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A Look into the Future of Warfare:The Joint Battlespace Infosphere
Harold W. CarterUniversity of Cincinnati
http://www.ececs.uc.edu/~hcarter
2
"The Internet is like a weapon sitting on a table ready to be picked up by either you or your competitors.” (Michael Dell)
“Similar web-based systems will be cheaply available to U.S. adversaries from global vendors.… if the U.S. goal is information superiority, there is no option but to plunge into the issues of web-oriented C2.” (1999 AF SAB, “Building the Joint Battlespace Infosphere”)
3
Commander’s Perspective
Leverage Information for the Warfighter
1999 SAB Study: “Building the Joint Battlespace Infosphere”
Global Grid
Facilitate post crisis reshaping
Collaborative planning and
execution
Right forces at the right time
Total situational awarenessThe World Has Changed…To Meet The World Has Changed…To Meet
Our Responsibilities we must:Our Responsibilities we must:
Assemble disparate forces and Assemble disparate forces and resources into one joint resources into one joint
tailored force rapidly and tailored force rapidly and effectively to employ anywhere effectively to employ anywhere
in the worldin the world
4
Information Management Problem
Current C2ISR tools only get uspart way there
– Large, monolithic, rigid enterprises
– Unique information infrastructures
– Interoperability issues
– System admin & configuration overhead
Decision-maker must filter & aggregate
Kosovo Lessons: – “Info fatigue”
– “Cyber-rubbernecking”
Brand new enterprise systemscost-prohibitive (time & $$)
DCGSGCCS
TBMCS GDSS
?
DecisionMaker
!!
AOC
http://www.sab.hq.af.mil/Archives/index.htm
6
JBI Basics
Information exchange
– Publish/Subscribe/Query
Transforming datato knowledge
– Fuselets
The JBI is a system of systems that integrates, aggregates, & distributes information to users at all echelons, from the command center to the battlefield.
The JBI is built on four key technologies:
Distributed collaboration
– Shared, updateable knowledge objects
Force/Unit interfaces
– Templates
» Operational capability
» Information inputs
» Information requirements
7
Publish & Subscribe
JBIClient
Publish
Publish
Object
Subscribe
PublicationService
• Publish: Installation of Objects in “Catalog of Published Objects” maintained by specialized Publication Services. Services also maintain lists of pending Subscriptions
• Subscribe: Subscriptions specify metadata values that must match corresponding values in newly Published Objects - forward looking in time
• Query: Like Subscription, but without automatic triggering - backward looking in time
• Publication Service Processing:- Test each new Published Object against all pending Subscriptions- Test each new Query against all previously Published Objects
• Search: Trade-off Timeliness against Accuracy in Information Delivery
8
JBI Fuselets
• JBI Clients that create new knowledge derived from JBI information objects
• Small programs that publish JBI objects by refining or fusing information in a relatively simple way
• Capture simple decision logic which can be expressed in a natural way (e.g. rules)
• Created using scripting languages (e.g. JavaScript) or simple programming tools to adapt JBI information flows to dynamic mission needs
• Obtained from a library, configured, and placed in service to accomplish particular job in a JBI
• Not currently viewed as either mobile or intelligent
9
Example: fuselets that aggregate
• Each air base publishes a “base status” object to the JBI. A fuselet that has subscribed to this type of object is triggered and publishes an aggregate “mission base status” object.
• Complex aggregation is achieved by cascading fuselets, forming higher-level knowledge.
• Represents challenges in control.
