A Novel and Cost-effective Hydrogen Sulfide Removal Technology Us

7/23/2019 A Novel and Cost-effective Hydrogen Sulfide Removal Technology Us

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Iowa State University

Digital Repository @ Iowa State University

G*adae 3e+e+ a'd D#++e*a#'+ G*adae C%%e!e

2010

A novel and cost-eective hydrogen sulde removaltechnology using tire derived rubber particles

Andrea Mary SiefersIowa State University

F%% #+ a'd add##'a% *$+ a: 5://%#b.d*.#a+ae.ed/ed

Pa* e C##% a'd E'#*'&e'a% E'!#'ee*#'! C&&'+

3#+ 3e+#+ #+ b*! * *ee a'd e' acce++ b e G*adae C%%e!e a D#!#a% Re+#* @ Ia Sae U'#e*+#. I a+ bee' acceed *

#'c%+#' #' G*adae 3e+e+ a'd D#++e*a#'+ b a' a*#ed ad'#+*a* D#!#a% Re+#* @ Ia Sae U'#e*+#. F* &*e #'*&a#',

%ea+e c'ac #'e$@#a+ae.ed.

Rec&&e'ded C#a#'S#ee*+, A'd*ea Ma*, "A 'e% a'd c+-eec#e d*!e' +%4de *e&a% ec'%! +#'! #*e de*#ed *bbe* a*#c%e+" (2010).Graduate Teses and Dissertations. Pae* 11281.
http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/grad?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/251?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPagesmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/251?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/grad?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fetd%2F11281&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages


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LI F FIGE

LI F ABLE

ABAC

CHAE 1. IDCI 1

2

CHAE 2. LIEAE EIE 3

C B 3

B E G 4

C H2 E 5Ca ce __________________________________________________________________________ 5

Checa da ______________________________________________________________________ 5

Cac cbbe ______________________________________________________________________ 6

Ad ____________________________________________________________________________ 6

H2S caege ________________________________________________________________________ 7

Ae ab _________________________________________________________________ 7

Ldhae da e ___________________________________________________________ 8

Phca e _______________________________________________________________________ 8

Mebae cee ___________________________________________________________________ 9

Bgca ehd _____________________________________________________________________ 9

H2 A 10

Acaed cab ______________________________________________________________________ 11

Zee (Meca ee) ______________________________________________________________ 14

Pe ____________________________________________________________________________ 14

Mea de _________________________________________________________________________ 15

Sdge deed adbe ______________________________________________________________ 17

C E 18

Checa abaee ___________________________________________________________________ 18

Ad ___________________________________________________________________________ 18

Ab ___________________________________________________________________________ 19

Cgec cdea ________________________________________________________________ 19

D 19

Pace f ed e ________________________________________________________________ 19

Aca f bbe ace f ed e _____________________________________________ 20

Eea f g ca e aea ____________________________________________ 21

Cb bbe dc_______________________________________________________________ 22

Te chaacec ____________________________________________________________________ 23


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Chaacec f TDRP ad ORM ________________________________________________________ 24

E 26

ASTM: D 664603. Sadad Te Mehd f Deea f he Acceeaed Hdge Sfde

Beahgh Caac f Gaa ad Peeed Acaed Cab ____________________________ 26

Ohe eeea e ____________________________________________________________ 29

CHAE 3. HE 30

A 30

A E D 35

CHAE 4. AEIAL AD EHD 38

E A 38

Ga f hgh e _______________________________________________________________ 38

Scbbe de __________________________________________________________________ 41

Teeae c e ____________________________________________________________ 41

Hdge fde deec ______________________________________________________________ 41

Daa ggg hece _____________________________________________________________ 42

Raee ___________________________________________________________________________ 42

Sed ce ____________________________________________________________________ 43

Fae Ae _______________________________________________________________________ 43

E 44

Maea cec ad eaee _____________________________________________________ 44

Peaa f he eeea aaa ________________________________________________ 44

Begg ad g he eee ____________________________________________________ 45

Edg he eee _________________________________________________________________ 45Sae Teg ______________________________________________________________________ 45

46

F Rae f Bga ____________________________________________________________________ 46

A f Meda _____________________________________________________________________ 46

Te f Meda ________________________________________________________________________ 46

Cac f Meda __________________________________________________________________ 47

Teeae _________________________________________________________________________ 47

Ccea f he Ie Ga ___________________________________________________________ 47

Pee _____________________________________________________________________________ 47

CHAE 5. EL AD DICI 48

H 48

E bed cac e ________________________________________________________________ 48

Teeae _________________________________________________________________________ 50

Cac __________________________________________________________________________ 51

Ma f eda bed ____________________________________________________________________ 52

Vaa f e H2S ccea_______________________________________________________ 53


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Pee D ________________________________________________________________________ 55

Ca he adbe _________________________________________________________ 56

56

I 57Fedch Ihe ___________________________________________________________________ 57

Lag Ihe ____________________________________________________________________ 60

B.E.T. Ihe _______________________________________________________________________ 62

CHAE 6. EGIEEIG IGIFICACE 63

63

CHAE 7. CCLI 67

F 67

EFEECE 69

AEDI I: HDGE LFIDE EIG EL 72

E B C 72

72

C 75

B 77

C A 78

I 79

AEDI II: ILAE ALIG CL 83

ACKLEDGEE 85


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F 1, ( & D, 2004) ......................................................................... 20

F 2, C ( ) A ( & D, 2004) .............. 21

F 3, ( & D, 2004) ............................................. 22F 4, 2 (E, 2005) .................................................................................. 24

F 5, D 2 (E, 2005) ................................................................................. 25

F 6, D 1.5 ............................................................................................................ 25

F 7, (A, 2003) ......................................................................................... 27

F 8, 2 (A, 2003) ..................... 28

F 9, A (, , & D, 1998).................................................................................. 33

F 10, E ............................................................................... 36

F 11, ( , 2010) 36

F 12, ............................................................................................................. 38

F 13, ................................................................................................................................... 40

F 14, .............................................. 40

F 15, 60 .............................................................................. 43

F 16, E 2 ..... 50

F 17, E 2 ................................. 51

F 18, B 2 ........................................................................... 52

F 19, E 2 .................................................. 53

F 20, 2 ......................................... 54

F 21, 2 2 ............................................................... 55

F 22, (/) . .......... 55

F 23, F 25C ................................................................................... 57

F 24, F D 25C ................................................................................... 58

F 25, F D 1420C ( ) ............................................ 59

F 26, F D 4452C ( ) ........................................... 59

F 27, 25C ..................................................................................... 60

F 28, D 25C .................................................................................... 61

F 29, D 1420C ( ) ................................................. 62

F 30, D 4452C ( )................................................ 62

F 31, .................................................................................................................... 83


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1, (.. EA, 2003) 3

2, ( , 2003) 16

3, (A ., 1999) 24 4, 49

5, 51

6, 52

7, 53

8, F A CF D 2 54

9, D 57

10, F 25C 58

11, F D 1420C ( ) 60

12, . D 65

13, 72

14, 73

15, 74

16, 75

17, 76

18, 76

19, D 77

20, D 78

21, 79

22, F 25C 80

23, F D 25C 80

24, F D 1420C ( ) 80

25, F D 4452C ( ) 81

26, 25C 81

27, D 25C 81

28, D 1420C ( ) 82

29, D 4452C ( ) 82

30, D 82


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Hdge fde (H2S) ce, c, ad dced dg he aaebc dge

ce a aeae eae a. Te deed bbe ace (TDRP) ad he bbe

aea (ORM) ae ecced ae bbe dc dbed b Eech Se, Ic

(La, IA). The ee fd be effece a eg H2S f bga a e d. A

cbbe e g TDRP ad ORM a eed a he Ae Wae P C Fac

(WPCF) deee eaa cd ha d e he a f H2S eed f

bga de a f eac g f bga cbbe.

Oeaa cd eed ee e bed cac e, a f he eda bed,

cac f he eda bed, ad eeae f he bga ad cbbe eda. Adda,

ae ccea ee eed befe ad afe ag hgh he cbbe. The

dffee e f dc, TDRP ad ORM, dffeed ea ccea ad ace e

db. A cbbe e a e ad aaed he Ga Hadg Bdg a he WPCF

f Feba Decebe 2009.

Re hed ha ge cac e, cac, ad hghe e H2S ccea

ed he a f H2S ha a adbed b he TDRP ad ORM. The e H 2S

ccea f he bga a fd be aabe e e ad a affeced b age add

f fa, , ad geae (FOG). The effec f eeae a fd be gfca. I ece

f 98% ae edc a beed f he bga.

The Fedch Ihe a ccef f eeea daa a abe eeae

(ea 25C) ad eeae (1420C). Ug a ab he ccea f H2S,

f f bga, ad eeae a he WPCF, a fd ha he e f ORM ad TDRP

eeded f e ea f H2S ea a he WPCF a 25C d be aae 12.48 3ad 6.77

3, eece.


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1.

Bga, dced b he dec f gac ae, becg a a ce

f eeg. Bga eeaed de ahgec ace f adf, ceca cg,

aaebc dge f aeae dge, aa fa ae aaebc feea, ad

agfd d dge aaebc feea. Bga ca ehae (CH4), hch ha a hgh

eeg ae, ad ceag beg ed a a eeg ce (Abag & B, 2009). A

cd bga, hdge fde (H2S), ce, c, ad d. Th d fce

bga dced b he aaebc dge f aeae dge. Bga f aaebc cee

a aeae eae a ca ca 2,000 H2S (O & Te, 2009). Ee

hdge fde ca be ace faa a ccea beee 500 ad 1,000 hghe,

ad he a aabe da ee h aecabe f deee effec dg afee 1.4 b (U.S. EPA, 2003), ahgh OSHA ega a ccea 10

f ged ee (Nag, 1997). Hdge fde ca gfca daage echaca ad

eecca ee ed f ce c, eeg geea, ad hea ece. The

cb f hdge fde e he eeae f f dde, hch a beac

eea ga e. Ad a eda ad checa cbbg ae c

ehd f H2S ea f bga ad he gae. Hee, he eda ad checa

ed ae fe eee ad dffc de.

Sae ae ahe beac ce f bga. Sae ae a g f checa

cd ha hae cge bd h hdcab g aached he c a.

The ae ee a ce dc ad ae dg he aaebc dge ce.

Whe ae ae cbed, he dce ccae ca, hch cae be h

he fcg f eeg geeag ee. Ce ae ea e ae c ad

ae acca f ae cae ea. (Abag & B, 2009)

I ea eeach (E, Pa, & Oh, 2008), a fd ha ecced ae e bbe

dc, dbed b Eech Se, Ic. ad dbbed e deed bbe ace (TDRPTM)

ad he bbe aea (ORMTM) , ee effece a adbg hdge fde. B f ed

e ad bbe dc ae dcaded aa, ad heefe ae bbe dc ae

affdabe ad ef.

Pee, hee ae eg de hch eae he ab effecee f g

ec aea ch a bbe a eda f cbbg bga. Ce de fc he


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aea, ch a acaed cab, ee, ea de, dgedeed dc a

adbe, he aca f ae e bbe.

The bece f h d a fd eaa cd ha d ae he

a f hdge fde eed f bga de a f eac g f bga

cbbe g TDRP ad ORM. I add dg H2S ea, chage ae

ccea afe bga cac h TDRP ee eaaed.

Ug he bga dced b he aaebc dgee a he Ae Wae P C

Fac (WPCF), a cd ee eed deee he a deg ad eaa

cd f H2S ea f he bga. The fg cd ee eed:

E bed cac e

Ma f TDRP ed he eda bed

Cac f he eda bed

Teeae f he bga ad cbbe eda


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2.

