A Marxist Approach to Toni Morrisons Beloved

7/22/2019 A Marxist Approach to Toni Morrisons Beloved

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N Enrxist Npprfnkm tf Rfgi Efrrisfgs @oafvob Jung N. Kn`naaorf Triotf

Tnlo >

N Enrxist Npprfnkm tf Rfgi Efrrisfgs@oafvob:

Entorinaise ngb Kanss [trullao tmrfulm Roepfrna Igtortoxtunaity

>

Fgo writos fut fc fgo tmigl fgayfgo's fwg oxporiogko. Ovorytmigl bopogbs fg mfw roaogtaossay fgo cfrkoscrfe tmis oxporiogko tmo anst brfp, swoot fr ìttor, it kng pfssiày livo. Rmis is tmo fgay rona kfgkorg fc tmonrtist, tf rokronto fut fc tmo bisfrbor fc aico tmnt frbor wmikm is nrt.0

>Rmfens [nttorwmito Gfàos >=3< pnigtigl Enrlnrot Lnrgor (n.h.n Rmo Efborg Eobon) XsikU 0Kmnpeng p.;>98 quftigl tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng writor Jneos @nabwig


2/16


Tnlo 0

Rmis pnpor oxpafros tmo gfvoa@oafvobcrfe tmo viowpfigt fc Enrxise,;n aitornry tmofry wmikm

cfkusos fg entorinaise ngb kanss strullao `y tryigl tf oxpanig tmigls witmfut nssueigl tmo oxistogko fc n

wfrab, fr fc cfrkos, òyfgb tmo gnturna wfrab nrfugb us, ngb tmo sfkioty wo aivo ig. 2 Ig ftmor wfrbs,

igbivibunas, ig tmis knso Rfgi Efrrisfg morsoac, is writigl fc tmo kuaturo ig wmikm smo rosibos ngb crfe

wmikm smo kng goitmor oeftifgnaay gfr kfgskifusay osknpo8 Efrrisfgs kuaturna entorinaise is gft fgay

provnaogt, it is porvnsivo.?Curtmorefro, ngy Enrxist tmofrist wfuab nlroo tmnt tmo gnturo fc aitornturo is

igcauogkob `y tmo sfkina ngb pfaitikna kirkuestngkos ig wmikm it is prfbukob83 ns sukm, Efrrisfg is

naronby trnppob ig mor fwg eigb ngb oxporiogkos ns smo writos wmnt [otmo wfuab sny ngb bf.

Enrxise aonbs eo tf nrluo tmnt naa kmnrnktors ig @oafvob nro vikties gft fgay fc tmo kaonr-kut,

mistfrikna sanvory tf wmikm tmoy mnvo òog suèittob tf ngb tmog aiòrntob crfe, ùt nasf tf tmo nutmfrs

Roepfrna Igtortoxtunaity8?4?@nrry p.>?> (pfigt cfur)3@nrry p.>338 rovisit tmo qufto ig tmo titao fc tmis pnpor. Natmfulm Jneos @nabwig wns gft n Enrxist, mis stntoeogt is

tmo òst bocigitifg fc tmo prigkipao I ne bocigigl


3/16


Tnlo ;

Tfst-Kivia Pilmts Efvoeogt, engy Ncrikng-Neorikng enaos nasf sfulmt tf òkfeo pnrt fc tmo

Knpitnaist igcrnstrukturo tmoy mnb òog prfeisob, tmfulm ig tmo 02, ngb soohs tf enho it n eoro gfto ig tmo aivos

fc tmfso tmo gfvoa boskriòs. >02 is tmo fgay tmigl tmnt mns gft kmnglob ig Rfgi Efrrisfgs eigb crfe

tieo porifb tf tieo porifb. Rmo mfuso is tmo `fgb tmnt tios tmo writors kfgtoepfrngofus cooaigls ngb tmo

gnrrntivo tieo ig wmikm tmo gfvoa tnhos panko.

Curtmor, I wiaa bocogb tmnt tmo goob cfr igbivibunas tf boefgstrnto tmoir upkfeigl stntus vin

entorina lnig rosuatob ig ugcfrosoog kirkuestngkos8 sukm ns rugnwnys rolnrbigl croob ox-sanvos witm

nglor ngb bisbnig, wmikm is nasf n rocaoktifg fc tmo >9tmkogtury. Efrrisfg panys fg mor fwg cooaigls fc

milm stntus ngb oxprossos morsoac ns n croob ox-sanvo wmf kfuab cnaa proy tf tmo ogvyigl fc ftmors tmnt, ig

tmoir nglor, eny mnvo ovog òtrnyob mor ig ng nttoept tf enigtnig tmo stntus quf witmig tmo ànkh

kfeeugity. Rmoso cnkts wiaa smfw tmnt Efrrisfg is writigl n`fut mor fwg entorina kuaturo - efro

spokiciknaay, tmo entorina kuaturo ig wmikm smo aivob nt tmo tieo fc writigl mor gfvoa. @ottor snib: @oafvob

is n roprosogtntifg, ig mistfry, fc tmo writors nso ngb suporstrukturo.9

Ig ossogko, Efrrisfg is writigl n`fut \mito Ibonaise ig mor fwg tieo, fc tmo oxpoktntifgs wmitos

mnvo fc Ncrikng-Neorikngs nctor tmo Kivia Pilmts Efvoeogt, ngb mfw Ncrikng-Neorikngs woro òigl

nccoktob. Mfwovor, ig sf bfigl, naòit ughgfwiglay,>4 Efrrisfg cfugb, pormnps efro occoktivoay tmng it

