A LAW DICTIONARY

ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

AND OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION

With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law by

John Bouvier Ignoratis terminis ignoratur et ars. − Co. Litt. 2 a. Je sais que chaque science et chaque art a ses termes propres, inconnu au commun des hommes. − Fleury SIXTH EDITION, REVISED, IMPROVED, AND GREATLY ENLARGED.

VOL. I.___________________________

PHILADELPHIA CHILDS & PETERSON, 124 ARCH STREET

1856Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty−nine, BY JOHNBOUVIER, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

____________________________Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty−three, BY JOHNBOUVIER, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

_____________________________Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty−eight, BY JOHNBOUVIER, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

_____________________________Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty−two, BY ELIZABOUVIER and ROBERT E. PETERSON, Trustees, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the EasternDistrict of Pennsylvania.

Deacon & Peterson, Printers 66 South Third Street.

TO THE HONORABLE JOSEPH STORY, L L.D.,

One of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States THIS WORK is WITH HIS PERMISSION MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

AS A TOKEN OF GREAT REGARD ENTERTAINED FOR HIS TALENTS, LEARNING, AND CHARACTER,

BYTHE AUTHOR.

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION

Encouraged by the success of this work, the author has endeavored to render this edition as perfect as itwas possible for him to make it. He has remoulded very many of the articles contained in the former editions, andadded upwards of twelve hundred new ones.

To render the work as useful as possible, he has added a very copius index to the whole, which, at thesame time that it will assist the inquirer, will exhibit the great number of subjects treated in these volumes.

As Kelham’s Law Dictionary has been published in this city, and can be had by those who desire to

possess it, that work has not been added as an appendix to this edition.Philadelphia, November, 1848.

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FOUTH EDITION

Since the publication of the last edition of this work, its author, sincerely devvoted to the advancement ofhis profession, has given to the world his Institutes of American Law, in 4 vols. Svo. Always endeavoring torender his Dictionary as perfect as possible, he was constantly revising it; and whenever he met with an articlewhich he had omitted, he immediately prepared it for a new edition. After the completion of his Institutes, inSeptember last, laboring to severely, he fell a victim to his zeal, and died on the 18th of November, 1851, at theage of sixty−four.

In preparing this edition, not only has the matter left by its author been made use of, but additional matterhas been added, so that the present will contain nearly one−third more than the last edition. Under one head, thatof Maxims, nearly thriteen hundred new articles have been added. The book has been carefully examined, a greatportion of it by two members of the bar, in order that it mught be purged, as far as possible, from all errors ofevery description. The various changes in the constitutions of the states made since the last edition, have beennoticed, so far as was compatible with this work; and every effort made to render it as perfect as a work of thekind would permit, in order that it might still sustain the reputation given to it by a Dublin barrister, "of being awork of a most elaborate character, as compared with English works of a similar nature, and one which should bein every library."

That it may still continue to receive the approbation of the Bench and Bar of the United States, is thesincere desire of the widow and daughter of its author.

PREFACETo the difficulties which the author experienced on his admission to the bar, the present publication is to beattributed. His endeavours to get forward in his profession were constantly obstructed, and his efforts for a longtime frustrated, for want of that knowledge which his elder brethren of the bar seemed to possess. To find amongthe reports and the various treatises on the law the object of his inquiry, was a difficult task; he was in a labyrinthwithout a guide: and much of the time which was spent in finding his way out, might, with the friendly assistanceof one who was acquainted with the construction of the edifice, have been saved, and more profitably employed.He applied to law dictionaries and digests within his reach, in the hope of being directed to the source whencethey derived their learning, but be was too often disappointed; they seldom pointed out the authorities where theobject of his inquiry might be found. It is true such works contain a great mass of information, but from themanner in which they have been compiled, they sometimes embarrassed him more than if he had not consultedthem. They were written for another country, possessing laws different from our own, and it became a questionhow far they were or were not applicable here. Besides, most of the matter in the English law dictionaries will befound to have been written while the feudal law was in its full vigor, and not fitted to the present times, norcalculated for present use, even in England. And there is a great portion which, though useful to an [vii] Englishlawyer, is almost useless to the American student. What, for example, have we to do with those laws of GreatBritain which relate to the person of their king, their nobility, their clergy, their navy, their army; with their gamelaws; their local statutes, such as regulate their banks, their canals, their exchequer, their marriages, their births,their burials, their beer and ale houses, and a variety of similar subjects ?

The most modern law dictionaries are compilations from the more ancient, with some modifications andalterations and, in many instances, they are servile copies, without the slightest alteration. In the mean time thelaw has undergone a great change. Formerly the principal object of the law seemed to be to regulate real property,in all its various artificial modifications, while little or no attention was bestowed upon the rules which governpersonal property and rights. The mercantile law has since arisen, like a bright pyramid, amid the gloom of thefeudal law, and is now far more important in practice, than that which refers to real estate. The law of realproperty, too, has changed, particularly in this country.

The English law dictionaries would be very unsatisfactory guides, even in pointing out where the lawsrelating to the acquisition and transfer of real estate, or the laws of descent in the United States, are to be found.And the student who seeks to find in the Dictionaries of Cowel, Manly, Jacobs, Tomlins, Cunningham, Burn,Montefiore, Pott, Whishaw, Williams, the Termes de Ley, or any similar compilation, any satisfactory account in

relation to international law, to trade and commerce, to maritime law, to medical jurisprudence, or to natural law,will probably not be fully gratified. He cannot, of course, expect to find in them anything in relation to ourgovernment, our constitutions, or our political or civil institutions.[viii]

It occurred to the author that a law dictioinary, written entirely anew, and calculated to remedy thosedefects, would be useful to the profession. Probably overrating his strength, he resolved to undertake the task, andif he should not fully succeed, he will have the consolation to know, that his effort may induce some more giftedindividual, and better qualified by his learning, to undertake such a task, and to render the American bar animportant service. Upon an examination of the constitution and laws of the United States, and of the several statesof the American Union, he perceived many technical expressions and much valuable information which he wouldbe able to incorporate in his work. Many of these laws,although local in their nature, will be found useful to everylawyer, particularly those engaged in mercantile practice. As instances of such laws the reader is referred to thearticles Acknowledgment, Descent, Divorce, Letters of Administration, and Limitatio. It is within the plan of thiswork to explain such technical expressions as relate to the legislative, executive, or judicial departments of thegovernment; the political and the civil rights and duties of the citizens; the rights and duties of persons,particularly such as are peculiar to our institutions, as, the rights of descent and administration; of the mode ofacquiring and transferring property; to the criminal law, and its administration. It has also been an object with theauthor to embody in his work such decisions of the courts as appeared to him to be important, either because theydiffered from former judgments, or because they related to some point which was before either obscure orunsettled. He does not profess to have examined or even referred to all the American cases; it is a part of the plan,however, to refer to authorities, generally, which will lead the student to nearly all the cases.

