A- A- OrganismsOrganisms,, (any living thing) share certain characteristics that set them

apart from nonliving things.

II- Living Things Carry Out Life - Living Things Carry Out Life ProcessesProcesses

B- B- LifeLife ProcessesProcesses::

1-Getting and using energy1-Getting and using energy

a-Nutrition: Taking in food (ingestioningestion) and breaking it down into a usable molecule (digestiondigestion).

b-Transport: Move materials throughout organism

c-Respiration: Releasing energy stored in food.

2- 2- GettingGetting ridrid ofof wasteswastes:: Excretion

3- 3- RespondRespond toto changeschanges inin thethe EnvironmentEnvironment:: Regulation (Stimulus Stimulus causes a Response)causes a Response)

4- Growth & Development: Changing food into more of themselves.

5- Reproduction: Making of more organisms of same kind to ensure the survival of the species.

C- C- The Compound MicroscopeThe Compound Microscope::

1-1- Uses two lenses. Uses two lenses.

a- Eyepiece 10 times.

b- Objectives usually more than one 10 times and 40 times.

c- To find the total magnification you multiply the eyepiece with the

objective being used.

Example: eyepiece is 10 and objective is 40 = 400 times larger than actual size.

d- Stains are placed on the specimen to enhance the image iodine is a house

hold stain that is often used.

Parts of microscopeParts of microscope

Coarse-adjustment knob-Coarse-adjustment knob- used first under low power, once image is focused you use the fine adjustment knob to fine tune the image.

Eyepiece

Body tube

Arm

Stage

Base

Fine adjustmentCoarse

adjustment

Revolving nosepiece

Light/Illuminator

DiaphragmStage Clip

High power objective

Low power objective

D- Prokaryotes and D- Prokaryotes and EukaryotesEukaryotes

Cells come in many shapes and sizes.

•All cells:All cells:–are surrounded by a barrier are surrounded by a barrier called a cell membrane.called a cell membrane.

–all cells contain DNA.all cells contain DNA.

• Cells are classified into two groups, those with a nucleusnucleus and those without.

• The nucleusnucleus contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNADNA.

• The nucleus controls cell's activities. NucleuNucleu

ss

•EukaryotesEukaryotes cells have nuclei. •ProkaryotesProkaryotes cells do notdo not have

nuclei.

Characteristics of Characteristics of prokaryotes & prokaryotes & eukaryotes?eukaryotes?

–ProkaryoticProkaryotic genetic material notnot in a nucleus.

do notdo not have membrane-bound organelles.

generally smaller & simpler than eukaryotic cells.

Bacteria.

–EukaryoticEukaryotic cells HaveHave a nucleus.•larger and more complex than

prokaryotic cells. •contain membrane bonded organelles.

•Many cells are highly specialized.•Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.

II-The Life ProcessesII-The Life Processes •Getting and Using energyGetting and Using energy

•Getting Rid of WastesGetting Rid of Wastes

•Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development

•Responding to Changes in Responding to Changes in EnvironmentEnvironment

•ReproductionReproduction

1-1-Transport: is the movement of materials through organism. Water is a key nutrient for this to occur.

AA Closer look at Life Processes:

*Two types:*Two types: DiffusionDiffusion molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration with out the use of energy. OsmosisOsmosis: diffusion of water.

ActiveActive TransportTransport used by cells need to move molecules from low concentration to a high concentration. Cells requirerequire the use of energy

2-2-GettingGetting andand usingusing energyenergy: :

a-Nutrition plants: GreenGreen plants make own food. Through the processes of photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

* PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis: plants use energy from the sun and change carbon dioxide COCO22 and water HH22OO into sugar CC66HH1212OO66. Energy from the sun is therefore stored in sugar.

*PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis produces oxygen O2.

*Chlorophyll greengreen pigment in leaves contains chloroplast needed for photosynthesis.

b-b-NutritionNutrition AnimalsAnimals:: get energy “nutritionnutrition” by eating other plants or animals. The original source of energy is the sun. “WaterWater” is also an important part of nutrition in plants and animals.

c-c-RespirationRespiration:: is the processes that organisms use to release “burnburn” energy stored in food. Respiration is the opposite of Photosynthesis.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis:

energy + CO2+ H2O======= sugar + O2

RespirationRespiration:

sugar + O2========== energy + CO2+ H2O

3- 3- GettingGetting rideride ofof wasteswastes : : “ExcretionExcretion” process of removing waste from the body. Filtered out of blood.

a-Wastes = Carbon dioxide, urea, salt & excess water.

b-Wastes are removed by exhaling, perspiring, and urinating in animals, and by transpiration in plants.