wfuab mnvo òog ftmorwiso, ng ngswor tf tmo prfàoes Ncrikng-Neorikngs cnkob wmog n sokfgb sanvory

ogbob ig >93=. Rmo stfry fc Enrlnrot Lnrgor>>

(`. kn. >=03 b. >=?=),>0

ngb tmo mistfry nssfkintob witm mor

=Efrrisfg 2:24-2:?=9[oo tmo qufto `y Jneos @nabwig nt tmo òliggigl fc tmis pnpor>4@nrry p.>3> (pfigt twf)>>Enrlnrot Lnrgor wns n pro-Kivia \nr sanvo wmf mnb kmfsog tf hiaa mor fwg kmiab òcfro naafwigl it tf roturg tf n

aico fc sanvory. [mo wns tryigl tf nvfib tmo proeisos `y wmikm tmo Culitivo [anvo Nkt fc >=?4 boengbob smo roturgob

tf mor enstor, bospito mor sukkosscua osknpo>0Rmoro is gf bnto tf Enrlnrots ìrtm, wmfovor, smo wns enrriob tf fgo fc mor coaafw sanvos ig >=2=, ngb tmo

nvornlo rnto fc enrrinlo ig tmo >=24s wns 00 yonrs fab. Ig frbor tf prfvibo n efro spokicik bnto, I knakuantob mor

ìrtm `nsob fg tmoso cnktfrs


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Tnlo 2

ig tmo kfgstrukt fc @oafvob is n su`kfgskifus nttoept `y Efrrisfg tf nbbross tmo >9=4s tmrfulm tmo

>==4s8 it is Roepfrna Igtortoxtunaity nt its òst.

Entorinaise: @oafvob ns n Po-Kfgstrukt fc tmo Nutmfrs \frab

Ovogts wmikm eny mnvo aob Rfgi Efrrisfg tf writo n`fut pfst-sanvory Neorikn nro vnriob ig tmoir

kfepaoxity ngb aolitienky8 kaonray, smo is Ncrikng-Neorikng8 gft sf kaonr is nasf mor igbivibuna kfgstrukt,

wmikm stoors mor writigl ig n kortnig biroktifg ngb tfwnrbs kortnig igbivibunas. Nctor Rmo @auost Oyo

(>999),>;

Efrrisfg mns yot tf writo n pfst-

sanvory gfvoa, ngb nctor smo afst mor jf` fr aoct it ig >9=;,>2smo sot tf tmnt vory tnsh. Efrrisfg cfugb

morsoac kfggoktob tf sanvos wmf, ig tmo >=?4-=4s, mnb oitmor afst sanvory (tmoir jf`) tmrfulm ruggigl nwny

fr aoct it `y purkmnsigl tmoir croobfe. Natmfulm it eny sooe potty tf kfepnro fgo tf tmo ftmor, is it tmo

kfepnrisfg itsoac wmikm smfws Efrrisfgs stnto fc eigb wmog kfgsiborigl mfw sfeofgo croob crfe n

stnto wmikm migborob tmoir prflross tfwnrb sfeotmigl oaso coat. Efrrisfg morsoac boskriòs mor fwg goob

tf writo tmo gfvoa ns tmo rosuat fc tmo smfkh fc aiòrntifg wmikm brow mor tmfulmts tf wmnt croo kfuab

pfssiày eong tf wfeog.>? \mog Efrrisfg writos [otmos kmnrnktor tf oxpanig mfw Enrlnrot Lnrgor

wfuab mnvo coat, smo oxprossos mor fwg cooaigls igtf tmo mistfrikna kmnrnktor `y mnvigl tmo ciktifgna fgo

boprivob fc tmo croobfe tf coob mor cneiay. Efrrisfg tff wns boprivob fc croobfe tf pursuo mor writigl

knroor wmikm, irfgiknaay, nasf òkneo tmo eongs `y wmikm smo wfuab coob mor kmiabrog. Rf Efrrisfg, mor

jf` tffh nwny mor eiah, ngb `y n`ngbfgigl it ngb ruggigl nwny crfe it, smo wns n ao tf lot `nkh tf wmnt

smo knrob n`fut tmo efst: mor kmiabrog ngb tmo wny tf coob tmoe.

Kfgsiborigl Efrrisfgs kuaturna sottigl,@oafvobkfuab nbbross gft fgay n pfst-sanvory Neorikn>3

tmnt mnb croob (ngb nrlunày wns panggigl tf ogcrngkmiso) cfur eiaaifg-paus sanvos, ùt nasf ng Neorikn

tmnt, ig >93?, cfulmt ngb wfg tmo prfvorìna wnr cfr Kivia Pilmts8 n wnr tmnt mnb tf ò cfulmt bospito tmo

>;Nkkfrbigl tf Rfgi Efrrisfg, tmo gfvoa is pro-sanvory (4:29)>2Efrrisfg Igtrfbuktifg.]SI>?Efrrisfg Igtrfbuktifg.]SI>3Ns sanvory kfgsiborob iaaolna nctor Jng. >=3? witm tmo pnssigl (ngb antor rnticiob) Oengkipntifg Trfkanentifg, nasf

hgfwg ns tmo >;tmNeogbeogt tf tmo _[ Kfgstitutifg


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Tnlo ?

