6
Geotextiles and Geomembranes 5 (1987) 63-67 Technical Note Note on Planar Shear Between Geosynthetics and Construction Materials ABSTRACT The influence of different surface roughnesses on interracial shear between geosynthetics and various construction materials is discussed Interracial shear strength data for different combinations of materials are given Derivations of interfacial shear strength from mere characteristic values of ma terial are only possible to a limited extent Larger projects demand in situ tests to determine interfacial shear strengths at the expected operational norm al stress levels 1 INTRODUCTION Th e increasi ng use of geomembra nes and geotextiles in hydraulic structures, such as revetments, introduces the need to investigate the shear behaviour at the interface of geosynthetics and other construction materials. Shear tests performed on behalf of the VEB Spezialbaukombinat Wasserbau have produced a series of interesting results and led to the development of a new shear apparatus described elsewhere.~ In the test program 1.5 mm thick PVC or PE (polyethylene) film was used to model geomembranes and their frictional behaviour when shear against other construction materials including geotextiles. A range of non-woven geotextiles were employed with various thicknesses and mass per unit area and a brief summary s presented for the range of results obtained. 2 THEORETICAL ASPECTS In broad terms the contact surface between the geosynthetic and the construction material can be planar or undulating, as shown in Fig. 1.2,3 For 63 Geotextiles and Geomembranes 0266-1144/ 87/ 03.50 © Elsev ier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1987. Printed in Great Britain

A Note on Planar Shear Vetween Geosynthetics and Construction Materials

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Geotextiles and G eomem branes

5 (1987) 63-67

T e c h n i c a l N o t e

N o t e o n P l an a r S h e a r B e t w e e n G e o sy n t h e ti c s a n d

C o n s t r u c t i o n M a t er ia l s

A B S T R A C T

The inf luence of di f ferent surface roughnesses on interracial shear between

geo synth etics an d variou s construction materials is discussed Interracial

shear s t rength data for d i f fe ren t combinat ions o f mater ia ls are g iven

De rivatio ns o f interfacial shea r strength fro m me re characteristic values o f

ma ter ia l are on ly poss ib le to a l imi ted exten t Larger pro jec ts dem an d

in si tu

tests to determine interfacial shear strengths at the expected operational

no rm al s t ress leve ls

1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

T h e i n c r e a s in g u s e o f g e o m e m b r a n e s a n d g e o te x t il e s in h y d r a u l ic s t r u c tu r e s ,

s u c h a s r e v e t m e n t s , i n t ro d u c e s t h e n e e d t o i n ve s ti g at e th e s h e a r b e h a v i o u r

a t t h e i n t e r f a c e o f g e o s y n t h e t i c s a n d o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a ls . S h e a r

t es ts p e r f o r m e d o n b e h a l f o f t h e V E B S p e z i a l b a u k o m b i na t W a s s e r b a u h a v e

p r o d u c e d a s e ri e s o f in t e r e s t in g r es u lt s a n d l e d t o th e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n e w

s h e a r a p p a r a t u s d e s c r i b e d e ls e w h e r e .~ I n t h e t es t p r o g r a m 1.5 m m t h i c k

P V C o r P E ( p o l y e t h y le n e ) f i lm w a s u se d to m o d e l g e o m e m b r a n e s a n d t h e i r

f r i c t i o n a l b e h a v i o u r w h e n s h e a r a g a i n s t o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s

i n c l u d i n g g e o te x t il e s . A r a n g e o f n o n - w o v e n g e o te x t il e s w e r e e m p l o y e d

w i t h v a r i o u s t h i c k n e s se s a n d m a s s p e r u n it a r e a a n d a b r i e f s u m m a r y s

p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e r a n g e o f re s ul ts o b t a in e d .