The author was induced to believe, that an occasional comparison of the civil, canon, and other systemsof foreign law, with our own,[ix] would be useful to the profession, and illustrate many articles which, withoutsuch aid, would not appear very clear; and also to introduce many terms from foreign laws, which may supply adeficiency in ours. The articles Condonation, Extradition, and Novation, are of this sort. He was induced to adoptthis course because the civil law has been considered, perhaps not without justice, the best system of writtenreason, and as all laws are or ought to be founded in reason, it seemed peculiarly proper to have recourse to thisfountain of wisdom: but another motive influenced this decision; one of the states of the Union derives most of itscivil regulations from the civil law; and there seemed a peculiar propriety, therefore, in introducing it into anAmerican law dictionary. He also had the example of a Story, a Kent, Mr. Angell, and others, who haveornamented their works from the same source. And he here takes the opportunity to acknowledge the benefitswhich he has derived from the learned labors of these gentlemen, and of those of Judge Sergeant, Judge Swift,Judge Gould, Mr. Rawle, and other writers on American law and jurisprudence.

In the execution of his plan, the author has, in the first place, defined and explained the various wordsand phrases, by giving their most enlarged meaning, and then all the shades of signification of which they aresusceptible; secondly, he has divided the subject in the manner which to him appeared the most natural, and laiddown such principles and rules as belong to it; in these cases he has generally been careful to give an illustration,by citing a case whenever the subject seemed to require it, and referring to others supporting the same point;thirdly, whenever the article admitted of it, he has compared it with the laws of other countries within his reach,and pointed out their concord or disagreement; and, fourthly, he has referred to the authorities, the abridgments,digests, and the [x] ancient and modem treatises, where the subject is to be found, in order to facilitate theresearches of the student. He desires not to be understood as professing to cite cases always exactly in point; onthe contrary, in many instances the authorities will probably be found to be but distantly connected with thesubject under examination, but still connected with it, and they have been added in order to lead the student tomatter of which he may possibly be in pursuit.

To those who are aware of the difficulties of the task, the author deems it unnecessary to make anyapology for the imperfections which may be found in the work. His object has been to be useful; if that has beenaccomplished in any degree, he will be amply rewarded for his labor; and he relies upon the generous liberality ofthe members of the profession to overlook the errors which may have been committed in his endeavors to servethem.PHILADELPHIA, September, 1839.

A

LAW DICTIONARY

A, the first letter of the English and most other alphabets, is frequently used as an abbreviation, (q. v.) and alsoin the marks of schedules or papers, as schedule A, B, C, &c. Among the Romans this letter was used in criminaltrials. The judges were furnished with small tables covered with wax, and each one inscribed on it the initial letterof his vote; A, when he voted to absolve the party on trial; C, when he was for condemnation; and N L, (nonliquet) when the matter did not appear clearly, and be desired a new argument. A MENSA ET THORO, from bed and board. A divorce a mensa et thoro, is rather a separation of the parties byact of law, than a dissolution of the marriage. It may be granted for the causes of extreme cruelty or desertion ofthe wife by the hushand. 2 Eccl. Rep. 208. This kind of divorce does not affect the legitimacy of children, norauthorize a second marriage. V. A vinculo matrimonii; Cruelty Divorce. A PRENDRE, French, to take, to seize, in contracts, as profits a prendre. Ham. N. P. 184; or a right to takesomething out of the soil. 5 Ad. & Ell. 764; 1 N. & P. 172 it differs from a right of way, which is simply aneasement or interest which confers no interest in the land. 5 B. & C. 221. A QUO, A Latin phrases which signifies from which; example, in the computation of time, the day a quo is notto be counted, but the day ad quem is always included. 13 Toull. n. 52 ; 2 Duv. n. 22. A court a quo, the courtfrom which an appeal has been taken; a judge a quo is a judge of a court below. 6 Mart. Lo. R. 520; 1 Har. Cond.L. R. 501. See Ad quem. A RENDRE, French, to render, to yield, contracts. Profits a rendre; under this term are comprehended rents andservices. Ham N. P. 192. A VINCULO MATRIMONII, from the bond of marriage. A marriage may be dissolved a vinculo, in manystates, as in Pennsylvania, on the ground of canonical disabilities before marriage, as that one of the parties waslegally married to a person who was then living; impotence, (q. v.,) and the like adultery cruelty and maliciousdesertion for two years or more. In New York a sentence of imprisonment for life is also a ground for a divorce avinculo. When the marriage is dissolved a vinculo, the parties may marry again but when the cause is adultery, theguilty party cannot marry his or her paramour. AB INITIO, from the beginning.

2. When a man enters upon lands or into the house of another by authority of law, and afterwards abusesthat authority, he becomes a trespasser ab initio. Bac. Ab. Trespass, B.; 8 Coke, 146 2 Bl. Rep. 1218 Clayt. 44.And if an officer neglect to remove goods attached within a reasonable time and continue in possession, his entrybecomes a trespass ab initio. 2 Bl. Rep. 1218. See also as to other cases, 2 Stra. 717 1 H. Bl. 13 11 East, 395 2Camp. 115 2 Johns. 191; 10 Johns. 253; ibid. 369.

3. But in case of an authority in fact, to enter, an abuse of such authority will not, in general, subject theparty to an action of trespass, Lane, 90 ; Bae. Ab. Trespass, B ; 2 T. It. 166. See generally 1 Chit. PI. 146. 169.180. AB INTESTAT. An heir, ab intestat, is one on whom the law casts the inheritance or estate of a person who diesintestate. AB IRATO, civil law. A Latin phrase, which signifies by a man in anger. It is applied to bequests or gifts, whicha man makes adverse to the interest of his heir, in consequence of anger or hatred against him. Thus a devise madeunder these circumstances is called a testament ab irato. And the suit which the heirs institute to annul this will iscalled an action ab irato. Merlin, Repert. mots Ab irato. ABANDONMENT, contracts. In the French law, the act by which a debtor surrenders his property for thebenefit of his creditors. Merl. Rep. mot Abandonment. ABANDONMENT, contracts. In insurances the act by which the insured relinquishes to the assurer all theproperty to the thing insured.2.− No particular form is required for an abandonment, nor need it be in writing; but it must be explicit andabsolute, and must set forth the reasons upon which it is founded.3.−It must also be made in reasonable time after the loss.4.−It is not in every case of loss that the insured can abandon. In the following cases an abandonment may bemade: when there is a total loss; when the voyage is lost or not worth pursuing, by reason of a peril insured againstor if the cargo be so damaged as to be of little or no value; or where the salvage is very high, and further expensebe necessary, and the insurer will not engage to bear it or if what is saved is of less value than the freight; or

