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Corroboration for the influence of a component of solar irradiance on subsurface radon signals
REFERENCES 1. Steinitz, G., O. Piatibratova, and S. M. Barbosa, 2007. J. Geophys. Res., 112, B10211, doi:10.1029/2006JB004817. 2. Steinitz, G., Piatibratova, O., 2010a. Geophys. J. Int. 180, 651–665. 3. Steinitz, G. and Piatibratova, O., 2010. Solid Earth, 1, 99-109, doi:10.5194/se-1-99-2010. 4. Steinitz, G., Piatibratova, O., Kotlarsky, P., 2011. J. Env. Rad., 102, 749-765. 5. Steinitz, G., Piatibratova, O., Kotlarsky, P., 2011. Geophys. Res. Abs. v. 13, EGU2011-733. 6. Sturrock, P.A., and Collab., 2010b. Solar Physics, 267, 251-265.
Barasol MC 062 (Reference)
Day since 1.1.1998
3650 3652 3654 3656 3658 3660
kBq/m
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
o C
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
10.2
10.4 Barasol MC 062 (Reference)
Day since 1.1.1998
3748 3750 3752 3754 3756 3758
kBq/m
3
0
5
10
15
20
o C
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
10.2
Daily averages - smoothed
Day since 1.1.1998
3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300
Radon (
Coun
ts/1
5-m
inute
s)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Te
mp
era
ture
(oC
)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Radon smoothed
Temperature-smoothed
Temperature Day-time
Day since 1.1.1998
3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600
oC
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Pressure Night-time
Day since 1.1.1998
3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600
oC
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Pressure Day-time
Day since 1.1.1998
3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600
mb
ar
(de
lta
)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Pressure Night-time
Day since 1.1.1998
3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600
mb
ar
(de
lta
)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15B062 Alpha; Day-Time; Paul
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
3590
3855
4120
4385
4650
Da
y
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
Po
we
r
Day-time
B062 Alpha; Night-Time; Paul 1.2004
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
3590
3855
4120
4385
4650
Da
y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Po
we
r
Night-time
B065 Pressure; Night-Time; Paul
3.6003
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
3590
3855
4120
4385
4650
Day
-500
0
500
1000
1500
Pow
er
P Night-time
B065 Pressure; Day-Time; Paul
3.6003
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
3590
3855
4120
4385
4650
Day
-500
0
500
1000
1500
Pow
er
P Day-time
B062 Temperature; Night-Time; Paul
3.6003
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
3590
3855
4120
4385
4650
Da
y
-50
62.5
175
287.5
400
Po
we
r
T Night-time
B062 Temperature; Day-Time; Paul
3.6003
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
3590
3855
4120
4385
4650
Da
y
-50
62.5
175
287.5
400
Po
we
r
T Day-time
(site MM-0)
• Next to TEIDE volcano
• Elevation ~2000 m
• Measurement in subsurface concrete bunker, 5×5×3 m
Temperature lags alpha radiation (annual scale)
• Two peaks per day in Alpha signal • Not related to temperature
Day-Night influence by CWT analysis
Day-night influence occurs in the nuclear radiation from radon and
is ABSENT in Temperature and Pressure
0
1
2
3
4
5
Fre
quency (
yr-
1)
10
11
12
13
14
15
Fre
quency (
yr-
1)
0 5 10 15 20 Hour of Day
0 5 10 15 20 Hour of Day
Frequency (yr-1
)
0 1 2 3 4 5
CP
S
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 Environment (temperature)
Gamma-C + alpha-H + alpha-L
Frequency (yr-1
)
10 11 12 13 14 15
CP
S
0
5
10
15
20Gamma-C + alpha-H + alpha-L
Environment (temperature)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Fre
qu
en
cy (
yr-
1)
10
11
12
13
14
15
Fre
quency (
yr-
1)
0 5 10 15 20 Hour of Day
0 5 10 15 20 Hour of Day
An independent confirmation of the solar effect in the experimental data is obtained by performing Power Spectrum analysis of the gamma measurements when broken down by hour-of-day.
In the frequency band 0 – 5 yr-1 (left), the strongest feature corresponds to an annual oscillation centered on mid-day. The next strongest feature is a semi-annual oscillation. This is mainly a night-time feature, but it has a peak at 17 hours.