>?tm Neogbeogt tf tmo _[ Kfgstitutifg ig >=9??, nctor tmo fptieise tmnt oeorlob crfe Ncrikng-Neorikng pnrtikipntifg ig twf wfrab wnrs mnb

bissipntob>93=, lnvo wny tf tmo pnssigl fc tmo Kivia Pilmts Nkt fc >932. Nafglsibo tmo

aolisantifg, tmo efvoeogt wfuab knuso kmnglos tf mfw wmitos viowob ngb ugborstffb rnkise ig tmo

_gitob [tntos. Rwiko ig mistfry mnb Ncrikng-Neorikngs òog croob, ngb twiko efro bib tmoy cigb

tmoesoavos enbo n @ankh Trfaotnrint>=soohigl tf enho tmoir fwg wny ig sfkioty.

Enrxise nrluos, ngb Efrrisfg sooes tf kfgcire, tmnt tmo cirst igstigkt fc tmo Ncrikng Neorikng,

wns kfeeugna ugifg8 tmnt is, kfeeugise. N kfeeugise bocigob `y fwgorsmip ngb croobfe8 n

kfeeugise ig wmikm Ncrikng-Neorikngs wmf bnrob stop futsibo fc tmo `fugbnrios sot `y tmoir fwg

kfeeugity woro kut bfwg `y tmo vory pofpao wmf nro suppfsob tf ò prftoktigl tmoe. Enakfae ] (`.

>90? b. >93?) wns gft hiaaob `y n wmito suproenkist8 eukm aiho @oafvob wns gft hiaaob `y [kmffa

Ronkmor. @ftm fc tmoso ciluros, òafvob ns tmoy woro, fgo tf tmo Ncrikng Neorikng rnbikna kfeeugity, tmo

ftmor tf [otmo wmf, nrlunày, roprosogts snib rnbikna kuaturo ig tmo `ffh, nro hiaaob `y pofpao wmfe tmoy

trust. Enrtig Autmor Higl (`. >909 b. >93=), ns @n`y [ulls, is affhob tf cfr mfpo ns ng igbivibuna wmf

mns òog nào tf fvorkfeo tmo aitorna ngb cilurntivo kmnigs fc sanvory ngb òkfeo croob fc mis fwg rilmt8

`ftm ciluros wfuab ogb up bostrfyob pmysiknaay fgay tf ò roeoeòrob ns ònkfgs fc ailmt ngb mfpo cfr

naa otorgity.>9Rmo kaonr kfggoktifgs òtwoog tmo twf tieo porifbs nro ng oxprossifg fc Rfgi Efrrisfgs

su`kfgskifus. \mnt tmo writor ugborstngbs is wmnt smo mns oxporiogkob, ngb wmnt smo writos is wmnt smo

tmighs is n kfggoktifg tf n mistfrikna ovogt upfg wmikm smo oxtrnpfantos, writigl morsoac ngb mor tieos ig it

igstonb.

Ig tmis fvornrkmigl kanss strullao cfr entorina kuaturo, tmnt is, tmo goob tf nbnpt tf Knpitnaise fr

roenig wmf Ncrikng-Neorikngs tmigh tmoesoavos tf ò, wo cigb Tnua B. ns tmo nvornlo Ncrikng-Neorikng

>0?8 aiòrntifg eongt kfeigl igtf tmo goxt stnlo fc òigl, tmo pffr>9Efrrisfg p.>;; is fgo fc tmo engy knsos ig wmikm @n`y [ulls spookm sponhs tf Enrtig Autmor Higls gfg-

vifaogko


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Tnlo 3

enao affhigl cfr mis panko ig n gow sfkioty krontob `y tmo subbog aiòrntifg8 mo is n wngborigl ciluro

wmf, aiho tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng rocfreors fc tmo 04tm kogtury, mns òog wnahigl tmo angb cfr oilmtoog

yonrs (>9?4->93=) tf cilmt cfr Kivia Pilmts. Tnua B. mfwovor, roturgs efro bnenlob tmng nssortob tf n

kfgstrukt ig wmikm mo gf afglor sooes tf cit. [otmo ngb Bogvor, ngtnlfgists tf Tnua B., nro tmo fppfsigl

coenaos Efrrisfg, ig mor \fengise, soos ns tmo hoopors fc ro-eoefry. Curtmor, wo nasf knggft ilgfro

tmnt Efrrisfg morsoac is n bivfrkoo (>93=)8 kortnigay, tmo aico fc n siglao eftmor nasf panys woaa igtf

@oafvob, ns [otmo trios tf `rigl up mor kmiabrog fg mor fwg. Cntmors lfgo ig sonrkm fc cfrtugo `rfulmt

n`fut engy prfàoes tf siglao Ncrikng-Neorikng wfeog ngb,`ftm ig tmo gfvoa ngb ig tmo >9=4s, tmoso

wfeog nro soohigl igbopogbogky ig tmo gow systoe just ns eukm ns eog nro. @fys aiho @ulanr ngb

Mfwnrb woro tff ùsy cfaafwigl tmo oxnepao fc tmoir cntmors, soohigl tf nvfib sanvory ns n pnst tmnt

mnugts tmoe, fg tmoir fwg tores. [otmo ns eukm ns Efrrisfg morsoac hgfws biccorogt8 smo ugborstngbs ro-

eoefry ngb tmo goob tf cnko sanvory monb fg ns tmo hoy tf truay nbvngkigl ig sfkioty.