where the damage exceeds one half of the value of the goods insured or where the property is captured, or evendetained by an indefinite embargo ; and in cases of a like nature. 5.−The abandonment, when legally made transfers from the insured to the insurer the property in the thinginsured, and obliges him to pay to the insured what he promised him by the contract of insurance. 3 Kent, Com.265; 2 Marsh. Ins. 559 Pard. Dr. Coin. n. 836 et seq. Boulay Paty, Dr. Com. Maritime, tit. 11, tom. 4, p. 215. ABANDONMENT. In maritime contracts in the civil law, principals are generally held indefinitely responsiblefor the obligations which their agents have contracted relative to the concern of their commission but with regardto ship owners there is remarkable peculiarity; they are bound by the contract of the master only to the amount oftheir interest in the ship, and can be discharged from their responsibility by abandoning the ship and freight. Poth.Chartes part. s. 2, art. 3, _ 51; Ord. de la Mar. des proprietaires, art. 2; Code de Com. 1. 2, t. 2, art. 216. ABANDONMENT, lights. The relinquishment of a right; the giving up of something to which we are entitled. 2. − Legal rights, when once vested, must be divested according to law, but equitable rights may be abandoned.2 Wash. R. 106. See 1 H. & M. 429; a mill site, once occupied, may be abandoned. 17 Mass. 297; an applicationfor land, which is an inception of title, 5 S. & R. 215; 2 S. & R. 378; 1 Yeates, 193, 289; 2 Yeates, 81, 88, 318; animprovement, 1 Yeates, 515 ; 2 Yeates, 476; 5 Binn. 73; 3 S. & R. 319; Jones’ Syllabus of Land Office Titles inPennsylvania, chap. xx; and a trust fund, 3 Yerg. 258 may be abandoned. 3. − The abandonment must be made by the owner without being pressed by any duty, necessity or utility tohimself, but simply because he wishes no longer to possess the thing; and further it must be made without anydesire that any other person shall acquire the same; for if it were made for a consideration, it would be a sale orbarter, and if without consideration, but with an intention that some other person should become the possessor, itwould be a gift: and it would still be a gift though the owner might be indifferent as to whom the right should betransferred; for example, he threw money among a crowd with intent that some one should acquire the title to it. ABANDONMENT for torts, a term used in the civil law. By the Roman law, when the master was sued for thetort of his slave, or the owner for a trespass committed by his animal, he might abandon them to the personinjured, and thereby save himself from further responsibility. 2. − Similar provisions have been adopted in Louisiana. It is enacted by the civil code that the master shall beanswerable for all the damages occasioned by an offence or quasi offence committed by his slave. He may,however, discharge himself from such responsibility by abandoning the slave to the person injured; in which casesuch person shall sell such slave at public auction in the usual form; to obtain payment of the damages and costs;and the balance, if any, shall be returned to the master of the slave, who shall be completely discharged, althoughthe price of the slave should not be sufficient to pay the whole amount of the damages and costs; provided that themaster shall make abandonment within three days after the judgment awarding such damages, shall have beenrendered; provided also that it shall not be proved that the crime or offence was committed by his order, for insuch cases the master shall be answerable for all damages resulting therefrom, whatever be the amount, withoutbeing admitted to the benefit of abandonment. Art. 180, 181. 3. − The owner of an animal is answerable for the damages he has caused; but if the animal had been lost, orhad strayed more than a day, he may discharge himself from this responsibility, by abandoning him to the personwho has sustained the injury, except where the master has turned loose a dangerous or noxious animal, for then hemust pay for all the harm he has done, without being allowed, to make the abandonment. Ib. art. 2301. ABANDONMENT, malicious. The act of a hushand or wife, who leaves his or her consort wilfully, and with anintention of causing perpetual separation. 2. − Such abandonment, when it has continued the length of time required by the local statutes, is sufficientcause for a divorce. Vide 1 Hoff. R. 47; Divorce. ABATEMENT, chancery practice, is a suspension of all proceedings in a suit, from the want of proper partiescapable of proceeding therein. It differs from an abatement at law in this, that in the latter the action is in generalentirely dead, and cannot be revived, 3 Bl. Com. 168 but in the former, the right to proceed is merely suspended,and may be revived by a bill of revivor. Mitf. Eq. Pl. by Jeremy, 57; Story, Eq. PI. _354. ABATEMENT, contracts, is a reduction made by the creditor, for the prompt payment of a debt due by thepayor or debtor. Wesk. on Ins. 7. ABATEMENT, merc. law. By this term is understood the deduction sometimes made at the custom−house fromthe duties chargeable upon goods when they are damaged See Act of Congress, March 2, 1799, s. 52, 1 Story L.U. S. 617.