Fuselet
Subscribe
Mission base status
Ramstein status
Aviano status
Taszar status
Publish
10
Objects and Metadata
OBJECT
• Set of attribute/value pairs• Standardized metadata• Mission-standard object
type definitions
METADATAOBJ-ID: TBMCS-59
JBI-CLIENT FLEX-1765A
OBJ-TYPE: ATO-MSG
Time-stamp: 06222001
SECURITY: UNCLAS
GEO: 167/34/27W-45/22/57N
ATTRIBUTESAND VALUES
<CAMPAIGN-ID DECISIVE-HALT-2001>
<MSGID ATO/TACC>
<AIRTASK RECONNAISSANCE>
<TASKUNIT 63-TRS/KXXQ/DET-1-FOL>
<MSNDAT AF0025/-/PHICO-10/1RF4C/REC>
<RECDATA 8AA001/PRY:2/301500Z/-/SLAR>
<TRCPLOT 420035N0153545E/RAD:50NM>
<INGRESS-ROUTE >
<COMMAND-GUIDANCE >
11
Force Template
Information handshake between the JBI and the combat unit (defines subscribe and publish data to JBI).
Information interface requirements:• Information required to accomplish mission
• Example: Required accuracy of targeting information
C2 and ISR capabilities:• ISR inputs to JBI
• Example: weapons pod camera
Force capabilities:• Sortie rates (steady state and surge)• Employment restrictions• Munitions (TLAMs)• Current readiness state• Logistics requirements
Force Template
12
Force / Unit Templates
•Information requirements •Information products/outputs•Communications requirements•Computing systems•Force employment capability•Ammunition inventory•Fuel requirements•Personnel requirements
•Information requirements •Information products/outputs •Communications requirements•Computing systems
Combat Unit
Support Unit
JBI
•Mandatory unit subscriptions•Mandatory unit publications•Network routing information
units and their native IM systems
Comprehensive Information “handshake”
Software descriptions of military units that are to be integrated into the JBI
Describes pub/sub exchange; based on IERsDrives JBI reconfiguration to incorporate
new
13
C4ISR and the JBI
Command
BattlespaceInfoSphere
Execution
CombatSupport
Info Support
Planning
Planning/ExecutionProducts
Command Guidance
UserInformation
Products & DBs
FusionProducts
Combat SupportProducts
Publish
Subscribe
Transform
Query
Control
RepresentationTask CentricPresentations
CollaborativeProblemSolving
AutomaticFormatting &
Filtering
AutomaticData Capture
Common
Architectural ConceptSENSORS
Coalition partners
ABCS
TBMCS
GCCS-M
AFATDS
GCSS
SYSTEMS
Subscribe
Publish
Global Grid, Web, Internet,….
JBI Repository
OBJ-ID: TBMCS-59
JBI-CLIENT FLEX-1765A
OBJ-TYPE: ATO-MSG
Time-stamp: 06222001
SECURITY: UNCLAS
GEO: 167/34/27W-45/22/57N
<CAMPAIGN-ID DECISIVE-HALT-2001>
<MSGID ATO/TACC>
<AIRTASK RECONNAISSANCE>
<TASKUNIT 63-TRS/KXXQ/DET-1-FOL>
<MSNDAT AF0025/-/PHICO-10/1RF4C/REC>
<RECDATA 8AA001/PRY:2/301500Z/-/SLAR>
<TRCPLOT 420035N0153545E/RAD:50NM>
<INGRESS-ROUTE >
<COMMAND-GUIDANCE >
OBJ-ID: TBMCS-59
JBI-CLIENT FLEX-1765A
OBJ-TYPE: ATO-MSG
Time-stamp: 06222001
SECURITY: UNCLAS
GEO: 167/34/27W-45/22/57N
<CAMPAIGN-ID DECISIVE-HALT-2001>
<MSGID ATO/TACC>
<AIRTASK RECONNAISSANCE>
<TASKUNIT 63-TRS/KXXQ/DET-1-FOL>
<MSNDAT AF0025/-/PHICO-10/1RF4C/REC>
<RECDATA 8AA001/PRY:2/301500Z/-/SLAR>
<TRCPLOT 420035N0153545E/RAD:50NM>
<INGRESS-ROUTE >
<COMMAND-GUIDANCE >
OBJ-ID: TBMCS-59
JBI-CLIENT FLEX-1765A
OBJ-TYPE: ATO-MSG
Time-stamp: 06222001
SECURITY: UNCLAS
GEO: 167/34/27W-45/22/57N
<CAMPAIGN-ID DECISIVE-HALT-2001>
<MSGID ATO/TACC>
<AIRTASK RECONNAISSANCE>
<TASKUNIT 63-TRS/KXXQ/DET-1-FOL>
<MSNDAT AF0025/-/PHICO-10/1RF4C/REC>
<RECDATA 8AA001/PRY:2/301500Z/-/SLAR>
<TRCPLOT 420035N0153545E/RAD:50NM>
<INGRESS-ROUTE >
<COMMAND-GUIDANCE >
JBI Platform
JBI SubscriptionBroker
Metadata
Metadata
Metadata
JBI QueryBroker
??
