Upload
domani
View
34
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26. Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University. Course management. http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the Provost ’ s Undergraduate Activities Fund. A-MOVEMENT. Radford §6. REVIEW. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
A movement 2Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26
Introduction to SyntaxANTH 3590/7590
Harry HowardTulane University
Course management
http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the
Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund.
10
/31
/12
2
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
A-MOVEMENTRadford §6
10
/31
/12
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne3
REVIEWRadford §6.1-3
10
/31
/12
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne4
T’PRNhe
Twill
C[EF, TNS]
ø
VP
Vrefer
P[EF]to
C’
PP
PRNwho
Deductive introduction: Recall preposition stranding
Which categories have a specifier? P, T, and C.
What is left out? V. The topic of this
chapter really is, can V have a specifier?
10
/31
/12
5
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
TP
P’PRNwho
------------
CP
----will+
----
PRNwho
-----
------
CP
TPCø
PRNthere
QPsome
students
T’
V'
VPTshould
First piece of evidence: A VP-internal subject in Belfast English there clauses (6.4) 1
0/2
9/1
2
6
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Vget
QPø distinctions
CP
TPCø
QPall hell
T’
V'
VPTwill
Second piece of evidence: Subject idioms can be inserted as a unit in VP (6.12)
10
/31
/12
7
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Vbreak
APloose
QPall hell
----------
CP
TPCø
QPeveryone
T’
V'
NegPTdid
Third piece of evidence: Negation has scope over a VP-internal subject
10
/29
/12
8
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Vfinish
DetPthe assignment
QPeveryone
-----------
Neg'
Negø
VP
n’t
CP
TPCø
QPsome
students
T’
V'
VPTshould
Conclusion: all subjects start out in the specifier of V (6.5)
10
/31
/12
9
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Vget
QPø distinctions
QPsome
students
------------------
Table of thematic (Θ) roles (15)
Thematic role Gloss Example
AGENT Entity that performs the action
Mary kissed John.Mary sneezed.
THEME Entity affected by the action
Mary kissed John. Mary fell over.
EXPERIENCER Entity that experiences a psychological state
Death scares Mary. Mary likes syntax. It seems to me that …
LOCATIVE (Stationary) place Mary lives in Idaho.
GOAL Destination of a motion Mary went to Idaho.
SOURCE Origin of a motion Mary came from Idaho.
INSTRUMENT Means used to perform action
Mary hit it with a hammer.
10
/31
/12
10
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
ARGUMENT STRUCTURE & THEMATIC or Θ ROLESRadford §6.4
10
/31
/12
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne11
THEMATIC MECHANISMS θ roles have been implicated in many
grammatical phenomena, but we do not have time to review them here.
It is enough to say: Theta/θ criterion: Each argument bears one and
only one θ role, and each θ role is assigned to one and only one argument. (18)
Predicate-internal theta-marking hypothesis: An argument is theta-marked via merger with a predicate. (19)
Argument classification The complement is the internal or first-merged
argument of a verb; the subject is the external or second-merged
argument of a verb.
10
/31
/12
12
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
CP
TPCø
DPthe police
T’
V'
VPTwill
EXAMPLE (6.21)
10
/31
/12
13
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Varrest
DPthe suspect
DPthe police
------------V assigns theme to its internal or first-merged argument
V assigns agent to its external or second-merged argument
UNACCUSATIVE PREDICATESRadford §6.5
10
/31
/12
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne14
Inductive introduction Two kinds of intransitive verbs
22a) There have arisen several complications.22b) There could have occurred a diplomatic incident.22c) There does still remain some hope of finding survivors.31a) There complained many passengers.31b) In the dentist’s office, there groaned a toothless patient. 31c) Every time the general goes past, there salutes a soldier.
We call the verbs of the first group unaccusative and those of the second group unergative.
What is the thematic role of the intransitive argument?THEME for the unaccusatives; AGENT for the unergatives.
10
/31
/12
15
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
***
MORE DISTINCTIONS
Belfast English A32a) Leave you now!32b) Arrive you before 6 o’clock!32c) Be going you out of the door when he arrives!33c) *Always laugh you at his jokes!33a) *Read you that book!33b) *Eat you up!
Auxiliary selection in Shakespeare34a) Mistress Page is come with me.34b) Is the Duke gone? Then is your cause gone too?34c) How chance thou art returned so soon?34d) She is fallen into a pit of ink.
10
/31
/12
16
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
CP
TPCø
DPthe police
T’
V'
VPTwill
Unergative intransitive verbs have AGENT subjects
10
/31
/12
17
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Vcomplain
DPthe police
------------
V assigns agent to its external or second-merged argument
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTcould
HYPO: UNACCUSATIVE SUBJECTS ORIGINATE AS COMPLEMENTS (6.35-7)
10
/31
/12
18
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Varise
QPseveral
complications
QPseveral
complications
-----------------------------
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
PASSIVE PREDICATESRadford §6.6
10
/31
/12
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne19
Inductive introduction
Examples42a) Hundreds of people saw the attack.42b) The attack was seen by hundreds of people.43a) Lex Luthor stole the kryptonite.43b) The kryptonite was stolen by Lex Luthor.44a) They took everything.44b) Everything was taken.
Properties of the passive voice1.It requires the auxiliary be …2.plus the passive participle (= perfect participle).3.The verb's subject may appear in a by phrase.4.The verb's complement appears as the subject.
10
/31
/12
20
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
PASSIVES AS UNACCUSATIVES
Passives accept there45b) There was found no evidence of any corruption.46b) There have been reported several cases of syntactophobia.47b) There has been announced a significant change of policy.
HypothesisThe passive omits a verb’s subject – see next two slides.
10
/31
/12
21
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTwere
PASSIVE WITH THERE AS UNACCUSATIVE (48)
10
/31
/12
22
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Vreported
QPseveral cases
PRNthere
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
CP
TPCø
T’
VPTwere
PASSIVE AS UNACCUSATIVE (49)
10
/31
/12
23
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne
Vreported
QPseveral cases
V assigns THEME to its internal argument
QPseveral cases
--------------------
NEXT TIMEContinue from §6.8 on raising
10
/31
/12
24
AN
TH
35
90
/75
90
, Ha
rry Ho
wa
rd, T
ula
ne