planning is usually
uncertain and has significant variations from
economic fluctuations. Thus, it seeks mathematical
approaches to help companies make decisions.
However, statistical analysis requires large datasetto
achieve such goals. Therefore, the accuracy of
prediction would be affected by the number of data
on hand. Data may be inaccessible in some cases.
Thus, the decision maker or customer can only
predict demand based on his or her own intuition.
Under these circumstances, the use of Fuzzy Set
Theory is helpful in determining the optimal
production plan. In the next section, we utilize Fuzzy
Set Theory to address a production planning problem
in a closed-loop supply chain system with demand
uncertainty.
III. THE PROPOSED MODEL 3.1 Problem Statement
In this study, we consider a single-product producer
with multiple retailers. The retailers estimate their
own market demands and place orders to the
producer at the beginning of the planning horizon.
Each order indicates the number of products that a
retailer needs for each period. The orders are
inseparable. Thus, the producer is not allowed to
satisfy only a partial quantity that each order requires.
The quantities of the products that they need are
estimated and undetermined until the delivery period
because retailers cannot precisely forecast demands.
This observation implies that retailers may alter the
requirements before the delivery period even though
the order was placed at the beginning of the planning
horizon. The producer may choose to accept or reject
the orders because the capacity may be limited and
outsourcing is forbidden. However, to maintain
retailer loyalty and to prevent losing retailers in such
an uncertain environment, the producer may
determine a minimum acceptance ratio of the given
orders with respect to each retailer.
According to environmental protection
regulations, the producer is responsible for collecting
used products. Thus, collection cost exists at each
period when the market lifespan of a product expires.
Whenever a used product is returned to the factory,
the producer can dispose of the returned products or
reprocess them so that they can be sold to retailers as
new ones in the following periods.
The goals of a producer include figuring out the
orders that should be accepted and executing
production activities to maximize profit under
uncertain conditions. This study develops an
analytical mathematical model to support the
decision of the producer in achieving such goals.
Figure 1 shows the structure of this study.
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
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Figure 1 Activity flows of the proposed production plan
To analyze this type of production process, we first propose the Fuzzy Production Mix Model. The model is
then transformed into a Fuzzy Chance Constrained Production Mix Model (FCCPMM)to facilitate the
computation.
3.2Fuzzy Production Mix Model (FPMM)
The notations are first defined as below:
T Planning horizon.
π Product lifespan period.
π Net profit.
ππππ Total number of orders retailer j gives to producer, j=1,2,β¦J.
π· ππ‘
π· ππ‘ = [ππ
π‘ ,πππ‘ ,π π
π‘], a triangular fuzzy number which is the quantity of products retailer j
needs at period t. t=1,2,β¦,T and j=1,2,β¦,J. Ξ³ Collection rate.
πΆπ The capacity of machine k, k=1,2,β¦,K. πΆπ ππ The quantity of resource machine k used for per unit of processing, k=1,2,β¦,K. πΆππ The quantity of machine k used for per unit of reprocessing, k=1,2,β¦,K. πΆπΏ Inventory limit of new product.
πΆπ πΏ Inventory limit of returned product.
ππ πππ Minimum acceptance ratio of orders for retailer j, j=1, 2,β¦J.
πππ The retailer jβs maximum tolerable delay periods (0 β€ πππ β€ π β 1). π πΈπ Unit revenue of sold product.
ππΆ Unit processing cost.
Re-processing Processing
Recycling
center
Inventory of
used product
Factory
Inventory of new
products
Retailers
t>U
t=T
Disposal
End of
production plan
Yes
No
No
t=T+1 Yes
Customer behaviors
Factory receivesorders
from retailers at t=0, set
t=1
Inventory of raw
material Raw material
supplier
Cuts down or increases
requirement
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π ππΆ Unit reprocessing cost. π»π Unit holding cost of serviceable product.
π»π Unit holding cost of returned product. π·πΆ Unit disposal cost of returned products. ππΆ Setup cost for processing or reprocessing.
ππΆ Ordering cost. π΅πΆπ Unit backlogging cost of retailer j, j=1, 2,β¦, J.
π πΆ Unit recycling cost.
π₯π‘ The quantity of products processing in period t, t=1,2,β¦,T.
π¦π‘ The quantity of products reprocessing in period t, t=1,2,β¦,T.
ππ π‘ Inventory of new product at the end of period t, t=1,2,β¦,T.
πππ‘ Inventory of raw material at the end of period t, t=1,2,β¦,T.
πππ‘ Inventory of used product at the end of period t, t=1,2,β¦,T.
π§π‘ The quantity of products disposed of in period t, t=1,2,β¦,T.
ππ‘ Setup variable. 0-1 binary variable, t=1,2,β¦,T.
ππ‘ Ordering variable. 0-1 binary variable, t=1,2,β¦,T.
πππ‘ ,π‘β²
The quantity of products supplied in period tβ for retailer jβs order of period t,
t=1,2,β¦,T, tβ=t,t+1,β¦,T, j=1,2,β¦J.
ππ‘ The quantity of raw materials ordered at period t, t=1,2,β¦,T.
ππ‘ The quantity of products recycled at period t, t=U, U+1,β¦,T.
π ππ‘ Binary variable, t=1,2,β¦T and j=1,2,β¦J.