2 T H E O R E T I C A L A S P E C T S

I n b r o a d t e r m s t h e c o n t a c t su r f a c e b e t w e e n t h e g e o s y n t h e t ic a n d t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l c a n b e p l a n a r o r u n d u l a t in g , a s s h o w n i n Fi g. 1.2,3 F o r

63

Geotextiles and Geomem branes

0266-1144/87/ 03.50 © Elsev ier Ap plied Sc ience Pub lishers

Ltd , E ngland, 1987. Printed in Great Britain

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64 Werner Weiss Christoph Batereau

~ ~ ~ . -4-

F i g 1 I n t e r l o c k i n g a t t h e i n te r f a c e b e t w e e n g e o s y n t h e t i c s a n d o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a ls

c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s p r e - c a s t c o n c r e t e b l o c k s s e r r a t i o n s o r

t o o t h i n g c a n b e i n t r o d u c e d t o p r o d u c e m e c h a n i c a l i n te r lo c k i n g . D e p e n d i n g

o n t h e n a t u r e o f th e c o n t a c t s u rf a ce t h e r e m a y b e

( i) f r ic t i o n w i t h o u t d e f o r m i n g o r d e s t ro y i n g th e s u r f a c e s o f t h e m a t e r i a ls ;

( i i ) f r i c t i o n w i t h p a r t i a l o r c o m p l e t e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e

m a t e r i a l s .

C l e a r l y , i n a g i v e n s i t u a ti o n , t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h o f t h e i n t e r f a c e w il l i n c r e a s e

a s t h e d e g r e e o f t o o t h i n g o r i n t e r lo c k i n g i n cr e as e s. T h e n u m b e r o f v ar ia b l e s

a f f e c t i n g i n t e r f a c i a l s h e a r s t r e n g t h b e h a v i o u r s h o w s t h a t t h e i n t e r f a c i a l

s h e a r s t r e n g t h e s t a b l i s h e d b y t es t w i ll r e f e r t o t h e s p e c if ic m o d e l c a s e o n l y .

T h e e f f e c t s o f s tr e s s l e v e l, s u r fa c e r o u g h n e s s o f p r e f a b r i c a t e d c o n c r e t e s l a bs

a n d t h e g r a d i n g o f n o n - c o h e s i v e so il g r a in s r e sp e c t iv e l y h a v e b e e n c o n -

s i d e r e d e l s e w h e r e . 2 ~ T h e o re ti ca l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g c a s e l ( b ) , F i g. l ,

a r e r e p o r t e d i n R e f . ( 5) .

P o s s i b l e i n t e r l o c k i n g a t t h e i n t e r f a c e o f g e o s y n t h e t i c s a n d o t h e r c o n -

s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s s te m s f r o m :

( i) u n d u l a t i o n s i n b e d d i n g m a t e r i a l ( F ig . l ( a ) ) ;

( ii ) t o o t h i n g b y c o a r s e c o n t a c t m a t e r i a l o n b o t h s id e s ( F ig . l ( b ) ) ;

( ii i) e m b o ss i n g d u e t o n o r m a l s t re s s ( F ig . l ( c ) ) ;

( i v ) i n t e r l o c k w i t h a n g u l a r f i l l , o r r o u g h c o n c r e t e su r f a c e s , o r s i n g l e

p a r t i c l e s .

3 T E S T I N G P R O C E D U R E A N D R E S U L T S

T e s t i n g t o d e t e r m i n e i n t e rf a c i al s h e a r b e h a v i o u r w a s c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g a

s p e c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d f ia t s h e a r d e v i c e 1 w h i c h w a s l o a d ( st re s s ) c o n t r o l l e d .

