A Pa Style Citation

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Using APA StyleUsing APA StyleUsing APA Style

Mr Chang Tiam ChauMr Chang Tiam Chau

Senior LibrarianSenior Librarian

5th edition of APA's Publication Manual


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Contents APA Books Available in UTAR Libraries Why Should You Acknowledge Your Sources?

Why Use APA Style?

Citation Reference in the Text

Reference List Free APA Converter

Converting to APA Style Using Proquest

Free APA Interactive Tutorial


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APA Publication Manual

The material in this guide is not a comprehensive list of

all the types of materials can be cited.

For complete and thorough information about using APAstyle, go straight to the source. Copies of the PublicationManual of the APA are available in Red-Spot and OpenShelf collections in all libraries.

The Call Number is BF76.7.P83 2001

Red Spot

Open Shelf

11121

-1-11

FESFAMFICTFASML


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Other APA Books Available in LibraryOther APA Books Available in Library

Mastering APA Style: Instructor'sResource Guide

Call number: BF76.8.G453 2002

FAS - 1 in Red-SpotFAM - 1 in Red-Spot, 5 in Open Shelf

Mastering APA Style: Student's Workbookand Training Guide

Call number: BF76.8.G45 2002

FAS - 1 in Red-Spot

FAM - 1 in Red-Spot, 5 in Open Shelf


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Concise rules of APA style

Call number: BF76.8.S98 2002

FAS 1 in Reference

Writing with style: APA style made easy


FAS 1 in Red-Spot, 2 in Open Shelf


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Writing with style : APA style forcounseling


FAS 1 in Red-Spot, 1 in Open Shelf

How to Prepare a Research Article inAPA Style

FAM - On order 2 copies


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Web Site for APAWeb Site for APA

http://apastyle.apa.orghttp://apastyle.apa.org

Frequently Asked QuestionsFrequently Asked Questions--Online guidelines for commonly asked questions concerningOnline guidelines for commonly asked questions concerning electronicelectronicreferencesreferences..

-- If your question involves more complex expressions of writing,If your question involves more complex expressions of writing,visit thevisit the APA style tips

- Tips on specific questions


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Why should you acknowledgeyour sources?

Citations reflect the careful and thoroughwork you have put into locating andexploring your sources

Citations are a courtesy to the reader, who may

share your interest in a particular area ofscholarship

By citing sources, then, you demonstrate your

integrity and skill as a responsible participantin the conversation of scholarship

Failure to provide adequate citations constitutesplagiarism!


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When to Cite a Source

When you quote directly

When the information is not a commonknowledge


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Why Use APA Style?

This is the most common format forThis is the most common format fordocumenting sourcesdocumenting sources

This format is widely used for courseThis format is widely used for course

papers and journal articles in psychologypapers and journal articles in psychology

and also in the social sciences, education,and also in the social sciences, education,

engineering, and businessengineering, and business


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Part 1:

APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS Use of a parenthetical reference system

in the text of the paper

All in-text parenthetical referencesmust correspond to a source cited in

the References list.

Tied to an alphabetical References list

(located at the end of your paper)

UseUse authorauthor--datedatesystem of citationsystem of citation


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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS

One Work by One Author(p.207-208)

References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)

Taylor, M. M.Taylor, M. M. (2000). Study of personalities and character.(2000). Study of personalities and character.

Journal of Psychology, 93Journal of Psychology, 93 (1), 257(1), 257--267.267.

Reference in the text:Reference in the text:

According to Taylor (2000), the personalities ofAccording to Taylor (2000), the personalities of

In a study of personalities and character (Taylor, 2000)In a study of personalities and character (Taylor, 2000)


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One Work by One Author (Cont.)


Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers.Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers.

The Star,The Star, p. N6.p. N6.


Mak (2006) found workers are happierMak (2006) found workers are happier

Cite by author and year only even whenreference includes month or date:


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One Work by Two authors(p. 208)


Serlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality inSerlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in

psychological research: The goodpsychological research: The good--enoughenough

principle.principle.American Psychologist, 40American Psychologist, 40, 73, 73--83.83.


Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problemsSerlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems

Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.

Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the textUse the word "and" between the authors' names within the text

Use "&" in the parentheses:Use "&" in the parentheses:

A survey on the problems inA survey on the problems in ((Serlin & Lapsley, 1985)Serlin & Lapsley, 1985)


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One Work by Multiple authors (3-5 authors)(p.208)


Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P. (199Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P. (1993).3).

Small group learning,Small group learning, Psychological Bulletin, 26,Psychological Bulletin, 26, 5757--63.63.


Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993 did a survey ondid a survey on (Use as(Use as

1st citation in text)1st citation in text)

Skinner et al. also foundSkinner et al. also found (Omit year from subsequent citations(Omit year from subsequent citations

after 1st citation within a paragraph)after 1st citation within a paragraph)

Skinner et al. (1993) foundSkinner et al. (1993) found (Use as subsequent 1st citation per(Use as subsequent 1st citation per

paragraph thereafter)paragraph thereafter)


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For works with 6 or more authors, the 1st citation

& subsequent citations use first author et al. and

year.

et almeans and others


Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., CoatswortWolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D.,h, D.,

Lengua, L., et al.Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory--

based mother and motherbased mother and mother--child programs for children of divorce.child programs for children of divorce.

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843, 843--856.856.


Wolchik et al.Wolchik et al. (2000) studied the use of(2000) studied the use of

(In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the(In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the 11stst

six authors, and shorten any remaining authors tosix authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.et al.))

Six or More AuthorsSix or More Authors (p. 209)(p. 209)


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If group author is easily identified by its abbreviation,

you may abbreviate the name in the second andsubsequent citations:

Groups as AuthorsGroups as Authors (p. 209(p. 209--210210))

Write down corporate author in full every timeWrite down corporate author in full every time

if the abbreviation isif the abbreviation is NOTNOTcommon.common.

1st citation:1st citation:

Ministry of Education [MOE], 2001)Ministry of Education [MOE], 2001)

e.g., (University of Pittsburg, 1998)e.g., (University of Pittsburg, 1998)

Subsequent text citation:Subsequent text citation:

(MOE, 2001)(MOE, 2001)


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Works With No Author(p. 210-211)


Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10).Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). TheThe

Straits TimesStraits Times, p. 32., p. 32.

Cite the first few words of the reference list entryCite the first few words of the reference list entry


Many mentally ill drinkers seek the help from (Alcohol andthe risk, 2006).

Usually thesually the titletitle of the article or newspaperof the article or newspaper

And the yearAnd the year

UseUse and italics


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Authors With the Same Surname(p. 211)


Young, J. (1989).Young, J. (1989). The Purification PlanThe Purification Plan.. New York:New York:

Rodale Books.Rodale Books.

Young, E. (1990).Young, E. (1990). Caring for the VulnerableCaring for the Vulnerable.. London:London:

Jones and BartlettJones and Bartlett..


Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .

Survey by E. Young (1990) proved thatSurvey by E. Young (1990) proved that

Use initials with the last names if yourUse initials with the last names if your

reference list includes two or more authorsreference list includes two or more authors

with the same last name.with the same last name.


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Do not include personal communicationsDo not include personal communicationsin your reference list.in your reference list.

Personal CommunicationPersonal Communication (p. 214)(p. 214)

Interviews, memos, letters, eInterviews, memos, letters, e--mail, and similarmail, and similar

unpublished personunpublished person--toto--person communicationsperson communications

should be cited as follows:should be cited as follows:


One of AtkinsonOne of Atkinsons colleagues, who has studied the effects colleagues, who has studied the effectof the media on childrenof the media on childrens eating habits, has contendeds eating habits, has contended

that advertisers or snack foods will need to design adsthat advertisers or snack foods will need to design ads

responsibly for their younger viewersresponsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson,(F. Johnson,

personal communication, October 20, 2004).personal communication, October 20, 2004).


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Reference in the text:

Irene and Johns study (as cited in Tornhill, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller,1993)


Tornhill, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). ModelsTornhill, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models

of reading aloud: Dualof reading aloud: Dual--route and parallelroute and parallel--distributeddistributed--

processing approaches.processing approaches. Psychological ReviewPsychological Review,, 100100, 589, 589--

608.608.

Give the secondary source in the reference list;Give the secondary source in the reference list;

In text, name thename the original workoriginal work, and give a citation, and give a citation

for the secondary source.for the secondary source.

Secondary Sources (p. 247)


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Directly quote - include the author, year of publication,

and the page number


Jones, L. (2004).Jones, L. (2004). How to research.How to research. London: OpenLondon: Open

University Press.University Press.

QuotationsQuotations (p.117(p.117--119)119) -- Short Quotes (< 40 words)


According toAccording to Jones (2004), "Jones (2004), "Students often hadStudents often had

difficulty using APA style, especially when it was theirdifficulty using APA style, especially when it was theirfirst timefirst time" (p. 199)." (p. 199).