ABATEMENT, pleading, is the overthrow of an action in consequence of some error committed in bringing orconducting it when the plaintiff is not forever barred from bringing another action. 1 Chit. Pl. 434. Abatement isby plea. There can be no demurrer in abatement. Willes’ Rep. 479; Salk. 220. 2. Pleas in abatement will be considered as relating, 1, to the jurisdiction of the court; 2, to the person of theplaintiff; 3, to that of the defendant; 4, to the writ; 5, to the qualities. of such pleas ; 6, to the form of such pleas;7, to the affidavit of the truth of pleas in abatement. 3. − _ 1. As to pleas relating to the jurisdiction of the court, see article Jurisdiction, and Arch. Civ. Pl. 290; 1Chit. PI. Index. tit, Jurisdiction. There is only one case in which the jurisdiction of the court may be inquired ofunder the general issue, and that is where no court of the country has jurisdiction of the cause, for in that case noaction can be maintained by the law of the land. 3 Mass. Rep. Rea v. Hayden, 1 Dougl. 450; 3 Johns. Rep. 113; 2Penn. Law Journal 64, Meredith v. Pierie. 4. − _ 2. Relating to the person of the plaintiff. 1. The defendant may plead to the person of the plaintiff thatthere never was any such person in rerum natura. Bro. Brief, 25 ; 19 Johns. 308 Com. Dig. Abatement, E 16. Andif one of several plaintiffs be a fictitious person, it abates the writ. Com. Dig. Abatement, E 16; 1 Chit. Pl. 435;Arch. Civ. Pl. 304. But a nominal plaintiff in ejectment may sustain an action. 5 Verm. 93; 19 John. 308. As to therule in Pennsylvania, see 5 Watts, 423. 5. − 2. The defendant. may plead that the plaintiff is a feme covert. Co. Lit. 132, b.; or that she is his own wife.1 Brown. Ent. 63; and see 3 T. R. 631; 6 T. R. 265; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 6; 1 Chit. Pl. 437; Arch. Civ. Pl.302. Coverture occurring after suit brought is a plea in abatement which cannot be pleaded after a plea in bar,unless the matter arose after the plea in bar; but in that case the defendant must not suffer a continuance tointervene between the happening of this new matter, or its coming to his knowledge, and pleading it. 4 S & R.238; Bac. Abr. Abatement, G; 4 Mass. 659; 4 S. & R. 238; 1 Bailey, 369; 4 Vern. 545; 2 Wheat. 111; 14 Mass. 295 ; 1 Blackf. 288 ; 2 Bailey, 349. See 10 S. & R. 208;7 Verm. 508; 1 Yeates, 185; 2 Dall. 184; 3 Bibb, 246. 6. − 3. That the plaintiff (unless he sue with others as executor) is an infant and has declared by attorney. 1 Chit.Pl. 436; Arch. Civ. Pi. 301; Arch. Pr. B. R. 142 ; 2 Saund. 212, a, n. 5; 1 Went. 58, 62; 7 John. R. 373; 3 N. H.Rep. 345; 8 Pick. 552; and see 7 Mass. 241; 4 Halst. 381 2 N. H. Rep. 487. 7. − 4. A suit brought by a lunatic under guardianship, shall abate. Brayt. 18. 8. − 5. Death of plaintiff before the purchase of the original writ, may be pleaded in abatement. 1 Arch. Civ. PI.304, 5; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 17. Death of plaintiff pending the writ might have been pleaded since the lastcontinuance, Com. Dig. Abatement, H 32; 4 Hen. & Munf. 410; 3 Mass. 296 ; Cam. & Nor. 72; 4 Hawks, 433; 2Root, 57; 9 Mass. 422; 4 H. & M. 410; Gilmer, 145; 2 Rand. 454; 2 Greenl. 127. But in some states, as inPennsylvania, the, death of the plaintiff does not abate the writ; in such case the executor or administrator issubstituted. The rule of the common law is, that whenever the death of any party happens, pending the writ, andyet the plea is in the same condition, as if such party were living, then such death makes no alteration; and on thisrule all the diversities turn. Gilb. Com. Pleas 242. 9. − 6. Alienage, or that the plaintiff is an alien enemy. Bac. Abr. h.t.; 6 Binn. 241 ; 10 Johns. 183; 9 Mass. 363 ;Id. 377 ; 11 Mass. 119 ; 12 Mass. 8 ; 3 31. & S. 533; 2 John. Ch. R. 508; 15 East, 260; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 4;Id. Alien, C 5; 1 S. & R. 310; 1 Ch. PI. 435; Arch. Civ. PI. 3, 301. 10. − 7. Misnomer of plaintiff may also be pleaded in abatement. Arch. Civ. Pi. 305; 1 Chitty’s Pleading, Index,tit. Misnomer. Com. Dig. Abatement, E 19, E 20, E 21, E 22; l Mass. 75; Bac. Abr. h. t. 11. − 8. If one of several joint tenants, sue in action ex contractu, Co. Lit. 180, b; Bac. Abr. Joint−tenants, K; 1B. & P. 73; one of several joint contractors, Arch. Civ. PI. 48−51, 53 ; one of several partners, Gow on Part. 150;one of. several joint executors who have proved the will, or even if they have not proved the will, 1 Chit. PI. 12,13; one of several joint administrators, Ibid. 13; the defendant may plead the non−joinder in abatement. Arch. Civ.Pl. 304; see Com. Dig. Abatement, E 9, E 12, E 13, E 14. 12.−9. If persons join as plaintiffs in an action who should not, the defendant may plead the misjoinder inabatement. Arch. Civ. PI. 304; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 15. 13. − 10. When the plaintiff is an alleged corporation, and it is intended to contest its existence, the defendantmust plead in abatement. Wright, 12; 3 Pick. 236; 1 Mass 485; 1 Pet. 450; 4 Pet. 501; 5 Pet. 231. To a suit broughtin the name of the "judges of the county court," after such court has been abolished, the defendant may plead inabatement that there are no such judges. Judges, &c. v. Phillips; 2 Bay, 519.

14. − _ 3. Relating to the person of the defendant. 1. In an action against two or more, one may plead inabatement that there never was such a person in rerum natura as A, who is named as defendant with him. Arch.Civ. PI. 312. 15. − 2. If the defendant be a married woman, she may in general plead her coverture in abateraent, 8 T. R. 545; Com. Dig. Abatement, F 2. The exceptions to this rule arise when the coverture is suspended. Com. Dig.Abatement, F 2, _3; Co. Lit. 132, b; 2 Bl. R. 1197; Co. B. L. 43. 16. − 3. The death of the defendant abates the writ at common law, and in some cases it does still abate theaction, see Com. Dig. Abatement, H 34; 1 Hayw. 500; 2 Binn. l.; 1 Gilm. 145; 1 Const. Rep. 83; 4 McCord, 160;7 Wheat. 530; 1 Watts, 229; 4 Mass. 480; 8 Greenl. 128; In general where the cause of action dies with the person,the suit abates by the death of the defendant before judgment. Vide Actio Personalis moritur cum persona. 17. − 4. The misnomer of the defendant may be pleaded in abatement, but one defendant cannot plead the misnomer of another. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 18 ; Lutw. 36; 1 Chit. PI. 440; Arch.Civ. PI. 312. See form of a plea in abatement for a misnomer of the defendant in 3 Saund. 209, b., and see further,1 Show. 394; Carth. 307 ; Comb. 188 ; 1 Lutw. 10 ; 5 T. R. 487 . 18. − 5. When one joint tenant, Com. Dig. Abatement, F 5, or one tenant in common, in cases, where they oughtto be joined, Ibid. F 6, is sued alone−he may plead in abatement. And in actions upon contracts if the plaintiff donot sue all the contractors, the defendant may plead the non−joinder in abatement. Ibid. F 8, a; 1 Wash. 9; 18Johns. 459; 2 Johns. Cas. 382 ; 3 Caines’s Rep. 99 ; Arch.. Civ. PI. 309; 1 Chit. PI. 441. When hushand and wifeshould be sued jointly, and one is sued alone, the non−joinder may be pleaded in abatement. Arch. Civ. PI. 309.The non−joinder of all the executors, who have proved the will; and the non−joinder of all the administrators ofthe deceased, may be pleaded in abatement. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 10. 19. − 6. In a real action if brought against several persons, they may plead several tenancy, that is, that they holdin severalty and not jointly, Com. Dig. Abatement, F 12; or one of them may take the entire tenancy on himself,and pray judgment of the writ. Id. F 13. But mis−joinder of defendant in a personal action is not the subject of aplea in abatement. Arch. Civ. PI. 68, 310. 20. − 7. In cases where the defendant may plead non−tenure, see Arch. Civ. PI. 310; Cro. El. 559. 21. − 8. Where he may plead a disclaimer, see Arch. Civ. PI. 311; Com. Dig. Abatement, F 15. 22. − 9. A defendant may plead his privilege of not being sued, in abatement. Bac. Ab. Abridgment C ; see thisDict. tit. Privilege. 23. − _ 4. Plea in, abatement of the writ. 1. Pleas in abatement of the writ or a bill are so termed rather fromtheir effect, than from their being strictly such pleas, for as oyer of the writ can no longer be craved, no objectioncan be taken to matter which is merely contained in the writ, 3 B. & P. 399; 1 B. & P. 645−648; but if a mistakein the writ be carried into the declaration, or rather if the declaration, which is resumed to correspond with the writor till, be incorrect in respect of some extrinsic matter, it is then open to the defendant to plead in abatement to thewrit or bill, 1 B. & P. 648; 10 Mod. 210; and there is no plea to the declaration alone but in bar; 10 Mod. 210 ; 2Saund. 209, d. 24.−2. Pleas in abatement. of the writ or bill and to the form or to the action. Com. Dig.Abatement, H. 1, 17. 25. − 3. Those of the first description were formerly either matter apparent on the face of the ;Writ, Com. Dig.Abatement, H l, or matters dehors. Id. H 17. 26. − 4. Formerly very trifling errors were pleadable in abatement, 1 Lutw. 25; Lilly’s Ent. 6 ; 2 Rich. C. P. 5, 8; 1 Stra. 556; Ld. Raym. 1541 ; 2 Inst. 668; 2 B. & P. 395.. But as oyer of the writ can no longer be had, anomission in the defendant’s declaration of the defendant’s addition, which is not necessary to be stated in adeclaration, can in no case be pleaded in abatement. 1 Saund. 318, n. 3; 3 B. & B. 395; 7 East, 882. 27. − 5. Pleas in abatement to the formof the writ, are therefore now principally for matters dehors, Com. Dig.Abatement,H 17; Glib. C. P., 51 , existing at the time of suing out the writ, or arising afterwards, such asmisnomer of the plaintiff or defendant in Christian or surname. 28. − 6. Pleas in abatement to the action of the writ, and that the action is misconceived, as that it is in casewhere it ought to have, been in trespass, Com. Dig. Abatement, G 5 ; or that it was prematurely brought, Ibid.Abatement, G 6, and tit. Action E ; but as these matters are grounds of demurrer or nonsuit, it is now very unusualto plead them in abatement. It may alsobe pleaded that there ii another action pending. See tit. Autre action pendant. Com. Dig. Abatement, H. 24; Bac.

