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Components of a Basic Network
A media connection A media connection
2 computers2 computers
2 network adapters2 network adapters
Layer Name Function
7 Application Responsible for program-to-program communication.
6 PresentationManages data representation, such as data format, data compression, protocol conversion, and encryption.
5 SessionResponsible for establishing and maintaining communications channels.
4 TransportResponsible for end-to-end integrity of data transmission.
3 Network Routes data from one node to another.
2 Data LinkResponsible for physically passing data from one node to another.
1 PhysicalManages putting data onto the network media and taking the data off.
OSI Model
NIC with RJ-45, AUI, and BNC Connectors
USB Adapter, PC Card, and Parallel Port Network Adapter
Network cables and connectors vary by:
The gauge of the wires used in the cable. The number of wires used in the cable. The relationship of the wires to each other and the
rest of the cable construction. Whether shielding is used in the cable to prevent
or limit interference. The connectors used on the cable. The maximum length a cable segment can be. The cost of the cable.
Network Cables and Connectors
UTP Cable
TIA Standard 568A
1 W/Green2 Green3 W/Orange4 Blue5 W/Blue6 Orange7 W/Brown8 Brown
EIA/TIA568A (preferred)
EIA/TIA568A (preferred)
RJ-45
P3
P1
P4
P2
TIA Standard 568B
1 W/Orange2 Orange3 W/Green4 Blue5 W/Blue6 Green7 W/Brown8 Brown
EIA/TIA568B (same as
AT&T 258A)
EIA/TIA568B (same as
AT&T 258A)
RJ-45
P3
P1
P4
P2
USOC Standard for Voice Cabling
1 W/Brown2 Green3 W/Orange4 Blue5 W/Blue6 Orange7 W/Green8 Brown
USOC(doesn’t work
for data)
USOC(doesn’t work
for data)
RJ-45
P3P1 P4P2
An RJ-45 Connector
Coaxial Cable
BNC Connectors
BarrelBarrel BNCBNC TT
Twisted Pair, AUI, and BNC Network Connections
Twisted pairTwisted pair AUIAUI BNCBNC
A Single Fiber Optic Strand
Glass claddingGlass cladding Secondary buffer to 900 micronSecondary buffer to 900 micron
Glass coreGlass core Primary bufferPrimary buffer
Connector Type
Description
ST A slotted bayonet type and spring loaded connector similar to a BNC connector.
SC A push/pull type connector with a locking tab.
FCA slotted screw-on type connector featuring a position locatable notch and a threaded receptacle.
SMA A screw-on type connector with a threaded cap and housing.
FDDIA push/pull type, two-channel snap-fit connector used for multi-mode fiber optic cable.
Mini-BNC A bayonet style connector using the traditional BNC connection method.
Biconic A screw-on type connector with a tapered sleeve that is fixed to the fiber optic cable.
MT-RJA new RJ-style housing fiber connector with two fiber capability for both single- and multi-modes.
Fiber Optic Cable Connectors
Examples of Locations for Plenum Cables
Plenum cable is run: Between structural
ceiling
and suspended
ceiling. Under a raised floor.
Star Topology
HubHub
Bus Topology
TT = Terminating device
TT TT
Bus (backbone)
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
TT TT
Hybrid Topology
BusBus
RingRing
StarStar
A Peer-to-Peer Network
Printing
• Sharing printers• Sharing storage• Network security features
• Sharing printers• Sharing storage• Network security features
Peer Peer
A Client-Server Network
Storage
Printing
Server tower
Communications
• Shared printers• Network storage• Network security features• Other network resources
Servers provide
clients with access to:
Client Client
A Hybrid Network
Windows
2000 Server
Windows 98Windows 98 Windows 2000
ProfessionalShared network
printer
Shared departmental printer
Shared disk
Shared CD-ROM
A Hierarchical Network
Host
(Primary device)
Host
(Primary device)
Communication
channelTerminals
(Secondary devices)
Terminals
(Secondary devices)
Network Scope
Wide Area Network (WAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)
Microsoft’s Windows Server 2003Novell’s NetWareLINUX UNIXLAN serverLANtasticApple Computer’s Macintosh OSX
Server and Network Operating Systems
WindowsApple Macintosh Operating SystemLINUX UNIX
Workstation and Client Operating Systems
TCP/IP IPX/SPX NetBEUI AppleTalk
Network Protocols
200
192.168.200
An IP Address
192.168.200.200
Network addressNetwork address Computer addressComputer address
IP Address = 192.168.200.200 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 IP Address = 192.168.200.200 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
192.168.200255.255.255
A Subnet Mask
The network address is 192.168.200
Public and Private IP Addressing
Address Type Description
PrivateBlocks of network addresses reserved by the IANA for addressing those computers not on the Internet.