Bga dced f aaebc cee a ced f ehae (CH4) adcab dde (CO2), h ae a f hdge fde (H2S), aa (NH3), hdge

(H2), ge (N2), cab de (CO), aaed hageaed cabhdae, ad ge

(O2). Bga a ae aaed ad a a ca d ace ad ae (Wheee,

Jaae, Ldbeg, HNee, Wege, & Pege, 2000). The c f bga

dced f aaebc dge a aeae eae a ca beee 60 ad 70

% CH4, beee 30 ad 40 % CO2, e ha 1 % N2, ad beee 10 ad 2000 H2S

(O & Te, 2009). Bga ha a hghe heag ae (HHV) beee 15 ad 30 MJ/N3

(Abag & B, 2009).

Th ee fc bga dced f aaebc dge cee a aeae

eae a. Seage dge, hch ee a he feedc f hee aaebc dgee,

ca fbaed cd. Sfae ae he eda f f f ecda dge.

Dg dge hceg cee he fae beg be ceed fde, de he

deceaed a f ge he dge caed b ceaed cba ac. Afe aaebc

dge, he daedc ea f he dge ha deceaed ch ha a gac

f afed fde. (O & Te, 2009)

Hdge fde eee c, ce, ad d. I ca be e beac

he ce f bga eeg, a dced he e ec. Se hca ad checa

ee f hdge fde ae ed Tabe 1.

1, (.. EA, 2003)

H2S

34.08 g

15,600 Hg a 25C

D 1.5392 g/L a 0C, 760 Hg

B 60.33C

3980 g/L a 20C

D Ka1 = 7.04; Ka2 = 11.96

C 1 = 1.39 g/3


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Sae ae a a beac ce bga. The ae de ed a

de de he faab, face e, hea ab, hdhbc, hgh

ceb, c, ab bea d he ee, ad aegec. The

ae ceag fd ha, eed ca, deege, cec, haaceca,

ee, ad ae cag (Abag & B, 2009). Sae d dece dg

aaebc dge ad ead ae aed ad e he aaebc dge ce h he

bga. Sae f ccae ca he ded, hch beac eeg

geea f bga. Thee ae e f ae ha ce e 90% f a ae

bga: D4 (caehcceaae, C8H24O4S4) ad D5 (decaehcceaae,

C10H30O5S5). Oe d fd a aeage ccea f aae 28 g/3f D4 ad D5

ae dgee bga h a a ccea f 122 g/3(McBea, 2008).

De he hgh fac f ehae, bga ca be ed f eeg geea. Hee,

becae f he caa ee bga, ca aa be bed f aa ga

eeg geea ee. Be, hch geeae hea f ga, d hae a hgh ga a

eee, ahgh eceded ha H2S ccea be e be 1,000 . I

eceded ha he a ga be cdeed de ee ae, hch ca ea cae

be he ga e. Adda, ae ee, ac, he cea a

ae eceded f he be, de he hgh c ad hgh eeae ha e f

he cdea ad cb f bga cag H2S. (Wheee e a., 2000)

Iea cb ege, ed f eecc geea, hae caabe ga a

eee be. Hee, e e f ege ae e cebe H2S ha he.

Becae f h, dee ege ae eceded f age cae eeg ce ea (>60

W) (Wheee e a., 2000). A adda be ed b bga cb ege ae he

fa f abae, ca baed ace ha ae geeaed he ae ee bga

cb. Thee ace ca cae aba f ea face, hch ca cae

fcg a g, eheag f ee a f ege de cag, ad he geea

deea f a echaca ege a (Abag & B, 2009).


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Bga ca a be ed a a ehce fe. Thee ae e ha a aa ga

ehce he d. Hee, e bga hee ehce, be gaded becae

ehce eed a ch hghe ga a. Cab dde, hdge fde, aa, acae,

ad ae be eed f he bga, ha he ehae ce f he ga a ea 95

%. (Wheee e a., 2000)

2

Hdge fde dced da ca be ced g a ae f ehd. Se

f he ehd ca be ed cba. Se f he ehd dced ae e c

ed ecfc da cee. The ce che baed he ede f he ga, he ga

c ad hca chaacec, ad he a f ga ha eed be eaed. Hdge

fde ea cee ca be ehe hcacheca bgca.

The Ca ce ed ad aa ga efg face ad ee H2S b

dg eeea f. The fg eac cc a eac ee ad he

ea effcec deed he be f caac eac ed:

H2S + 3/2O2SO2 + H2O (E. 1)

2H2S + SO23S0+ 2H2O (E. 2)

H2S + 1/2O2S0+ H2O (E. 3)

Rea effcec ab 95% g eac, ad 98% g f eac.

The a f O2H2S be c ced ad ece SO2e H2S

ea effcec. Theefe, he Ca ce effece f age, ce, acd ga

ea (geae ha 15 % H2S ccea). Whe ed f aae ga ea, Ca

ca be hgh effece a H2S ea ad a a dcg hgh f. (Nag, 1997)

Checa da ae fe ed a aeae eae a c bh d

ad he c ea f H2S. The e ae a fe deged ee he d cag

cd dced dg aaebc cee. The de ed checa da e


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a cba f d hdde (NaOH) ad d hche (NaOC), hch ae che

f he c, aaab, ad da caab. Oda cc b he fg eac:

H2S + 2NaOHNa

2S + 2H

2O (E. 4)

Na2S + 4NaOCNa2SO4+ 4NaC (E. 5)

The da ae c ed he ce ad heefe he de a eag

c dec eaed he a f H2S he ea. Th ce ecca feabe

f ga ea h eae ccea f H2S. The ga hae be ceed he

d hae, a he eac cc he ae hae he cbbe. Cece aced

c ae he c e f cbbe, b he deg ch a a chabe,

cbbe, ad e ae a ee ed. The dc f he abe eac a ded

he cbbe he aaed. T ad a eca, he cbbe

ehe c edca eed ad eehed. (Nag, 1997)

Cac cbbe fc a checa da e, ece ha cac

cbbe ae eb ed, eag ha f cac added, H2S eed, ad f he H

deceae ad bece acdc, H2S dced. The fg ea decbe he cac

cbbe eac:

H2S + 2NaOHNa2S + 2H2O (E. 6)

I a cac cbbe, he H e hghe ha 9 b c addg d hdde

(NaOH). A ge ea be added ee a eca. Hee, f he ge ea

added bac he ce ea, he eac hed ad he ef ad H 2S eeaed.

F h ea, he e cac be caef ded. Adda, he cac ae

egeeabe. (Nag, 1997)

A adbg aea ca aac ece a fe ga ea face. Th

ee he f he ga ea. Ad ca ce he face f he aea

ceed ad he he aea ehe be egeeaed (deg de) eaced.

Regeea cee ca be bh eee ad e cg. Acaed cab fe ed


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f he ea f H2S b ad. Acaed cab ca be egaed h a

hdde (KOH) d hdde (NaOH), hch ac a caa ee H2S. Acaed

cab ad he aea ed f ad ae dced dea a ae ec. (Nag, 1997)

2

Hdge fde caege ae checa dc ha eac dec h H2S ceae

c dc. Se eae f H2S caegg e ae: cac ad d ae

, ae, ad d, baed adbe. Thee e ae d de adea b

a cae. The checa dc ae aed c aed dec ga

ee. Deedg he checa ed, hee be a dc f he eac. Se

eae ae eeea f ad fde (FeS2). (Nag, 1997)

Oe ceca aaabe H2S caegg e g cheaed H2S ea

echg he LOCAT(US Fe/Meche) ce. I ca ee e ha 200 g f S/da

ad dea f adf ga. (Abag & B, 2009)

Aaae (ae) ae bh ae be ad hae he ab abb acd gae.

Th de he checa ce, hch ha e hd g ad e a g. Ae

ae abe ee H2S b abbg he, ad he dg he a ae ae ea.

The ea he heaed deb he acdc ce, hch ceae a cceaed ga

ea f H2S, hch ca he be ed a Ca he be ceed eeea

f. Th ce be ed f aaebc ga ea becae ge ca de he ae,

g he effcec ad cag e aea be ed (Nag, 1997). Ae ha ae

c ed ae ehaae (MEA), dehaae (DEA), ad ehdehaae

(MDEA).

Ae ae c ed aaga fca cee. The ae

aace becae f he ea f hgh ea effcece, he ab be eece f

ehe H2S bh CO2ad H2S ea, ad ae egeeabe (McKe Zcaa, 2003). Oe be

acaed h h ce ha a f he ae ga ehe degaded dg H 2S

ea ad eee ad eeg ee egeeae eace he (Wag, Ma,


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X, S, & Sg, 2008). Ohe dadaage cde ccaed f chee, fag be,

ad h de f f egeea a (McKe Zcaa, 2003).

Ldhae da e ce H2S eeea f hgh ed eac b

eec afe f ce ch a aad eage. The Sefd ce egaded

a he f dhae da e. Hdge fde f abbed a ae, aa

. I he ded eeea f, he he aad eage edced. Th ce

eae ad a cc aced c e. Hee, aad c ad

hee be deged ha bh he f cae ad ae ceaed. (Nag, 1997)

Becae f be h he Sefd ce, dhae da e hae

bee deged g baed eage. Cheag age ae ed ceae b

ae ha d ea, a e a ga hae, ca be eaed. Fec edced fe

he ce, he hdge fde ded eeea f (Nag, 1997). Fe

(Fe2+) ca be egeeaed b a da (Abag & B, 2009). The eac beee he

hdge fde ad cc ch fae ha he Sefd ce (Nag, 1997). Oe

e, LOCAT b US Fe/Meche, a eae f a H2S ea e ha e

cheaed . The bac eac ae a h E. 7 ad 8:

2Fe3++ H2S2Fe2++ S + 2H+ (E. 7)

2Fe2++ O2+ H2O2Fe3++ 2OH (E. 8)

The LOCAT e aace f H2S ea f bga ea becae e 99%

effece, he caa c, ad ca eae a abe eeae. (McKe

Zcaa, 2003)

Ohe eabaed eage ca a be ed. Mage ad ce fae

hae bee eed, b de he ce, c, ad ee f eac, e ha hee

eage ca be ed f hdge fde ea f bga. (Abag, B, 2009).

Ug hca e a a ehd ee acd gae, ch a H2S, ca be ecca

deedg he ed e f he ga. Hdge fde ca be ded a d ad he ae


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eed f he d b edcg he ee. F e effece ea, d h hghe

b f H2S ae ed. Hee, ae de aaabe ad c. Wae ahg e

eae f a hca eg ce. Wae a ha b ea f CO2, ad

eece ea f H2S ha ed ecca g ae. (McKe Zcaa, 2003)

Ohe hca e ha hae bee ed ae eha, ee cabae, ad ehe

f ehee gc. Cea f eecg a hca e ae hgh ab caac,

eac h ee ad ga ce, ad c. Oe be h g hca

e ha a f dc a cc, de he ee chagg cee ecea

ae ee he H2S f he e. Le a hgh a 10% hae bee fd. (McKe Zcaa,

2003).