Then, the Fuzzy Production Mix Model (FPMM) is proposed as follows:
FPMM
Maximize π πΈπ π ππ‘π· π
π‘π½π=1 β ππΆπ₯π‘ + π ππΆπ¦π‘ + π·πΆπ§π‘ + ππΆππ‘ + π πΆππ‘ +π»πππ π‘ +π
π‘=1ππ‘=1
ππΆΓππ‘+π»π πππ‘+π»ππππ‘βπ=1π½π‘β²=2ππ‘=maxπ‘β²βπππ, 1π‘β²π΅πΆππππ‘,π‘β²β(π‘β²βπ‘)
(10)
Subject to
ππ π‘ = πππ‘ β² ,π‘
π‘
π‘ β²=max 1,π‘βπππ
π½
π
+ ππ π‘β1 + π₯π‘ + π¦π‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π
(11)
πππ‘ = πππ‘β1 + ππ‘ β π₯π‘ ,t=1,2,β¦., T (12)
πππ‘ = πππ‘β1 + ππ‘ β π§π‘ β π¦π‘ , t=1,2,β¦,T (13)
ππ‘ β€ πΎ πππ‘ β² ,π‘βπ+1
π‘βπ+1
π‘ β²=max 1,π‘βπ+1βπππ
π½
π=1
, π‘ = π,π + 1,β¦ ,π
(14)
ππ‘ + 1 > πΎ πππ‘ β² ,π‘βπ+1
π‘βπ+1
π‘ β²=max 1,π‘βπ+1βπππ
π½
π=1
π‘ = π,π + 1,β¦ ,π
(15)
πππ‘ ,π‘ β²
min (πππ+π‘ ,π)
π‘ β²=π‘
β₯ π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ , π = 1,2,β¦ . π½, π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π
(16)
πΆπππ₯π‘ + πΆπ πππ¦
π‘ β€ πΆπ , π‘ = 1,2, . . . ,π, π = 1,2β¦ ,πΎ (17)
ππ π‘ β€ πΆπΏ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π (18)
πππ‘ β€ πΆπ πΏ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π (19)
πππ‘ β€ πΆππΏ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π (20)
π¦π‘ β€ πππ‘β1 , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π (21)
t
jsπ
π‘=1β₯ ππ πππ Γ ππππ , π = 1,2,β¦ . , π½
(22)
π₯π‘ + π¦π‘ β€ πΏ Γ ππ‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π (23)
ππ‘ β€ πΏ Γ ππ‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π (24)
π ππ‘ β€ π· π
π‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ . ,π, π = 1,2,β¦ . , π½ (25)
πππ‘ ,π‘β²
xt, y
t, z
t ,r
t, o
t, πππ‘are positive integers. ,mt ,n
t ,w,ππ
π‘ , πππ‘are binary variablesπ{0,1}.
π is an integer.
t
js
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
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L is a large number.
Fuzzy demand,which is denoted by π· ππ‘ , is assumed as a triangular fuzzy number. The objective function
is to maximize net profit, which is equal to the difference between revenue and total cost.Constraints (11) to
(13) refer to the inventory flow conservation of serviceable products, returned products, and raw materials.
Constraints (14) to (15) calculate the number of products returned at the end of each period. Constraint (16)
ensures that, once the order is accepted, the supply for the order must be greater than the quantity of products
that the order specifies before the latest delay period or at the end of the planning horizon. Constraint (17) is the
capacity limitation of a factory. Each production activity consumes resources. Constraints (18), (19), and (20)
refer to the inventory limitations of serviceable products, returned products, and raw materials, respectively.
Constraint (21) describes the largest number of reprocessed products for each period. Constraint (22) requires
that the number of accepted orders for retailer j must exceed the minimum acceptance ratio of orders provided
by each retailer. Constraints (23) and (24) define the setup and ordering actions:π₯π‘ + π¦π‘ > 0indicates that
processing or reprocessing has been executed. Thus, the setup cost for this period should be
counted;otherwiseππ‘ is zero, which means thatno production activity has occurred during this period. If
ππ‘ > 0, then the producer orders raw materials in this period. Thus, the ordering cost of this period should be
counted; otherwise, ππ‘ is zero,and no ordering cost applies for this period. Constraint (25) ensures that the
producer will not accept a zero-quantity order. Constraints (10) and (16) contain the fuzzy number, π· ππ‘ , which
induces the uncertain violation of the constraints.
π· ππ‘ is denoted by [ππ
π‘ ,πππ‘ ,π π
π‘ ], where πππ‘ ,ππ
π‘ , and π ππ‘ are the lower bound, mean, and upper bound ,
respectively.The membership function of π· ππ‘ is defined as a linear triangular form, as shown in (26). The special
case,πππ‘ = ππ
π‘ = π ππ‘ , implies that the order is deterministic with the membership function defined by 1 if x = ππ
π‘ ;
otherwise,the function is defined by 0.
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
jt
jt
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
D~
dx if, 1
dx if, 0
:ddd if
otherwise , 0
dxd if , dd
xd
dxd if , dd
dx
:ddd if
)x(tj
(26)
A gap may be induced between the real profit and the estimated one because fuzzy demand is uncertain.
The estimated value may depend on the risk preference of the decision maker, which could be aggressive or
conservative. To incorporate the preference of the decision maker in planning, we apply fuzzy
chance-constrained programming to transform FPMM into Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Production Mix Model.
3.3 Fuzzy Chance Constrained Production Mix Model (FCCPMM)
This section develops Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Production Mix Model (FCCPMM), which is based on fuzzy
chance-constrained programming,to cope with the fuzzy demands induced by the ambiguity of retailer
judgment.
3.3.1Derivation of the Membership Functions & Measures
Giventhe membership function ofπ· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ in (27), the membership function, π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ππ‘=1
π½π=1 ,can be
obtainedby applying the extension principle (Hsien, 2010 and Zadeh, 1975), as shown in (28).