Efrrisfg wrfto n`fut tmo goob cfr wfeog tf òkfeo hoopors fc tmo aolnky fc sanvory, roeigbigl

tmoir bnulmtors fc tmo iepfrtngko fc it. Bogvor, wmfso ienligntifg mns snvob mor crfe morsoac ngb tmo

pfssiào psykmfaflikna sknrs tmnt nkkfepngy tmo stfrios,04is efro igkaigob tf stny mfeo ngb aistog tf mor

eftmor, natmfulm smo bfos gft quito ugborstngb wmy. Aiho [otmo, Bogvor soohs tf cit ig, tf òkfeo pnrt fc

tmo fabor wfeng-kfeeugity tmnt sooes tf mnvo òog aoct òmigb `y tmo enaos ig tmo gfvoa, natmfulm smo

cooas tmo goob, ns n yfuglor igbivibuna, tf sooh fut mor fwg cuturo ig ng ugsottaob wfrab ciaaob witm stilen

cfr mor kfafr ngb prokfgkoivob gftifgs fc tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng eog tmog wngborigl its pntms. Efrrisfg

bopikts Bogvor ns tmo sukkosscua ngb viktfrifus igbivibuna fc tmo gfvoa. [mo nafgo oeorlos crfe tmo

brnen nào tf eiglao ig tmo futsibo wfrab ngb enho sfeotmigl fc morsoac. Mfwovor, it wfuab sooe, tmo

wfrab mns efvob fg ftm cfr [otmo ngb Efrrisfg, aonvigl gf mfpo cfr tmo eftmor tmnt rnisob tmo bnulmtor.

Cignaay, ig tmo kogtor fc it naa is @oafvob, wmf is tmo spirit fc sanvory ngb tmo bonb ngb lfgo wmf

woro vikties gft fgay fc sanvory itsoac, ùt nasf fc tmfso wmf afvob tmoe tff eukm tf aot tmoe succor tmo

ilgfeigifus cnto fc sanvory tmoesoavos. @oafvob is oxnktay tmo sneo `ftm ig tmo gfvoa ngb tmo efborg

04Efrrisfg p.;?


7/16


Tnlo 902 tf angb ig tmo

woakfeigl nres fc \mito Neorikn, migborigl tmo prflross fc tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng wmoro tmoy aivob.

\mitos, knaaigl tmoesoavos n`faitifgists òkfeo, ig tmoir fwg eigb, tmo snvifrs fc tmo ànkh rnko. Rfgi

Efrrisfg is stntigl tmnt sukm is gft tmo knso, ns tmo spookmos fc Ncrikng-Neorikngs ig mor fwg tieo rovona.

Rmo mistfrikna Enrlnrot Lnrgor, [otmo, ngb Efrrisfg morsoac, ns tmo writor nbeits, roprosogt tmo morfik

kmnrnktor ngb ng ugnpfaflotik nkkoptngko fc smneo ngb torrfr8 XwmfU nssueo tmo kfgsoquogkos fc

kmffsigl igcngtikibo8 kanieXigl tmoirU fwg croobfe.0> [otmo, tmog, is Efrrisfg ns eukm ns smo is nasf

Enrlnrot.

Cignaay, tmo stfry kfuab gft fgay ò tfab crfe tmo porspoktivo fc [otmo morsoac8 tmoro wns n sokfgb

pnrt tf tmo gnrrntivo, tmnt fc tmo igbivibuna wmf mnb òog hiaaob, tmo aivos afst nafgl tmo wny8 vikties gft

fgay tf tmo Culitivo [anvo Nkt fc >=?4 ig its vnrifus cfres, ùt tf sanvory ns n wmfao. Mogko, wmy writo

n`fut pfst-sanvory Neorikn ngb tmo wny Ncrikng-Neorikngs ronktob tf it6 It is n siepao ngswor, ronaay:

òknuso tmo morkuaong occfrt tf cfrlot tmo cnkts `y tmfso wmf succorob sanvoryfr igcaiktob it mnb rosuatob

ig tmo gueìgl fc tmo kfaaoktivo eigb fc igbivibunas wmf, soohigl tf enigtnig tmo stntus qufig sfkioty,

woro uttoray ngb kfepaotoay ilgfrngt fc tmo cnkts wmikm mnb aob tf tmo kurrogt stnto fc nccnirs. Ic eoefry

moaps roeoeòrigl, roeoeòrigl moaps nvfibigl tmo ropotitifus òmnvifr tmnt aob Rfgi Efrrisfg tf cooa

kfggoktob tf n wfeng wmf mnb aivob fvor fgo mugbrob ngb tmirty yonrs òcfro mor.

Rmo kfgstrukt ig @oafvob is puroay Enrxist8 boop psykmfaflikna strnigs brivo tmo nutmfr tmrfulm

kanss strullao ngb pfvorty witmig tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng kuaturo smo is tryigl tf boskriò tmrfulm tmo aogs

fc mor fwg Roepfrna Igtortoxtunaity8 wmog Efrrisfg is writigl @oafvob, smo is sponhigl n`fut tmo wfrab

smo morsoac is tryigl tf survivo. Ig ng igtorviow ig wmikm Efrrisfg sponhs fg @oafvob ngb sanvory, smo

stntos smo wnsgt writigln`fut n ànkh cntmor8 its yfurs. Yfu hgfw8 tmo fgo yfu hgfw6 Rmnt fgo. [f ic I

0>Efrrisfg Igtrfbuktifg.]SII


8/16


Tnlo =

ne lfigl tf ienligo wmnt it tnhos tf hiaa n `n`y8 tmog I mnvo tf put it ig ey nres ey `n`y.00Rmis

oxtroeo porsfgnaizntifg ns tmo efbo fc writigl tmnt Efrrisfg usos `rigls us tf ngftmor igtorviow ig wmikm

smo bocogbs tmnt smo fgay writos n`fut ànkh pofpao òknuso rnko strukturo poreontos naa kfafrs. Ic I kng

sny wmog nro yfu lfigl tf writo n`fut ànkh pofpao tf n wmito writor, ic tmnt is n aolitiento quostifg tf n

writo writor, tmog it is n aolitiento quostifg tf eo.0;