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Reference in the text:

We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:

Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an alternative

to conventional psychopharmacological agents but rather(p. 8).


Obrue, K. (2002).Obrue, K. (2002). Neurofeedback practice.Neurofeedback practice. New York:New York:

McGrawMcGraw--Hill.Hill.

QuotationsQuotations (p.117(p.117--119)119) -- Long QuotesLong Quotes (> 40 words)

Do not useDo not use

Use block form, indent 5 spaces for entire quoteUse block form, indent 5 spaces for entire quote

Use double spaceUse double space

UseUse to indicate omitted wordsto indicate omitted words


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Part 2: Formatting Your

Reference ListThe Basics

-- APA requires a hanging indent for its citationsAPA requires a hanging indent for its citations

-- Please be sure to use double space citationsPlease be sure to use double space citations

-- Documents only sources used in research andDocuments only sources used in research and

preparationpreparation

-- Alphabetize the worksAlphabetize the works


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Pay Specific Attention

to-- Consistency in how you apply APAConsistency in how you apply APA

-- Punctuation (period, comma, semiPunctuation (period, comma, semi--colon)colon)

-- Location and publisher for booksLocation and publisher for books

-- Volume, issue and page numbers for articlesVolume, issue and page numbers for articles

-- Complete and correct informationComplete and correct information

-- SpellingSpelling


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Reference List Order

Alphabetical by authors name Chronological by same author

Alphabetical by title

Same author, same year, different title:Same author, same year, different title:

Alleyne, R. L. (2004a).Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). MManaging informationanaging information

Alleyne, R. L. (2004b).Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). MMultimedia managementultimedia management

Same author, different year:Same author, different year:

Hewlett, L. S. (Hewlett, L. S. (20052005). Critical thinking about). Critical thinking about

Hewlett, L. S. (Hewlett, L. S. (20062006). Doing quantitative research). Doing quantitative research

Alphabetize the prefix MAlphabetize the prefix M, Mc and Mac literally, not as if, Mc and Mac literally, not as ifthey were all spelled Mac. Disregard the apostrophe.they were all spelled Mac. Disregard the apostrophe.

MacMacArthur, B. A. (2000). Problems and promisesArthur, B. A. (2000). Problems and promises

McMcAllister, G. J.Allister, G. J. (2000). Choice and the relative(2000). Choice and the relative


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Reference List

Malay Names:Malay Names: Enter first element of the nameEnter first element of the name.

Mohamad Yazid IdrisMohamad Yazid Idris Mohamad, Y. I.Mohamad, Y. I.

English Names: Invert all authorEnglish Names: Invert all authors names.s names.

Patrick, KigerPatrick, Kiger Kiger, P.Kiger, P.

Chinese Names:Chinese Names: Enter under surname.Enter under surname.

Lim Swee HongLim Swee Hong Lim, S. H.Lim, S. H.

Wendy Wang Pei LynWendy Wang Pei Lyn Wang, WWang, W. P. L.. P. L.

Personal Names (p. 224)

R f Li


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Reference List

Personal Names (Cont.)

OthersOthers

Gustav K. Von SchulthessGustav K. Von Schulthess Schulthess, G. K. VonSchulthess, G. K. Von..

Indian Names:Indian Names: Enter first element of the name.Enter first element of the name.

Ganesan a/l SegaranGanesan a/l Segaran Ganesan, SGanesan, S..


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Publisher Information

Leave out terms like Publisher, Co, Inc.

Give city and state if city is not well known orambiguous (US postal code 2-letter)

e.g., Hillsdale, NJ or Cambridge, MA spell out other countries

e.g., Oxford, England: Blackwell

Spell out name of publisher especiallyassociations, corporations, university presses

Retain terms like Books, Press


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More Than One PublisherLocationUse the first one, if the book lists more

than one publisher location

New York, London: MacMillan

Cite as New York: MacMillan

B k R f


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Book Reference

General Format

Author, A. (Year). Title of book. Location:

Publisher.

Zautra, AZautra, A. (2006).. (2006). Emotions, stress, and health.Emotions, stress, and health.

New York: Oxford University Press.New York: Oxford University Press.

Single Author(p. 248)Single Author(p. 248)


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Book Reference

When the author and publisher areidentical, use the word "Author" as thename of the publisher.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994).American Psychiatric Association. (1994).

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mentalDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disordersdisorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC:(4th ed.). Washington, DC: AuthorAuthor..

Single Author(Cont.)Single Author(Cont.)


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Book Reference

6 authors

When a work has up to (and including) sixWhen a work has up to (and including) six

authors, cite all authors.authors, cite all authors.