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
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(27)
0x if, 1
0x if, 0
:0s if
sdx if, 1
sdx if, 0
:sdsdsd and 0s if
otherwise , 0
sdxsd if ,
sdsd
xsd
sdxsd if ,
sdsd
sdx
:sdsdsd and 0s if
)x(
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
sD~J
1j
T
1t
tj
tj
(28)
We definecost functionh(u) andprofit function P(v,π« ) as below:
0x if, 1
0x if, 0
:0s if
dx if, 1
dx if, 0
:ddd and 1s if
otherwise , 0
dxd if , dd
xd
dxd if , dd
dx
:ddd and 1s if
)x(
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
jt
j
t
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j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
sD~ t
jtj
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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π π = ππΆπ₯π‘ + π ππΆπ¦π‘ + π·πΆπ§π‘ + ππΆππ‘ + π πΆππ‘ +π»πππ π‘ + ππΆππ‘ + π»π πππ‘ + π»ππππ‘
π
π‘=1
β π΅πΆππππ‘ ,π‘ β² β
π‘ β²
π‘=max π‘ β²βπππ ,1
π
π‘ β²=2
π½
π=1
(π‘ β² β π‘)
(29)
π π,π« = π πΈπ π ππ‘ Γ π· π
π‘ β π π π½
π=1
π
π‘=1
(30)
Since P(v,π« ) is also a fuzzy quantity, the membership function of P(v,π« ) is shown in (31):
0z if , 1
0z if , 0
:0s if
)u(hsdREVz if , 1
)u(hsdREVz if , 0
:sdsdsd and 0s if
otherwise , 0
)u(hsdREVz)u(hsdREVif,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hzsd
)u(hsdREVz)u(hsdREVif,
s)dd(
sdREV
)u(hz
:sdsdsd and 0s if
)z(
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
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t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
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t
j
J
1j
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1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
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j
t
j
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1j
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1t
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jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
)D~
,v(P
(31)
To formulate FCCPMM, we recall that one of the features in chance-constrained programming [Constraint
(7)] is to maximize π , provided that the chance of the original objective function greater than π is at least
greaterthan a given confidence level. Hence, the first step is to construct the ππ-measure for the fuzzy event,
π π,π« β₯ π . We first derive thepossibility and necessity measures for the fuzzy event, π π£,π· β₯ π , as shown
in (32).
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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0f if , 0
f0 if , 1
0s if
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
f)u(hsdREV if , 1
:sdsdsd and 0s if
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
)u(hsdREVfsdREV if ,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hfsd
f )u(hsdREVif , ,1
:sdsdsd and 0s fi
)f)D~
,v(P( POSS
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
(32)
0f if , 0
f0 if , 1
0s if
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
f)u(hsdREV if , 1
:sdsdsd and 0s if
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
)u(hsdREVfsdREV if ,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hfsd
f)u(hsdREVif , ,1
:sdsdsd and 0s fi
)f)D~
,v(P( NEC
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
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t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
(33)
The ππ-measure for fuzzy eventπ π£,π· β₯ π is defined by (34)
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0f if , 0
f0 if , 1
0s if:3 case
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
f)u(hsdREV if , 1
:sdsdsd and 0s fi :2 case
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
)u(hsdREVf)u(hsdREV if ,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hfsd
)u(hsdREVf)u(hsdREV if ,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hf)1(s)dd(
f )u(hsdREVif , 1
:sdsdsd and 0s fi :1 case
)f)D~
,v(P( M
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
(34)
We apply a similar procedurefor the other original constraints with fuzzy numbers. Possibility and
necessity measures for the fuzzy event, πππ‘ ,π‘ β² β₯ π· π
π‘π ππ‘min(π‘+πππ ,π)
π‘ β²=π‘,are defined by (35) and (36) because
Constraint (6) is the only constraint with a fuzzy demand.
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0f if , 0
f0 if , 1
0s if
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
f)u(hsdREV if , 1
:sdsdsd and 0s if
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
)u(hsdREVfsdREV if ,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hfsd
f )u(hsdREVif , ,1
:sdsdsd and 0s fi
)f)D~
,v(P( POSS
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
(35)
0f if , 0
f0 if , 1
0s if
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
f)u(hsdREV if , 1
:sdsdsd and 0s if
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
)u(hsdREVfsdREV if ,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hfsd
f)u(hsdREVif , ,1
:sdsdsd and 0s fi
)f)D~
,v(P( NEC
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
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t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
(36)
The ππ-measure for fuzzy eventπ π£,π· β₯ π is defined by (37)
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0f if , 0
f0 if , 1
0s if:3 case
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
f)u(hsdREV if , 1
:sdsdsd and 0s fi :2 case
)u(hsdREVf if , 0
)u(hsdREVf)u(hsdREV if ,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hfsd
)u(hsdREVf)u(hsdREV if ,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hf)1(s)dd(
f )u(hsdREVif , 1
:sdsdsd and 0s fi :1 case
)f)D~
,v(P( M
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
(37)
For other original constraints with fuzzy numbers, we apply the same procedure as above. Since constraint (6) is
the only constraint with fuzzy demand, possibility and necessity measures for fuzzy event πππ‘ ,π‘ β² β₯
min (π‘+πππ ,π)
π‘ β²=π‘
π·ππ‘π ππ‘are defined by (38) and (39).
b0 if , 0
0b if , 1
0s if
bd if , 0
db if , 1
:ddd and 1s if
bd if , 0
d bd if ,dd
db
db if , 1
:ddd and 1s if
)sD~
b(POSS
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
t't
t
j
t
j
't,t
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
(38)
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
www.ijera.com 225|P a g e
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
t't
t
j
t
j
't,t
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
b0 if , 0
0b if , 1
0s if
bd if , 0
db if , 1
:ddd and 1s if
bd if , 0
dbd if ,dd
db
and db if , 1
:ddd and 1s if
)sD~
b(NEC
(39)
The ππ-measure for fuzzy event ( πππ‘,π‘ β² β₯ π· π
π‘π ππ‘min (π‘+πππ ,π)
π‘ β²=π‘) is defined by (40)
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
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)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
tt'
't,t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
)T,dltmin(
t't
t
j
t
j
't,t
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
b0 if , 0
0b if , 1
0s if
bd if , 0
db if , 1
:ddd and 1s if
bd fi , 0
dbd if , dd
db
dbd if ,dd
db)1(d
db if , 1
:ddd and 1s fi
)sD~
b(M
(40)
3.3.2Property of ππ Measure for Uncertain Event
Letππ(π π£,π· β₯ π ) =πππ (π π£,π· β₯π )
ππ , whereππ
π‘π ππ‘ β ππ
π‘π ππ‘ β π π
π‘π ππ‘ for some t and j, then ππ can be derived as
follows:
)( , 0
)()( ,
)(
-
)()( ,
)(
)1(-
)( , 0
))~
,((
1 1
1 11 1
1 1
1 11 1
1 1
1 1
u
uu
uu
u
hsdREVfif
hsdREVfhsdREVif
sddREV
hsdREVfhsdREVif
sddREV
hsdREVfif
fDvPg
J
j
T
t
t
j
t
j
J
j
T
t
t
j
t
j
J
j
T
t
t
j
t
jJ
j
T
t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
j
T
t
t
j
t
j
J
j
T
t
t
j
t
jJ
j
T
t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
j
T
t
t
j
t
j
(41)
Let π1and π2 be two different sets, where
π1 = {π₯| πππ‘π ππ‘
π
π=1
π
π‘=1
< π₯ < πππ‘π ππ‘
π
π=1
π
π‘=1
}
(39) (42)
and
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
www.ijera.com 227|P a g e
π1 = {π¦| πππ‘π ππ‘
π
π=1
π
π‘=1
< π¦ < πππ‘π ππ‘
π
π=1
π
π‘=1
}
(43)
Theorem 1
π β₯ (ππ
π‘βππ
π‘)π ππ‘π
π=1ππ‘=1
(πππ‘βππ
π‘)π ππ‘π
π=1ππ‘=1
, ππ(π π£,π· β₯ π ) is maximized whenπ β π1, otherwise ππ(π π£,π· β₯ π ) is maximized
whenπ β π2.
