1 The skeletal and muscular systems AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition

1 Sample questions with mark schemes

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

(a) The figure below shows an athlete during the take off phase of the long jump.

right hip

right kneeleftankle

Complete the missing information, A–F, in the movement analysis table below.

Joint TypeArticulating

bonesJoint

ActionAgonist Muscle

Antagonist muscle

Right HipBall and socket

(Acetabulum of) pelvis, (head of) femur

Flexion C D

Right Knee Hinge B Flexion E Recturs femoris

Left Ankle A Femur, tibia, fibula F Gastrocnemius

Tibialisanterior

[6 marks]

(b) To execute explosive movements such as those needed at the take off in the long jump, the athlete will need to recruit fast glycolytic muscle fibres.

Explain why fast glycolytic muscle fibres are most suited to explosive movements.[4 marks]

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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this p icture.

Note to TechType: please insert photograph of a long jumper during the take off phase. Please then label as indicated. If you cannot find a photo to reuse from AS TRF or AS student book, please include a note in next set of proofs

1 The skeletal and muscular systems AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition

(c) Identify and explain the types of muscular contraction occurring in the muscles of the quadriceps, the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius during:(i) the take off and (ii) the landing phases of the long jump

[5 marks]

(d) Involvement in an active lifestyle is to be encouraged. However, certain types of activity can impact in a negative way on the skeletal and muscular systems.

Describe the risks to the skeletal and muscular system that can be caused by regular involvement in contact sports.

[5 marks]

(e) Describe the main components of a warm up and explain the positive effects of a warm up on skeletal muscle tissue.

[10 marks]

MARK SCHEME

(a) The figure below shows an athlete during the take off phase of the long jump.

6 marks for:

A = hingeB = femur, tibia (NB: Not fibula or patella)C = IliopsoasD = Gluteus maximusE = Biceps femoris / semitendinosus / semimembranosus

(b) To execute explosive movements such as those needed at the take off in the long jump, the athlete will need to recruit fast glycolytic muscle fibres.

Explain why fast glycolytic muscle fibres are most suited to explosive movements.[4 marks]

4 marks for 4 of:1. large fibre size2. generate a high force of contraction3. in a small amount of time4. large stores of phosphocreatine / PC5. allowing quick access to energy6. high anaerobic capacity7. explosive / powerful fibres

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1 The skeletal and muscular systems AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition

(c) Identify and explain the types of muscular contraction occurring in the muscles of the quadriceps, the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius during (i) the take off and (ii) the landing phases of the long jump

[5 marks]

(i) (take off)submax 3

1. acting as the agonist2. directly responsible for extension of the knee3. tension develops while the muscle shortens4. muscle is causing movement

(ii) (landing)submax 3

5. working to control the landing6. working against gravity7. tension develops while the muscle lengthens8. muscle is controlling movement / landing9. to stop body collapsing completely on landing

(d) Involvement in an active lifestyle is to be encouraged. However, certain types of activity can impact in a negative way on the skeletal and muscular systems.

Describe the risks to the skeletal and muscular system that can be caused by regular involvement in contact sports.

[5 marks]

5 marks for 5 of:1. dangerous for osteoporosis sufferers2. risk of fractures / stress fractures3. risk of sprains / dislocations4. particularly in less stable joints (knee, shoulder)5. affecting joint stability6. increased risk of damage to growth plates in children and adolescents7. muscle tears / strains8. damage to articular cartilage9. injury can increase chances of osteoarthritis in later life

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1 The skeletal and muscular systems AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition

(e) Describe the main components of a warm up and explain the positive effects of a warm up on skeletal muscle tissue.

[10 marks]

Indicative content:

Warm Up - description crucial part to any sport increase the quality of performance of physical activity reduce the chance of muscle or joint soreness in days following exercise involves light aerobic exercise to elevate heart rate / increase muscle or body

temperature involves mobilising exercises to loosen the joints / secrete synovial fluid involves stretching to loosen the muscles / connective tissue involves some skill practices to prepare body for the movement patterns to follow prepares the body for exercise reduces the risk of injury

Warm up – explanation the positive effects of a warm up are as a result of an increase in body temperature reduction in muscle viscosity, leading to an improved efficiency of contraction higher speed of nerve transmission allows for a greater force and sped of contraction of

muscle fibres increased flexibility of muscles reduces the risk of injury increased extensibility of ligaments / tendons / connective tissue reduces the risk of

injury

Lever descriptors:

Level 3 – 8-10 marks there is detailed knowledge and good understanding of the topic there is effective analysis and / or critical evaluation knowledge has been clearly and consistently linked to practical performance throughout

the answer if appropriate accurate technical and specialist vocabulary is used throughout there is a high standard of written communication

Discriminators from level 2 are likely to include: detailed knowledge of the components of the warm up and the reasons for each sufficient knowledge credited for the explanation of a warm up to the efficiency of

skeletal muscle

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1 The skeletal and muscular systems AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition

Level 2 – 5-7 marks there is satisfactory knowledge and understanding of the topic analysis and/or critical evaluation is attempted with some success knowledge has been linked to practical performance with some success where

appropriate technical and specialist vocabulary is used with some accuracy written communication is generally fluent with few errors

Discriminators from level 1 are likely to include: a level of knowledge of the components of the warm up and the reasons for some of them some ability to explain why a muscle works more efficiently after a warm up

Level 1 – 0-4 marks there is basic knowledge but little understanding of the topic little or no attempt to analyse and/or evaluate little or no attempt to link to practical performance technical and specialist vocabulary is used with limited success written communication lacks fluency and there will be errors, some of which may be

intrusive

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