3 authors3 authors

Playfair, J. H.Playfair, J. H., Gardner, M., &, Gardner, M., &Bancroft, G. J.Bancroft, G. J. (2004).(2004).

Infection and immunityInfection and immunity.. (2nd ed.).(2nd ed.). Oxford: OxfordOxford: OxfordUniversity Press.University Press.

Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead,Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead,

M., Craig, K., Peterson, R.M., Craig, K., Peterson, R. (1967).(1967). Nerve cellsNerve cells

and insect behavior.and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: HarvardCambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press.University Press.

Multiple Authors(p. 240)Multiple Authors(p. 240)

B k R f


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Book Reference

General Format

Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006).Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006). ManagingManaging

personal fund.personal fund. Toronto: Midwestern.Toronto: Midwestern.

Corporate Author. (Year).Corporate Author. (Year). Title of bookTitle of book. Location:. Location:

Publisher.Publisher.

Corporate Author(p. 248-249)Corporate Author(p. 248-249)

B k R f


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Book Reference

General Format

Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.

Education Handbook. (2005). London: Longman.

Begin with title. Titles of books are italicized.Begin with title. Titles of books are italicized.

No Author(p. 249)No Author(p. 249)

Edit d B k R f


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Edited Book Reference(p. 249)

General Format

Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Location:

Publisher.One editor:

Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). Psycholinguistics. Beijing:Peking University Press.

More than one editor

Grice, H., & Gregory, R. (Eds.). (1968).

Early language development. New

York: McGraw-Hill.


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Later Edition Book Reference(p. 249)

General Format

Author, A. (Year). Title of book(2nd

ed.).Location: Publisher.

Skinner, E. (2003). Women and the nationalexperience(2nd ed.). New York: Longman.


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Non-English Book Reference(p. 251)

General Format

Author, A. (Year). Original Title.[Translated Title], Location: Publisher.

Piaget, J., Inhelder, B. (1951). La genese de Iidee dehasard chez Ienfant[The origin of the idea ofchance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires

de France.


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English Translation of A Book(p. 251)

General Format

Author, A. (Year). Book title (Name oftranslators).Location: Publisher. (Originalwork published 1814)

Laplace, P.S. (1951). A philosophical essay onprobabilities(F.W. Truscott & F. L. Emory,

Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original workpublished 1814)

B k Ch R f


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Book Chapter Reference(p. 252-254)

General Format

Article Author. (Year). Article Title. In

Book Editor(s), Book Title (page numbers).Location: Publisher.

Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research. In R.

A. Lillian & J. F. Rebecca (Eds.), How to research

(pp. 19-25). Buckingham: Open University Press.

Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research. In R.

A. Lillian & J. F. Rebecca (Eds.), How to research

(pp. 19-25). Buckingham: Open University Press.

Journal Article Reference


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Journal Article Reference(p. 240)

General Format

McGill, K. (2006).McGill, K. (2006). Reading the valley: performanceReading the valley: performance

as a rhetoric of dimensionas a rhetoric of dimension,, Text andText and

Performance Quarterly, 26Performance Quarterly, 26(4)(4), 389, 389--404404..

Author, A. (Year). Title of article.Author, A. (Year). Title of article.Journal Title,Journal Title,

VolVol(no), pages.(no), pages.

One AuthorOne Author



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Journal Article Reference(p. 240)

List all authors with & preceding last

author.

Racette, A., & Bard, C. (2006). Making non-fluent aphasics speak. Journal of Logic and

Computation, 18, 27-45.

Two AuthorsTwo Authors



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(p. 240-241)

More Than Six Authors

After 6th author name, use et al.

Bjokr, R. N. Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J. Y., Kwok,

O. M., Haine, R. A., et al. (2003). Classroom

Interaction in Science: Teacher questioning and

feedback to students' responses. International

Journal of Science Education, 63, 57-60.

Magazine Article Reference


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Magazine Article Reference(p. 241-242)

Reppel, F. G. (2003, February 13). Conflict

and cognitive control. Natural Science,

33, 969-970.

General FormatGeneral Format

Author, A. (Year, Month day). Title of article.

Title of Magazine, volume if given,

page-numbers.

Proceedings of Meeting & Symposia


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Proceedings of Meeting & Symposia(p. 259-260))

Author, A. (Year). Article Title. Proceedings Title.

Location: Publisher. Volume, Pages.

Cynx, J., William, H., & Nottebohm, F. (1992).

Hemispheric differences in avian song

discrimination. Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences. London: MacMillan. 89,

1372-1375.