Proof: see Appendix A.
π is the optimistic value, a larger π makes the higher ππ measure. Figure 2 showsππ measure with
differentπsettings under case 1 in ππ-measure of eventπ π£,π· β₯ π .
Figure 2ππ π π£,π· β₯ π with Different π
3.4The Proposed Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Production Mix Model
First, some assumptions in modelling FCCPMM are given below
(1). All orders should be placed at the beginning of a planning horizon; otherwise, a fuzzy demand of
0 (0,0,0) will be assumed.
(2). If the order of the retailer is not accepted by the producer, i.e., π ππ‘ is zeroor the order is deterministic,
which means that πππ‘π ππ‘ = ππ
π‘π ππ‘ = π π
π‘π ππ‘ , then the total supply for the order should be the same asππ
π‘π ππ‘ .
(3). The total supply for any order, π· ππ‘ , is less thanπ π
π‘π ππ‘ .
(4). The confidence levels, such asπ½, πΌππ , πππ πΌπ
πΏ, are greater than zero.
Then, the complete Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Production Mix Model is formulated:
FCCPMM
Maximizeπ
Subject to
max 0, π Γ πππ‘π ππ‘
π½
π=1
π
π‘=1
β π + π π
π πΈπ β₯ βL Γ 1 β w + π½ Γ (ππ
π‘β ππ
π‘)π ππ‘
π½
π=1
π
π‘=1
(44)
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max 0, (πππ‘ β πππ
π‘)π ππ‘
π½
π=1
π
π‘=1
β 1 β π π + π π
π πΈπ β₯ βL Γ w + π½ Γ (ππ
π‘ β πππ‘)π π
π‘
π½
π=1
π
π‘=1
(45)
π β π πΈπ Γ πππ‘π ππ‘ + π π
π½
π=1
π
π‘=1
β€ REV (πππ‘β ππ
π‘)
π½
π=1
π
π‘=1
Γ min(w, π ππ‘)
(46)
w β€ max(0, π β π πΈπ Γ πππ‘π ππ‘ + π π
π½
π=1
π
π‘=1
)
(47)
ππ π‘ = ππ π‘β1 + π₯π‘ + π¦π‘ β πππ‘ β² ,π‘
π‘
π‘ β²=max π‘βπππ ,1
π½
π
, π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π. (48)
πππ‘ = πππ‘β1 + ππ‘ β π₯π‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π. (49)
πππ‘ = πππ‘β1 + ππ‘ β π§π‘ β π¦π‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π. (50)
rt β€ πΎ Γ πππ‘ β² ,π‘βπ+1
π‘βπ+1
max π‘βπ+1βπππ ,1
π½
π=1
, t = π,π + 1,β¦ ,π.
(51)
rt + 1 > πΎ Γ πππ‘ β² ,π‘βπ+1
π‘βπ+1
max π‘βπππ ,1
π½
π=1
, π‘ = π,π + 1,β¦π.
(52)
min 1, max 1β π ππ‘ , π
πππ‘ ,π‘ β²min πππ+π‘ ,π
π‘ β²=π‘β ππ
π‘
πππ₯(πππ‘ β ππ
π‘ , 1) β₯ πΌπ
πΏ β πΏ Γ πππ‘ β πΏ Γ 1 β ππ
π‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π, π
= 1,2,β¦ , π½.
(53)
min 1, max 1 β π ππ‘ ,πππ
π‘π ππ‘ + 1 β π ππ
π‘ ,π‘ β²min πππ+π‘ ,π
π‘ β²=π‘β ππ
π‘π ππ‘
πππ₯(πππ‘β ππ
π‘ , 1) β₯ πΌπ
πΏ β πΏ Γ 1 β πππ‘ ,
π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π, π = 1,2,β¦ , π½.
(54)
min 1, max 1 β π ππ‘ , π
πππ‘ ,π‘β²min ππ π+π‘ ,π
π‘β²=π‘βππ
π‘
πππ₯ (πππ‘βππ
π‘ ,1) β€ πΌπ
π β π ππ‘ + 1 + πΏ Γ ππ
π‘ + πΏ Γ (1β πππ‘), t= 1, 2,
β¦, T, π = 1,2,β¦ , π½.
(55)
min 1, max 1β π ππ‘ ,πππ
π‘π ππ‘ + 1 β π ππ
π‘ ,π‘ β²min πππ+π‘ ,π
π‘ β²=π‘β ππ
π‘π ππ‘
πππ₯(πππ‘β ππ
π‘ , 1) β€ πΌπ
π β π ππ‘ + 1 + πΏ Γ (1 β ππ
π‘), π‘
= 1,2,β¦ ,π, π = 1,2,β¦ , π½.