Mebae ca be ed f bga. Paa ee ehe de f he ebae

c eea hgh he ebae. Mebae ae a ed f eece ea

f H2S, ad ae ahe ed gade bga aa ga adad. Thee ae e f

ebae e: hgh ee h ga hae bh de f he ebae, ad ee

h a d adbe e de. I e cae, cee aceae ebae ee ed gade

bga dced b aaebc dgee. (McKe Zcaa, 2003)

Mcga hae bee ed f he ea f H2S f bga. Idea cga

d hae he ab af H2S eeea f, cd e CO2a he cab ce

(eag a eed f e ), cd dce eeea f ha ea eaae f

he ba, d ad ba acca ee cggg be, ad d be abe

had a ae f cd (fca eeae, e, H, O2/H2S a, f

eae). Chehc bacea ece, aca f he Thbac ge, ae c

ed. Chehc hbacea ca be ed bh aebca ad aaebca. The ca eCO2a a cab ce ad e checa eeg f he da f edced gac

cd, ch a H2S. I bh eac, H2S f dcae:

H2S H++ HS (E. 9)

Ude ed ge cd, eeea f dced:


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HS+ 0.5O2 S0+ OH (E. 10)

Ude ece ge cd, SO42 dced, hch ead acdfca:

HS+ 2O2 SO

4

2+ H+ (E. 11)

Oe chehc aebe, , ee H2S b dg FeSO4

Fe2(SO42)3, ad he he eg Fe

3+ ca de H2S ad checa de

eeea f. Thee bacea ae a abe g a H ee, hch ae he ea

ada hgh fcag e. (Abag & B, 2009)

Bgca H2S ea ca be ed bfe ad bcbbe deg. Oe ceca

aaabe bgca H2S ea e Tha. I e chehc hbacea a aae

ee de fde eeea f. I abe ae egeeae hdde,

hch ed dcae H2S. F ca be f 200 N3/h 2,500 N3/h ad 100% H2S,

h e ccea f be 4 . (Abag & B, 2009)

Ahe e, H2SPLUS SYSTEM, e bh checa ad bgca ehd ee

H2S. A fe cg f ge caed h hbacea ed. Thee ae ab 30

e ce e he U.S., a agfd d aeae eae a. Ga

f f 17 4,200 3/h ca be ed, ad ea caac 225 g H2S/da. (Abag &

B, 2009)

2

Va aea ae ed a adbe f hdge fde. Thee aea hae ecfc

face ee, che, ad he fac ha ae he ef a H2S adbe. A d

b Ya, Ch, Ng, Da, Lag, ad Ta (2004) ab echa f H2S ad eeaed ha H2S

f eed b hca ad he d ae f he face f he adbe,

he b he dca f H2S ad he HSeac h ea de f fde, he h

aae ece ge eaa dc, ad fa h face ge ece ge ed

eac dc (ch a eeea f). If ae ee, CO2ca deacae he aae

eaheabaed eac e ad ead e H2S ea. Adda, he da

eac f H2S ae fae he Ca, Mg, ad Fe ae ee, a he ae caa f hee eac

(Abag & B, 2009). Phca ad a cc e, ad e beee he e f


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0.5 ad 1 ee fd b Ya e a. hae he be ad caac. Sgfca ad

cc he a aea abe a e echa. The aea decbed h

ec hae bee h e e e f hee echa ad hae h ea a

H2S adbe aea.

Acaed cab ae fee ed f ga ad becae f he hgh face aea,

, ad face che hee H2S ca be hca ad checa adbed (Ya &

Bad, 2007). Mch f he eeach ha fced h he hca ad checa ee f

a acaed cab affec he beahgh caac f H2S. M acaed cab eed

gaa f, caed Gaa Acaed Cab (GAC). Acaed cab ca ce f:

egaed ad egaed. Iega efe he add f ca a a

caa he ad ce (Bad, 2002). Uegaed acaed cab ee

hdge fde a a ch e ae becae acaed cab a ea caa ad ae

ed b he ce eac ha cc. Hee, g H2S ccea ad ge

ffce e, ea caace f egaed ad egaed acaed aea be

caabe aba e. Rea caace a a gea e aca, a he

eece f he ce (ch a VOC) a hb ehace he ea caac,

deedg he eea cd (Bad, 2002). The ca added egaed

acaed cab ae a cac cd ch a d hdde (NaOH) a

hdde (KOH), hch ac a g bae ha eac h H2S ad be . Ohe cd

ed egae acaed cab ae d bcabae (NaHCO3), d cabae

(Na2CO3), a dde (KI), ad a eagaae (KMO4)(Abag & B, 2009).

Whe cac ae ed, he acaed cab ac e a a ae f he cac ahe

ha ace acag he H2S ea becae f caac ab. The cac add

ha a caac effec b dg he fde eeea f hee cac ef

eac. The eac ha egaed acaed cab dege facae H2S ea fa

e ded (Bad, 2002).A ca H2S ad caac f egaed acaed

cab 150 g H2S/g f acaed cab. A ca H2S ad caac f egaed

acaed cab 20 g H2S/g f acaed cab. (Abag & B, 2009)


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Mch eeach ha fced echa f H2S ea g acaed cab. A

eeache f he Deae f Che he C Cege f Ne Y, Teea Bad, ha

efed e de he ad f H2S acaed cab (Bad, 2002; Adb,

Bagee, & Bad, 2000; Bagee & Bad, 2002; Bagee, Kaae, Paab, & Bad, 2005;

Ya & Bad, 2007). He de hae fced hdge fde ad acaed

cab a eae face ee, face che, eeae, ccea f H2S ga,

add f ca, e f ga ea, ad H. Thee eee hae ed bh bga f

ea cee ad aba dced gae f ced c.

I a d b Bagee ad Bad (2002), NaOH egaed acaed cab a eed

f H2S ea caac. F dffee e f acaed cab ee ed ad dffee

e eceage f NaOH ee added. The e hed ha h ceag a f

NaOH added, he H2S ea caac f he acaed cab ceae. Th effec cced

a caac a eached a 10 % NaOH. Th e a he ae egade f he g

f he acaed cab, ad a ee he ae he acaed aa a ed. Th e

e ha he a f NaOH ee he face f he aea a g fac f he

H2S ea caac NaOH egaed acaed cab.

Ahgh egaed acaed cab ca be a effece aea f he ad f

H2S, hee ae a fe dabac f g h aea. F, he add f cac e he

g eeae ad heefe he aea ca efge ad cdeed haad.

Secd, he add f cac acaed cab ceae he c f dc. La,

becae f he hgh c f acaed cab, deabe ah cea he acaed

cab de egeeae ha ega e f ab ee H2S (Cag

Cab C., a eadg dce f acaed cab, ced a egaed acaed cab

ed aeae eae aca be $8.44/b ad egaed acaed cab ee

e eee). Oe f he e a egeeae he acaed cab ah h

ae. The cac add egaed acaed cab cae H2S be ded eeea

f, hch ca be eed f he acaed cab b ahg h ae ad heefe

c f H2S ea ae ceaed de he eed chae e adbe. (Bad, 2002)

A f e, he cee echa b hch H2S eed g acaed cab ae

e ded. I acceed ha ea cc b bh hca ad checa echa. Oe


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checa ea echa caed b he eece f heea a he cab face.

Ia heea ae ge, ge, hdge, ad hh. The ae caed a

fca g he cab a ad gae he acaed cab a eda f

gac ec ad ce he age ed f checa aca. The ae a

he checa ea f H2S becae he fece he H f he cab, hch ca c hch

ece (acdc, bac, a) ae chebed a he face. Ahe a fac H2S

ea ha bee he eece f e he cab face. Bad ha a he ha,

egaed acaed cab, H2S dcae he f f ae a he cab face ad

he eg fde (HS) ae ded eeea f (Bad, 2002). Bad fd ha

he acaed cab aff f ae hd be geae ha 5%, hee he a e f

he adbe bece fed b cdeed adbae ad he dec cac f HSh he cab

face bece ed. I a fd ha e aff f ae ad a deabe a

adbe. Hee, he bga ed a he ce f H2S, acca e he

a f ae he eda becae bga a aead ae aaed. T ch ae

ca efee h he H2S ea eac becae he ae gae f eac h CO2

f cabae ad cbe he fa f f acd hch ca deacae he

caac e ad edce he caac f hdge fde eac ad be eed (Abag &

B, 2009).

Bad ad he eeach g hae fced cdeab he echa f H2S

ea egaed acaed cab. I Adb, Bagee, & Bad (2000) a fd ha

a da cc he face f he cab, he caac f ad deceae. The

ad ad ba f H2S a fd be eaed ab dcae ad h a

hbed b he ded face f he acaed cab. N eah beee e ce

ad ad ab a fd, b a ed ha a hghe e f ce h a

e ehace he ad caac. The a fdg f h d a ha he H

f he face ha a age affec he ab f H2S dcae. Acdc face (


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a fd ha a dffeece ge ce (12%) ad dffee eeae (f 38C

60C) dd hae a gfca effec he hdge fde ea. I ahe d, a

fd ha ad caace f H2S egaed acaed cab gh deceae h

ceag eeae (30 ad 60C ee eed). (Xa, Ma, X, S, & Sg, 2008)

The effec f H2S ccea ea caac ca be eaed b he fac ha

he ccea d da ec, hch d he ae f face

acdfca. Sface acdfca ha bee h be deea H2S ea becae H2S

de dcae ead acdc cd (Abag & B, 2009).

( )

Zee, a c efeed a eca ee, ae hdaed acae

hch ae hgh ad ae becg e c ed cae ece. The e f

he e ca be aded b echage ad ca be ed caae eece eac (McCad,

1996). The e ae a eee f. Zee ae eeca effece a eg a

cd, ch a ae ad H2S, f a ga ea, ch a ehae (McKe Zcaa,

2003). Ce eeach fcg h ee ee cea ca echg,

Iegaed Gafca Cbed Cce (IGCC) e a. Se de ab he e f ee

NaX ad eeKX a a caa f eg H2S f IGCC ga ea hae bee efed a

Yega Ue Kea. Oe d fd a ed f 86% f eeea f he ee

e a ed f 40 h (Lee, J, Pa, R, & Lee, 2005). Ga ea f IGCC e a

ae a a hgh eeae, beee 200 ad 300C. Fhe, eca ee hae ece bee

ed a a ca f he e f adbe (Wag, Ma, X, S, & Sg, 2005).

Thee ha bee gfca eeach de g e a adbe f H2S, b a a

d a fd hee e ee ed cc h he aea ehace

ad. Th d, b Wag e a. (2008), ded he effec H2S ad f addga c f a e, ehee (PEI), a eca ee bae. The

e eca ee eed ee ah cae h f ee. PEI a

deed he ae ag c f 1580 % f he eca ee. The e

hed ha he e eeae eed (22C) had hghe caac, a adg f 50 %

PEI he eca ee had he be beahgh caac, ad ha a adg f 65 % PEI


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had he hghe aa caac. Adda, he be ca ea be egeeaed f

ced H2S ad. The ah gge ha H2S adb he ae g f he PEI,

ad a c f PEI he eca ee he ae ee a be eacg h

acdc fca g he eca ee face. A hgh c f PEI he

eca ee, he face aea f he eca ee a gfca deceaed ad becae

he ad ad dff ae f H2S deed face aea, he H2S a abe be

effece adbed.

Mea de hae bee eed f hdge fde ad caace. I de

fe ed f H2S ea. I ca ee H2S b fg be fde. The checa

eac ed h ce ae h he fg ea:

Fe2O3+ 3H2SFe2S3+ 3H2O (E. 12)

Fe2S3+ 3/2O2Fe2O3+3S (E. 13)

I de fe ed a f caed ge f ad cee. I ge

deegaed d ch. I de f he f Fe2O3ad Fe3O4ae ee

ge. I ca be egeeaed afe aaed, b ha bee fd ha he ac edced

b ab ehd afe each egeea cce (Abag & B, 2009). I ge ca be

ed ehe a bach e a c e. I a c e, a c

added he ga ea ha he ge egeeaed ae. I a bach de

ea, hee he ge ed cee e ad he eaced, ha bee

fd ha he heeca effcec aae 85% (McKe Zcaa, 2003). I ge ha

ea ae a hgh a 2,500 g H2S/g Fe2O3. Se chaege acaed h he e f

de f hdge fde ea f bga ae ha he ce checaee, hee ae

hgh eag c, ad a c ae ea dced ha ehe be eee

egeeaed ded f a a haad ae. Thee ae e ceca dced debaed e ha ae abe dce haad ae. Oe ceca aaabe de

bae e, Sfaea 410HP a fd hae a ad caac f 150 g H 2S/g

adbe hgh ab ad fedcae eee. (Abag & B, 2009)


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The ge a de ed ad gadg echg f hdge fde ea.

