A New Vision The Turn of the Century. The Turn of the Century 1880-1920 Most distinctive and...
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A New Vision The Turn of the Century. The Turn of the Century 1880-1920 Most distinctive and stimulation moment in architectural history – Architectural
The Turn of the Century 1880-1920 Most distinctive and
stimulation moment in architectural history Architectural theories
and slogans were formulated Extraordinary masterpieces in
architecture changed the shape of towns and cities Cities in Europe
and America grew Sophisticated technologies were developed rapidly
Music and visual arts were as lively as ever
Slide 3
The Great War 1914-18 World War I broke out in Europe Growing
self-confidence in the capability and resources of America
Slide 4
Chicago 1880s-90s Architectural revolution Chicago School Henry
Hobson Richardson 1838-1886 Worked for Labrouste in Paris Returned
to America after the civil war Started his architectural practice
by winning a design competition in 1866 Henri Labrouste
Slide 5
Marshall Field Warehouse Chicago USA 1885-7 Henry Hobson
Richardson Model for new generation of Chicago architects
Richardsons personal heavy style
Slide 6
Crane Library Quincy Massachusetts USA 1880-3 Henry Hobson
Richardson Crane Library, one of Richardsons most celebrated
projects, is also among his simplest and smallest public buildings.
The library proves that even the bold, masculine Richardsonian
Romanesque style can seem quiet and contemplative Design is
informal Skillful combination of mass and line with heavy
details
Slide 7
Crane Library Quincy Massachusetts USA 1880-3 Henry Hobson
Richardson
Slide 8
Chicago Fire 1871 Destroyed the city of Chicago including the
cast iron buildings which were not fireproofed Gave the opportunity
and challenge for architects to design buildings which dispensed of
historical styles This set the scene for the Modern movement in
architecture
Slide 9
1 st Definitive Skyscraper Home Insurance Building, Chicago
1883-5 William le Baron Jenney Fireproof construction Metal frame
clad in brick masonry Traditional detailing in its exterior is
evident
Slide 10
Architectural Firms Skyscraper projects were taken on by
architectural firms Burnham and Root Holabird and Roche Adler and
Sullivan These firms effectively established the Chicago School and
essential outlines of the twentieth century commercial
architecture
Slide 11
Elevator Invented in 1852 Made widely available by Siemens
invention of the electric elevator in 1880 Outstanding among the
early skycrapers in Chicago were the Monadnock Building designed by
Burnham & Root 1884-91 Solid masonry construction The Reliance
Building also designed by Burnham & Root 1890-4 Metal Frame
Construction
Slide 12
Monadnock Building Construction start: 1889 Construction
finish: 1891 Designed by: Burnham & Root Renovated: 1893 by
Holabird & Roche Type: Skyscraper Stories: 17 Maximum Height:
197 feet / 60 meters
Slide 13
The Reliance Building 1890-4 Chicago Burnham and Root
Slide 14
Louis Sullivan 1856-1924 One of the most cultivated of all
American architects Most intense and logical architect of his
generation His designs became the prototype for countless 20 th
century offices and department stores Guaranty Building Exterior
View and detail Chicago Louis Sullivan
Slide 15
Louis Sullivan 1856-1924 Sullivans principle, inherited from 19
th century theorists, that form follows function became a slogan
for many years to come Carson Pirie Scott Chicago Louis Sullivan,
1899-1904
Slide 16
Principal Materials Steel, which was pioneered in Britain and
brought into general use in America Reinforced concrete, which was
developed in France By 1892 Francois Hennebique perfected a system
for the best location of steel reinforcement in concrete The
combination of the compressive strength of concrete and the tensile
strength of steel was one of the turning points in architectural
history
Slide 17
Saint Jean de Montmartre Church Paris Anatole de Baudot
Reinforced Concrete Construction Anatole de Baudot was a pupil of
Viollet-le-Duc Followed his masters ideal of using modern
