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A New Nation & NC Grows
America and North Carolina
1790’s-1850
1789- 1796GEORGE WASHINGTON
• First President of the United States
• Whiskey Rebellion – tax on homemade whiskey– Hurt NC farmers -couldn’t ship
crops b/c of bad transportations corn whiskey was more portable
– Farmers rebelled in NC and PA. Washington sent Federal troops to PA. Tax repealed.
• First political parties– 1. Federalists – believed in
strong national government controlled by the wealthy elite
– 2. Democratic-Republicans (Anti-Federalist)– believed in a limited national government run by all men.
1790
• Washington D.C. is established as the capital of the United States, replacing New York.
1797-1801JOHN ADAMS
2nd President of the U.S.• XYZ Affair – 1798 –
French wanted bribes to negotiate with America – led to undeclared war
• Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 – allowed the President to deport foreign citizens and made it illegal to criticize government policies.
1801- 1809
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the U.S.• Purchases New Orleans from France
-Port of New Orleans- importantconnection to Mississippi River (key for transporting goods to trade)
• Louisiana Purchase– 1803- Paid France $15 million - Benefits: Doubled size of USA & ensured access to Gulf of Mexico- Consequences: Much of land sold by France wasn’t actually theirs to sell=years of fighting with Native Americans over land; question of slavery in new territory
- Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-1806) Meriwether Lewis/William Clark look for water route to Pacific, Sacagawea
-Pike’s Expedition – 1806 – Zebulon Pike.
Meriwether Lewis William Clark
Sacagawea
James Madison
4th President of U.S.• Britain & France seized
American ships and impressed American soldiers
• British aid Native Americans
in Ohio Valley (CTF-pg 310)
• These lead to War of 1812
1809-1817
War of 1812• 1812-1814 between U.S.
and Great Britain– Fought over border disputes,
trade problems and impressment
• U.S. Wins – Andrew Jackson- best U.S.
general
• Results -Republican party gains power -patriotism
-strong national identity
-America gains respect from
other nations
How did the decisions of
President Madison, related to protecting American ships and settlers, affect the United States?
James Monroe• 5th president• Florida added in 1819
– treaty with Spain
• Missouri Compromise (1820)– Henry Clay
• Revolutions in Latin American countries (Mexico, Argentina Columbia)
– freed land from Spain’s control which gave independence
• Monroe Doctrine – Stated that U.S. will not permit
European Nations to colonize or interfere with the Americas
– Sent message to Europe that US was a strong nation
1817-1825
Missouri Compromise
1829-1837Andrew Jackson
• 7th president
• Spoils system-Rewarding supporters with government jobs
• Nullification Crisis-SC outraged by tariff passed -raised taxes on imports- believed could nullify (cancel) federal law they considered unconstitutional
• Indian Removal Act
• Trail of Tears
Indian Removal (1830’s)
• Indian Removal Act– Authorized the removal
of all Indians east of the Mississippi to reservations in the West
• Trail of Tears– US moves Cherokee to
Oklahoma– ¼ of 18,000 died-not
enough food, or shelter, or medical care provided
Westward Expansion1820-1860
• Manifest Destiny– belief shared by many Americans that the US should expand
across the continent to the Pacific Ocean spreading American democratic, economic and religious values
Opportunities• land ownership,• economic gain• gold rush • freedom for runaway
slaves• religious refuge for Mormons
Challenges• struggles with Native Americans • issue of slavery• tough lifestyle for
settlers• difficult travel
• Oregon Trail (Mountain Men)• Santa Fe Trail• Immigrants moved west following these trails to settle
in California, Oregon and other western areas.• Donner Party
Texas Independence 1836
• Texas becomes an independent country, breaking away from Mexico – joins the US in 1845
• Battle of the Alamo
War with Mexico – 1846-1848
• United States defeats Mexico in war
• Gains all of the Southwest part of America – California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, parts of Texas
Economic Growth
• Gold1. Gold found in NC (1824-1850)
– First gold ever found in US– Gave NC experience w/ industry
2. California Gold Rush– Thousands of people head to CA
after gold discovered in 1848– CA has tremendous population
growth – leads to Compromise of 1850
– 49’ers
• Businesses supplying settlers and others on the frontier could charge higher prices due to lack of competition
Group Contributions during Westward Expansion
• Mountain men-– Oregon Trail
• 49’ers- – damage to Californios
disease & loss of land ownership
• Missionaries – brought diseases to Native
Americans, opened West to settlement
• Pioneer women – established schools, libraries,
& charitable groups,
• Mormons-Farming methods -established a Salt Lake City -became crucial stop for travelers going west-religion
• Chinese- -labor force- shared Chinese culture
• Western women-1st to gain the right to vote and had many freedoms
NORTH VS. SOUTH
INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION• Time period beginning in Mid 1700’s when
people began to focus on use of machines to help speed up manufacturing and production.