4-4-RespondingResponding toto changeschanges inin thethe

environment:environment: regulationregulation Organisms respond to internal and external changes in their environment known as StimuliStimuli.

a- Examples = migration, drinking, perspiring, hibernation, growing of fur etc..

b- Regulation helps organisms maintain ““homeostasishomeostasis”” the maintenance of a constant internal environment.

5-5-ReproductionReproduction:: Organisms reproduce to ensure the survival of species.

a-a- Two Types of reproduction:

1)1) AsexualAsexual ReproductionReproduction: process of producing a new organism with only one parent. The new organism has the exact same DNA as the parent.

b-b- Types of Asexual Reproduction:Fission or Binary Fission:Fission or Binary Fission: one cell splits to

form two cells with the same DNA

BuddingBudding:: a new organism grow from the body of the parent. The bud can stay on to form a colony, or break apart

Regeneration: A new organism forms from a piece of the parent or the parent re-grows the missing piece

SporulationSporulation: Some organisms produce reproductive cells in a protective covering called a Spore.

2)2) Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction involves the combination of DNA from two parents. Fertilization is the joining of DNA from The male (SPERM, POLLEN)(SPERM, POLLEN) and DNA of the female (EGG).(EGG). The new organisms is a combination of both parents.

Levels of Organization–The levels of organization in a

multicellular organism are:• individual cells•Tissues (Groups of cells doing same job)

•Organs (groups of tissues doing same job)

•organ systems (groups of organs doing same job)

• Levels of OrganizationSmooth muscle tissueMuscle cell Stomach Digestive system

III-III-PartsParts andand FunctionFunction ofof AnimalAnimal CellsCells

a- a- CellCell MembraneMembrane: thin : thin structure covering the structure covering the surface of the cell.surface of the cell.

•Allows materials needed by cell Allows materials needed by cell to enter and wastes to leaveto enter and wastes to leave..b-b- CytoplasmCytoplasm: jellylike : jellylike

substance substance that fills cell. that fills cell. Contains proteins Contains proteins for for growth and repair. growth and repair.

Mitochondria

Vacuoles

Nucleus Cell membrane

Chromosomes

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasm

Nuclear membrane

Ribosome

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

c- c- OrganellesOrganelles: tiny structures in : tiny structures in cytoplasm cytoplasm that perform special that perform special

jobs.jobs.

NucleusNucleus: : ““Control CenterControl Center”” Controls cell activities. These are Controls cell activities. These are stored in the stored in the chromosomeschromosomes found in nucleus on found in nucleus on genesgenes. .

• NuclearNuclear membranemembrane: allows : allows information to enter and leave information to enter and leave nucleus.nucleus.

MitochondriaMitochondria: : ““PowerhousePowerhouse”” cell cell respiration respiration food is burned food is burned by combining it with oxygen to by combining it with oxygen to release energy.release energy.

EndoplasmicEndoplasmic reticulumreticulum:: channels that run throughout the channels that run throughout the cell store and transport cell store and transport materials. materials. RibosomeRibosome proteins proteins used for growth and repair.used for growth and repair.VacuolesVacuoles: stores materials.: stores materials.

4-4-PlantPlant CellsCells differdiffer fromfrom AnimalAnimal CellsCells

a- a- CellCell WallWall:: gives support and gives support and shapeshape

b- b- ChlorophyllChlorophyll:: contains contains chloroplast chloroplast for carrying out for carrying out photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

c- c- LargeLarge VacuolesVacuoles:: stores stores mostly mostly water.water.

ribosomenucleus

nuclear membranechromosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Cell membrane

cytoplasm

mitochondria

Cell Wall

VacuoleChlorophyll

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

5-5- BacteriaBacteria cellscells have no nucleus, mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum. They still carry out all five life processes.Cell Wall

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm Ribosomes

Chromosome