Becae f h, hee ae acceed deg aaee f eabhg a H2S ea e.

Tabe 2 ae hee deg aaee.

2, I (K , 2003)

D G

VeeSaeee b e geee ae eceded f eae f

hadg ad ee c. T ee, aaged ee ae

ggeed ee ffce bed egh ad eae f hadg.

Ga F Df f ga eceded f aag bed e. Ga

hd f hgh he fed bed f.

Ga Cac Te A cac e f geae ha 60 ecd, cacaed g he e bed

e ad a ga f, eceded.

Teeae Teeae hd be aaed beee 18C ad 46C de

ehace eac ec h dg he eda.

Bed Hegh A 3 bed hegh eceded f H2S ea. A 6

bed ggeed f ecaa ae ee.

Sefca Ga Vec The age f ea ec eed a 0.6 3 /.

Ma Ladg Sface caa adg hd be aaed be 10 g S//2.

Me Ce I de aa ac, 4015% e ce ecea.

HAdd f d cabae ca aa H beee 8 ad 10. Se

ce gge add f 16 g d cabae/3f ge a

ee a aae ee.

Pee Whe aa acced, 140 Pa he ee

eceded f ce ea.

The ge c ad $6/bhe (a. 50 b) f a e, b he

echge ha e ge, ch a he Mde235 f Vaec Va C, Ic., ca

c ad $50,000 f he e ad a eda (McKe Zcaa, 2003).

Ohe ea de bede de hae bee ed ee hdge fde. Cae

ad Kabde (2002) fd ha he eace f ea de deed he face aea,

cae e, ad c cae eac. I a fd ha acae ce hae

bee eac h H2S ha ccae ce, hgh face aea e hghe

ad, ad hgh eeae ae dea (b hghe ha he eg eeae,

hee a f face aea cc). A, he eece f Fe2O3 he face fhe he

eac. The ea ed f h a ha H2S eac h he Fe2O3 f fde ha

ae be ad abe ee he e eace e he ce de ad echage , ad

ae ac a a caa he eac. Hee, a abe eeae h effec a


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cea ee. I he d, cac de a he eace (ad h add f face Fe2O3

a ee e eace), fed b c de, a de, ad age de. I e

d, Rdge ad Ma (2000) fd ha he ab f a ea de adb H2S deed

he eecc bad ga eeg: he e he eecc bad ga eeg, he e H2S adbed.

Th becae he eecc bad ga egae ceaed he checa ac f a de

ad he checa ac deed h e he de bad h he ba f H 2S. If he

bad e, he he de ha a age eac ad he fcag ece, ad

ea fde ae ceaed, hch cae H2S ece dcae ad he f be bed

he ea fde. Ue f ea de f hdge fde ea ca hae be ch a

eaa effcec, eec, hgh c, ad /de ae.

Zc de ae ed ee ace a f H2S f gae a hgh eeae (f

200C 400C), becae c de hae ceaed eec f fde e de

(McKe Zcaa, 2003). Dad, Lae, ad Sha (1995) ded hdge fde ea

c de ad fd ha he face f c de eac h he H2S f a be ae f

c fde, heeb eg H2S f a ga ea. Aae 40% f he H2S ee a

ceed e he ZO adbe. The eac decbed Ea 14 ead H2S ea:

ZO + H2SZS + H2O (E. 14)

Va ceca dc e c de, ad a f adg hee dc

ca he age f 300 400 g S/g be (McKe Zcaa, 2003).

Becae a ceca aaabe adbe f H2S ae c hae he acaed

be, ae ha bee ge g a dge deed aea a adbe. Whe

dge dege , a aea baed h a e ce ad a ace

face aea h che ha a e he da f hdge fde eeea f

(Ya & Bad, 2007). The echa f H2S ea decbed b Ya e a. (2004) ca be

aed dge deed adbe. Sdge ha a ce che, b ha egh f he

eace ece ge b Ya e a. ha cd de a aeae g egaed

acaed cab. The effcec f dge a H2S ea ha bee fd be a ha f

baed adbe, b e effce ha egaed acaed cab (Abag & B, 2009).


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A cce h g dge ha a ca cd hch adee affec H2S ea.

Se cd e ae deed f ea dge dced b d. A d b Ya

ad Bad (2007) ed a egh f eage dge ad ea dge deed f a

gaag ce ed d, ed he, ad eed he f hdge fde

ad caac. I a fd ha he caac f H2S ad caabe he caac

f egaed acaed cab, ad ha he ad caac deed he ea dge

c ad he eeae. Sae h hghe ce f eage dge

ed a hghe eeae (800C ad 950C) had he be ad caac. The hghe

ad caac eed a e ha 21 g H2S/g adbe, hch e ha he ad

caac f egaed acaed cab.

Sae be eed f bga befe cbed de ad ca

ace fa. Se ehd f ae ea ae a hdge fde ea.

Checa abaee a eace eac ce g cac beee ga ad d

facae he eac. I checa abaee, he SO bd he ae ece be.

Th eac caaed b g acd ch a HNO3ad H2SO4. Aa ca be ed b hee

he dadaage ha CO2 a eaed, hch ceae he a f checa ed ad h

de he c f eae. (Abag & B, 2009)

Acaed cab, eca ee, ad ca ge hae bee egaed f e a a

adbe f ae. Ade caac ha bee fd deed he e f ae

ee, hee D5 ha bee fd adb bee ha he e f ae. Sca ge ca be

a effece adbe, b he ga be ded de f a ea caace be

acheed. The a ea caac f ca ge ha bee fd be ad 100 g

ae/g f ca ge. Sca ge ca be egeeaed, b he ea caac deceae. Acaed

aa ad baed adbe hae a bee fd effece a eg ae.

(Abag & B, 2009)


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Sae ae be e gac e h hgh bg , ch a eadecae.

Thee e ca abb ae a aced c. Teadecae ha bee fd

hae a 97% ea effcec f D4 ae. Hee, h ehd c ad

ecca feabe a edcae face. (Abag & B, 2009)

I ha bee fd ha feeg eeae f 70C ecea ee e ha

99% f ae. A hee eeae, ae cdee ad ca be eaaed f

he ga hae. I a fd ha a 5C, 88% f ae ae he ga hae ad a 25C, 74%

f ae ae he ga hae. Becae f he eee eeae eeded f

effece ae ea, h ehd feabe f a edcae face.(Abag & B, 2009)

Th eeach e ae bbe dc, caed e deed bbe ace (TDRP) ad

he bbe aea (ORM). TDRP ad ORM ae dced ad dbed b Eech Se,

Ic. The ce b hch TDRP dced ea, b fa aaabe ab he

fee ed e f ace deed f ed e.

Aae 281 e ee dcaded he Ued Sae 2001. Th ce

ha, aeage, hee e e dcaded ee ea f ee e he Ued Sae. Thee

ae aca ha hee e, a f, ca be ed. Ma f hee aca ee

he e be a f caed cb bbe. Cb bbe ca geea be defed be ace

e f 3/8ch e. Cb bbe ca be cafed f g:

1) Lage cae (3/81/4", 9.5256.350 ),

2) Mdage (1030 eh, 0.0790.039, 2.0001.000 ),3) Fe (4080 eh, 0.0160.007, 0.4060.178 ), ad

4) Sefe (100200 eh, 0.0060.003, 0.1520.076 )

I dffc geeae ace e eee each ae f cb bbe, ad heefe

a chaege f cb dce. Hee, gh eae dcaed ha dead f he


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a e decbed ae ab 14% f cae e, 52% f dage e, 22% f fe e,

ad 12% f efe e. (Shaga & Dffe, 2004)

Cb bbe ed a aca, ad e ad dead ha bee ceag.

Fge 1 h he ceae f cb bbe a ce 1994.

F 1, ( & D, 2004)

The age aca f ed e e deed fe, hee ed a a eea fe

cee . Th aca acc f aae 33% f a ca e geeaed.

Shedded bbe ca be ed c egeeg aca, ch a eachae cec adf

ad f hgha ebae. Thee aca acc f aae 15% f ca e

geeaed. Cb bbe geea acc f ab 12% f ca e geeaed. Aca

f cb bbe cde aha dfca, ded dc, facg, ac bed, e

ad ae dc, face dfca, aa beddg, ad cc aca.

Fge 2 decbe he gg dead f cb bbe a aca f 1997 2001.

(Shaga & Dffe, 2004)


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F 2, C ( ) A ( & D, 2004)

Thee ae fe adad f a ad dc he cb bbe d.

Shaga ad Dffe (2004) fd ha def f a aea be dee ad de

b ce ecfca e dffee ae ege, b geea, hgh a ea

fbe ce (e ha 0.5% f a egh), ea ce (e ha 0.1% f a egh),

hgh cec, ad a e ce f ab 1% b egh. The e ce

becae aca ch a dg ad edg hae ecfc hea eee ha d

be e f ece e eeded be eed f he bbe.

The ced cce f g ca e aea eae ae a. I ha bee

fd ha a g a he e hed ae aced abe he ae abe, he aea e

gfca ehe heah he ee. The ce f e bbe d ceae

he ccea f ea f cce eeg a dg ae adad. Hee, ee


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be ae eed a he c edge f he e hed, hch a ceae he ee f ad

agaee, affecg ecda dg ae adad. (Shaga & Dffe, 2004.)

Thee a a be e h e ee fe eabe ace ad ace

bd ccc aac hdcab (PAH). Oe d f ad ag e g cb

bbe dfed aha fd ea ee eeaed abe ccea f a g

f cd ha e c f he cacgec PAH be()ahacee, chee

ad ehaed deae f bh. (Shaga & Dffe, 2004)

The ce f cb bbe dc ca a h ede aca. Hee,

Shaga ad Dffe (2004) geeae he ce f dcg 3/8 (9.525 ) 80 eh

(0.178 ) cb bbe ace Fge 3:

F 3, G ( & D, 2004)


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Cb dc cee cc a abe eeae he a f dc

ea. M ea eaae aege ca ad c e ceg. I he dc

ce, afe e ae f eaaed c ad aege ca e, he e ae deed

ad hedded ad/ gaaed a eh e f aae 3/8 (9.525 ) 530 eh.

The 3/8 (9.525 ) dc ha ab 5% ea ad he 530 eh dc ha ab 0.1% ea.

Thee dc ca ehe be d a edced ae e, deedg he aca.

Afe gaa, he ce dce ae eh e efeed a he de ce.

The a f bbe ae fg each ce 8% f heddg, 6% f gaag, ad 4%

f he de ce. (Shaga & Dffe, 2004)

Ohe dc cdea cde he e f ceg ee ha eeded

ad he cd f he ceg ee. A c e a hae age a f

efcg e he, he ae e dffc ce ad heefe ee dffee

ceg ee ha ha eeded f aege ca e. The cd f he ceg

ee a a a gfca e he a f he dc ad he aeace c

acaed h ceg. (Shaga & Dffe, 2004)

O aeage a aege ca e eae ab 20 b. Each aege ca e

ca aae 86.0% bbe cd, 4% fbe, ad 10% ea. Tc e ae ab

100 b ad ca aae 84.5% bbe cd, e ha 0.5% fbe, ad 15 % ea.