?
JBI Management
Services
ACCESS
Personnel
BDA
Orders of Battle
Weather
Targets
Etc....
BATTLESPACE
INFO
Intentions
Connectors
Query
15
JBI Operational Architecture
• Focuses on the tasks, information flows, and operational elements that meet the warfighter needs
• Defined through such products as:– operational concept documents– command relationship charts– activity models– information exchange requirements– required capabilities matrices
• Develops enterprise view and representation of operational processes
16
JBI Systems Architecture
• Identifies the information systems components and interconnections that make up the JBI development and execution environment.
• JBI platform, the run-time component that implements information exchange among C2ISR systems and fuselets • Systems needed to implement the entire JBI lifecycle – Unit Infospheres – Mission-specific JBIs.
• Includes tools and reuse repositories to support– Conceptual modeling– Object modeling– Allocation of object model component publication, subscription & query responsibilities – Performance modeling
17
JBI Technical Architecture
• Identifies applicable portions of existing standards – Joint Technical Architecture
• Establishes new standards where there are voids
– Standard template for stating JBI object models– Baseline common object models– Mission-specific JBI object models– Unit infosphere object models– Individual C2ISR system object models
– Standard template for stating publication, subscription, query, and query response responsibilities at the same levels as for the object model
– Interface protocols that define the service calls between the JBI platform and all systems that interface with the platform, including C2ISR systems and fuselets
18
JBI RepositoryJBI Query
BrokerJBI Subscription
Broker
JBI Management
Services
JBIClients
JBI Platform
Metadata
Connector
ACCESS
AccessPolicy
Global Grid, Web, Internet,….
JBI Platform Architecture
OBJ-ID: TBMCS-59
JBI-CLIENT FLEX-1765A
OBJ-TYPE: ATO-MSG
Time-stamp: 06222001
SECURITY: UNCLAS
GEO: 167/34/27W-45/22/57N
<CAMPAIGN-ID DECISIVE-HALT-2001>
<MSGID ATO/TACC>
<AIRTASK RECONNAISSANCE>
<TASKUNIT 63-TRS/KXXQ/DET-1-FOL>
<MSNDAT AF0025/-/PHICO-10/1RF4C/REC>
<RECDATA 8AA001/PRY:2/301500Z/-/SLAR>
<TRCPLOT 420035N0153545E/RAD:50NM>
<INGRESS-ROUTE >
<COMMAND-GUIDANCE >
?OBJ-ID: TBMCS-59
JBI-CLIENT FLEX-1765A
OBJ-TYPE: ATO-MSG
Time-stamp: 06222001
SECURITY: UNCLAS
GEO: 167/34/27W-45/22/57N
<CAMPAIGN-ID DECISIVE-HALT-2001>
<MSGID ATO/TACC>
<AIRTASK RECONNAISSANCE>
<TASKUNIT 63-TRS/KXXQ/DET-1-FOL>
<MSNDAT AF0025/-/PHICO-10/1RF4C/REC>
<RECDATA 8AA001/PRY:2/301500Z/-/SLAR>
<TRCPLOT 420035N0153545E/RAD:50NM>
<INGRESS-ROUTE >
<COMMAND-GUIDANCE >
OBJ-ID: TBMCS-59
JBI-CLIENT FLEX-1765A
OBJ-TYPE: ATO-MSG
Time-stamp: 06222001
SECURITY: UNCLAS
GEO: 167/34/27W-45/22/57N
<CAMPAIGN-ID DECISIVE-HALT-2001>
<MSGID ATO/TACC>
<AIRTASK RECONNAISSANCE>
<TASKUNIT 63-TRS/KXXQ/DET-1-FOL>
<MSNDAT AF0025/-/PHICO-10/1RF4C/REC>
<RECDATA 8AA001/PRY:2/301500Z/-/SLAR>
<TRCPLOT 420035N0153545E/RAD:50NM>
<INGRESS-ROUTE >
<COMMAND-GUIDANCE >
Metadata
Metadata
19
Advanced JBI Platform:Required JBI Infrastructure
JBI Infrastructure Services / Capabilities Layer– Publish / Subscribe / Query Mechanisms & Support Services