Ab. Abatement, M; 1 Chitty’s Pi. 443. 29. − _ 6. Qualities of pleas in abatement. 1. A writ is divisible, and may be abated in part, and remain good forthe residue; and the defendant may plead in abatement to part, and demur or plead in bar to the residue of thedeclaration. 1 Chit. PI. 444; 2 Saund. 210, n. The general rule is, that whatever proves the writ false at the time ofsuing it out, shall abate the writ entirely Gilb. C. P. 247 1 Saund. Rep. 286, (n) 7; 2 do. 72, (i)sub fin. 30. − 2. As these pleas delay the trial of the merits of the action, the greatest accuracy and precision are requiredin framing them; they should be certain to every intent, and be pleaded without any repugnancy. 3 T. R. 186;Willes, 42 ; 2 Bl. R. 1096 2 Saund. 298, b, n. 1 ; Com. Dig. 1, 11 Co. Lit. 392; Cro. Jac. 82; and must in generalgive the plaintiff a better writ. This is the true criterion to distinguish a plea in abatement from a plea in bar. 8 T.IR. 615; Bromal. 139; 1 Saund. 274, n. 4 ; 284 n. 4; 2 B. & P. 125 ; 4 T. R. 227 ; 6 East) 600 ; Com. Dig.Abatement, J 1, 2; 1 Day, 28; 3 Mass. 24; 2 Mass. 362; 1 Hayw. 501; 2 Ld. Raym. 1178; 1 East, 634. Greataccuracy is also necessary in the form of the plea as to the commencement and conclusion, which is said to makethe plea. Latch. 178 ; 2 Saund. 209, c. d; 3 T. R. 186. 31. − _ 6. Form of pleas in abatement .1 As to the form of pleas in abatement, see 1 Chit. PI. 447; Com. Dig.Abatement, 1 19; 2 Saund. 1, n. 2. 32. − _ 7. Of the affidavit of truth. 1. All pleas in abatement must be sworn to be true, 4 Ann. c. 16, s. 11. Theaffidavit may be made by the defendant or a third person, Barnes, 344, and must be positive as to the truth ofevery fact contained in the plea, and should leave nothing to be collected by inference; Sayer’s Rep. 293; it shouldbe stated that the plea is true in substance and fact, and not merely that the plea is a true plea. 3 Str. 705, Litt. Ent.1; 2 Chitt. Pl. 412, 417; 1 Browne’s Rep. 77 ; see. 2 Dall. 184; 1 Yeates, 185. See further on the subject of abatement of actions, Vin. Ab. tit. Abatement; Bac. Abr. tit. Abatement; Nelson’sAbr. tit. Abatement; American Dig. tit. Abatement; Story’s Pl. 1 to 70; 1 Chit. Pl. 425 to 458; Whart. Dig. tit.Pleading, F. (b.) Penna. Pract. Index, h. t.; Tidd’s Pr. Index, h. t.; Arch. Civ. Pl. Index, h. t.; Arch. Pract. Index, h.t. Death; Parties to actions; Plaintiff; Puis darrein continuance. ABATEMENT OF A FREEHOLD. The entry of a stranger after the death of the ancestor, and before the heir ordevisee takes possession, by which the rightful possession of the heir or devisee is defeated. 3 Bl. 1 Com. 167; Co.Lit. 277, a; Finch’s Law, 1 195; Arch. Civ. Pl. 11. 2. By the ancient laws of Normandy, this term was used to signify the act of one who, having an apparent rightof possession to an estate, took possession of it immediately after the death of the actual possessor, before the heirentered. Howard, Anciennes Lois des Frangais, tome 1, p. 539. ABATEMENT OF LEGACIES, is the reduction of legacies for the purpose of paying the testator’s debts. 2. When the estate is short of paying the debts and legacies, and there are general legacies and specific legacies,the rule is that the general legatees must abate proportionably in order to pay the debts; a specific legacy is notabated unless the general legacies cannot pay all the debts; in that case what remains to be paid must be paid bythe specific legatees, who must, where there are several, abate their legacies, proportionably. 2 Bl. Com. 513; 2Vessen. 561 to 564; 1 P. Wms. 680; 2 P. Wms. 283. See 2 Bro. C. C. 19; Bac.Abr. Legacies, H; Rop. on Leg. 253, 284. ABATEMENT OF NUISANCES is the prostration or removal of a nuisance. 3 Bl. 2. − 1. Who may abate a nuisance; 2, the manner of abating it. _1. Who may abate a nuisance. 1. Any personmay abate a public nuisance. 2 Salk. 458; 9 Co. 454. 3. − 2. The injured party may abate a private nuisance, which is created by an act of commission, without noticeto the person who has committed it; but there is no case which sanctions the abatement by an individual ofnuisances from omission, except that of cutting branches of trees which overhang a public road, or the privateproperty of the person who cuts them. 4. − _ 2. The manner of abating it. 1. A public nuisance may be abated without notice, 2 Salk. 458; and so may aprivate nuisance which arises by an act of commission. And, when the security of lives or property may require sospeedy a remedy as not to allow time to call on the person on whose property the mischief has arisen to remedy it,an individual would be justified in abating a nuisance from omission without notice. 2 Barn. & Cres. 311; 3Dowl. & R. 556. 5. − 2. In the abatement of a public nuisance, the abator need not observe particular care in abating it, so as toprevent injury to the materials. And though a gate illegally fastened, might have been opened without cutting it