(56)
πππ‘,π‘ β²
min(πππ+π‘ ,π)
π‘ β²=π‘
β πππ‘π ππ‘ β€ ππ
π‘β ππ
π‘ Γ min πππ‘ , π π
π‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π , π = 1,2,β¦ , π½.
(57)
πππ‘ β€ max 0, ππ
π‘ ,π‘ β²
πππ+π‘
π‘ β²=π‘
β πππ‘π ππ‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π, π = 1,2,β¦ , π½.
(58)
πππ‘ = min(ππ
π‘ β πππ‘ , 1), π‘ = 1,2,β¦ . ,π, π = 1,2,β¦ . , π½. (59)
πππ‘ ,π‘ β²
πππ+π‘
π‘ β²=π‘
β₯ πππ‘π ππ‘ , t = 1,2,β¦T, π = 1,2,β¦ , π½.
(60)
πΆπππ₯π‘ + πΆπ πππ¦
π‘ β€ πΆπ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π, π = 1,2. . ,πΎ. (61)
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ππ π‘ β€ πΆπΏ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π.. (62)
πππ‘ β€ πΆπ πΏ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π. (63)
πππ‘ β€ πΆππΏ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π. (64)
π¦π‘ β€ πππ‘β1 , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π. (65)
π ππ‘π
π‘=1π½π=1 β₯ ππ πππ Γ πππ, π = 1,2,β¦ , π½. (66)
π₯π‘ + π¦π‘ β€ πΏ Γ ππ‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π. (67)
ππ‘ β€ πΏ Γ ππ‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ ,π. (68)
π ππ‘ β€ ππ
π‘ , π‘ = 1,2,β¦ . ,π, π = 1,2,β¦ . , π½. (69)
π₯π‘ , π¦π‘ , ππ‘ , πππ‘ , πππ‘ , ππ π‘ , π§π‘ , ππ‘are positive integers, ,mt ,n
t ,w,ππ
π‘ , πππ‘are binary variables π{0,1}.
πππ‘ ,π‘β²
is positiveand integral.
π,π½ and πΌππ ,πΌπ
πΏ β (0,1]
L is a large number.
π is a large number.
Constraints (45) to (47) represent ππ π π,π· β₯ π β₯ π½ . If π + π π is greater
than π πΈπ Γ πππ‘π ππ‘π½
π=1ππ‘=1 , Constraint (45) has to be satisfied; otherwise, Constraint (46) must be satisfied. If
π ππ‘π½
π=1ππ‘=1 is equal to zero because π½ is assumed to be greater than zero, then π must be less than zero.
Constraints (53) to (60) represent ConstraintsπΌππ β₯ ππ ππ
π‘ ,π‘ β²min (πππ+π‘ ,π)
π‘ β²=π‘β₯ π· π
π‘ Γ π ππ‘ β₯ πΌπ
πΏ .If πππ‘ ,π‘ β²min (πππ+π‘ ,π)
π‘ β²=π‘>
πππ‘ ,which indicates that Constraints (54) and (56) have to be satisfied; otherwise, (53) and (55) shall be satisfied.
In addition, if π ππ‘ is zero, then constraint (57) also ensures that ππ
π‘ ,π‘ β²min(πππ+π‘ ,π)
π‘ β²=π‘ must be zero. Furthermore, if
π ππ‘ is zero, thenππ ππ
π‘,π‘ β²min (πππ+π‘ ,π)
π‘ β²=π‘β₯ π· π
π‘ Γ π ππ‘ is always 1, which extends the upper bound to least 1 to satisfy
the constraint. Constraint (59) ensures that if the demand is deterministic, then the total supply for the order
should be πππ‘π ππ‘ .
Theorem 2:
πΌπ π ππ‘π½
π=1ππ‘=1 β 0,ππ
π‘π ππ‘ β ππ
π‘π ππ‘ β π π
π‘π ππ‘ for some π½ >0, then the πππ₯π’ππ’π πis
if , )u(h -)s)dd( sd (REV
if ,)u(h-1
)s)dd(s)dd((REV
fJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
(70)
Proof: See Appendix B
3.5 Parametric Analysis
πandπ½ are based on the risk attitude of the decision maker. The goal of this section is to analyze the effects of
these two factors on cost structures and objective values to assist a decision maker in setting the parameters.
Suppose that the decision maker changes his attitude towards the risk parameters after the production plan is made
and wants to adjust π and π½, the feasibility of the original optimal solution after the adjustments are made is in
the interest of the current researchers because adjusting the production plan may be costly.
3.5.1Feasibility ofπ·
Theorem 2indicates that once π½ is increased to π½β² , Constraint ππ π π£,π· β₯ π β₯ π½β² is always infeasible.
Therefore, the adjustment region of π½ for model feasibility is (0, π½].
t
js
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3.5.2Feasibility of π
To find such a region, we first notice that π affects the feasibility of two types of constraints, namely,
πΌππΏ β€ ππ π΅π
π‘ β₯ π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ β€ πΌππ andππ π π£,π· β₯ π β₯ π½.Therefore, the adjustment of π must satisfy these
constraints. To satisfy Constraintππ π π£,π· β₯ π β₯ π½, the region of πmust be [π, 1]. This region indicates
that the adjustment of π is at least positive so that the constraint will not be violated. Hence, we only focus on
ππ π΅ππ‘ β₯ π· π
π‘ Γ π ππ‘ β€ πΌπ
π because a higher πproduces a higher value ofππ π΅ππ‘ β₯ π· π
π‘ Γ π ππ‘ . We then suppose
that ππβ π΅ππ‘ β₯ π· π
π‘ Γ π ππ‘ β is the optimal value. The value of πβ² , πβ² β₯ πβthen becomes of interest, such that
ππβ² π΅ππ‘ β₯ π· π
π‘ Γ π ππ‘ β€ πΌπ
π . To achieve this goal, we letπβ² = πβ + Ξ΄, whereΞ΄ β₯ 0. We know that ππ β² β β
ππβ β = Ξ΄(πππ β β ππΈπΆ β ). For anyπβ², Ξ΄(πππ β β ππΈπΆ β ) must be less than πΌππ βππβ(β) so that the
original optimal basis is still feasible. Therefore, Ξ΄ must be less than min (πΌππβππ (β)
πππ β βππΈπΆ β ). In addition, Ξ΄ must be
less than 1 β πβbecauseπ β [0, 1]. The overall minimum Ξ΄ to satisfy the constraints ππ π΅ππ‘ β₯ π· π
π‘ Γ π ππ‘ β€ πΌπ
π
is
Ξ΄min β€ minπ‘ ,π
πΌππ βππβ β
πππ β β ππΈπΆ β , 1β πβ)
(71)
3.6 Concluding Remarks
This section develops the Fuzzy Production Mix Model, where the orders provided by retailers are
assumed to be fuzzy quantities.To deal with the uncertainty issue, Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Production Mix
Model is introduced using the concept of fuzzy chance-constrained programming. The properties and parameter
analysis are investigated. The advantage of such a model is the incorporation of the preferences of the decision
maker into the planning stage.