– Information Object Representation / Types / Schemas / Metadata / Ontologies
– Distributed Object Spaces / Virtual Repositories– White & Yellow Pages for Information & Service Location
– Transform– Fuselet Construction, Modification, Composition, and Control Services
– Control– JBI Stand Up/Down Services– JBI Client Protocols, Certification & Registration Services– Unit / Force Join & Depart Services– JBI Access, Performance, Control, and Maintenance Services– Information Flow Level QoS Management– Information Assurance / Pedigree Capture / Security & DIW
World Wide Web Layer Internet Layer Global Grid Communications Layer
20
DESIGN:
– Concentrate design effort on ops functionality
– Integrate at information level -- focus on content vs. format; de-couple data & applications
ACQUIRE:
– Competitive market economy for info services & products within the JBI; no single-vendor solutions
– Rapid plug-n-play, standards-based insertion of innovative functionality and technology
DEPLOY:
– Build & evolve agile JTF info framework driven by campaign CONOPS & dynamics of ops environment -- just like force structure
EMPLOY:
– Timely decision-making from decision quality information
– Unity of effort through shared understanding
Bestof breed
JBI PayoffsThe JBI will revolutionize the way we…
Faster,cheaper
Customized,AdaptiveServices
InformationDominance
Enabled by Web Infrastructure
21
JBI Impact
Design– JBI abstraction barrier isolates information layer from
delivery concerns– Designers focus on information needed for decision making– Enables designers to emphasize information availability, not
location & ownership– Emphasize information content, not data format
Acquire– “Plug & Play” integration at the information level– Open competition on basis of functionality & performance -
“best of breed” clients– C2ISR Product lines, not company store– Low cost of entry for innovators– High payoff through information-level synergy– Evolution of functionality through rapid new technology
insertion (e.g., MP3)
22
JBI Impact (Concluded) Deploy
– “Plug & Play” C2ISR component selection & assembly driven by current mission requirements
– Information system architecture (the “Information Plan”) co-designed with the CINC’s campaign plan, force structure plan, deployment plan
– “Designed” from the start to be responsive to CINC policy & goals
– Agility in the face of changing missions, roles, coalitions– Economy of functionality
Employ– See Gen McCarthy’s 1999 JBI summer study outbriefing !– The existence of a CINC-orchestrated “Information Plan” implies:
– Plan execution– Real-time execution assessment– Replanning
– Better decisions, faster
23
Current Status
AC2ISRC “Wright-Flyer” JBI
– “Integrated” Cat III for JEFX 00
– ISR Battle Management scenarioJBI Task Force
– Mapping technical/operational way ahead; securing acquisition funding
– Assembling joint partners
Concept Validation Prototypes(Y-JBIs)
– Explore design space
– Identify most viable components foroperational spirals
– Goal is relatively inexpensive evaluation & idea generation
wf-JBI
Design space
YJBI-1’s wfJBI
MOE/MOP
24
JBI Evolution
