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A New Tool for Historians of Science: Citations and Co-Citations in Scientific Correspondences. Yves Gingras Canada Research Chair History and Sociology of Science. Correspondance de Mersenne. Périod= 1617-1648 Correspondents= 88 Letters= 1880 Citations= 3481 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A New Tool for Historians of Science: Citations and Co-Citations in Scientific
Correspondences
Yves GingrasCanada Research Chair
History and Sociology of Science
Correspondance de Mersenne
• Périod = 1617-1648
• Correspondents = 88
• Letters = 1880
• Citations = 3481
• Co-citations = 5827
Distribution géographique des correspondants de Mersenne
Ucinet Matrix of co-citations in Mersenne
Co-citation network in Mersenne(1617-1648)
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1617-1631) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b) (cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1632-1636) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b) (cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1637-1641) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b) (cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1642-1648)(20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b) (cit a * cit b)½
1620-1629 1630-1639 1640-1649
rang nom N. co-cit rang nom N. co-cit rang nom N. co-cit
1 Aristote 34 1 Galilée 303 1 Descartes 563
2 Horace 27 2 Gassendi(Pierre) 224 2 Roberval (Gilles Personnne de) 426
3 Gueneau 20 3 Roberval (Gilles Personnne de) 201 3 Galilée 358
4 Virgile 19 4 Beaugrand (Jean de) 168 4 Gassendi(Pierre) 354
4 Euclide 19 5 Fermat 150 5 Huygens (Constantin) 230
5 Amama 18 6 Morin(Jean-Baptiste) 147 6 Torricelli (Evangelista) 220
6 Descartes 17 7 Hardy (Claude) 142 7 Hobbes (Thomas) 205
6 Mydorge(Claude) 17 8 Descartes 138 8 Saumaise (Claude) 198
6 Gassendi(Pierre) 17 9 Petit (Pierre) 134 9 Fermat 190
7 Beeckman (Isaac) 16 10 Desargues (Girard) 126 10 Archimède 180
8 Apollonius de Perge 15
8 Golius (Jacques) 15
9 Platon 14
10 Levasseur 12
10 Augustin 12
Changing centrality of actors in Mersenne’s correspondence
Oldenburg Correspondence
• Périod = 1641-1677
• correspondents = 145
• letters = 3296
• citations = 6842
• co-citations = 15783
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1656-1677)
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1656-1677)(n>24 co-citations)
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1656-1677)(n> 39 co-citations)
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1654-1667)(20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Huygens, Christiaan
Hooke, Robert
Hevelius, Johannes
De Son
Auzout, Adrien
Kircher, Athanasius
Boyle, Robert
Moray, Robert
Brouncker, William
Wallis, John
Wilkins, John
Wren, Christopher
Louis XIV, King of France
Charles I I , King of England
Descartes, René
Munster, Christophe Bernhard Galen
Sprat, Thomas
Norm = N cocit (a,b) (cit a * cit b)½
Wallis, John
Barrow, IsaacWren, ChristopherBoyle, Robert
Huygens, Christiaan
Gregory, James
Cassini, Giovanni
Auzout, Adrien
Collins, John
Lower, Richard
Hooke, Robert
Justel, Henri
Brouncker, William
Sprat, Thomas
Mercator, Nicholas
Malpighi, Marcello
Dulaurens, François
Wilkins, John
Willis, Thomas
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1668-1670)(20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Norm = N cocit (a,b) (cit a * cit b)½
Newton, Isaac
Morland, Samuel
Willis, Thomas
Boyle, Robert
Malpighi, Marcello
Grew, Nehemiah
Flamsteeed, John
Cassini, Giovanni
Pardies, Ignace-Gaston
Huygens, Christiaan
Picard, Jean
Wallis, John
Hevelius, Johannes
Collins, John
Sluse, René François de
Ray, John
Lister, Martin