The c f he ceed e chage eha, de ceg eche ch a

agec ea ea, hch a ee bbe ace ha ae aached he fe

ea. (Shaga & Dffe, 2004)

Te ae ade f caed bbe ad he efcg aea. Vcaed bbe a

e h ced cha. The efcg aea cde fe ad fbe. Fe ae

geea ade f cab bac, hch eghe he bbe ad de aba eace.

Fbe ae ade f ee ee, a he f f a cd, hch de egh ad a

ee ce. The bbe cd he e geea f he c ed Tabe

3.


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3, (A ., 1999)

C %

Seebadee 62.1

Cab bac 31.0

Eede 1.9

Zc de 1.9

Seac acd 1.2

Sf 1.1

Acceea 0.7

Ta 99.9

Ogaf cd, c de, ad eac acd ae ed a cag age.

Seebadee (SBR) a ce c ed a he bbe a. See

a bed f aa bbe ad SBR. Eede a ee hch ed c

c, edce ea fc dg ceg, ad e eeae feb he

caed dc. The acceea ad caa. (Aa, Thee, & Wec, 1999)

The TDRP ad ORM ee e chaaceed a a d (E, 2005) g ee

aae ad a checa aa. Fge 4 ad Fge 5 h ee aae f ORM ad TDRP

efed a a f h d. Thee ee aae h ha ORM ha a e baaced ead f

ace e e a age age f e. O he he had, TDRP ha e f he aea e a

ae age f e.

F 4, 2 (E, 2005)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0.1 1 10

Wt.%Passing

Sieve Size (mm)

A-2

A-1


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F 5, D 2 (E, 2005)

A checa aa efed he ae d fd ha TDRP ad ORM caed c,

age, che, f, c, cac, ad ge. Ifa a aaabe ab

ccea ad ecfc dffeece beee TDRP ad ORM. Ifa ded b

Eech Se, Ic. ad ha TDRP had ea add ad ORM dd , b ecfc

fa a aaabe. TDRP h Fge 6.

F 6, D 1.5

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0.1 1 10

Wt.%passing

Sieve Size (mm)

B-2

B-1


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Becae e ace hae bee ed H2S ea aca, hee eg

eae ab eeea ehd. Eeea ehd f H2S ea f eae ee

efeed a a ba f ceag a eeea ehd ad aaa f eg he e

ace.

: 664603.

The Aeca Sce f Teg ad Maea, ASTM Ieaa, de a adad

egadg he eg f he beahgh caac f GAC. Th ehd f g, e

egaed ece, gaa eeed acaed cab h a ea ace daee e

ha 2.5 ea ee hdge fde f a a ea. Ahgh h adad de

acceed ehdg f acaed cab, ecea acabe cab

ade aea.

Th ehd defe beahgh f he acaed cab be he he e ga ea

f a acaed cab bed ha a ccea f 50 H2S he he e ccea

10,000 H2S. I ehaed ha h e de ae aca cd eceed

eafe a ad ea cae he beahgh f dffee cab. Oe f he

ea ha he c e, 23 c, ha a a afe e ha a ch age

ha he ca bed ed acca aca ad cae cab h ad ec f H2S

ea be faed e cab h e ec.

The eceded ga ed h ehd ge h ced H2S ccea.

The H2S e hd be abe eab deec 50 , ad ehe d ae eeccheca

e e ae ggeed. The eda bed caed a ad be, hch ha ecfc

de a h Fge 7.


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F 7, (A, 2003)

A a f cg he f f ga eeded. I eceded ha a f ee, a

f ce, aee h c ea a be ed h he ea f eag

f ae f 02,000 L/ ge. A ce f d, caafee a caabe f deeg

2 L/ eeded h he H2S he deed ccea, 10,000 (1 %) H2S.

A eeded ae: a a e ee ega aa 10 g ee f 2 L fa/, eeg ae, a ga bbbe ee he geea f a 80% eae hd a

ea, H2S caba ga, ad a e. The ee cheac hd be a Fge 8.


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F 8, H2 (A, 2003)

T he e, he H2S/N2e hd f be aded dce a 10,000 H2S

ea a a a f ae f 1,450 c3/. F he eda bed, 116 L f cab hd be ed.

I hd be aced he bed g a ba feede. The e hd be a e

ccea f 50 H2S eached. (ASTM, 2003)

The a caca deed f h e he H2S beahgh caac f he GAC g

H2S/c3GAC. The caca a f, ag adad cd:

100 1 1000 1 22.4 34.1

(E. 15)

hee: C = ccea f H2S a ea, e %

F = a H2S/a f ae, c

3

/T = e 50 beahgh, ad

V= aca e f he cab bed he ab be, c3

The aae de f he GAC ca he be ed ce h f g H2S/g GAC.

Accdg he adad he ae aeage ad adad dea ae cacaed, ad f he


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adad dea h 10% f he aeage, ca be eed a he H2S beahgh

caac. (ASTM, 2003)

Th e he ce adad ha e f H2S ea a ade bed. Th

eeea ehd e c ced ad ea be ed a aba ee.

The eae aaabe ab H2S ea a adbe decbe a aba

ced eee h a eeea aaee. A fe f hee eee ae

eeed hee.

The eae hd a 70% 80%. The eeae f he ga hed ad 25C

gh hghe. Ie ccea f H2S ae a aed hgh he ce f he

eee eabh he, ad ae a ceeed beee 1,000 ad 5,000

. The de f he eac c dffe gh beee de, b ae geea

ab 200400 egh, ehe 89 ch age, ch a 2.5 c6.5 c daee, ad

15 23 c bed hegh. Thee de ae fe ced ad he ASTM adad,

deedg he adbe beg ed. F ae ae f 0.12 L/ 0.5 L/. The

eeae de he c ced, ad a eeae f ab 25C fe ed, b

ee eeaed eeae, ch a 60C ae ed. The cac e he cbbe deed

bh he e f he eda bed ad he f ae, b a fd be ehe e a,

he de f 0.5 , ch hghe, ch a 30 60 ecd. The eee ae geea ed

he a cea ccea f H2S deeced he e ga. Thee ccea ae f 10

500 . (Bad, 2002; Bagee e a., 2005; Xa, Wag, W, & Ya, 2008; Tg &

Abag, 2005; ad Ya & Bad, 2007)

Of ce, hee aaee ae aed deedg he ce f he eee, ad

dffc geeae a H2S ad eee.


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3.

Ad a ce ed ee deabe cd ga d ea b

ag he ea hgh a eda bed ced f a d aea. The d aea ed

caed he adbe ad he ga d cd beg adbed caed he adbae. I

ad, he adbae eeae he e f he adbe, b he ace ef

(Da & Ce, 2008). O ga ea ee ed h eeach ec ad heefe h

ee hecefh a ga ea. The ad ce ca be ed dehdf

ga, ee d a f he ea, ece aabe e a f he

ea. Ad ha bee fd be aca acabe ga ha cbbe

dffc b, a ha ae aabe he eceed, ad a ha ae e de

ccea (Wa, Wae, & Da, 1998).

The echa f ad ae ehe hca checa. I hca ad,

eeca fce cae he ga ece be aaced ad adhee he face f he

adbe. The ad ce aa ehec, ad he a f hea eeaed deed

he agde f he aace fce b a beee 2 ad 20 J/g. Phca

ad a eebe b ehe eg he ee f he adbae he ga ea

ag he eeae, hch ae egeeag ad eg he e adbe be.

Becae hca ad e he adheece f ga ece he face f he

adbe, he ad caac dec a he face aea f he adbe.

Hee, he adbe ed a ge ae f ece he face; e ae

f adbae ece a accae. I checa ad, che, a checa

eac cc beee he adbae ad he adbe. The checa eac ha cc

che hae ch ge bd ha he hca aace fce hca ad,

he age f 20 400 J/g. Che a eebe ad a ge ae fadbae ece a be ee he face becae he aece fce adheg he

adbae he adbe ae effece e eee h dace. (Wa e a., 1998)

A aea ed a a adbe hae cea ee de be a effece

adbe. Pace daee ca age f ab 1.3 c e ha 200 ad he aea


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hd hae a hgh face aea e egh a. Se aea ha ae effece adbe

hae eee hgh face aea e egh a de he face aea f ea e

he d. If he e daee a fe e age ha he eca daee f he adbae,

he e be ead aaabe f ad. Ahe adaage e f he adbe

f ha a checa aff f he adbae. Maea c ed f ad ee

dced deh he Leae Ree. (Wa e a., 1998)

A ad e hd be deged h eec he ee f bh he

adbe ad he adbae. Se eee f a ad e defed b Wa e a.

ae he f ffce de e, he eeae f he ga ea ee

adbabe ae ad ee hgh ccea f ceg gae, gd db f f

hgh he bed, ad a f egeeag he adbe bed afe aa. Sffce de

e (cac e) ecea ha he hca ad/ checa eac hae e cc. I

ecea ee adbabe ae becae a a he ea f he

adbe bed. Sa, a ee hgh ccea f ceg gae ha

he e de ge ebdeed ad bece effece a eg he a f

cce. Oea f a e ca be ehe a bach c de ad a e a

egeeae ce. Geea, f he a he de f 1 2 e, he adbe

dcaded ahe ha egeeaed. Hee, h a deede he ae f he a

ad hehe hgh ae ce adbed. If c ea ed, c

hae bed aae ha e ca be egeeag ( beg eaced) he he he

beg ed f ad. (Wa e a., 1998)

Ad he ae ef f deg ad beha. A ad

he eae he e a adbed he aa ee ccea f he

adbae he ga ea a a ca eeae. Eeea ad daa ha h

ha ceag he ee f he adbae he ga ea cae a hghe a be

adbed. Iceae eeae f ad e hae bee fd deceae he a

adbed, ad heefe a deabe eae a ad e a a a

eeae a be. Adda, ha bee fd ha ad e h a ceae

he a a f he adbae. (Wa e a., 1998)


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Va hee hae bee deeed decbe eeea ad beha. The

c heeca de ae he Lag Ihe, he BaeEeTee (B.E.T.)

Mde, ad he Fedch Ihe. The Lag Ihe ae ha ad cc a

fed be f e ha ae a eegeca eae, each e ca adb e ece,

ad eac beee adbed ece ae egeced becae he ae aed be a

caed he eac beee he adbae ad he adbe (Kee & Sad, 2005). The

Lag he decbed E. 16,

1 (E. 16)hee W he a f ga e a f adbe (g/g), Cg

* he eb

ccea f gae a (g/3), ad ad ae ca hch ae eeea

deeed (Da & Ce, 2008). The Lag de a che a e f he he

de he eeea daa.

The B.E.T. Mde a ee f he Lag Ihe ad decbe e ae f

ece ha ae adbed he face f a adbe. The B.E.T. ea (E. 17), hch

acaed h h de, baed he ae f cdea ad eaa f he ae f

ece he face f he adbe:

1 1 (E. 17)

hee V he e f adbed ga d f a a ge eeae ad ee, V he

e adbed f a ae e ece hc f he face, P0 he a ee f he

adbae a he e eeae, P he aca aa ee f he adbae he ga

ea, ad a aaee acaed h he ad ce. Vad ae deeed

eeea. Reeach ha fd ha he B.E.T. ea a be dffc eaae f ae f

P/P0ae e ha 0.05 geae ha 0.35. (Wa e a., 1998)

The Fedch Ihe ahe e f he ed decbe he ad f a

ge ae f ece a adbe. I c ed f eeea daa. I

decbed E. 18:


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(E. 18)hee Ce he eb ccea f he a h he adbe, Xa he aaed

adbe ccea, ad ad ae eeea deeed ca. The Fedch

he a a ed de daa h eeach becae f c ad ab

ccef de eeea daa. (Wa e a., 1998)

A he a e hgh he eda bed, e adbed he adbe

caed ce he e ga. Whe ha a f he adbe bed bece aaed h he

adbae, ca adb a e f he adbae ad he ad ce ce h

he adbe caed e . Th ce d he egh f he eda bed. I h ae,

he ad f he adbae he adbe ca be ad cc a ae, a h Fge 9.