PublicIP addresses for each host on your network obtained from an Internet service provider or IANA.
Subnetting
Subnetting enables you to subdivide your IP network address by borrowing part of your network’s host address to identify subnet addresses.
Method Description
DHCP ServerA server that a network administrator configures with a pool of IP addresses to assign clients.
APIPAA service that automatically configures a computer with an IP address on the 169.254.0.0 network.
Auto-IP Configuration
Domain Name System (DNS)Windows Internet Naming System (WINS)
Name Servers
Standard System
IEEE 802.1 High-Level Interface – standards related to network management.
IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control – general standard for the Data Link layer in the OSI reference model.
IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) – defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use CSMA/CD.
IEEE 802.4 Token Bus – defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use a token-passing mechanism.
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring – defines the MAC layer for Token Ring networks.
IEEE 802.6 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
IEEE 802.7 Broadband LANs
IEEE 802.8 Fiber-Optic LANs
IEEE 802.9 Integrated Data and Voice Networks
Network Architecture Standards
Standard System
IEEE 802.10 Security
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs
IEEE 802.12 Demand Priority Access – 100 VG – Any LAN
IEEE 802.13 Not used
IEEE 802.14 Cable TV – broadband MANs
IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks (PANs)
IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
IEEE 802.18 Radio-Based LANs and MANs
IEEE 802.19 Virtual LANs (VLANs)
Network Architecture Standards (Cont.)
An Ethernet Collision
TT TT
(Hmmm...the channel seems to be free, so...)
I’m ready to broadcast (Whoops!)
(I’ll wait...)
(Hmmm...the channel seems to be free, so...)
I’m ready to broadcast
My message: Hi, node 1!
(Hmmm...the channel seems to be free, so...)
I’m ready to broadcast (Whoops!)
(I’ll wait...)
(Hmmm...the channel seems to be free, so...)
I’m ready to broadcast
My message: Hi, node 1!Collision!
(Hmmm...the channel seems to be free,
so...)
I’m ready to broadcast (Whoops!)
(I’ll wait...)
(Hmmm...the channel is busy, so I’ll wait)
(Hmmm...the channel seems to be free,
so...)
I’m ready to broadcast (Whoops!)
(I’ll wait...)
(Hmmm...the channel is busy, so I’ll wait)
A Token Ring NetworkI have the
token...
I have the
token...
I have the token.
My message: “Hi node 3.”
Here’s the token, node 2.
I have the token.
My message: “Hi node 3.”
Here’s the token, node 2.
I have the token.
I don’t have anything to say.
Here’s the token, node 3.
I have the token.
I don’t have anything to say.
Here’s the token, node 3.I have the token.
My message: “Hi node 1.”
Here’s the token, node 4.
I have the token.
My message: “Hi node 1.”
Here’s the token, node 4.
I have the token.
I don’t have anything to say.
Here’s the token, node 5.
I have the token.
I don’t have anything to say.
Here’s the token, node 5.
22
11
33
44
55
ARCNet
Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNet) is a network developed by the DataPoint Corporation in 1968 and is one of the oldest, simplest, and least expensive LAN technologies.
AppleTalk
AppleTalk is a Local Area Network protocol developed by Apple Computer, Inc. in 1985 and is built into all Macintosh computers and Apple LaserWriters.
Connection Type Description
LANUses network hardware, a router, and the TCP/IP protocol to establish a connection between a client and the Internet.