IV. NUMERIACAL EXAMPLE In this section, we use a numerical example to illustrate the operation of FCCPMM by giving the input
parameters. Table 1 is the periodic-order list placed by retailers. Each order is a triangular fuzzy number that is
represented in the form of (πππ‘ ,ππ
π‘ ,π ππ‘).Tables 2 and 3 define the input parameters and capacities, respectively.
Without loss of generality, the confidence levels are assumed to beπΌπ = πΌππandπΌπΏ = πΌπ
πΏ for j=1,2,β¦,J.
Using the optimization software package, ILOG Cplex v12.5, Tables 4~8 list the output of the results of
which the optimal value for π is 4,756, which means that the realprofit of at least 4,756 has a probablility of
50%. While the shadow blocks in Table 4show the ordersthat should be accepted by the producer to maximize
net profit; Table 5 summarizes the optimal production activities. Then, each entity (t, tβ) in Tables 6, 7, and 8
shows the number of products supplied to the retailersβ tth
-period orders from tβ period.
Table 1 Periodic Orders Given by Retailers
Retailer
Order
R1 R2 R3 R4
1st (80,85,90) (60,95,100) (70,78,85) (77,88,99)
2nd
(80,96,100) (100,110,120) (80,90,110) (110,115,120)
3rd
(120,150,170) (130,160,190) (160,170,180) (140,152,200)
4th
(140,160,190) (150,180,190) (150,170,180) (100,200,300)
5th
(100,110,120) (50,60,70) (20,30,50) (100,250,400)
6th
(50,60,70) (50,70,80) (10,20,30) (200,300,530)
7th
(1,2,3) (0,1,2) (1,2,3) (3,4,36)
8th
(80,85,90) (60,95,100) (70,78,85) (77,88,99)
9th
(80,96,100) (100,110,120) (80,90,110) (110,115,120)
10th (120,150,170) (130,160,190) (160,170,180) (140,152,200)
11th (140,160,190) (150,180,190) (150,170,180) (100,200,300)
12th (100,110,120) (50,60,70) (20,30,50) (100,250,400)
13th (50,60,70) (50,70,80) (10,20,30) (200,300,530)
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Table 2 Input Parameters
Parameters value Parameters value
T 13 periods π΅πΆπ , j=1,β¦,4 [4, 5, 6, 5] dollars/per product
π½ 4 retailers π πΆ 2 dollars/per product
πΎ 4 machines ππΆ 20 dollars /per product
π 3 periods π πΈπ 15 dollars /per product
ππππ ,j=1,β¦,4 [13,13,13,13] order ππΆ 10 dollars /per product
Ξ 0.7 π ππΆ 7 dollars /per product
πΆπΏ 500 new product π»π 7 dollars /per product
πΆπ πΏ 150 returned products π»π 5 dollars /per product
ππ πππ , j=1,β¦,4 [0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4] π»π 3 dollars /per product
πΆππΏ 150 raw materials π·πΆ 2 dollars /per product
πππ , j=1,β¦,4 [1 2 1 0] periods ππΆ 30 dollars/per period
πΌπ 0.5 Ξ² 0.5
πΌπΏ 0.8 Ξ» 0.5
Table 3 Resource and Consumptions of Processing and Reprocessing
machine k 1 2 3 4
Total Capacity of machine k 800 1000 1400 500
Unit consumption of processing 1 unit product for
machine k
3 5 7 2
Unit consumption of reprocessing unit product for
machine k
1 2 4 1
Table 4Optimal Orders Combinationwith Confidence Level π½ = 0.5 andπΌπ = πΌπΏ = 0.5
Retailer
Order
R1 R2 R3 R4
1st (80,85,90) (60,95,100) (70,78,85) (77,88,99)
2nd
(80,96,100) (100,110,120) (80,90,110) (110,115,120)
3rd
(120,150,170) (130,160,190) (160,170,180) (140,152,200)
4th
(140,160,190) (150,180,190) (150,170,180) (100,200,300)
5th
(100,110,120) (50,60,70) (20,30,50) (100,250,400)
6th
(50,60,70) (50,70,80) (10,20,30) (200,300,530)
7th
(1,2,3) (0,1,2) (1,2,3) (3,4,36)
8th
(80,85,90) (60,95,100) (70,78,85) (77,88,99)
9th
(80,96,100) (100,110,120) (80,90,110) (110,115,120)
10th (120,150,170) (130,160,190) (160,170,180) (140,152,200)
11th (140,160,190) (150,180,190) (150,170,180) (100,200,300)
12th (100,110,120) (50,60,70) (20,30,50) (100,250,400)
13th (50,60,70) (50,70,80) (10,20,30) (200,300,530)
Total accepted orders 11 10 7 7
Accepted/Total orders 0.85 0.77 0.54 0.54
Table 5 Optimal Production Activities
Period t
number of
1st 2
nd 3
rd 4
th 5
th 6
th 7
th 8
th 9
th 10
th 11
th 12
th 13
th
Process, xt 200 200 200 120 121 121 38 114 104 125 113 116 114
Reprocess, yt 0 0 0 104 138 138 150 150 150 131 150 147 150
Disposed, zt 0 0 0 0 0 34 2 59 0 34 0 59 132
Recycled, rt 0 0 140 139 137 184 152 209 131 184 147 209 132
Inventory, ist 0 0 3 0 41 0 0 0 44 0 73 0 0
Inventory, irt 0 0 140 139 138 150 150 150 131 150 147 150 0
Inventory, imt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Materials, ot 200 200 200 120 121 121 38 114 104 125 113 116 114
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Setup, mt 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ordering, nt 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
w 0
Table 6Optimal Periodic Allocation for Retailers (R1, R2, R3, R4)βSupply From Periods 1,2,3,4 with
Confidence Level π½ = 0.5 andπΌπ = πΌπΏ = 0.5
Supply
Order
1st 2
nd 3
rd 4
th