F 9, A (, , & D, 1998)

Fge 9 h he ec f he ad ae, Vad, hgh he bed f deh Db. A 1

ag he egh f he bed, he bed 1 cee aaed h adbae

(ccea f adbae he adbe Xaad ccea f adbae he a ga

ea he e ccea, C0). A 2, hch fahe f he e ga ha 1, he bed

de hae a adbae adbed (ccea, C, e). The dffeece egh

f 1 2 , hch a he dh f he ad e, ad hee he ace

ad cee ae ccg. Whe 2eache Db, he ccea f he

a he e ga beg ceae ad beahgh cc he bed. Whe


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34

1eache Dbhe adbe bed be cee aaed h he adbae ad he

e a ccea be he ae a he e ccea.

Ag beha ce h he Fedch Ihe ad g a a baace he

a he ad e, a ea ca be deed decbg he ec f he

ad ae a

// (E. 19)hee he a f ae f he cae ga, a he de f he cae ga, ad heaae b de f he adbe, A he aea f he bed cec, C0 he e

ccea f H2S, ad ad ae ca, a decbed E. 18 (Wa e a., 1998). Becae

h ea baed a he, he ad ca ae eeae deede. F he

ce ad e, he cae ga he bga, he adbe he TDRP, ad he e

ccea C0ca be aed be eae he eb ccea, C e, decbed

E. 18.

T fd he dh f he ad e, , fhe eah beee ccea

ad dace he eda bed () ca be deed. Wa e a. (1998) decbe dea he ce

f deg hee eah. Ea 20 h he eah f ccea a a ef e f hee dea. I E. 20, eee he a f ccea e

ccea f he adbae he a ga ea (C/C 0):

1 (E. 20)hee K a f ceffce f he afe ce ha ae acc he f eace a

e a he effece efaca aea f he adbe. The ega E. 5 defed a he

bdae f =0 ad =1, b g ae ce hee bdae a he ega be

eaaed. Wa e a. e bdae f =0.01 =0.99, hch he ae a defg a

ad e dh ch ha C aache h 1% f g ae f 0 ad C 0. Eaag

he ega a hee bdae, bg eae e, ad defg he ad e

dh be 21ge E. 21, hch decbe he hae f he ccea e dace ce:


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0.99 1 1 1 10.99

(E. 21)

Dffee ae f ca be che, deedg he acceabe f a he e ga

(hee ae dffee def f he beahgh cc).

The e f beahgh ca be edced g E. 22 f ad f aed

ha he e eed eabh he f dh f he ad e a he e e:

(E. 22)Cbg E. 19 ad 22 ge a ee f he e f eda eeded:

// (E. 23)

A e eed, he Fedch he (E. 18) a ed de he

eeea daa h d. The e f E. 18 ee ae f C e, he eb

ccea f he adbae h he adbe, ad Xa, he aaed adbe ccea.

The eb ccea, Ce, a aed be he e adbae ccea becae

h d ed a c ad e ead f a bach e. The e adbae

ccea a fd eeea b aeagg he e a ccea befe

beahgh cced. The aaed adbe ccea a aed be he a f

adbae eed f he e ga he e f beahgh. Fge 10 h a

eae f a beahgh ce f h d. Ee h, a ae f bh he e ad e

gae f he e a ae. The a f adbae (H2S h d) eed f he

e ga he e f beahgh a deeed h h eeea daa bceg he H2S ccea g f H2S e ga f TDRP (he adbe), he egag

he aea beee he e ad e ce.


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F 10, E

Iega f he ce a efed g he aed ehd. The aed ehd

aae he aea de a ce b aeagg he hegh f 2 cece he ce

ad g b he ha dace beee he 2 . Th h gahca

Fge 11.

F 11, G ( , 2010)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

H2C,

,

Ie

Oe


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37

I he cae f Fge 10, bh he e ce ad he e ce ee egaed he

f beahgh g he aed ehd, he he ae baed f he e ce a

baced f he ae baed f he e ce. Th aea beee he e ad e ce

eee he a f H2S eed f he e ea b he TDRP, ad heefe a ce

aa f he ae f Xa.

Ea 18 ca be aaed ed E. 24:

(E. 24)Eeea daa a ed f Cead Xa. A ea ede a f he eg . F h

ede, ad ee deeed ( a fd b eag g() he ece f he ea

e ad a he e f he e). Oce ad ee deeed, he ee aed E. 23.

A ed, E. 23 ge a ee f he e f eda eeded g he eda bed egh Db,

he dh f he ad e , ad he aea A. Becae dffc deee f

eeea daa de eae a ae, a aed be e f he e f

acca caca. B ag be e, he cacaed egh f he eda bed, D b, he

egh f he bed eeded f cee aa cc. B ag a afe fac (SF) he

e f cacaed eda eeded, dde (ad b caahc) beahgh aded.

Ag h E. 23 ge E. 25.

// (E. 25)

Th he a he gd f he caca ha f he Re ec.


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4.

The eeea aaa a e ad aaed a he WPCF he Ga Hadg

Bdg. A cheac f he cbbe e h Fge 12.

F 12,


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A h Fge 12, he bga f he aaebc dgee a he WPCF eeed he

e ad f aed hgh a chec ae ee a bacf f eeg he ga

hadg e. The ga a he ehe aed b he H2S deec f he ed ce

eed he ed ae, ced a hgh a a ae ad aee ad

he cbbe. The a ae a ed h ff ga f he e f ecea ad he

aee a ed c he f hgh he e. The cbbe a eeae

ced b he eeae c e. The eeae c e ed ae

hgh ce be ha ee d ad he de f he cbbe ad he aed.

Oce he ga eeed he cbbe, aed hgh he eda bed. The ee dffeece he

cbbe cd be ead f aee caed bh a he e ad e de f he cbbe.

T dffee heee ee caed he cbbe. Oe a a daa ggg hece,

hch ecded a eeae eadg ee 30 ecd. The he a a da heee, hch

a ed cbae he eadg f he hece ad a he he daa ggg

heee a e fcg. Thee a a a ga ae caed he

cbbe ad a daage ae deeah ee cdea.

Afe he ga aed hgh he eda bed, fed f he cbbe ad he cd be

aed b he H2S deec hgh he ed ae. I he aed hgh ahe a

ae ad a fae ae a afe eca. The e ga a ehaed de he Ga

Hadg Bdg.

A a ce a a aached he H2S deec. Th a ced b he ed

ce, ad a beee e ad e ga ag e de abe he

deec. The ga beg aed hgh he H2S deec a a ehaed de he

Ga Hadg Bdg.

The aca e f he cbbe e h Fge 13. Fge 13 dec he acc

cbbe hg ad a eaed aeace ad c. The e a deged he

f f he bga cbbe ha ae eee cd be . Hee, he

f f bga hgh he e a egh dde beee cbbe ad e f

he cbbe a ed h d (he cbbe ee he ef).


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F 13,

Fge 14 h he e h he add f he eeae c e. The cbbe ha

a ed f eee a aed afe ce bg cag eeae ced

ae a aed ad . Pa f he e ae abeed Fge 14, a h he

cheac Fge 12. F cae, he aee he ef de f he abe 10.2 c a.

F 14,


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The hegh f he cee g he eda bed he f he cbbe a 53.5

c. The eda bed a geea 4,000 L e ad a aae 42 c hegh. The

daee f he cbbe a 11.4 c.

A e eed, he eeae c e ced f a eeae

ced ae , hch a ed ce be ha aed ad he cbbe.

The ee cbbe a a aed. The eeae c e a ed e

eeae a a 30F (1C) ad a hgh a 170F (77C). I hd be ed ha hee

eeae ae he eeae f he ae . The aca eeae he cbbe dd

each hee eeae. The daa ggg hece eaed he aca eeae

he cbbe dg dffee a.

The eeae c e a added Ta 16 f he eee. I a a

h e ha he effec f eeae a be ded ad e ehd f chagg he

eeae de he cbbe a ecea. Dee he ac f a eeae c e

Ta 16, he eeae he cbbe eaed fa ca. Th a de

he ca f he e he Ga Hadg Bdg. The Ga Hadg Bdg caed

ege hch a a ea h geeae eecc f he bga. The g f he ege

ceaed a fa abe abe eeae he bdg. Hee, he e a a caed

e a d he Ga Hadg Bdg. Whe de eeae eached eee,

affeced he eeae he cbbe dee he e f a eeae c e.

A Jee 860 hdge fde deec dced b Aa Ie LLC (Tee, AZ)

a ed. The Jee 860 a a abe ga ha cd c cec daa ad

he afe a ce ce PC a a faed USB . I a bae eed, ae

ea, ad afe. The deec ed a eeccheca e eae H2S ccea. I

a eceded ha he eaee age be beee 0 ad 200 , hee he deec

a abe hade ccaa e he H2S ccea 1,000 . The e f he

deec a 0.2 . I a eceded ha he eeae f he eaed ga be beee

0C ad 50C ad he hd f he ga be 20 80% f a ea, b cd each 100%


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f h ea. Oge a eed f he e eae e, beee ae a

a ed hgh he e. (Aa, 2005)

I hgh hd ad hgh eeae ee, a eceded ha he e

be eed f ea ee 2 da a he e abe (Aa, 2005). I he cae

f h eee, he e a ed f he ee 2.5 da e ed f each a. Afe he

a a cee, he e a eed f he e ad a a hgh he e

he e a ceced.

Te ae f ga f he e ad e ee ae ee h. A H2S

ccea a ecded ee 2 ecd. The H2S deec had he caac ecd 108,810

eadg. I each a, he e a he caac f he H2S deec a eached, hch

a ab 2.5 da (60.5 h).

The daa ggg hece ed a a TheW (Ld, UT) bad USB daa

gge (TWUSBTC). I a eeae eadg f de he cbbe ee 30 ecd. The

daa ggg hece aeaed fc cec Ta 19. I a he deeed ha

he eeae beg ecded ee ce h he aca eeae he cbbe b

cag eeae eadg f a da heee he cbbe. The daa ggg

hece a he e bac he aface ad a eaced. The e daa ggg

hece a eaed ad fcg cec b Ta 26. Dg he e ed hee

he daa ggg hece a aaabe, eeae a ecded da f he da

heee ad aeaged e he egh f he eee.

The aee ed a afaced b Oega Egeeg, Ic. (Safd, CT) ad had

he caab f eag f beee 1 10 L/ f a a 0.5 L/ ea. A cec

f g bga ead f a a ed he cacag he aca f ae f bga hgh he

e. Becae f he ecfc ga f he bga, he cec f he bga f ae a

cacaed be 1.0426 e he eadg f he aee.


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The ed ce ed a a de XT afaced b ChT Ca (Sa

Deg, CA). Th ce cd be gaed c f ed ae. I he ga f

he ce ed, 3 ed ae f ag ae f ga a a age he e ad

e a f abg he deec ee ced. Becae he cbbe e a a

deged f g 2 eaae cbbe, hee ae 3 ed ae b he e f

ag ga: e ae he e ga, ad ae e ga f each f he

cbbe. Hee, becae e cbbe a ed he aca d de bga

f ae, ae f f he ed ae ee ed. A a decbg he ga

f he ed ce h Fge 15.