\o soo tmog, tmnt it is iepfssiào tf sopnrnto tmo wfrab ig wmikm Rfgi Efrrisfg aivob nt tmo tieo

fc writigl mor gfvoa ngb tmnt ig wmikm [otmo rosibos. Rmo kuaturna kfgstrukt fc @oafvob is, quito sieianray

ngb nkkurntoay, tmo kuaturna kfgstrukt fc pfst-Kivia Pilmts Efvoeogt Neorikn. Gfw, tf efvo fg tf ey

sokfgb pfigt, tmo fvornrkmigl gnrrntivo fc @oafvob bonas witm wmitos fgay ns n pnssigl gfto prokisoay tf

nvfib tmo ibon tmnt Ncrikng-Neorikngs goob wmitos tf sukkoob, òigl eoro stoppigl stfgos tf ng ogb lfna

put cfrtm `y Efrrisfg, wmitos nro livog gf vfiko ig@oafvob. [otmo, aiho Efrrisfg morsoac, nrluos tmnt cuaa

oengkipntifg fc tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng crfe sanvory kng fgay ò nkmiovob `y kfgcrfgtigl its

kfgsoquogkos monb-fg ngb yot, tmo lrontost strullao is gft ig tmo kfgtrnst fc kanss issuos òtwoog ànkhs

ngb wmitos ùt, rntmor, kanss strullao nefglst Ncrikng-Neorikngs tmoesoavos. Ovog ig tmis, wns tmo \mito

kuaturo sogt nwny ig tmo gfvoa, enbo n eoro spoktntfr ns >02 @auostfgo Pfnb.

Kanss [trullao: Rmo Tnssivogoss fc >02 ngb tmo Ox-sanvo vs Croob-[anvo Kfgcaikt

It is gf sokrot tmnt >02 wns spitocua.02\motmor fgo is cfr fr nlnigst sanvory, tmo mfeo ig Rfgi

Efrrisfgs@oafvobsooes tf roprosogt wmito kuaturo ngb wmito ugborstngbiglnaa fc us ns ronbors. Rmo

mfuso is fwgob `y wmitos ngb rogtob `y wmitos cfr tmo snho fc @n`y [ulls80?tmo ùiabigl, aiho fursoavos,

sooes tf nsh itsoac tmo quostifgs wo nsh wmog ig efro privnto sottigls: nro wo cfr fr nlnigst sanvory6 Nt

tmo tieo Rfgi Efrrisfg wns writigl mor gfvoa, smo mnb gft fgay tf cnko tmoso quostifgs morsoac, ùt nasf

moap ftmors bona witm tmo cnkt tmnt tmoy woro òigl nshob ig tmo cirst panko. Fgo eny tmigh tmnt puàik

00>:?>-;:0202Efrrisfg p.;0?Efrrisfg p.>30


9/16


Tnlo 9

òntigls ngb biskrieigntifg woro ig tmo bistngt pnst ig tmo >9=4s, ùt Efrrisfg bisnlroob, ngb sf smfuab

wo. Rmo kfgskifusgoss fc tmo logorna kuaturo ig tmo >9=4s wns spitocua òknuso, ns ig @oafvob, it mnb tf

bona witm n lmfst it mnb òog tryigl tf ilgfro cfr sfeo oilmtoog yonrs it wns ig >9=; tmnt tmo gfvoa wns

òlug8 oilmtoog yonrs wfuab panko us ig >93?, bonb kogtor ig tmo Kivia Pilmts efvoeogt. It is wfrtm

gftigl tmnt [otmo bfos gft boskriò >02 ns mnugtob, rntmor, smo stntos wo mnvo n lmfst igmoro.03

Rmo

propfsitifg ig bogftos tmo mfuso ngb tmo lmfst nro sopnrnto, tmo sneo mfuso fc wmito kuaturo ig wmikm

Ncrikng-Neorikngs nro naafwob tf aivo8 tmo sneo lmfst fc sanvory ovoryfgo is tryigl tf nvfib.

Ig pfst-Kivia \nr Neorikn, Ncrikng-Neorikngs woro ig tmo sneo situntifg ig wmikm tmoy mnb òog

pfst-Kivia Pilmts: livog pfwor tf enho up tmoir fwg kfgstrukt. Ig ossogko, tmoir `nso is wmnt tmoy gfw

kmfso it tf ò, ngb tmoir suporstrukturo kng bovoafp òyfgb tmnt wmikm provifusay wfuab mnvo òog

biktntob `y tmoir enstors.0?8 oepmnsis nbbob0


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Tnlo

>4

Bospito >02s uttor kfgcusifg nt Ncrikng-Neorikng igtorgna strullaos ngb its nttoept tf oxpanig

tmoe, Efrrisfg rocusob tf nkkopt tmo pfst-Kivia Pilmts Ncrikng-Neorikngise tmrfulm tmo aogs fc tmo

logorna kuaturo8 smo wngts us tf soo wmnt is igsibo tmo kfgstrukt8 wmnt tmo aivos fc igbivibunas aivigl witmig

tmo kfeeugity nt anrlo nro oxporiogkigl. [igko >02 wns cuaa fc `n`ys vogfe, ugaoss wo oxpfsob tmo

stfrios tmnt knusob it, wo wiaa govor ò nào tf ugborstngb tmo ronsfgs cfr sanvory, wmnt tmfso wmf succorob

it nro lfigl tmrfulm, fr tmo goob tf nvfib ropontigl tmo sneo `nr`nrity ig tmo cuturo.Mogko, wo nro cfrkob

tf affh nt Ncrikng-Neorikng stfrios ngb enbo tf soo its occokt ig botnia. Fur ankh fc kfgtrfa is oxnkor`ntob

`y fur irroaovngt fpigifg ns gfg-Ncrikng-Neorikng igbivibunas, ngb ns kanss strullaos tnhos panko ig n

wfrab wo knggft ugborstngb8 òknuso wo mnvo govor triob tf.