Unpublished Thesis Reference


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p(p. 260-262)

Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis. Unpublished

level thesis. University, Place.

Kondo, T. (1991). The making of a corporate

elite adult targeted comic magazines of

Japan. Unpublished masters thesis. McGill

University, Canada.


Newspaper Article Reference


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p p(p. 242-243)

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title

of Newspaper, pages.

Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the

priority watch list for pirated movies,

music. New Straits Times, p. 6.


Web Page Reference


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Web Page ReferenceElectronic Copy of a Journal

Article Retrieved from Database (p. 279)

Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title ofPeriodical, Vol(no), pages. Retrieved

Month Day, Year, from source.Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H.,

Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of

early supervisory experience in supervisorperformance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, fromPsycARTICLES database.


Web Page Reference


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Web Page Reference

Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,vol(no), pages. Retrieved Month Day,Year, from

sourcePelling, N. (2002, May 5). The use of technology in career

counseling. Journal of Technology in Counseling, 2(2).

Retrieved December 16, 2004, fromhttp://jtc.colstate.edu/vol2_2/pelling.htm


Article in an InternetArticle in an Internet--only Journalonly Journal (p. 272)(p. 272)Article does not appear in print journal

or magazine

Web Page Reference


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Web Page Reference

Title. (n.d.). Retrieved Month Day,Year, from source.General FormatGeneral Format

StandStand--alone Document, No Authoralone Document, No Author

Identified, No DateIdentified, No Date (p. 274)(p. 274)

What I did today. (n.d.). Retrieved August21, 2002, from http://www.cc.mystory.life/

blog/didtoday.html

General Instructions for Preparing


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p gthe Paper Manuscript

(See Chapter Five for Details & Handouts) p. 283-320

1.1. PaperPaper One side of standardOne side of standard--sized (A4).sized (A4).

2. Typeface2. Typeface PreferredPreferred 1212--pt Times Roman.pt Times Roman.

3. Double3. Double--spacingspacing leave one fullleave one full--size line blank between each linesize line blank between each line4. Margins4. Margins margins of at least 1 in. (2.54 cm) at the top, bottom,margins of at least 1 in. (2.54 cm) at the top, bottom,

left and right of every page.left and right of every page.

5. Line length and alignment5. Line length and alignment

-- maximum line length 6.5 in. (16.51 cm).maximum line length 6.5 in. (16.51 cm).

-- Do not justify lines, use the flushDo not justify lines, use the flush--left style.left style.

-- Do not divide words at the end of a line, and do not use theDo not divide words at the end of a line, and do not use the

hyphenation function to break words at thhyphenation function to break words at the endse ends

of lines.of lines.

6. Number of lines6. Number of lines Not more than 27 lines of text.Not more than 27 lines of text.

Free APA Style Converter


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For preparing your references in APA style

Just enter the bibliographic information in thecolumns

e.g., author, title, publisher, etc.

The concerning APA citation will begenerated



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Free APA Style ConverterStep 1: Go to http://www.noodletools.com

Free APA Converter2 Cl k N dl B b E


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Step 2: Click NoodleBib Express

Free APA ConverterSt 3 Cli k APA


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Step 3: Click APA

Free APA ConverterSt 4 Cli k S l t it ti t


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Step 4: Click Select a citation type

Free APA ConverterStep 5: Click Journal


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Step 5: Click Journal

Free APA ConverterStep 6: Click Continue


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Step 6: Click Continue

Free APA ConverterStep 7: Select Print


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Step 7: Select Print

Free APA ConverterStep 8: Click A basic journal article


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Step 8: Click A basic journal article

Free APA ConverterStep 9: Enter Name of journal Title and Author of article


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Step 9: Enter Name of journal, Title and Author of article

Free APA ConverterStep 10: Enter Page Volume Issue Number Date


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Step 10: Enter Page, Volume, Issue Number, Datethen click Generate

Free APA ConverterStep 11: Result


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p u

Converting to APA Style Using ProquestStep 1: Go to Proquest Database under Library OPACStep 2: Enter search terms


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Step 2: Enter search terms

Converting to APA Style Using ProquestStep 3: Result screen


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Step 3: Result screen

Converting to APA Style Using ProquestStep 4: Click the box besides the article


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Converting to APA Style Using ProquestStep 5: For Format, choose Citation OnlySt 6 F Cit ti t l h APA


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Step 6: For Citation style, choose APA

Step 7: Click Print

Converting to APA Style Using ProquestStep 8: Edit the citation accordingly


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Step 8 Edit the citation accordingly



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