DSLUses standard copper phone wires and a transceiver. It carries voice and data traffic simultaneously over standard phone lines.
CableUses the cable television line running through most neighborhoods. A splitter is installed on the cable line running into the house to split the TV channel traffic from the data traffic.
ISDN Uses a single wire or fiber optic line to carry voice, data, and video signals.
Dial-upUses an analog modem connected to a serial port on your computer and connects to the analog phone line.
SatelliteRequires a satellite dish at your location as well as a service contract with a company that provides access to a satellite in geosynchronous orbit.
Wireless Uses an antenna on a tower that broadcasts Internet signals.
Internet Connections
A Cable-Based Internet Connection
Cable into house
RG59 cable into cable modem
RJ-45 cable
RJ-45 cable
RJ-45 cable
Computer with network card
Computer with network card
Computer with network card
Computer with network card
Cable modemCable modem
ISPISP
RouterRouter
ClientClient
Big Co’s Internet Connections
T1 line to Big Co Headquarters
T1 line to Big Co Headquarters
T3 Internet backbone
T3 Internet backbone
T3T3
Dedicated 56 K digital connection
Dedicated 56 K digital connection
Win XP Server
ClientsClients
Win XP Server Router
ISPISP
PDNPDN
Dial-up
ClientClient
T1T1
Big Co employees working from home - not using a LAN-based
Internet connection.
DSL Internet Connection
5.5 km
Subscriber within 5.5 km radius of phone company
can get DSL
Subscriber within 5.5 km radius of phone company
can get DSL
5.5
km
Phone company central office
Phone company central office
Internet connection through a cable modem.
A splitter is installed to split the TV channel traffic from the data traffic.
A cable modem connects via an RG-59 coaxial cable.
An RJ-45 cable connects from the cable modem to the network card.
Cable Internet Connections
Uses a single wire or fiber-optic line to carry voice, data, and video signals.
Uses existing phone company switches and wiring.
Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is most commonly used in residential ISDN connections.
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) is most commonly used between a Private Branch Exchange (PBX) at the customer’s site and the phone company central office.
In Europe, the BRI is the same, but the PRI is composed of 30 B channels and one D channel.
ISDN Internet Connection
Usually the least expensive method available.
Uses an analog modem connected to a serial port on your computer and connects to the analog phone line.
It is limited to 56 Kbps.
Dial-up Internet Connection
A Two-Way Satellite Internet Connection
PC
Satellite modem
Cable
Satellite dish antenna
Network operations center satellite antenna
Data sent to requested Web servers
Device Description
Hub An electronic device that connects several computers or networks.
BridgeControls the flow of information between LAN segments or networks, even if they are different types of networks using different communication protocols.
RouterDetermines the best path for a data packet to be sent from one network to another.
BrouterA communications device that functions as both a bridge and a router, depending on which function is needed.
GatewayA protocol converter that supports communication between network that use different protocols.
CSU/DSUReadies digital signals and guarantees that they have sufficient strength and the proper format to be transmitted over digital WAN links.
Firewall Controls access between networks – both inbound traffic and outbound traffic.
All-in-oneCombines software and hardware capabilities of several network connection devices into one physical box.
Networking Devices
A Hub
A Repeater
Weakened signal
Repeater
Regenerated signal
Bridges Can Filter Intersegment Traffic
Data Link layerData Link layer
Data
Physical layerPhysical layer
Data
Segment 2 onnetwork address: 1234
Segment 2 onnetwork address: 1234
Segment 3 onnetwork address: 1234
Segment 3 onnetwork address: 1234
Segment 1 onnetwork address: 1234
Segment 1 onnetwork address: 1234
Routers
A router determines the best path for the data packet to be sent from one network to another.
Brouters
A brouter is a communication device that functions as both a bridge and a router, depending on which function is needed.
Common Gateway Types
Gateway Type Connects Networks that Use Different
Protocol Protocols
Format Encoding schemes (for example, ASCII and EBCDIC)
Address File systems and directory structures
Firewalls
Firewalls control access between networks—both inbound traffic (entering your network) and outbound traffic (leaving your network).