down, yet the cutting would be lawful. However, it is a general rule that the abatement must be limited by itsnecessity, and no wanton or unnecessary injury must be committed. 2 Salk. 458. 6. − 3. As to private nuisances, it has been held, that if a man in his own soil erect a thing which is a nuisance toanother, as by stopping a rivulet, and so diminishing the water used by the latter for his cattle, the party injuredmay enter on the soil of the other, and abate the nuisance and justify the trespass; and this right of abatement isnot confined merely to a house, mill, or land. 2 Smith’s Rep. 9; 2 Roll. Abr. 565; 2 Leon. 202; Com. Dig. Pleader,3 M. 42; 3 Lev. 92; 1 Brownl. 212; Vin. Ab. Nuisance; 12 Mass. 420; 9 Mass. 316; 4 Conn. 418; 5 Conn. 210; 1Esp. 679; 3 Taunt. 99; 6 Bing. 379. 7. − 4. The abator of a private nuisance cannot remove the materials further than is necessary, nor convert themto his own use. Dalt. o. 50. And so much only of the thing as causes the nuisance should be removed; as if a housebe built too high, so much. only as is too high should be pulled down. 9 Co. 53; God. 221; Str. 686. 8. − 5. If the nuisance can be removed without destruction and delivered to a magistrate, it is advisable to do so;as in the case of a libellous print or paper affecting an individual, but still it may be destroyed 5 Co. 125, b.; 2Campb. 511. See as to cutting down trees, Roll. Rep. 394; 3 Buls 198; Vin. Ab. tit. Trees, E, and Nuisance W. ABATOR is, 1st, he who abates or prostrates a nuisance; 2, he who having no right of entry, gets possession ofthe freehold to the prejudiae of an heir or devisee, after the time when the ancestor died, and before the heir ordevisee enters. See article Abatement. Litt. _ 897; Perk. _ 383; 1 Inst. 271; 2 Prest. Abst. 296. 300. As to theconsequences of an abator dying in possession, See Adams’ Eject. 43. ABATUDA, obsolete. Any thing diminished; as, moneta abatuda, which is money clipped or diminished invalue. Cowell, h. t. ABAVUS, civil law, is the great grandfather, or fourth male ascendant. Abavia, is the great grandmother, orfourth female ascendant. ABBEY, abbatia, is a society of religious persons, having an abbot or abbess to preside over them. Formerlysome of the most considerable abbots and priors in England had seats and votes in the house of lords. The prior ofSt. John’s of Jerusalem, was styied the first baron of England, in respect to the lay barons, but he was the last ofthe spiritual barons. ABBREVIATION, practice. − The omission of some words or letters in writing; as when fieri facias is writtenfi. fa. 2. In writing contracts it is the better practice to make no abbreviations; but in recognizances, and many othercontracts, they are used; as John Doe tent to prosecute, &c. Richard Roe tent to appear, &c. when therecognizances are used, they are drawn out in extenso. See 4 Ca. & P. 61; S.C.19E.C.L.R.268; 9 Co.48. ABBREVIATIONS and abbreviated references. The following list, though neces−sarily incomplete, may beuseful to some readers.A, a, the first letter of the alphabet, is sometimes used in the ancient law books to denote that the paging is the first of that number in the book. As an abbreviation, A is used for anonymous.A. & A. on Corp. Angell & Ames on Corporations. Sometimes cited Ang. on Corp.A. B. Anonymous Reports, printed at the end of Bendloe’s Reports. A. D. Anno Domini, in the year of our LordA. & E. Adolphus and Ellis’ Reports.A. & E. N. S. Adolphus & Ellis’ Queen’s Bench Reports, New Series, commonly cited Q. B.A. & F. on Fixt. Amos & Ferard on Fixtures.A. K. Marsh. A. K. Marshall’s (Kty.) Reports.Ab. or Abr. Abridgement.Abr. Ca. Eq. Abridgement of cases in Equity.Abs. Absolute. Ab. Sh. Abbott on Shipping.Acc. Accord or Agrees.Act. Acton’s Reports.Act. Reg. Acta Regia.Ad. Eject. Adams on Ejectment.

Ad. & Ell. Adolphus & Ellis’ Reports.Ad. finn. Ad finem. At or near the ond.Ads. Ad sectum, vide Ats.Addam’s R. Addam’s Ecclesiastical Reports. In E. Eccl. Rep.Addis on Contr. Addison on the Law of Contracts and on Parties to actions ex contractu.Addis. R. Addison’s Reports.Admr. Administrator.Ady. C. M. Adye on Courts Martial.Aik. R. Aiken’s Reports.Al. Aleyn’s Cases.Al. Alinea. Al et. Et alii, and others.Al.& N.~~ Alcock & Napier’s Reports.Ala. R. Alabama Repo_rt~.Alc. Reg. G~. Alcock’s Reg~stration Case~Ald. ~ Van Hoes. Dig. A Di~gest of the Laws of Mi~sissippi, by T. J. ~Fox Alden and J. A. Yan Hoesen.Aldr. Hilt. Aldridge’s History of the Court~ of Law.Alis. Prin. Alison’s Principles of the Criminal Law of Scotland.All. ~ Mor. Tr. Allen and Morris’ Trial.Alley. L. D. of ~Mar. Alleyne’~s Legal Degrees of Marriage considered.Alln. Part. Allnat on Partition.Am. America, American, or Americana.Amb. Ambler’s Reports.Am. ~ Fer. on. F~ixt. Amo~s & Ferard on Fi~xture~s.Amer. ~America, American, or Americana.Amer. Dig. American Dige~t.~Amer. Jur. American Jurist.A~n. Anonymous.And . Anderson’s Reports.Ander. Ch. War. Anderdon on Church Warden~.Andr. Andrew’~ Report~.Ang. on Adv. Enj. Angell’~s Inquiry into the rule of law which creates a right to an incorporeal hereditament, by an adverse enjoyment of twenty years.Ang. on Ass. Angell’~s Practical Summary of the Law of Assignment~ in tru~t for creditor~.Ang. on B. T. Angell on Bank Tax.Ang. on Corp. Angell on the Law of Private Corporation~s.Ang. on Limit. Angell’s Treatise on the Limitation of Actions at Law, and Suits in Equity.~Ang. on Tide Wat. ~~Angell on the right of property in Tide Waters.Ang.~ on W~ater Co~urses. Angell on the Common Law in relation to Water Courses.Ann. Anne; as 1 Ann. c. 7.Anna. Annaly’s Reports. This book is usually cited Cas. Temp. Hardw.Annesl. on Ins. Annesley on Insurance.Anstr. Anstruther’s Reports.Anth. Shep. Anthon’s editon’s of Sheppard’s Touchstone.Ap. Justin. Apud Justinianum, or Justinian’s Institutes.App. Apposition.Appx. Appendix.Arch Archbold. Arch. Civ. Pl. Archbold’s Civil Pleadings. Arch. Cr. Pl. Ar− chbold’s Criminal Pleadins. Arch. Pr. Archbold’s Practice. Arch. B. L.