Provides an integrating substrate of information management services to link all C2 functionality
New solutions “plug-in” without rebuilding all service layers
• Supplants old infrastructures while providing migration path for existing C2 systems
• Significant acquisition, deployment, and employment gains
Dissolves Stovepipes & DeliversSeamless Access to Information
Infrastructure
TBMCS
TBMCSGCCS
GCCS GDSS
GDSSEmergingC2 tools
Y-JBIInfrastructure
BattlespaceInfoSphere
WEB ENABLED
JBI-1
Joint Campaign Planning
Mobility Planning
Battlespace Awareness
EffectsBasedOps
25
SAB RecommendedTechnology Investments
LEVERAGE E-BUSINESS SOLUTIONS WITH ROBUST DOD S&T INVESTMENTS
Commercial Tech:
YJBI-1
Today2001
• Web Technology:XML, XSL, XQL
• E-commerce Solutions
JBI-1
Near-Term2005
• Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) Middleware
• Digital Libraries
DoD S&T:
Prototype & Dem
o
Evolve Rqmts
Prototype & Dem
o
Evolve Rqmts
JBI-2
• Data Warehousing
• Immersive Virtual Environments
Spiral Development
Process
Spiral Development
Process
Long-Term2010
• Information Assurance & Survivability
• Advanced Data/Sensor Fusion
• Intelligent Agents
• Distributed Storage, Indexing, & Retrieval
• Auto Data Capture & Info Extraction
• Warfighter Connectivity
26
SAB Specific Recommendations
Immediate low-cost prototypes: AFRL/AC2ISRC JBI Platform technical architecture: ESC Evaluation of relevant COTS: ESC Military requirements for C2 Info Integration: AC2ISRC Common Representation/Templates: DISA/ESC Long term research:
– Advanced JBI Platform: DARPA with AFRL– Advanced fusion concepts: AFRL with DARPA– Information assurance: DARPA with AFRL– Agent-based technology: DARPA with AFRL– Advanced data survivable systems: DARPA/AFRL– Active networks: AFRL– Dynamic User Modeling: DARPA/AFRL
27
JBI High-Level Approach
COTS T&E
DoD R&D + GOTS T&E
Integration & Experimentation
Integrated Feasibility Demonstrations /
Experiments (IFD/E)
JBI = f(COTS + GOTS + DoD-specific R&D)
Adopt / Adapt / Develop to maintain low cost of entry; “Buy, don’t Build”
28
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
JBI Roadmap
YJBI-1a
YJBI-1b
YJBI-1c
YJBI-1d
CONOPS CONOPS CONOPS
Technical Architecture Technical Architecture Technical Architecture
DARPADARPA
Target ($M) 14.0 14.5 20.5 23.0 24.0 23.0 21.0
COTS Insertion + Foundational DoD Science & Technology
wfJBI JBI-1 Block 10JBI-1 Block 20
JBI-1 Block 30
JBI-2
JBI Experimental Testbed
JEFX 00 JEFX 02 JEFX 04 JEFX 06
29
Long-Term Research Areas Summary
• Advanced JBI Platform– Fundamental “core services” for Publish, Subscribe, Query,
Transform and Control
– Common Representation for information standardization
• Advanced Fusion Concepts– Integrate traditionally separate research communities for
fusion, planning, and IW for a new form of COP
• Information Assurance & Survivability– Novel approaches (e.g., NLP and semantic modeling) needed
to control exchange of information between classification and coalition domains: MLS/MSL remain critical requirements despite failures of traditional approaches
– Vulnerabilities/challenges introduced by JBI-related technologies; e.g., Shared-spaces (JavaSpaces/Jini); XML; Distributed components (CORBA, EJB, Agents, etc.)