In the frequency band 10 – 15 yr-1 (right) the oscillations all occur at nighttime. The strongest feature is at frequency 12.5 yr-1, but there is also a feature at 11.3 yr-1 and at 11.9 yr-1
CPS spectral analysis in the annual band of the three nuclear detectors, and ambient temperature. Annual, semi-annual and ternary-annual periodicities occur in the nuclear radiation from radon
A likehood analysis is performed using the Combined Power Statistic (CPS) formed from the gamma, alpha-H and alpha-L sensors
CPS spectral analysis in the SOLAR band (right) of the nuclear detectors indicate that Solar rotational periodicities in the nuclear radiation from radon. Such periodicities are lacking in ambient temperature.
Gamma-C; Night-Time
3.1202
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
5500
5975
6450
6925
7400
Da
y
0
50
100
150
200
Po
we
r
g-C Night-time
Gamma-C; Day-Time
1.2002
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
5500
5975
6450
6925
7400
Da
y
0
31.25
62.5
93.75
125
Po
we
r
g-C Day-time
Temperature; Night-Time; Paul
3.6002
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
5500
5975
6450
6925
7400
Da
y
-250
62.5
375
687.5
1000
Po
we
r
T Night-time
Temperature; Day-Time; Paul
3.1202
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
5500
5975
6450
6925
7400
Da
y
-100
125
350
575
800
Po
we
r
T Day-time
Pressure; Night-Time; Paul
3.1202
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
5500
5975
6450
6925
7400
Da
y
-10
7.5
25
42.5
60P
ow
er
P Night-time
Pressure; Day-Time; Paul
3.1202
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
5500
5975
6450
6925
7400
Da
y
-10
7.5
25
42.5
60
Po
we
r
P Day-time
Alpha=High; Night-Time; Paul
3.6002
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
5500
5975
6450
6925
7400
Da
y
-5e+11
2.5e+11
1e+12
1.75e+12
2.5e+12
Po
we
r
-H Night-time
Alpha-High; Day-Time; Paul
0 1 2 3 4
CPD
5500
5975
6450
6925
7400
Da
y
0
62.5
125
187.5
250
Po
we
r
-H Day-time
Day-night influence occurs in the nuclear radiation from radon and
is ABSENT in Temperature and Pressure
Confirming by Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) analysis Phosphorite
Alpha-HGamma-C
Alpha-L
Counts
/15-m
in (
gam
ma-C
)
2.3e+5
2.4e+5
Counts
/15-m
in (
alp
ha)
1100
1200
1300
1400
Year
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
gamma-C
alpha-High
alpha-Low
gamma-C
Cycle/day
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Am
pli
tud
e (
no
rma
lize
d)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Mean of two alpha detectors
Cycle/day
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Am
pli
tud
e (
no
rma
lize
d)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2011
Day since 1.1.1992
7100 7110 7120 7130 7140 7150 7160 7170
Counts
/15-m
in (
gam
ma-C
)
2.410e+5
2.412e+5
2.414e+5
2.416e+5
2.418e+5
2.420e+5
Counts
/15-m
in (
alp
ha)
1388
1390
1392
1394
1396
1398
1400
1402
1404
oC
26.0
26.2
26.4
26.6
26.8
Gamma-C
Alpha-H
Alpha-L
Temperature
Day since 1.1.1992
7100 7110 7120 7130 7140 7150 7160 7170
w/m
2
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
330
332
oC
26.0
26.2
26.4
26.6
26.8
Solar radiation
Temperature
Temperature
Cycle/day
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
0
2
4
6
8
10
The experimental is performed in a square tank constructed of welded 3mm thick iron plates. The topside is fitted with three metal boards bolted into square profiles at the topside. Three metal tubes serve for the insertion of radiometric sensors. The upper sub volume of the tank contains air and the lower part of the tank is filled with ground phosphorite. The uranium (radium-226) in this material serves as the source of radon in the air volume of the experiment.
Spectra of alpha and gamma measurements (Experiment - 5 years) show clear peaks characteristic for annual and semi-annual, and also ternary-annual periodicity
The daily values of the two alpha detectors in EXP #1 during 5 years (exactly full annual cycles). The regression line calculated from the averages of both sensors shows a significant long term rise!