technology to develop further traditional structural principles
Starting from Neo Gothic to Neo- classical He reduced the
traditional forms in the classical styles to its essentials
Elimination of unnecessary details and expression of structure are
basic in understanding modern architecture
Slide 18
25bis Rue Franklin Paris, France 1903 Auguste Perret
Slide 19
Auguste Perret 1874-1954 He realized that the eight-storey
frame made load-bearing walls unnecessary The building could have
an open space inside Placed cladding on the frame with decorated
tiles with flower motif Structural elements are freely expressed,
razor- sharp and deeply modelled to give a well-defined vertical
movement to the building
Slide 20
Notre Dame du Raincy Auguste Perret Raincy, France
Exterior
Slide 21
Notre Dame du Raincy Auguste Perret Raincy, France Segmental
vaults of in situ reinforced concrete were elegantly supported on a
few slender shafts New light and airy space was encircled by non-
load-bearing screen walls of pre-cast concrete units filled with
coloured glass
Slide 22
Art Nouveau The French delight in decorative detail led to the
creation of a new kind of expressive space Art Nouveau Whiplash of
line Abstracted biological and botanical decoration Asymmetry and a
wide repertoire of materials Hector Guimard, Paris Metro
entrance
Slide 23
Staircase and Entrance Hotel Tassel 1892-3 Brussels Victor
Horta
Slide 24
Hotel Tassel Brussels Victor Horta
Slide 25
Sagrada Familia Barcelona Spain Antonio Gaudi Modernismo
Slide 26
Sagrada Familia Barcelona Spain Antonio Gaudi Art Nouveau in
Spain was known as Modernismo In Sagrada Familia, Antonio Gaudi
took over a new Gothic design by another architect and transformed
it into a huge cathedral The Nativity faade was completed during
his lifetime Over 107 metres high Finished at the top with finials
of glass, ceramic and tile
Slide 27
Casa Batllo Barcelona Spain Antonio Gaudi House of Bones
Structural members are bone-like in shape
Slide 28
Casa Mila Barcelona, Spain Antonio Gaudi Used parabolic arches
and has an amazing multi- leveled roofscape
Slide 29
Casa Mila Barcelona, Spain Antonio Gaudi Interior has no right
angles Used parabolic arches
Slide 30
Santa Coloma de Cervello Crypt 1898-1917 Barcelona, Spain
Antonio Gaudi Elaboration of natural forms No buttresses are
necessary, as in Gothic structures, as the structural members are
at the correct angle and slope to resist the load
Slide 31
Santa Coloma de Cervello Barcelona, Spain Antonio Gaudi
Favorite shapes: Paraboloid, Hyperboloid and Helicoid Shapes found
in nature
Slide 32
William Morris 1834-96 Major figure in the promotion of the
Arts and Craft movement in the second half of the nineteenth
century He saw the style as a social programme as much as it is an
artistic style
Slide 33
Red House Bexley Heath London 1859-60 Philip Webb Medieval in
style but contemporary in its frank expression of materials Made of
brick and tile, sparse in detail, substantial in construction and
homely in appearance Precursor of the functional architecture of
the modern movement
Slide 34
Viceroys House for the new capital of India New Delhi India Sir
Edwin Lutyens
Slide 35
The materials are used in a natural way and frankly expressed
He made access and entry to his houses an adventure filled with
surprises through changes in directions before entering the main
room
Slide 36
Glasgow School of Arts, Library 1907 Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Used verticals, horizontals and gentle curves in timber to work out
a richly decorative space defined and shaped by columns, beams,
cover plates and hanging frets All architectural details were his
own design
Slide 37
Majolica House 1898 Vienna Otto Wagner Majolica House Plain,
dignified and finely proportioned The decorative majolica spreads
right across the upper four floors in coloured tiles
Slide 38
s Town Hall 1904-23 Stockholm Ragnar Ostberg
Slide 39
Robie House 1908-9 Chicago Frank Lloyd Wright
Slide 40
Martin House 1904 Buffalo Frank Lloyd Wright
Slide 41
Falling Water 1935-7 Pennsylvania Frank Lloyd Wright