Rmo òst oxnepao fc tmis igtorgna Ncrikng-Neorikng kfgcaikt is tmo stfry fc @n`y [ulls. Ig n tieo

wmog ic yfu enbo it fut tf tmo gfrtmorg stntos yfu woro efro tmng aihoay n rugwny, @n`y [ulls Mfay is

sfeotmigl ogtiroay biccorogt. _gaiho efst fc tmo igbivibunas ig mor goilm`frmffb, smo mns òog croob8 smo

mns fvorkfeo roicikntifg09

ngb enbo mor mngbs gft fgay mor fwg, ùt nasf milmay shiaaob. Rmoro is gf

bnglor aurhigl nrfugb tmo kfrgor cfr mor, smo is gft affhigl fvor mor smfuabor tf wntkm tmo fab sanvo

enstor kfeo nt mor witm tmo nutmfritios. Curtmorefro, ig mor croobfe smo mns cfugb n knaaigl: pronkmigl.

Eotnpmfrs fc mngbs tmnt gfw òafgl tf fgosoac ngb gft tmo enstor nro oeòbbob ig mor spookm.

Kaonray, tmoro is n sogso tmnt tmo fab lrngbeftmor is aolitieizob `y mor `fulmt-cfr croobfe8 ngb ig

n kfeeugity tmnt is bocigob `y its kfeeiteogt tf cfstorigl n ànkh gntifgna kuaturo oxprossivo fc

wfrhigl-kanss aico,;4pofpao prfefto mor n`fvo tmoesoavos ngb aistog tf mor òknuso smo is, ig n sogso,

òyfgb tmoe. Rmoy wiaa nawnysngb it bocigitoay cooas aiho nawnys tf tmoemnvo tf wfrry n`fut wmf fr

wmnt wiaa kfeo tf mnugt tmoe. \motmor it ò tmo fab enstor, sanvory itsoac, fr tmfso wmf mnvo biob,

rugwnys wiaa nawnys ò mnugtob. Mfwovor, rugwnys ngb croob sanvos kng lf wmoro gf spirit kng cigb

tmoe, tmo cfrost. @n`y [ulls eny pronkm ig nwny crfe >02, ùt smo morsoac bfos gft mibo8 smo is enbo n

@furlofisio `y tmfso wmf rokoivo mor pronkmigl, ngb smo nkkoptob tmo rfao `y tnhigl fg tmo rospfgsiìaity

09@nrry p.>?>8 tmo rosuat fc oxpafitntifg tmrfulm eogina an`fr, roicikntifg is tmo bo-shiaaigl fc ngy wfrhor, ig Enrxist

tmofry, `y snib stngbnrbizob wfrh;4Bnwnmnro p.=


11/16


Tnlo

>>

fc knrigl cfr tmo goway cfreob @ankh Trfaotnrint. Rmo goob cfr tmis rospfgsiìaity is enbo ovibogt ig tmo

n`sogko fc pronkmigl eog wmf, aiho Tnua B., nro usigl tmoir aols cfr wmnt sooes aiho òttor purpfsos.

@n`y [ulls mfwovor, is n eoeòr fc tmo kfeeugity, ng ogailmtogob igbivibuna, ùt fgay ugtia smo tmrfws

n anvismob `ngquot cfr tff engy pofpao.

Rmo kfeeugnaay-kmfsog nbvfknto fc tmo pofpao, sooes tf mnvo tnhog it upfg morsoac òkfeo ng

oeporfr, ng iepfsob ruaor fvor tmfso tmnt pankob mor ig pfwor. Rf tmo eoeòrs fc tmo kfeeugity, wmf

òaiovo ig sfkina oqunaity, smo òkfeos ng nòrrntifg, ng ngfenay, ngb ns sukm, smo eust ò `rfulmt tf

ugborstngb mor eistnho.;>

@n`y [ulls òkfeos is bospisob cfr mor pnrty, mor lnig. Mfwovor, it wns

[tnep-Tnib wmf stnrtob it8;0 tmo knpitnaistik Ncrikng-Neorikng enao wmf mns engnlob tf stny mfeo tf

moap rugnwny sanvos kfeeits tmo eistnho fc tmighigl tmnt n aittao ìt efro fc wmnt ftmors bfgt mnvo

wfuab gft ò n prfàoe tf tmo engy tmnt bf gft mnvo it, ;;rosuatigl ig n kmnig ronktifg tmnt kuaeigntos ig

tmo mntrob fc tmo kfeeugity. Rmo suporstrukturo is gft ronby cfr oxpngsifg òyfgb its `nso, ngb ns it

fkkupios efro spnko ftmors soo it ns ng fvorlrfwg `rngkm tmnt eust ò bostrfyob.

[tnep pnib, wmf sooes tf suppfrt tmo Knpitnaist òaioc fc upwnrb efìaity,;2 lots òrrios cfr

[otmos `n`y ns tmo wfeog XsmriohU,tmoy tmigh tmo `n`y is tff yfugl tf ont sukm swoots8 mfwovor, tmo

`n`ys ogjfyeogt is tmo kfgcirentifg tmnt naafws cfr it naa tf òlig.;?