• Began in England– Textile Industry• Technology – Tools and machinery used to
produce goods• New Methods
– Mass Production- making of large numbers of identical goods
– Interchangeable parts- system in which each particular part of a product would be made exactly the same way
FACTORY WORKERS
• Many Women – Lowell System• Small Children – Rhode Island System• Many employees worked long shifts doing
dangerous jobs for low pay and benefits• Labor Unions
– Worker organizations to get better pay and conditions-strikes and lawsuits
Transportation• Transportation Revolution
– Period during the early 1800’s in which transportation in the US was rapidly improved.
• Steam power– Steamboat-Robert Fulton improved the steamboat making traveling easier. Connected the North to the South
-Steam Locomotive- much faster to travel by land. (east to Se
• 30,000 Miles of railroad in use by 1860• 1st transcontinental line finished in 1861
COMMUNICATION
• Telegraph (1832) – invented by Samuel Morse Invents– Allows messages to
be sent instantly– Morse Code– 1844 1st message sent
between two locations
AGRICULTURAL AND HOME IMPROVEMENTS
• Steel plow– 1837 JOHN DEERE• Mechanical Reaper
– Invented by Cyrus McCormick (& Jo Anderson- a slave) began to be massed produced in 1850’s
– Used to cut down/separate grain– Increased output of crops
• Sewing Machine-1846 – Elias Howe & Isaac
• Iceboxes – 1830’s• Iron cook stoves• Clocks• Indoor plumbing
North Carolina
Eastern Prosperity
• Farmers in Eastern North Carolina did well during this time period
• Bright Leaf Tobacco• Most political and economic power stayed
in the East• Most Western farmers struggled –
subsistence farming
Rip Van Winkle State
• Few internal improvements• Transportation system was poor – few
roads and waterways• Most North Carolinians did not want to pay
taxes for public programs (education and transportation)
• Archibald Debow Murphey – early reformer
Slow Improvements
• Constitution of 1835 – spread power more evenly between east and west, removed land ownership from voting requirements
• 1830’s–1840’s – improvement in transportation • plank roads and first railroads – helped western
farmers and businesses move product more easily• Public education system begun in the 1850’s
– Calvin Wiley – first state education superintendent
Religious Revival
• 2nd Great Awakening• 1790’s-1830’s• Charles G. Finney• Believed that sin was
avoidable and each person was responsible for their own salvation
• Led to large growth in church membership
Transcendentalism
• Belief in spiritualism over money and belongings
• Each person should rely on themselves instead of outside authority
• Ralph Waldo Emerson – Self-Reliance – 1841
• Henry David Thoreau – Walden - 1854
Utopian Communities
• Some Transcendentalists tried to form perfect societies
• Brooks Farm• Shakers – did not believe in private
ownership, lived plain lifestyle
Romanticism
• Belief that all individuals brought unique, important views to the world
• Nathaniel Hawthorne – Scarlet Letter
• Edgar Allan Poe• Emily Dickinson
New Immigration
• 1840-1860 – 4 million new immigrants• Mostly German and Irish – fleeing famine
and harsh government• Many native citizens resented them and
feared that they would take their jobs - Nativists
• Know-Nothing Party – opposed to immigrants
• Major urban growth – jobs in factories• Middle class• Poor people lived in bad conditions -
tenements
Prison and Mental Health Reform
• Many people wanted to improve society
• Dorothea Dix – mental health reformer
• Child Crime• Prison Conditions
Education Reform
• 1800’s – poor public education• Few resources, little money, untrained teachers,
one-room schools• Many children worked to support their families
• Common-school movement– Horace Mann
• Lengthened school year, better salaries and training
• Calvin Wiley– NC superintendent
of schools– Traveled to
promote public education
Women and Minorities
• Few women went past grade school• Catharine Beecher• Emma Willard• Led to increased opportunities for women• Oberlin College – 1837 – first co-ed
college