30
Long-Term Research Areas Summary (Continued)
• Agent-Based Technology– Agents with network awareness for bandwidth adaptation– Enhanced mobility, control & coordination, and inter-
agent communication– Scalability & agent security issues
• Information Acquisition and Storage– Automatic data capture & info extraction services– Advanced data storage & retrieval (e.g., geospatial-
temporal indexing)
• Effective Interfaces– Context Understanding– Multiple, simultaneous-user, interactive environments– Cross-language transformation for seamless coalition
collaboration, preferably in real-time– Near real-time, dynamically-composable simulations to
support visualization and decision-making
31
JBI “SWAT Team”
Goal: Seize the JBI opportunity to provide the research, development and technical leadership necessary to formulate and execute a comprehensive program of research and development of the technical architecture for C2ISR by:
– Engaging in early experimental prototyping of JBI Platform services as a basis for idea generation, concept refinement, and evaluation.
– Performing in parallel systems studies and analysis of long term JBI Platform architecture focusing on downstream functionality for spiral development
– Providing the catalyst for the refocus of on-going AFRL/IF R&D activities, or the initiation of new AFRL/IF R&D activities, in partnership with others, in the long-term JBI technology areas recommended by the SAB
32
JBI “SWAT Team” Small cadre of full time senior S&Es
– Senior mentor– Large support group of part time S&Es from across directorate
Focus on experimental exploration of JBI Platform design space– JBI Core Services– JBI Technical Architecture
Build & maintain AFRL/IF node of JBI Testbed Serve as hub of AFRL IF Directorate JBI activities
– Bridges to each Division– Outreach to each Branch
– Long Term JBI Research and other JBI enabling R&D– Requirements pull for the JBI– Early access to evolving JBI concepts in the Testbed
Collaborate and support outside JBI activities– DARPA– AC2ISRC– ESC/MITRE– AFRL/HE– Other Service Labs
33
Testbed Purpose
Host and facilitate full evolution of the JBI
Support multiple prototypes (incl. wfJBI) for collaborative development and experimentation
Provide an integration environment for legacy and emerging C2ISR systems
Support industry IR&D efforts with access to C2 architectures & systems
Provide JBI component developers regular access to evolving JBI Services – mitigates risk for downstream insertion
Support operational assessment and evaluation
34
Distributed Testbed Nodes
OSC - Langley
ESC - Hanscom ARFL - Rome
C2B - Hurlburt DBCC - Nellis
Management / Assessment Center
– Requirement communities – Operational communities– Management communities
Experimentation / Demonstration Site
Science & Technology Developer
– R&D for enabling technologies
– DARPA agent & transition vehicleExperimentation & Evaluation Node
– COTS/GOTS ring-out and analysis
– Platform assessment & prototype development
• Integration Partner w/ ESC
– Emerging / legacy systems into JBI
– JBI component technologies
– Joint functional components onto JBI service layers
System Architects
– System and Technical architecture specifications
– Standards & Protocols
Experimentation/Evaluation Node– COTS/GOTS ring-out and analysis
– Metrics collection with operational systems Integration Partner with AFRLRequirements Analysis & Transition
– Translation of ops to technical reqts
– Support transition of JBI services/
components to operational
fielding
Operational Process Hub– Develop / refine new CONOPS to drive
JBI capabilities
Warfighter Assessment Center– Access to warfighter users on continuous basis– Full array of fielded systems and architectures– Established feedback and evaluation processes
Operational Assessment Center– Access to warfighter users on continuous basis– Full array of fielded systems and architectures– Established feedback and evaluation processes
Large-Force Employment Node– Robust, realistic scenarios– Operational ring-out
35
Summary: JBI Vision
Decision-Quality Information
Globally Interoperable Information “Space” that …
Aggregates, integrates, fuses, and
disseminates tailored
battlespace information
to all echelons of
a JTF
Links JTF sensors,
systems &users
together for unity of effort
Integrates legacy C2 resources
Focuses on Decision-Making
Enables Affordable Technology Refresh
Leverages Emerging Commercial Technologies
36
"Information superiority becomes a precondition for fighting to
achieve air and space superiority,"
Lt. Gen. Liu Shunyao,
Chief, China Peoples Liberation Army Air Force
28 Feb 2000, AW&ST
(“Chinese War Plans Emphasize Air Force's Offensive Role”)
Questions?