The annual peak of ambient temperature lags the annual peak of the nuclear radiation (gamma and alpha). Detail for 2011 shows the annual peak times demonstrates that temperature lags 10-30 days the peak of the alphas (blue, green) and the gamma (red)
Smoothed time series of the nuclear detectors. The semi-annual signal is observed
(published) • Dominance of solar tidal components in the annual, and diurnal frequency bands
• Annual modulation of the amplitude & phase of periodicities in the diurnal band
• Occurrence at different locations, at depths to >100 meter
• Similar phenomena in experiments of radon in confined air
And
• Negation of climatic influences; Lack of gravity tidal frequencies
• Solar rotational frequencies (rotation of Sun; 25-30 day period)
• Day-night differentiation of periodic signals - annual, daily & solar rotation
• Annual maximum of ambient temperature lags annual maximum of nuclear radiation
(~30 days)
• Confirmation of day-night differentiation at further geological locations
Periodic signals in Radon time series
Signal Period Observed
1. Daily 24-, 12-hours Field, Lab
2. Solar rotation 25-35 days (10-15 yr-1) Lab
3. Annual 365.2 days Field, Lab
4. Semi-annual 182.6 days Field, Lab
5. Ternary annual 121.7 days Field, Lab
Steinitz, G., Piatibratova, O., Kotlarsky, P., Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem Sturrock, P., Center for Space Science and Astrophysics, Stanford University, Stanford Martin, C. , Department of Geology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife
Gamma-C
0.18018
1.0201
1.9801
2.9401
0 1 2 3 4 5
CPD
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
Day
-50
50
150
250
350P
ow
er
Wavelet analysis (CWT) – Measured data
Rn-222 occurs at highly varying levels in subsurface air (geogas). Nuclear radiation from radon in geogas and in air within a confined
volume exhibits systematic temporal variations. The variations are composed of periodic and non-periodic signals spanning from
annual to daily duration. Data sets from sites in southern Israel [1-3] and from a 5-year experiment [4] demonstrated that the
periodic variations are related to an above surface driver probably due to a component of solar irradiance. This is supported by the
observation of multi-year variations, and clear semiannual and ternary annual signals which are in addition to the annual periodicity.
Further cyclic phenomena are recognized, some of which are not linked with Earth related periodicities. The combined time series of
the nuclear sensors inside the tank confirms the annual periodicity as well as a clear semi-annual and possibly a ternary-annual
periodicity. Additional periodicities in the frequency range of 10-15 yr-1 in the gamma time series are indicative for a relation to
rotation of the sun around its axis [6]. Observation of solar rotational periodicities in the nuclear radiation of radon is a significant
independent substantiation for the notion of the influence of a component in solar irradiance.
An independent confirmation for the solar effect in the experimental data is obtained by observing day time and night time patterns.
“Specgrams” of the power as a function of frequency and hour of day show that the peak of the annual periodicity occurs at daytime
while the semi-annual and solar periodicities are seen to be prominent at night. This is interpreted to indicate a differentiation in the
nuclear radiation from radon as a function of rotation of Earth. – i.e. when Earth faces the sun and when the sun is completely
obstructed. This feature is also demonstrated using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) analysis on time series composed of day-
time and night-time measurements. This validates the CWT analysis for detecting the phenomenon. Using the CWT analysis tool the
day- and night-time difference in radon time series is also detected at subsurface geological sites, from Israel, Tenerife and Italy.
These sites are from different geological and geophysical scenarios, different elevations and span depths from several meters to
around 1000m below the surface.
New multi-disciplinary prospects for the research are indicated in terms of a) the radioactive behavior of radon in above and subsurface air, b) an above surface geophysical driver for this behavior and, c) the influence of a component of solar irradiation.
Day since 1.1.1992
6000 6500 7000
Counts
/15-m
in
2.2e+5
2.3e+5
2.4e+5
2.5e+52008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Gamma
Day since 1.1.1992
6000 6500 7000
Co
un
ts/1
5-m
in
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Alpha-H
Alpha-L
5 years
Alpha
Day since 1.1.1992
6000 6500 7000
Cou
nts
/15-m
in (
ga
mm
a-C
)
2.3e+5
2.4e+5
Year2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
oC
10
15
20
25
Gamma-C
Temperature
w/m
2
100
150
200
250
300
350
oC
10
15
20
25
Year
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Solar radiation
Temperature
The annual pattern of temperature lags the annual pattern of solar radiation.