Archbold’s Bankrupt law. Arch. L. & T. Archbold on the Law of Landlord and Tenant. Arch. N. P. Archbold’s Law of nisi Prius.Arg. Argumento, by an argument drawn from such a law. it also signifies arguendo.Arg. Inst. Institution au Droit Francais, par M. Argou.Ark. Rep. Arkansas Reports. See Pike’s Rep.Ark. Rev. Stat. Arkansas Revised Statutes.Art. ArticleAshm. R. Ashmead’s Reports~Aso & Man. Inst. Aso and Manuel’s institutes of the Laws of Spain.Ass. or Lib. Ass. Liber Assissarium, or Pleas of the Crown.Ast. Ent. Aston’s Entries.Atherl. on Mar. Atherley on the Law of Marriage and other Family Settlements.Atk. Atkyn’s Reports.Atk. P. T. Atkyn’s Parliamentary Tracts.Atk. on Con. Atkinson on Conveyancing.Atk. on Tit. Atkinson on Marketable Titles.Ats. in practice, is an abbreviation for the words "at suit of," and is used when the defendant files any pleadings; for example: when the defendant enters a plea he puts his name before that of the plaintiff, reversing the order in which they are on the record. C.D.(the defendant,) ats A.B. (the plaintiff.)Aust. on Jur. The Province of Jurisprudence determind, by John AustinAuth. Authentica, in the Authentic; that is, the Summary of some of the Novels of the Civil Law inserted in the code under such a title.Ay. Ayliff’es Pandect.Ayl. Parerg. Ayliffe’s Parergon juris canonici Anglicani.Azun. Mar. Law. Azuni’s Maritime Law of Europe.B, b, ig used to point out that a number, used at tho head of a page to denote the folio, is the second number o~f the same volume.B. B. Bail Bond.B. or Bk. Boo~k.B. ~& A. Barnewall & Alderson~s Reports.B. ~& B. Ball ~& Beatty’s Reports.B. C. R. Brown’~s Chancery Reports.B. Eccl. L. Burn’s Ecclesia~tical Law.B. J~ust. Burn’s Justice.B. N. C. Brooke’s ~New Cases.B. P. C. or Bro. Parl. CaJ. Brown’s Parliamentry Ca~ses.B. ~& P. or Bos. ~& Pull. Bosanquet & Puller’s Reports.B. R. or K. B. ~King’~s Bench.B. Tr. Bishop’s Trial.Bab. on Auct. Babington on the Law of Auctions.Bab. Set off. Babington on Set off and mutual credit.Bac. Abr. Bacon’s Abridgement.Bac. Comp. Arb. Bacon’s (M.) Complete Arbitrator.Bac. El. Bacon’s Elements of the Common Law.Bac. Gov. Bacon on Go~vernment.Bac. Law Tr. Bacon’~s Law TractsBac. Leas. Bacon (M.) on Leases and Term~ of Years.Bac. Lib Reg. Bacon’s ~John) Liber Regis, vel Thesaurus Rerum Eccleslasticarum.Bac. Use~s Bacon’~s Reading on the Statute of Uses. This is printed in his Law

Tract~s.Bach. ~an. Bache’~s Manual of a Pennsylvania Justice of the PeaceBail. R. Bailey’s Report~.Bain. on ~~~M.&M. Bainbridge on Mines and Mineral~s.Baldwin. R. Baldwin’s Circuit Court Reports.Ball & Beat. Ball and Beatty’~s Report~s.Ballan. Lim. Ballantine on Limitations.Banc. Sup. Upper Bench.Barb. ~Eq. Dig. Barbour~s Equity Dige~st.Barb. Cr. Pl. B~arbour’s Criminal Pleading~.Bar~b. Pract. in Ch. Barbour’s Treatise on the Practice of the Court of Chancery.Barb. R. Barbour’s Chancery Report~s.~Barb. Grot. Grotius on War and Peace, with notes by Barbeyrac.Barb. Puff. Puffendorf’~s Law of Nature and Nations, with notes by M. Barbeyrac.Barb. on Set off. Barbour on the Law of Set off, with an appendix of Precedents.Barn. C. Barnardiston’s~ Chancery Reports.Barn. Barnardi~ston’s K. B. Reports.Barn. ~& Ald. Barnewall & Alder~on’~s Re~ports.~Barn. ~& ~Adolph. Barnewall & Adolphu~’s Reports.Barn. ~& Cre~ss. Barnewull & Cresswell’~s Reports.Barn. Sher. Barnes’ Sheriff.Barnu. Barne~’ Notes of Practice.Barr. Ob~s. Stat. Barrington’~s Observations on the more ancient statute~s.Barr. Te~n. Barry’s Tenure.Bart. El. Conv. Barton’s Element~ of Conveyancing. ~Bart. Prec. Conv. Barton’s Precedent~ of Conveyancing.Bart. S. Eq. Barton’s Suit in Equity.Batt~y’~s R. Batty’s Reports of Cases determined in the ~K. B. Ireland.Bay’s R. Bay’s Reprts.Bayl. Bills. Bayley on Bill~s.Bayl. Ch. Pr. Bayley~’s Chamber Practice.Beam. ~Ne E~xeat. Br~ief view of the writ of Ne Exeat Regno, as a~ equi~ablc proc~ess, by J. Beam~s.Beam.. Eq. Beames on Equity Pleading.Beam. Ord. Chan. Beames’ ~General Orders of the High Court of Cbancery, from 1600 to 1815.Beat. R. Beatty’~s Reports determined in the High Court of Chancery In Ireland.Beav. R. Beavan’s Chancery Reports.Beawes. Beawe~’s Lex Mercatoria.Beck’~s Med. Jur. Bec~k’s Medical Jurisprudence.Bee’s R. Bee’s Reports.Bell’~s Com. Bell’s Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland, and on the Principles of Mercantile~ Jurisprudence.Bell. Del. U. L. Beller’s Delineation of Universal Law.Bell’s Dict. Dictionary of the Law of Scotland By Robert BellBell’s ~Med. Jur Bell’~s Medical Jurisprudence.Bell~. Bellewe’~s Ca~ses in the time of ~K. Richard II. Bellewe’~s Cases in the time of Henry VIII, Edw VI., and Q. Mary, collected out of Brooke’s ~ Abridgment, and arranged under years,~ with a table, are cited as Brooke’s New Cases.Bellingh. Tr. Bellingham’s Trial.