L o a d i n g w a s a p p l i e d i n tw e n t y in c r e m e n t s u n ti l f a il u re o c c u r r e d . N o r m a l

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T e c h n i c a l n o t e 65

s t r e ss e s i n th e r a n g e 5 k P a t o 50 k P a w e r e e m p l o y e d t o b o t h d r y a n d s a tu r a t e d

s a m p l e s . T h e i n t e r l o c k i n g e f fe c t s s h o w n i n F i g . l a ) a n d b ) w e r e n o t c o n -

s i d e r e d s i n c e t h e g e o s y n t h e t i c s w e r e m o u n t e d i n a p l a n ar s u r fa c e i n t h e s h e a r

a p p a r a t u s . I n p r a c ti c e t h e r e a r e u n d u l a t i o n s i n b e d d i n g a n d f il l m a t e r i a l

w h i c h g i v e r i s e t o a h i g h e r s h e a r s t r e n g t h t h a n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e s

o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e a b o v e l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g . C o n s e q u e n t l y d e s i g n b a s e d o n

t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e s m a y b e c o n s e r v a t i v e . A n o t h e r f a c t o r n o t

a c c o u n t e d f o r in t h e l a b or a to r y t e st s i s c r e e p in th e g e o s y n t h e t i c . H o w e v e r

c r e e p d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e l i k e ly t o b e s m a l l a n d ar e t h e r e f o r e n e g l e c t e d .

T a b l e s 1 t o 3 p r e s e n t t h e o b s e r v e d r a n g e o f i n te r r ac i al s h e a r st r e n g t h

v a l u e s o f f r e q u e n t l y u s e d m a t e r ia l c o m b i n a t i o n s . T a b l e 4 d e s c r ib e s t h e

p r o p e r t i e s o f g e o t e x t i l e s u s e d i n t h e t es ts .

F i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e d t h a t s l o p e s w i t h a d e s i g n f a c t o r o f s a f e t y o f

u n i t y , b a s e d o n t h e a b o v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o e f f i c i e n t s , w e r e s t a b l e . T h i s

c o n f i r m s t h e c a s e f o r

n s t u

t e s t i n g o f a c t u a l s y s t e m s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

p r e v a i l i n g s h e a r c h a r a c te r i st ic s .

T A B L E 1

C o e f f i c i e n t s o f l n t e r fa c i a l S h e a r Be t w e e n S m o o t h P o l y e t h y l e n e F il m a n d D i f fe r e n t

Cons truct ion Mater ia l s

a t e r i a l in contact w i t h

P I~lm

oefficients o f interracials h e a r

Dry Saturated

G e o t e x t i l es n o n w o v e n ) 0.20 0.25 0.16

Sil t

0.30 0 40

S a n d

0.25 0 45 0.2 0 0.4 0

P r e f a b r i c a t e d c o n c r e t e s la b

0 30 0.40 0.25 0.40

T A B L E 2

C o e f f i c i e n t s o f I n t er r a c ia l S h e a r Be t w e e n S m o o t h P V C F i l m a n d D i f f e r e n t C o n s t r u c t i o n

Mater ia l s

a t er i a l n c o n t a c t with

PV i lm

oefficients o f interfacial shear

Dry S a t u r a t e d

N o n w o v e n

0 30 0.45 0 25 0.45

Sil t 0.35 0.50

S a n d 0 50 0.60 0.40 0.50

P r e f a b r i c a t e d c o n c r e t e s l ab 0 . 5 0 - 1 . 0 0 0 - 5 0 - 1 . 0 0

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66 W erner Weiss , Chr i s toph Ba tereau

T A B L E 3

Coef f i c ien t s o f In t e r rac i a l Shear Be tween Non-w oven Geo tex t il e s and Di f f e ren t

Con st ruct ion Mater ia ls

M aterial in contac t wi th Coef f ic ients o f in terracial shea r

no n-w ove n geo tex t il e sa turated)

0.27--0-40

o n - w o v e n g e o t e x ti le

(dep ends on k ind of fi b res )

P re fab r i ca t ed concre t e s l ab

S m o o t h

R o u g h

No n-co hesiv e soi l (d~ = 63/~m)

d~o = 0 .2 -2 .0 mm

d~o = 2.0-5-0 mm

d~o = 5.0-10.0 mm

0.45-0.60

0-60--0.80

0.70

0.60

0-50

Th e non -coh esive soi l com prises sm ooth rou nded part ic les .