F 15, 60

I Fge 15, Sed 1 efe he ae cg ae ga f he e, Sed 2 c

he f f ae ga f he f cbbe, ad Sed 3 c he f f ae ga f

he ecd cbbe. The a eeged dg he e dcaed ad he ga

beg aed. The cce a eeaed ee 60 e.

The fae ae ed a a Vaec 5200 Fae Chec, afaced b Vaec Bga

(Ce, CA). A fae ae deged fahbac a e e cag faabe

gae. I eceded be aed a ce a be he e ed f he e, hee

e e a ce f fae gae. A fae ae eghe a fahbac ha ae

geeaed b ag hgh a ceed e e eee hch abb hea f he


52/93

44

fae fae ha deeed. The eeae h eed be g ad he

fae eched.

TDRP ad ORM ee ceced ad eghed T Egeeg Bdg he Ia Sae

Ue ca. F a a a, 4,000 L f TDRP a ed. I a ceced g a 4,000

L beae. The TDRP a aa ed ad age c ee deed. The TDRP a a

he eaed a Mde CW11 f cae afaced b Oha Ca (Pe B, NJ)

ad cabaed ea h a e ad a a f 20 g (bacg he a f he

beae, 0.32 g); he cae a e f a caac f 100 g h gadaed cee f 0.02 g.

I hd be ed ha Ta 10, he f cae a fca ad hee a ea f

ag he TDRP. The ae f he TDRP Ta 10 ee eaed, deedg he

ehd f cecg he eda (g ad fg e adda g fg) ad he

b de f he TDRP.

The TDRP ORM a ed he f he cbbe. A e a aed he

cbbe (ee Fge 13) h h hgh 4,000 L f TDRP geea fed he cbbe. The bed

hegh f he eda a eaed b eag he dace f he f he cbbe he

f he bed ad he bacg f he dace f he b f he eda bed he

(211/6, 53.5 c). A ed TDRP a ed ff he f he cbbe ad ac geae

a aed ad he ea a he . The d f he cbbe a ace, ad he b ee

eced.

The daa ggg hece a acaed b cecg a ce a a USB

ad g he fae, EaLg USB, beg ecdg. The H2S deec f eeded be

cabaed he ab a T Egeeg Bdg. Caba ga f 200 a fe ed,

b ccea f 25 ad 10 ee a ed. Afe caba, he daa aead ed

he deec a ceaed. The deec a he ead f daa cec.

A e chec a he efed ee ha he aae ae ee eed

ced ad ha he H2S e ad daa ggg hece ee ecdg.


53/93

45

Afe he e a checed, a ead beg a eee. The ga a ed .

The f ae hgh he e a ced b he aee. T aa a ca f ae,

a fd ha a f ae f 3 L/ e eed a eae fa e ce e he

ee age eceed. F a, a f ae f 3 L/ a aed. Se a fced

chagg he e bed cac e ad hee a eed dffee f ae. The ee

he e f he dgee a ecded, a e a he e ad e ee f he

aee, he eeae f he da heee, ad he f hgh he e.

Afe a e ad begg f he eee, he eee a ed a

da ba. Pee he e f he dgee a ecded, a e a he ee f he

aee he e ad e ed f he cbbe, eeae f he da heee,ad f ae.

Occaa, cdea e f he ac bg a ee. Th a a de

a eeae dffeece he ga ad he eeae c e. The be cag

cdea ee daed dg he eee ee ha he ae a cag

bcage.

Afe cecg aae 2.5 da f daa, he H2S deec e a ehaed

ad d aaca ff. The daa a he daded f bh he H2S deec ad

he daa ggg hece. The cbbe a eaed afe he ga a h ff ad he eda

a eed ad ded.

Sae eg a cdced e ad e ga f he cbbe de

eaae he ae ea caab f TDRP (ORM a eaaed f ae ea).

Sae ccea ee eaed cce h hdge fde eg. A a ae f

e ad e gae a da f he e; effec f a beed.

The ehd decbed b A Tc (Saeed, Ka , & Gaeg, 2002) ee ed f ae

ag ad aa f e D4 (OcaehCceaae) ad e D5 (Decaeh


54/93

46

Cceaae) ae. Re ae eed a he f D4 ad D5 ae. The ecfc

ehd ad ee f h e ae decbed Aed II.

Thee ae a be f aabe ha c he e cd f h d. A bef

eaa f each aabe ca be fd be.

The f ae f he bga hgh he e a ced b he ee a he ga a

f he aaebc dgee. The ee aed beee 1416 a he ga a hch, afe g

e ee head ag he e he eeea aaa, gae a a f f beee

36 L/. The f f he ga hgh he e a ced b a aee ( he

a f) hch a ceced he cbbe. The ga eeach a dcaed ha a

f f 2.7 cbc fee/ (76.5 L/) d be ed, b h f a caed bac ee e

ecfc cd.

The f ae f he bga ad he hegh f he eda bed deee he edece e,

e bed cac e. Ug a f bed f eda (defed a 4,000 L ad eaed fhe

be), he e bed cac e aed f ad 60 ecd ad 500 ecd.

The a f eda ed a eaed eca. F a f bed he cbbe,

4,000 L f eda a ed. Th e f eda ge a a f beee 1,340 1,580 ga. A

fe f he a ed a hafbed f eda, hch a 2,000 L f TDRP.

Thee ee e f ae bbe aea aaabe f e h d. F

edge aed f Eech, Ic., ORM caed gh cae ace ad ea

add. TDRP a fe ad had ea add, ed f he ee be f he dcaded

e. A e d hed ha , cac, c, ad age ee ee TDRP, b

he eac ae ee . Adda chaacea f TDRP ad ORM f a e

d ca be fd he Leae Ree ec. M f he eee h d fced

g TDRP. Hee, hee ee 5 a efed a he ed f he d g ORM.


55/93

47

Tada, acaed cab ee ed a a adbe f hdge fde

a aca. A a ca, eee ee de g ee a he eda ad

e eee a a a ba, g abe a a e face f he ga a hgh.

TDRP caabe f beg gfca caced. M f he eee ed TDRP

e, aa f, h adda cac he ha f he egh f ef. Hee, a

fe a fced he effec f cacg he eda. The ehd f cac a a

ee a he f he bed g aa fce ad he acg ga abe f he

eda ee f eadg. I he cac a, he bed a caced 66%

f ga e.

The eeae f he ga he e a a a fc f he eeae f he

ga eag he aaebc dgee he eeae de he Ga Hadg Bdg. Whe he

eeae c e a ea, he eeae de he cbbe aeaed

be a fc f e ad a a da, ccca cce ha dd ecea ceae h he

eahe (da . gh).

The ccea f he bga f he aaebc dgee aed. I a a beee

250300 , b g a hgh a 1,600 ad a a 60 . Thee ee ee dac

d he ccea ha aeaed ceae h fa, , ad geae (FOG) deee f

a age ca eaa, Hc Pa. I a be c e ccea. A ae ha

ha bee deeed chaacee he a f hdge fde adg he cbbe he

g f H2S ee he ga e ga f TDRP ee he eda bed e h. The Re

ec ca a f H2S ccea f a eee e he ce f aae

10 h (Fge 20).

The ahec ee ed cacae he a f hdge fde eed. The

ahec ee gh aabe, b a e ce 1 a. The ae ed f

ahec ee ae ae f he Weahe Udegd (.degd.c).


56/93

48

5.

Va eaa cd ee eed deee he effec he hdge

fde (H2S) ccea f he e ga. The fg cd ee eed:

E bed cac e

Teeae f he bga ad cbbe eda

Cac f he eda bed

Ma f TDRP ed he eda bed

T dffee e f ae bbe aea ee ed f Eech Se, Ic.: e deed

bbe ace (TDRP) ad he bbe aea (ORM). M f he eeea eg

dffee eaa cd a de g TDRP. ORM a eed a a ge e bed

cac e, eeae, cac (de), ad a.

A ca beahgh ce f h d h Fge 10. Beahgh cced

he he H2S ccea he e ga bega ceae. I h ec, dffee e

ed ae efeed : he e f he a f he eee he f beahgh,

ad a fed ed f e f a eee ha a f he he eee bega a

eded, ad aa eceed he e beahgh.

E bed cac e a aed b adg f he cbbe g a aee

eed h a eede ae. A ge cac e a fd gh ceae he a f

H2S eed he e f beed beahgh, ahgh he a a f H 2S

eed hgh he da f he eee a fd be deede he cac

e. Th gge ha hee a a a a f H2S ha cd be eed b he TDRP

ace a a e f hedac a. T ece ec a, a ge cac

e eed geae H2S ea eachg a ea caac. Thee fdg

ca be ee Fge 16.


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49

A a aca aa, Fe hch eed he eeach hhe ha he e f he

ede, , a 0 ee efed. Thee Fe eed he ad eeach hhee a ed

E. 26.

: 0 . : 0 (E. 26)T Fe ee efed. The f Fe eed hehe hee a a ed he daa

f he a f H2S adbed f he ag e f he eee he f

beahgh. The ecd Fe eed hehe hee a a ed he daa f he a f

H2S adbed f he ag e f he eee he ed f he eee, hch a a

fed a f e f a eee.

F he f Fe, he ed f H2S eed a beahgh a fd be aca

gfca (ee Tabe 4 f e f aca e), eag ha he eeach hhe ha he

e a 0 a eeced a =0.25. O he he had, he ecd Fe fd ha he H2S

eed e a fed ed f e dd a a a fc f e bed cac e; .e. fa

eec he hhe ha he e e (Tabe 4). Theefe, hee a a ed e h daa

ad hee a edece ha he e bed cac e dd chage he a a, hch

cded H2S adbed afe beahgh, f H2S adbed e a eeded ed f e. The

ae f he aca e ca be ed e gfcace de dffee ae f . If he

ae e ha he che ae, a gd dca ha he hhe ca be eeced

a ha ae.

4,

D F 2 F F0.25,1,4

Adbed beahgh #1 0.72 10.2 1.81 0.03

Adbed e fed e #2 0.12 0.56 1.81 0.49


58/93

50

F 16, E H 2

Aed I ca he cee daa e f he a ha ae acaed h Fge 16.

The effec f eeae ad a eed. Fge 17 h he eah

beee eeae he cbbe ad he a a f H2S eed e a fed ed f

e. L eeae ee eed b eg he eeae c e 30F (1C).

Med eeae ee eed ehe a abe eeae (hch a ad 75F (24C)

he Ga Hadg Bdg) befe he eeae c e a aed, afe a

aed he eeae c e a e 75F (24C). Hgh eeae ee eed b

eg he eeae c e 170F (77C).

I he e efed, eeae aeaed hae he hghe H2S ea

caac; hee, he daa dd def a gfca effec f eeae. The cea

(R2=0.0046) f h ede gfed he ac f a ed beee eeae ad H2S ea

caac. A aca F e f deeg hehe he e f he ede a e ccded

ha hee a edece ha hee a a ea ed ag he daa (Tabe 5). Kh ad Nee

(1997) dcae ha he ad ce aa ehec, ad heefe ad caac

deceae h ceag eeae. Th a be he cec ed f TDRP ad he eae

a a f H2S eed a ed eeae cd be de he e ccea f

H2S he e ga. The aeage e H2S ccea f he ed eeae a a 355

= 0.0014 + 0.4055

R = 0.7201

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

H2/D

E ,

Adbed a

beahgh

Adbed e

fed e

ed


59/93

51

, heea he aeage e H2S ccea f he eeae, hch ehb hghe

ea caace, a 637 . Fge 21 h he ed beee e H2S ccea

(decbed a H2S adg) ad H2S ea caac. Becae he H2S ea caac aeaed

be e a hghe eeae, h dcaed ha ec a a g fac f he

eac beee he H2S ad TDRP ad heefe a ceae eeae, hch d

ceae he ec ae f eac, a beefca acheg a H2S ea. Th

dcaed ha he eb beee H2S ad TDRP, ead f he ec, geed H2S ea

f bga g TDRP a he adbe. Hee, hee a a age dffeece he

eeae ha ee eed, ad he effec f eeae a be cea ee he age

f eeae ha ee ed. Fe e ch hghe e eeae, f be,

cd ed a gfca ed.