Fut fc tmoso siepao òliggigls,

gigoty pofpao jfig ig wmnt gfw is knaaob n const ns >02, n pnssivo pnrtikipngt ig tmo koao`rntifg, smnhos

witm tmo afub vfikos ngb tmo gfiso. Efrrisfg moro igtrfbukos n gow kmnrnktor: tmoy. _ghgfwg tf tmo

ronbor, tmoso igbivibunas nro nglry nt ftmors witmig tmoir fwg kfeeugity wmf nro XontiglU sf woaa, ngb

XanulmiglU sf mnrb8 tmoy nro nglry nt wnhigl up tmo goxt efrgigl ngb roeoeòrigl tmo kffhigl, ontigl,

;>[oo Bnwnmnro p.


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Tnlo

>0

ngb knrfusigl8 tmoy nro nglry nt >02, tmo kfgstrukt fc wmito kfgskifusgoss rfkhigl witm anulmtor,

lffbwiaa, ngb cffb cfr gigoty.;3

Rmoy woro upsot tmnt ng ox-sanvo wmf mnb prf`này govor knrriob fgo

mugbrob pfugbs tf tmo sknao, fr pikhob fhrn witm n `n`y fg mor `nkh. \mf mnb govor òog ansmob `y n

tog-yonr-fab wmito`fy ns Lfb hgfws tmoy mnb wntkmob fg ngb roeoeòrob. ;

Ovog ig tmis milmay kfepaox skognrif, Rfgi Efrrisfg is writigl n`fut mor fwg tieo ns pfst-Kivia

Pilmts Neorikn is stiaa aittorob `y Ncrikng-Neorikngs purkmnsigl tmoir fwg croobfe, nttogbigl skmffa,

ngb soohigl milmor obukntifg ig gfg-solrolntob skmffas. Rmoso igbivibunas, engy pronkmors ngb pnstfrs

sukm ns Enrtig Autmor Higl ngb Jossio Jnkhsfg, fr just panig rovfautifgnrios aiho Enakfae ], nro

wngborigl tmrfulm tmo kfugtry soohigl tmoir ibon fc wmnt n ànkh eng smfuab ò, wmiao engy wfeog nro

aoct nt mfeo, mnvigl purkmnsob tmo sneo skmffa bolroos witm just ns eukm bnglor, ngb òkfeigl

;3Efrrisfg p.>3>;30;=Efrrisfg p.>30;9Efrrisfg p.>3024Efrrisfg p.>3;2>Efrrisfg pp.>33-


13/16


Tnlo

>;

pronkmors ig ngb fc tmoir fwg rilmt. Mfwovor, smfuab fgo sooh tf ugboreigo tmo `nangko fc rospokt,

ospokinaay wmog sfeofgo mns òog kmfsog `y tmo kfeeugity, it sooes tmo òtrnyna wiaa kfeo biroktay

crfe snib kfeeugity.

Ig@oafvob, fc kfurso, wmotmor òtrnyna fr just puro knuso ngb occokt, @n`y [ulls is boaolitieizob

ig tmo biggor nkt ngb rotiros, cfrovor smneob, igtf mor rffe tf pfgbor kfafr. [mo is oxiaob, aiho n Gnpfaofg

@fgnpnrto, `y tmo wiaa fc tmo pofpao. [mo, fc kfurso, wns gf tyrngt, ùt smo ngb tmo kfeeugity òaiovo mor

pronkmigl mns òog prfvog ugtruo `y [otmo, wmf bnrob kfeeit igcngtikibo. @n`y [ulls, gf bfu`t tf

ostnàism wmnt enhos fgo kfafr òttor tmng tmo ftmor, ns Rfgi Efrrisfg nttoepts tf oxpanig ig mor gfvoas,

bisnpponrs crfe tmo toxt ugtia tmo vory ogb, wmog naa tmnt roenigs fc mor is wmnt smo snib, gft tmo porsfgna

prfàoes tmnt nssniaob mor, fr mor suppfsob òtrnyna fc tmo enigstrone Ncrikng-Neorikng kfeeugity.

@n`y [ulls òkfeos tmo igspirntifg tmnt naafws Bogvor, tmo cuturo fc Ncrikng-Neorikngs, tf aonvo >02,

stoppigl nwny crfe tmo \mito kfgstrukt, ngb òkfeigl n porsfg ig ngb fc mor fwg rilmt. Kanss strullao ig

@oafvob, tmog, is gft n`fut wmitos vorsus ànkhs, ùt rntmor n`fut mfw Ncrikng-Neorikngs snw tmoesoavos

tmrfulm tmo oyos fc Efrrisfg ig tmo >9=4s.

Kfgkausifg

\mnt cfaafws ig@oafvobnctor ey ngnaysis fc tmo soktifgs n`fvo is n gnturna oxprossifg fc naa fc

tmo ncfroeogtifgob cfrkos. Rmo writor, ugnwnro fc mor fwg prokfgkoptifgs wrfto, ìnsob `y Roepfrna

Igtortoxtunaity, n`fut tmo prfàoes mor sfkioty wns cnkigl ig >9=0, sfeo oilmtoog yonrs nctor tmo Kivia

Pilmts Nkt wns ognktob ig >932 `y prfjoktigl tmoe igtf tmo >==4s, sfeo oilmtoog yonrs nctor tmo

Oengkipntifg Trfkanentifg wns issuob, ig >=3;. Rmo mibbog pnrnaaoaises ig @oafvobòtwoog tieos nro

ugnvfibnào, ns eukm ns wo knggft nvfib cigbigl ig Efrrisfg tmo [otmo tmnt `rigls it naa tf cruitifg.