T A B L E

Prope r t ies of Geo text i les Used in the Tests

T h i c k n e s s a P o r e d i a m e t e r

D e s i g n a ti o n m m ) 0 9 0

turn)

P o l y m e r f i b r e

W T 5 2-7

W T 6 3 .4

P 10 5.2

Te s tm at 1 3 -1

Te s tm at 2 3 .2

Te s tm at 3 3 .2

0-07

0.06

0.25

50 po lyes t e r

50 polyvinyl chlor ide

50 po lyes t e r

50 polyvinyl chlor ide

100 po lyamide

100 po lyamide

100 polyes ter

100 polyvinyl chlor ide

a U nd er a ver t ica l s tress of 20 kN /m 2.

C O N C L U S I O N S

L a b o r a t o r y t e s t s u s i n g p l a n a r g e o s y n t h e t i c s s h e a r e d a g a i n s t v a r io u s

c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s a l l o w t h e f o l lo w i n g c o n c lu s i o n s t o b e d r a w n :

( i ) F r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s g i v e n i n t h e T a b l e s c a n b e u s e d f o r r o u g h

c a l c u l a t i o n s i n t h e n o r m a l s t r e ss r a n g e o f 5 t o 50 k P a .

( i i ) T h e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f m a t e r i a l s te s t e d in t h e l a b o r a t o r y w e r e o f

l i m i t e d e x t e n t o n l y a n d t h e r e f o r e i n s i t u t e s t s w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y t o

c o n f i r m i n it ia l d e s i g n a s s u m p t i o n s .

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Technical note

67

ii i )

In s i tu

t e s t s s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t a t n o r m a l s t r e s s l e v e l s p r e v a i l i n g

in t h e f i n is h e d w o r k s . E x t r a p o l a t i o n b e y o n d t h e r a n g e o f n o r m a l

s t r e s s e s s h o u l d o n l y b e t o a l i m i t e d e x t e n t . 2

R E F E R E N C E S

I . Ba t e re au , Ch . , Bes t imm ung de r Grenzf l~ i chenscherfest igke it zwi schen

K u n s t s to f f u n d L o c k e r g e s t e in . Bauinformation W issenschaft un d Technik, 25 3)

1982) 27-8.

2 . Ba t e rea u , Ch . , Z u r Norm al spannungsabh /ing igke i t de r Grenzf l / ichenscher -

fes t igkei t . Neue Bergbautechnik, 12 9) 1982) 506-8.

3 . R i c h t e r , H . - C h . , G l e it - u n d S c h e r v e r h a lt e n e b e n e r u n d u n e b e n e r m e c h a n i s c h

w i r k s a m e r T r e n n f l/ ic h e n . Zeitschrift far angewandte Geologie, 18 6) 1972)

258-62.

4 . F o rm az in , J . and B a t e reau , Ch . , Das S cher fes ti gke i t sve rha l t en un t e r sch i ed -

l icher M ater ia l ien a n d er Oberfl~iche von G eotex t i l ien . Pro c. Int . Conf. o f Soil

M echanics an d Foundation Eng ineering, San Francisco, 5 2) 1985) 1773-5.

5 . L y s e n k o , V . P . , Z u r F r a g e d es R e i b u n g sm e c h a n i s m u s n i c h tb i n d ig e r B 6 d e n a u f

p o l y m e r e n D i c h t u n g s b a h n e n v o n E r d b a u w e r k e n . Mittei lungen des VNIIG

Leningrad 1977)

119.

W erner W eiss and Chr i s toph a tereau

H o c h sc h u l e f i ir Arc h i t e k t u r u n d B a u w e se n W e i m a r ,

Kar l -Marz-Pla t z 2 ,

5 3 We i m a r ,

G e r m a n D e m o c r a t ic R e p u b l i c