• Free Blacks in the North had separate schools at first
• Few colleges would accept them – Oberlin in 1835 was first
• Southern Blacks had little to no Education
Seneca Falls Convention
• First women’s rights convention – July 1848 – New York
• Beginning of the Women’s Rights movement• Declaration of Rights and Sentiments• Lucretia Mott• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Sojourner Truth• Susan B. Anthony
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Sojourner Truth
Susan B. Anthony
THE SOUTH & COTTON
• Cotton becomes a major cash crop of the Southern states
• 1793 Eli Whitney invents Cotton Gin• Separated seeds from cotton=need for more
slaves to plant
• Scientific agriculture• Cotton Belt- SC to East Texas• Slave trade outlawed in 1808
Cotton Gin
Cotton Belt
COTTON
• Most cotton shipped to Europe, especially England
• Cotton production discouraged the growth of Southern industry (stuck to Agriculture)
• About 1/3 of Southern whites were slave owners. Only 25% of that counted as planters (owners of more than 20 slaves)
• Yeomen - small farmers• 1860 – 4 MILLION BLACK SLAVES IN SOUTH• 250,000 free blacks in the South
Slavery in America• 1517 – Atlantic Slave Trade begins
– Spain imports slaves from Africa to Central and South America (Native Americans were tried first)
• Between 1517 and 1808, over 20 million people are taken from West Africa. Half did not survive to reach America
• 1619 – First Africans arrive in Jamestown, Virginia – indentured servants
• Slaves were viewed as necessary for the South’s agricultural economy.
Triangle Trade• Most slaves kidnapped by African slavers
or sold to slave traders by the tribal kings• Most were sent to “Seasoning Camps” first• Triangle Trade – three-part voyage
1. America to Europe- sugar, tobacco, cotton2. Europe to Africa – guns, textiles,
manufactured goods3. Africa to America – Middle Passage –
slaves to America - 6 to 8 weeks
The Middle Passage• Slave ships typically carried between 100
to 300 slaves-men and women• Most slaves were between the ages of 12
and 30• Conditions on the trip were horrific.
Anywhere from 10% to 50% of the slaves would not survive the trip
• Slave Auctions – slaves were sold anywhere between $200 and $2500 usually
Graph for Loading slavesAboard ship
SLAVERY• Slaves did many different jobs but most
commonly used for agriculture– House Slaves– Field slaves– Gang labor– Overseers– Drivers – slave forman
• Slaves were property not people• Slaves could not legally travel or be taught to
read or write.• Slave families were frequently split up
SLAVERY CONTINUED
• Physical punishment was common• Religion was used to support slavery• Slaves tried to keep their culture through
folk tales and spirituals • 1831 – NAT TURNER’S Rebellion• Slave rebellions were the biggest fear for
white southerners
Underground Railroad
• 1830’s – escape system set up by free Blacks, escaped slaves, white abolitionists, and religious groups (Quakers)
• Harriet Tubman, Harriet Jacobs
• 1810-1850 – 40,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad
Frederick Douglass
• Escaped slave• Taught himself to read
and write• Became leading
abolitionist and speaker
Abolition
• Abolition – complete end to slavery• Emancipation – to free from slavery• Abolition groups – religious groups, Quakers,
Transcendentalists• Not all abolitionists agreed on what to do
• 1817 – American Colonization Society – group to send freed slaves to Liberia
• Robert Finley• Theodore Dwight Weld• David Walker• William Lloyd Garrison – published the Liberator,
founded the American Anti-slavery Society in 1833.
Abolition Leaders
William Lloyd GarrisonDavid Walker
Theodore DwightWeld
Angelina andSarah Grimke
Opposition to Abolition
• Most Northern whites were opposed to Abolition
• Many worried that freed slaves would take their jobs
• The U.S. government ignored the issue as much as possible
• Southern whites believed that slavery was vital for their economy
• Did not want outsiders interfering• Believed that blacks were better off• Drove most southern abolitionists out