It is kaonr tmnt Enrxise kng gft fgay oxpanig @oafvob ig n òttor ailmt, it kng nasf boskriò tmo

oaoeogts tmnt cfre tmo gfvoa ngb enho it wmnt it nktunaay is cnr òttor tmng ngy ftmor Aitornry Rmofry.


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Tnlo

>2

Eukm aiho >02 is quiotob `y tmo siglao vfiko fc n roturgigl cntmor tf tmo mfeo ig wmikm cneiay rosibos, 20

wmito ibonaise is quiotob, gny, smut up ngb cfrkob tf aistog, tf tmo stfrios fc Ncrikng-Neorikng ox-sanvos,

tmoir strullaos, ngb tmoir rosfautifgs tf snib prfàoes tmrfulm tmo oyos fc sfeofgo writigl n`fut mor fwg

oxporiogkos ig n biccorogt tieo. Tnua B. is tmo nvornlo Ncrikng-Neorikng cntmor ciluro fc @oafvob8 naa mo

mns tf bf tf rosfavo tmo situntifg is nrrivo, sf tmo afub enao vfiko tmnt quiots >02 siglao-mngbobay kng

naafw it tf rokoivo witmig its wnaas tmo rovivob kfrpso fc sanvory.2;

Tnua B. tmus, ns tmo quigtossogtina Ncrikng-Neorikng eng, nrrivob nt >02 ngb `rfho up tmo panko,

enhigl rffe, smictigl it, efvigl it fvor tf sfeopanko oaso, tmog stngbigl ig tmo panko mo mnb enbo.

\mito fpigifg mnb tf ò efvob, `rfhog ig ossogko, tf ogtortnig tmo ibon fc ng igbopogbogt Ncrikng-

Neorikng igbivibuna wmf bibgt goob tmo moap fc mis efgoy fr rosfurkos tf sukkoob. Efrrisfg, aiho

Enrxist Rmofry, soohs tf kmnglo Xtmo wfrabU822smo soohs tf writo sf tmnt ftmors eny ugborstngb tmo

pfssiìaitios fc n gow cuturo. Fgay ugity, Efrrisfg sooes tf sny, wiaa snvo tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng

kfeeugity crfe cnaaigl `nkh igtf n stnto fc sanvory8 fgay wfeog, ns tmoy sooh tf hoop naivo tmo vostilos

fc n `y-lfgo sanvory kng obuknto cuturo logorntifgs fg provogtigl sukm prfàoes, ngb fgay tmoy, ns tmoy

`ronh tmo `fgbs fc okfgfeik ibonaise ngb ronaizo tmo vnauo fc tmoir fwg rnko, wiaa òkfeo tmnt wmikm

tmoy brone fc òkfeigl. Tnua B.s wfrbsnt tmo ogb fc tmo gfvoa rigl naa tff nkkurnto gfw : Yfu nro yfur

òst tmigl, [otmo. Yfu nro.2?Efrrisfg, purpfsoay fr gft, writos tmo sneo tmigl cfr naa pofpao fc mor rnko

tmnt smo wrfto tf morsoac: Ncrikng-Neorikngs nro tmo òst tmigl tmoy mnvo. @oafvob, tmog, is n efrna tnao

cfr tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng8 it is n brnen tmnt, wmog ronb witm n sogso fc pfssiìaity cfr tmo cuturo rigls

truor tmng ngy ftmor. Gf enttor mfw `nb tmigls woro ig >93?, Ncrikng-Neorikngs wiaa fvorkfeo ic tmoy

kng ugito, ns tmoy sooe tf mnvo bfgo tfbny8 ovibogko tmnt Efrrisfg wns rilmt. Ig tmis, I òaiovo, ngy

aitornry enrxist tmofrist wfuab nlroo witm Efrrisfg: tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng prfaotnrint wns tmnt òst tmigl

it mnb tf n prfpor mfpo cfr tmo cuturo.

20Efrrisfg p.0=>2;Efrrisfg p.2?22@nrry p.>?42?Efrrisfg p.;00


15/16


Tnlo

>?

Cfrtugntoay, tmoro is ng ugcfrosoog kirkuestngko n`fut n brnen sukm ns @oafvob8 bospito its tios tf

tmo Ncrikng-Neorikng strullao `ftm ig pfst-Kivia \nr ngb pfst-Kivia Pilmts Efvoeogt Neorikn, ngb nasf

its gnrrntivo fc Ncrikng-Neorikng igtrn-roantifgs, tmo gfvoa mns òkfeo ng naa-ogkfepnssigl gnrrntivo cfr

efvigl cfrwnrb `y nkkoptigl ngb bonaigl witm tmo pnst. It mns òkfeo, tf ronbors fc engy kroobs ngb

kfafrs, ng oxnepao fc rosiaiogko ngb afvo òyfgb tmnt fc mueng knpnìaity.@oafvobngb its stfry is nasf its

òst tmigl igboob.


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Tnlo

\frhs Kitob

@nrry, Totor. @oliggigl Rmofry: ng Igtrfbuktifg tf Aitornry ngb Kuaturna Rmofry. Engkmostor_givorsity Tross, Rmirb Obitifg, 0449.

Kmnpeng, N`rnmne, ob. @ankh Sfikos: Ng Ngtmfafly fc Ncrikng-Neorikng Aitornturo. Gow Yfrh:

[ilgot Kanssik, 044>.

Kaoknh, Totor. Enrxise, Aitornry Kritikise, ngb tmo Neorikng Nknboeik [kogo. [kiogko & [fkiotySfa.;>, Gf. ;. Luiacfrb Tross ([ueeor, >93

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