1st (34,0,78,88) (51,0,0,0) 0 0
2nd
(59,0,90,0) (37,0,0,0) 0
3rd
(0,160,0,0) 0
4th
(113,0,0,150)
Table 7Optimal Periodic Allocation for Retailers (R1, R2, R3, R4)βSupply From Periods 5,6,7,8 with
Confidence Level π½ = 0.5 andπΌπ = πΌπΏ = 0.5
Supply
Order
5th
6th
7th
8th
1st 0 0 0 0
2nd
0 0 0 0
3rd
0 0 0 0
4th
(47,0,0,0) 0 0 0
5th
(110,31,30,0) (7,0,0,0) (0,29,0,0) 0
6th
(60,70,20,300) (56,0,0,0) 0
7th
(2,1,2,4) 0
8th
(81,95,0,88)
Table 8 Optimal Periodic Allocation for Retailers (R1, R2, R3, R4)βSupply From Periods 9,10,11,12,13 with
Confidence Level π½ = 0.5 andπΌπ = πΌπΏ = 0.5
Supply
Order
9th
10th 11
th 12
th 13
th
1st 0 0 0 0 0
2nd 0 0 0 0 0
3rd 0 0 0 0 0
4th 0 0 0 0 0
5th 0 0 0 0 0
6th 0 0 0 0 0
7th 0 0 0 0 0
8th (4,0,0,0) 0 0 0 0
9th (96,110,0,0) 0 0 0 0
10th (140,160,0,0) (10,0,0,0) 0 0
11th (0,180,0,0) (0,13,0,0) 0
12th (110,56,30,250) (0,4,0,0)
13th (60,70,20,0)
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V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH In this study, we consider a production planning problem with multiple retailers and multiple planning
periods in a closed-loop system. We apply Fuzzy Set Theory to deal with uncertainty, which is induced from the
ambiguity of retailer judgment, because demands are usually not deterministic at the beginning of a planning
horizon. We develop the Fuzzy Production Mix Model according to Fuzzy Set Theory and employ the concept
of fuzzy chance-constrained programming to construct Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Production Mix Model.
Properties and parametric analysis of the FCCPMM are investigated. Therefore, by allocating right amount of
products to right retails at right time, the satisfactory level of the retailers could reach to the highest.
Future research should consider that many companies produce multiple types of products, and the
interrelationship between different products will become more complex. For example, the parts of one product
may be used in another type of product. In such cases, modeling a multi-product production planning will be
more useful in terms of reducing resource cost and easing environmental degradation.
Acknowledgement : The authors acknowledge the financial support from National Science Council of
Taiwan with the project number NSC100-2221E-007-062-MY3.
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chains. Interfaces 33, 3β6, 2003a.
[2.] Klir, G.J., Clair, Ute H. St., and Yuan, B., Fuzzy set theory: foundations and applications,Upper
Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall, 1997.
[3.] Lund, R.T., Hauser, W.M., Remanufacturing β An American Perspective, ICRM2010 β Green
Manufacturing, Ningbo, China, 2010.
[4.] Wang H.F., and Lin, H.S., Optimal Process/Reprocess Production Mix for Multiple Orders in Multiple
Periods, To appear at the International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management
[5.] Wu, H.C., Generalized Extension Principle, Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making, 9, 31β68, 2010.
[6.] Yang, L., and Iwamura, K., Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Programming with Linear Combination of
Possibility Measure and Necessity Measure, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 2, No 46, 2271-2288,
2008.
[7.] Zadeh, L.A., Fuzzy Sets, Information and Control, 8, 338-353, 1965.
[8.] Zadeh, L.A., The Concept of a Linguistic Variable and its Application to Approximate Reasoning-I,
Information and Science, 8, 199-249, 1975.
[9.] Zadeh, L.A., Fuzzy Sets as a Basis for Theory of Possibility, Fuzzy Systems 100 Supplement, 9-34, 1977.
[10.] Zimmermann, H.J., Fuzzy Set Theory β and Its Applicationsβ, Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing, 1985.
APPENDIX A
Let π· ππ‘ = (ππ
π‘ ,πππ‘ ,π π
π‘), where the membership function is
the membership function of π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ is
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
jD~
dx if, 1
dx if, 0
:else
otherwise , 0
dxd if , dd
xd
dxd if , dd
dx
:ddd if
)x(tj
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Now we are going to show the membership function of fuzzy addition of two fuzzy sets. Take two fuzzy sets,
says π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘and π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ , we deal with five different cases
Case 1: π ππ‘ β 0 andππ
π‘ β πππ‘ β π π
π‘ for k=j,t
In this situation, two fuzzy sets becomes fuzzy numbers, using πΌ β πππ£ππ ππ’π‘, we can calculate the fuzzy
addition of these two fuzzy numbers:
(1)π₯ππ‘βππ
π‘
πππ‘ βππ
π‘ β₯ πΌ β π₯ππ‘ β₯ πΌ ππ
π‘ β πππ‘ + ππ
π‘ , for k=j,i.