5,

D 2 F F0.25,1,10

Teeae 0.0046 0.06 1.49 0.82

F 17, E H2


The effec f cac he eda bed a eed. The ae a a f TDRP a

ed (aae 1.4 g) each e. Afe beg aced he cbbe, he bed a caced

= 0.0075 + 2.3303

R = 0.00440.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

0 10 20 30 40 50 60H2

,

H2/D

, C

L Te

Md Te

Hgh Te


60/93

52

aae 65% f he e f he ga bed bh a (f 4,000 L 2,600 L).

The e h ha, geea, cac ed ad caac (Fge 18). The

ede gae a R2ae f 0.432. A aca F e f deeg hehe he e f he

ede e ccded ha hee a edece ha hee a a ea ed ag he daa

(Tabe 6). I a hheed ha he ed caac eed f edced bga h

ccg. The aeage H2S eed h cac a 1.890.45 g/g TDRP, heea he

aeage eed h cac a 1.130.05 g/g TDRP.

6,

D 2 F F0.25,1,10

Cac 0.432 3.80 1.69 0.109

F 18, B H2


Redcg he a f he eda bed deceaed he a f H2S ha a eed a

a f f e a f TDRP ba. Th h Fge 19, hee he f ae a he ae

f bh he f bed (4,000 L) ad haf bed (2,000 L) a ad he de a aaed a

caced de.

= 0.0254 + 3.3207

R = 0.4301

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0 20 40 60 80 100

H2

,

H2/D

E ,

Bed cac

(35% edc)

N cac


61/93

53

7,

D 2 F F0.25,1,3

Ma f eda bed 0.888 15.84 2.02 0.058

F 19, E H2

A f bed had a aeage a f aae 1,400 g, ad a haf bed had aae

haf f ha a. Fge 19 h ha he a f H2S eed f he bga a deede

he a ad e f TDRP ee. The chage ea caac he haf bed a hae

bee de a deceae he cac e, ad heefe, eaed he ad eac e.

Aed I ca he cee daa e acaed h Fge 19

2

Hdge fde ccea he bga f he WPCF a ca, ee e a

2.5 da a. Fge 20 h h he e H2S ccea chaged e he e ed ha

eee ee beg . A eca ead f daa dcae he age f H 2S ccea e

e . I f fa, , ad geae (FOG) g affeced hdge fde ccea.

FOG deee f Hc Pa, a ca eaa, ee ecded ad caed hdge

fde ccea. Fg FOG deee, he hdge fde ccea ded

ec (e he ce f e h) a h Tabe 8. Th effec a be eaed b

ceae ehae ad cab dde dc eadg he d f hdge fde.

= 0.0024 0.441

R = 0.8868

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

H2,

H2/D

D,

F bed

Haf bed


62/93

54

F 20, I H2

8, FG A CF D H2

FG D D FG H2 C

B D,

H2 C

A D,

3/26/2009 Hc Pa 262 125

5/20/2009 Hc Pa 414 261

7/15/2009 Hc Pa 551 175

10/21/2009 Hc Pa 1302 981

12/2/2009 Hc a 114 70

Adda, a fd ha he hghe he e ccea f H2S, he hghe he

a f H2S eed f he bga. A hghe e ccea ea ha hee a hghe

aa ee f H2S he ga ea, hch, a dced he The ec, ha bee fd

ceae ad. Fge 21 h h effec e f he a f H2S adg he

eda e he a f H2S eed e ga f eda. The faeg f h

he bea ha he a ad caac e he age beee 3 ad 5 g H2S/g

TDRP ORM.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

2/6/2009 3/28/2009 5/17/2009 7/6/2009 8/25/2009 10/14/2009 12/3/2009

H2C,

D


63/93

55

F 21, H2 H2

The f f bga hgh he eda bed caed a ee d ac he bed. Fge 22

h he ee d e he deh f he eda bed e he f f bga hgh he

e. A ca be ee Fge 22, aea a f ceag he f f bga hgh he e

caed a ceae ee d e he deh f he eda bed.

F 22, (/) .

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

0.0000 0.0500 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000 0.3500H2,

H2/D

H2/ D /

Uced HafBed Ca F

Bed Cac (30%) L Te (2030 F) Hgh Te (170 F)

MdTe (75 F) ORM

= 0.00182 + 0.0106 0.0063

R = 0.2283

0.005

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

,

/,/

F, L/


64/93

56

Hdge fde ad he aea a eed he cbbe e ee

a a ca TDRP ad ORM. See , a H2S adbe, a eed a. I

he a g ee , beahgh a edae. Afe he f a, he a f ee

ed a ceaed ad he f ae a deceaed ( a ceae he e bed cac e),

b beahgh cced edae. Theefe, de he eea cd

ee h d, TDRP ad ORM ee ch bee adbe f H2S.

Ga bead, hch eed a a e face, ee a eed f e a. Beahgh

cced edae, ahgh aae e hd f he a hgh he eee he

bead bega h e caac f H2S ea. Th a hgh be de ae

cdea he face f he ga bead. Hdge fde ca dcae ae ad

heefe eed f he ga ea. Th effec a a ee he eee hee he

aaed eda aeaed be eg H2S f he bga (a ca be ee he ga

beee e ad e H2S ccea a he ed f he eee h Fge 10). T

ee he a f H2S hgh be de e cdea Fge 10, ab 81 L f

ae cdea d be eeded.

Daa f hee a ca be fd Aed I.

The effec f TDRP ae (D4 ad D5) ea a eaaed b ag he bga

befe ad afe he cbbe (Tabe 9). F he f f e, e ga a aed

eabh he bacgd ccea, becae e ag e a aaabe. Baed

he e, he TDRP aae eed ece f 98% f he ae f he bga. ORM

a eed f ae ea.


65/93

57

9, D

D B C,

/3

B

C /3

4/25/2009 10.2 NTA

5/13/2009 1.12 NT5/14/2009 0.72 NT

5/18/2009 3.59 NT

7/20/2009 75.6 1.32

8/4/2009 91.9 0.310

Aeage Sadad Dea 30.52 41.69 0.815 0.714ANT = eed

Ug E. 24, he Fedch Ihe ca be f eeea daa f ORM ad TDRP.

Vae f Cead Xaee ae f he a daa, ceed aae , ad ed

g E. 24. The e ca be ee Fge 23 ad Fge 24. The daa ed f Fge 23 ad

Fge 24 ee che becae f he a eag cd each a. Thee eag

cd cded a bga f ae ea 3 L/, cac, a TDRP ORM bed e f

4,000 L (heefe a ae f TDRP ORM), ad eeae. Ihe ea he

eeae hed ca. I each f he a ed f he deea f Fge 23 ad Fge

24, he eeae a eae ca, ad 25C 3C.

F 23, F I 25C

= 1.0982 + 0.1234

R = 0.8451

4.5

4

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

(C,

H2/3)

(, H2/ )


66/93

58

F 24, F I D 25C

The a ad ceed daa ed Fge 23 ad Fge 24 ca be fd Aed I.

Ug he e ad ece f Fge 23 ad Fge 24, ad ae f ORM ad

TDRP ee cacaed. Thee e ae h Tabe 10.

10, F I 25C

ORM 1.328 1.098

TDRP 0.020 0.542

The ae ehd a decbed abe a ed aae he he a he

eeae. A decbed he Maea ad Mehd ec, he eeae c e

a e a 30F/1C ad 170F/77C f hee eee each TDRP. Thee eg aaed

eeae he cbbe f 1420C ad 4452C. Ug daa a hee aae

eeae, he f ad hgh eeae ee ceaed ad he Fedch

Ihe de f TDRP ca be ee Fge 25 ad Fge 26. Daa ed f bh f hee

fge ca be fd Aed I.

= 0.5418 1.7009

R = 0.8141

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

(C,

H2/3)

(, H2/ D)


67/93

59

F 25, F I D 1420C ( )

F 26, F I D 4452C ( )

Fge 25 f eeae h a afac cea f he Fedch de

he daa. Hee, Fge 26 f hgh eeae h a e cea f he de

he daa. Ufae, de e ca, adda daa f hgh eeae a abe

= 0.1901 3.6742

R = 0.8309

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00

(C,

H2/3)

(, H2/ D)

= 0.0265 3.4037

R = 0.0009

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00

(C,

H2/

3)

(, H2/ D)


68/93

60

be ceced. The ad Fedch ca ee cacaed f eeae, b a

hgh eeae, de he ac f cea f he de he daa. The ca f

eeae ae h Tabe 11.

11, F I D 1420C ( )

The Lag Ihe a a ed de he daa. Whe he Fedch Ihe

c f deg eeea daa de gg deea f ca, he Lag

Ihe de de he daa a ea. Hee, f he Lag Ihe a gd f he

eeea daa, he hee fhe edece ha he H2S ad cc a ae

e he eda. The daa a deed accdg he Lag Ihe decbed b E. 16. The

he f ORM ad TDRP a 25C ca be ee Fge 27 ad Fge 28.

F 27, L I 25C

= 239.21 + 549.47

R = 0.1757

0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20

C

/

C, H

2/3

TDRP 2.117E4 0.190


69/93

61

F 28, L I D 25C

A ca be ee Fge 27 ad Fge 28, he Lag Ihe de aea be a

gd f f he eeea daa a 25C. Th cd be becae he ad ae,

becae eeea daa ad he cd efeed h he e. Fge 29 ad

Fge 30 h he Lag Ihe f he daa a eeae (1420C) ad hgh

eeae (4452C). The Lag Ihe aea be a ch bee f a eeae.

Th gge ha ad a aca be ae ad ha he dceace ee he

de f a 25 a be de he efeece f he eeea cd. Hee, 3

daa ee ceced a bh ad hgh eeae ad heefe he dffeece he

de f a a be de he ac f ffce daa.

= 584.6 + 908.31

R = 0.1856

0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

1400.00

1600.00

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

C

/

C, H2/3


70/93

62

F 29, L I D 1420C ( )

F 30, L I D 4452C ( )

...

A decbed he The ec, he B.E.T. Mde ed de ad he hee

ae e ae f adbae ece he adbe face. The B.E.T. Mde decbed

E. 17. Hee, a a decbed ha ec, he B.E.T. Mde dffc eaae he

he a f he aa ee f he adbae he ga ea he a ee f he

adbae a he e eeae e ha 0.05. Th a a cacaed be aae

8.5 103f he hghe ccea eaed e he ce f h d, 1600 .

Theefe, a aeed f h de he eeea daa.

= 17790 12372

R = 0.9989

0.00

2000.00

4000.00

6000.00

8000.00

10000.00

12000.00

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40

C

/

C, /3

= 1171 181.02

R = 0.6106

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

800.00

900.00

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

C

/

C, /3


71/93

63

6.

The heeca de decbed b E. 25 he The chae (ad h aga be)

cfed he eeea e e f he effec f e bed cac e, eeae,

ad cac (b de) hdge fde ea. A ee E. 25, deceag he f

ae ( ), hch ceae he e bed c

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