Hooke, Robert
Descartes, René
Brouncker, William
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1671-1673)(20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Norm = N cocit (a,b) (cit a * cit b)½
Newton, Isaac
Gregory, James
Hooke, Robert
Brouncker, William
Collins, John
Descartes, René
Willis, Thomas
Grew, Nehemiah
Malpighi, Marcello
Boyle, Robert
Flamsteeed, John
Cassini, Giovanni
Wallis, John
Picard, Jean
Boulliaud, Ismael
Justel, Henri
Huygens, Christiaan
Jessop, Francis
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1674-1677)(20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Norm = N cocit (a,b) (cit a * cit b)½
1650-1659 1660-1669 1670-1679
rang nom N. co-cit rang nom N. co-cit rang nom N. co-cit
1 Jones, Richard 38 1 Wallis, John 663 1 Boyle, Robert 1180
2 Descartes, René 34 2 Hooke, Robert 558 2 Wallis, John 864
3 Boyle, Robert 24 3 Boyle, Robert 528 3 Huygens, Christiaan 709
3 Huygens, Christiaan 24 4 Huygens, Christiaan 524 4 Hooke, Robert 669
4 Roberval, Gilles Personne de 23 5 Auzout, Adrien 483 5 Collins, John 526
5 Poleman, Joachim 20 6 Brouncker, William 443 6 Newton, Isaac 514
5 Louis XIV, King of France 20 7 Hevelius, Johannes 405 7 Cassini, Giovanni 513
5 Charles II, King of England 20 8 Wren, Christopher 337 8 Hevelius, Johannes 420
5 Willis, Thomas 20 9 Cassini, Giovanni 281 9 Barrow, Isaac 410
6 Pascal, Blaise 19 10 Sprat, Thomas 240 10 Descartes, René 406
7 Boulliaud, Ismael 18
7 Cromwell, Olivier 18
8 Beale, John 17
8 Borel, Pierre 17
9 Galilei, Galileo 16
10 Petit, Pierre 15
Changing Centrality in Oldenburg
Correspondance de Darwin
• Périod = 1821-1867
• correspondents = 3804
• Letters = 5918
• Citations = 18697
• Co-citations = 71198
Darwin’s correspondents (1821-31)
Darwin’s correspondents (1832-36)
Darwin’s correspondents (1832-36)
Darwin’s correspondents (1837-48)
Darwin’s correspondents (1837-47)
Darwin’s correspondents (1848-58)
Darwin’s correspondents (1848-58)
Darwin’s correspondents (1859-67)
Darwin’s correspondents (1859-67)
Darwin’s correspondents (1859-67)
Annual number of letters and cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence
Average number of of persons cited per letter in Darwin’s correspondence
Most cited authors in Darwin’s correspondence
5 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence(excluding familly)
10 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence (excluding familly)
10 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence
Scientists in redFamily in blue
Darwin, Robert WaringDarwin, Susan Elizabeth
Lyell, Charles
Huxley, Thomas HenryHooker, Joseph Dalton
Owen, Richard
Falconer, Hugh
Darwin, EmmaDarwin, Henrietta Emma
FitzRoy, Robert
Lyell, Mary Elizabeth
Henslow, John Stevens
Gray, Asa
Hooker, Frances Harriet
Lubbock, John William
Forbes, Edward
Bentham, George
Darwin, Leonard
Owen, William Mostyn, Sr
Parker, Marianne
Darwin, William Erasmus
Williams, Sarah Harriet
Langton, Charlotte
Candolle, Alphonse de
Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe
Murray, John
Biddulph, Fanny Myddelton
Oliver, Daniel
Wedgwood, Josiah, II
Wedgwood, Sarah Elizabeth (a) ou (b)
Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de
Darwin, Horace
Hooker, William Jackson
Darwin, George Howard
Bates, Henry Walter
Eyton, Thomas Campbell
Fox, William Darwin
Carpenter, William Benjamin
Wedgwood, Emma
Langton, Charles
Wallace, Alfred Russel
Biddulph, Robert Myddelton
Darwin, Francis Darwin
Henslow, Harriet
Jenyns, Leonard
Owen, Francis Mostyn
Ramsay, Andrew Crombie
Wedgwood, Hensleigh and Fanny
Nancy
Sedgwick, Adam
Owen, Fanny Mostyn
Wedgwood, Hensleigh
King, Phillip Parker
Lindley, John
Wilberforce, Samuel
Parker, Robert
Wedgwood, S. E.