2 π ππ‘βπ₯π
π‘
π ππ‘ βππ
π‘ β₯ πΌ β π₯ππ‘ β€ π π
π‘ β πΌ π ππ‘ β ππ
π‘ , for k=j,i.
Hence the range of π₯ππ‘ is [πΌ ππ
π‘ β πππ‘ + ππ
π‘ ,π ππ‘ β πΌ π π
π‘ β πππ‘ ], and the range of interval addition is
[πΌ Γ πππ‘ β ππ
π‘ +ππ {π ,π} πππ‘
ππ {π ,π} , π ππ‘
ππ {π ,π} β πΌ Γ π ππ‘ β ππ
π‘ ππ {π ,π} ]
Since πΌ β (0,1], this means that
π ππ‘
ππ {π ,π} β πΌ Γ π ππ‘ β ππ
π‘ ππ {π ,π} = π§for z β ( πππ‘
ππ {π ,π} , πππ‘ β ππ
π‘ +ππ {π ,π} πππ‘
ππ {π ,π} ]
and
π ππ‘
ππ {π ,π} β πΌ Γ π ππ‘ β ππ
π‘ = π§ππ π ,π for z β ( π ππ‘
ππ π ,π β π ππ‘ β ππ
π‘ ππ π ,π , π ππ‘
ππ {π ,π} ]
Therefore the membership function π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ + π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ is
Case 2: π ππ‘ β 0 for k = j, t andππ
π‘ = πππ‘ = π π
π‘ , but πππ‘ β ππ
π‘ β π ππ‘
Since ππ· ππ‘Γπ π
π‘ π₯ππ‘ = 1 if π₯π
π‘ = πππ‘ and zero ifπ₯π
π‘ β πππ‘ , by using extension principle it is obvious that the
membership function of π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ + π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ is
0x if, 1
0x if, 0
:0s if
dx if, 1
dx if, 0
:ddd and 1s if
otherwise , 0
dxd if , dd
xd
dxd if , dd
dx
:ddd and 1s if
)x(
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
t
j
t
jsD~ t
jtj
otherwise , 0
dzd if ,
dd
zd
dzd if , dd
dz
)x(
}i,j{k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
jJ
}i,j{k
t
j}i,j{k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
j}i,j{k
t
jJ
}i,j{k
t
j
J
}i,j{k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
j
sD~J
}i,j{k
tj
tj
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
www.ijera.com 235|P a g e
Case 3: π ππ‘ β 0 andππ
π‘ = πππ‘ = π π
π‘ for k=j,t
In this case, since ππ· ππ‘Γπ π
π‘ π₯ππ‘ = 1 if π₯π
π‘ = πππ‘ and zero ifπ₯π
π‘ β πππ‘ , by using extension principle the membership
function of π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ + π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘ therefore is
Case 4: π ππ‘ = 0, π π
π‘ = 1
Since π ππ‘ = 0, the membership function of π· π
π‘ Γ π ππ‘ + π· π
π‘ Γ π ππ‘ is equals to the membership function of
π· ππ‘ Γ π π
π‘
Case 5: π ππ‘ = 0 for k=t,j
In this case, it is very trivial that zero is the only one number whose membership function is 1, and the
remaining numbers are zeros.
Finally, by integrating these 5 cases, we get
Q.E.D.
APPENDIX B
We know that ππ π π,π· β₯ π is 1 within the first part of the formula, [1, Ξ»] within the second part, [Ξ», 0]
within the third part, and 0 for the fourth part.
otherwise , 0
dzd if ,
dd
zd
dzd if , dd
dz
)z(
}i,j{k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
jJ
}i,j{k
t
j}i,j{k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
j}i,j{k
t
jJ
}i,j{k
t
j
J
}i,j{k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
j
sD~J
}i,j{k
tj
tj
otherwise , 0
dz if , 1 )x(
J
}i,j{k
t
j
sD~J
}i,j{k
tj
tj
0z if , 0
0z if , 1
0s if
sdz if , 0
sdz if , 1
jt,k for ddd and and s if
otherwise , 0
sdzsd if ,
sdsd
zsd
sdzsd if , sdsd
sdz
jt,k for ddd and ,0s if
)x(
}i,j{k
t
k
t
k}i,j{k
t
j
t
k}i,j{k
t
j
t
kt
k
t
k}i,j{k
t
k
}i,j{k
t
k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
k
t
jJ
}i,j{k
t
k
t
j}i,j{k
t
k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
k
t
j
t
k}i,j{k
t
jJ
}i,j{k
t
k
t
j
J
}i,j{k
t
k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
k
t
j
}i,j{k
t
kt
k
t
k
t
k
sD~J
}i,j{k
tj
tj
Hsiao-Fan WangInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 6), December 2014, pp.213-236
www.ijera.com 236|P a g e
Case 1:Ξ» < π½
In this case, the possible value of ππ π π,π· β₯ π is
)u(hsdREVf)u(hsdREV if ,
s)dd(
REV
)u(hf)1(s)dd(
)u(hsdREVfif , 1
)f)D~
,v(P( MJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
jJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
ifπ½ is 1,due to maximization of π, π is
)u(hsdREVfJ
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
ifπ½ is smaller than 1 (not equal to zero), then
)u(h-1
)s)dd(s)dd((REV
f
s)dd(
REV
)u(hf)1(s)dd(
)f)D~
,v(P( M
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
Due to maximization of π
)u(h-1
)s)dd(s)dd((REV
f
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
Case 2:Ξ» β₯ Ξ²
In this case, the possible value of ππ π π,π· β₯ π could be any of four parts. However, due to
maximization, the value would be
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
s)dd(
REV
)u(hfsd
)f)D~
,v(P( M
Hence the value of π is
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j )u(h)s)dd(sd(REV f
Therefore, maximum π can be represented by:
if ,)u(h)s)dd(sd(REV
if ,)u(h-1
)s)dd(s)dd((REV
fJ
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
jt
j
t
j
J
1j
T
1t
J
1j
T
1t
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
t
j
Q.E.D.