Wedgwood, Caroline Sarah
Langton, Charlotte and Charles
Scott, John
Brown, Robert
Parker, Henry Owen, Caroline Mostyn
Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de
Murchison, Roderick ImpeyWatson, Hewett Cottrell
Wedgwood, Josiah, III
Owen, Harriet Elizabeth MostynWedgwood, Henry Allen
Kölreuter, Joseph Gottlieb
Gärtner, Karl Friedrich von
Owen, Arthur Mostyn
Prestwich, Joseph
Tyndall, John
Wickham, John Clements
Busk, George
Beaufort, Francis
Sulivan, Bartholomew James
Holland, Henry
Hooker, Charles Paget
Hooker, William Henslow
Balfour, John Hutton
McNab, James
Harvey, William Henry
Dana, James Dwight
Lubbock, Ellen Frances
Bell, Thomas
Wedgwood, Henry Allen and Jessie
Naudin, Charles VictorThomson, Thomas Boott, Francis
Chambers, Robert
Darwin, Anne Elizabeth
Darwin, Erasmus Alvey
Biddulph, Charlotte Myddelton
OBrien, Mary Henrietta
Fox, Harriet
Hooker, Reginald Hawthorn
Wollaston, Thomas Vernon
Horner, Leonard
Spencer, Herbert
Hopkins, William
Smith, John
Wedgwood, Frances Emma Elizabeth
Wedgwood, Jessie
Wyman, Jeffries
Biddulph, Fanny and Robert Myddelton
Gully, James ManbyWedgwood, Robert
Wedgwood, Francis
Fox, Samuel
Fox, Ann
Haast, John Francis Julius von
Herschel, John Frederick William
Sabine, Edward
Waterhouse, George Robert
Leighton, ClareOwen, Emma Mostyn
Atherley, George
Peacock, George
Gray, John EdwardHeer, Oswald
Herbert, John Maurice
Hooker, Brian Harvey Hodgson
Tylor, Edward Burnett
Gray, Jane Loring
Hooker, Maria
Huxley, Henrietta Anne
Jukes, Joseph Beete
Martineau, Harriet
Cuvier, Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric
Williams, Edward Hosier
Anderson, Thomas
Whewell, William
Buckland, William
Pictet de la Rive, François Jules
Baer, Karl Ernst von
Berthelot, Sabin
Webb, Philip Barker
Bronn, Heinrich Georg
Busk, Ellen
Butler, Samuel
Campbell, George Douglas
Corfield, Richard Henry
Edward
Hope, Frederick William
Covington, Syms
Murray, Andrew
Phillips, John
Horner, Anne Susan
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried
Lane, Edward Wickstead
Westwood, John ObadiahParslow, Joseph
Co-citations network in Darwin (n>7)1821-1867
FAMILLE
SCIENTIFIQUES
Darwin, Robert Waring
Darwin, Susan ElizabethLyell, Charles
Huxley, Thomas Henry
Hooker, Joseph Dalton
Owen, RichardFalconer, Hugh
Darwin, Emma
Darwin, Henrietta Emma
FitzRoy, Robert
Lyell, Mary Elizabeth
Henslow, John Stevens
Gray, Asa
Hooker, Frances Harriet
Réseau de co-citations dans Darwin (35 co-cit et plus)
Co-citation network (1821-31)(n>3)
Co-citation network (1832-36)(n>3)
Co-citation network (1837-47)(n>3)
Co-citation network (1848-58)(n>3)
Co-citation network (1859-67)(n>3)
Centrality 1821-29 1830-39 1840-49 1850-58 1859-671 Darwin, Robert Waring Darwin, Robert Waring Darwin, Emma Lyell, Charles Huxley, Thomas Henry2 Darwin, Susan Elizabeth Darwin, Susan Elizabeth Lyell, Charles Hooker, Joseph Dalton Lyell, Charles3 Owen, Fanny Mostyn FitzRoy, Robert Darwin, Robert Waring Darwin, Emma Hooker, Joseph Dalton4 Owen, William Mostyn, Sr Owen, William Mostyn, Sr Forbes, Edward Owen, Richard Gray, Asa5 Parker, Marianne Henslow, John Stevens Henslow, John Stevens Hooker, Frances Harriet Owen, Richard