Belt’s Sup. Belt’s Supplement. Supplement to the Reports in Chancery of Francis Vesey, Senior, Esq, during the time of Lord Ch J. Hardwicke.Belt’s Ves. sen. Belt’s editon of Vesey senior’s Reports.Benl. Benloe & Dalison’s Reports. See New Benl.Ben. on Av. Benecke on Average.Benn. Diss. Bennet’s Short Dissertation on the nature and various proceedings in the Master’s Office, in the Court of Chancery. Sometimes this book is called Benn. Pract.Benn. Pract. See Benn. Diss.Benth. Ev. Bentham’s Treatise on Judicial Evidence.~B~est on Prc~. Best’s Treatise on Presumption of Law and Fact.Bett’s Adm. Pr. Bett’s Admiralty Practice.Bev. on Hom. Bevil on Homicide.Bill. on Aw. Billing on the Law of Awards.Bi~ng. Bingham Bin~. Inf; Bingham on Infancy. Bing on Judg. Bingham on Judgments and E~ecutions. Bing L.&~ T. Bingham on the Law of Landlord and Tenant Bing. R. Bing Bingham’s Reports. Bin~. ~N. C. Bingham’~s New C~ases.Binn. Reports Of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court. of Pennsyl~vania By Horace BinneyBird on Conv. Bird on Conveyancing Bird L.~& T. Bird o~n the Laws respecting Landlords, Tenants and Lod~gers. Bird’s Sol. Pr Bird’s Solution of Precedents of Settlement~.Biret, De l’Abs. Traite de l’Absence et de ses effects, par M. BiretBi~s. on E~st. or Buss. on Life E~st. Bi~ssett on the Law of Estates for Life.Biss. on Par~n. Bissett on Partnership.Bl. Blounts Law Dictionary and ~GlossaryBl. Comm. or Comm. Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir Wllliam Black~stone.Bl. Rep. Sir William Blac~kstone’s Reports.Bl. ~H. Henry Blackstone’s Report~, sometime cited ~H. Bl.Bla~ck. L. T. Blackstone’s Law TractsBlackb on Sales. Blac~kburn on the Eff~ect of the Contract of Sale~s.Blac~b. on Sales. Blac~burn on the Law of Sales.Blackf. R. Blackford’~s Reports.Blak. Ch. Pr. Bla~ke’s Practice of the Court of Chancery of ~the State of ~New’ Yor~k.Blan. on Ann. Blaney on Life AnnuitiesBland’s Ch. R. Bland’~s Chancery Reports.Blansh. Lim. Blan~shard on Limitations.Bligh. R. Bligh’s Reports of Cases decided in the House of Lords.Blount. Blount’s ~ Law Dictionary and Glo~ssary.Bo. R. Act. Booth on Real Actions.Boh. Dec. Bohun’~s Declaration~. Boh. En~g. L. Bohun’~s English Lawyer. Boh. Priv. Ion. Bohun’~s Privilegia Londini.Boote. Boote’s Ch. Pr. Boote’~s Chanccry Practice. Boote’s S. L. ~Boote’s Suit at Law.Booth’s R. A. Booth on Real Action.Borth. L. L. Borthwic~k on the La~w of Libel~.Bos. & ~ Pull. Bosanquet and Puller’~s Reports. Vide B.~& P.Bosc. on Con~. Bo~cowen on Convictions.Bott. Bott’~s Poor Law~.Bouch In~st. Dr. ~Mar. Boucher, Institution au Droit Maritime.

Boulay Paty~ Dr. Com. Cours de Droit Commercial Maritime, par P. S Boulay Paty.Bousq. Dict. de Dr. Bousquet, Dictionnaire de Droit.Bouv. L. D. Bouvier’~s Law Dictionary.Bouv. Inst. Institutione~s Theologicae Auctore J. Bouvier.Bouv. In~st. ~Am. Law. Bouvier’~s Institutes of American Law.Bo~wl. on Lib. Bowles on Libels.Br. or Brownl. Brownlow’~s Reports.Br. or Br. Ab. Brooke’~s ~Abridgment.Bra. Brady~’s Hiatory of the Succession of the Crown of England, ~&c.Brac. Bracton’s Treatise on the Law~ and C~ustoms of England.Bra. Princ. Branche’~s Principia Legi~s et A~equitati~s.Brack. L. ~Misc. Brackenridge’~s Law Miscellany.bradb. Bradby on Distresses.Bradl. P. B. Bradley’s Point Book.Bran. Prin. or Bran. Max. Branch’s Principia Legis Aequitatis, being an alphabetical collection of maxims, &c. Brayt. R. Brayton’s Report~.Breese’~s R. B~reese’~s Report~Brev. Sel. Brevia Selecta, or Choice Writ~s.Brid. Bridgman’s Reports Reports from 12 to 19 K Jame~s. By Sir John Bridgman.Brid. Dig. Ind. Bridgman’s Dige~sted Inde~x.Brid. Leg. Bib. Bridgman’~s Legal Bibliography.Brid. Conv. Bridgman~’s Precedents of Conveyancing. Brid. Refl. Bridgman’~s Reflections on the Study of the Law. Brid. Sy~nth. Bridgeman’s Synthesis.Brid. Thes. Jur. Bridgman’~s The~saurus Juridic~.Bridg. O. Orlando Bridgmen’s Reports.Bridg. The. Jru. Bridgman’s Thesaurus Juridicus.Britton. Treatise onthe Ancient Pleas of the CrownBro. or Brownl. Brownlow’s Reports. Also, Reports by Richard Brownlow and John Goldeshorough. Cited 1 Bro. 2 Bro.Bro. Ab. Brooke’s Abridgement.Bro. A. & C. L. Brown’s Admiralty and Civil Law.Bro. C. C. Brown’s Chancery Cases.Bro. Off. Not. A Treatise on the Office and Practice of a Notary in England, as connected with Mercantile Instruments, &c. By Richard Brooke.Bro. P. C. Brown’s Parliamentary Cases.Bro. Read. Brooke’s Reading on the Statute of Limitations.Bro. on Sales. Brown on SalesBro. V.M. Brown’s Vade Mecum.Brock. R. Brockenbrough’s Reports of Chief Justice Marshall’s Decisions.Brod. & Bing. Broderip & Bingham’s Reports.Broom on Part. Broom on Parties to Actions.Brownl. Rediv. or Brownl. Ent. Brownlow Redivivus.Bruce M. L. Bruce’s Military Law.Buck’s Ca. Buck’s Cases. Cases in Bankruptcy in 1817, 1818, by J.W. Buck.Bull. Bull. N.P. Buller’s Nisi Prius.Bulst. Bulstrode’s Reports.Bunb. Bunbury’s Reports.Burge Col. Law. Burge’s Colonial Law.Burge Confl. of Law. Burge on the Conflict of Laws.Burge on Sur. Burge’s Commentaries on the Law of Suretyship. &c.

Burge For. Law. Burge on Foreign Law.Burlam. Burlamaqui’s Natural and Political Law.Burn’s L.D. Burn’s Law Dictionary.Burn’s Just. Burn’s Justice of the Peace.Burn’s Eccl. Law or Burn’s E.L. Burn’s Ecclesiastical Law.Burn. C.L. Burnett’s Treatise on the Criminal Law of Scotland.Burn. Com. Burnett’s Commentaries on the Criminal Law of Scotland.Burr. Burrow’s Reports.Burr. Sett. Cas. Burrow’s Settlement Cases.Burr’s Tr. Burr’s Trial.Burt. Man. Burton’s Manual of the Law of Scotland. The work is in two parts, one relating to "public law," and the other to the law of "private rights and obligations." The former is cited Burt. Man. P.L.; the latter, Burt. Man. Pr.Burt. on Real Prop. Burton on Real Property.Butl. Hor. Jur. Butler’s Horae Juridicae Subsecivae.C. Codes, the Code of Justinian. C. Code. C. Chancellor.C.& A. Cooke and Alcock’s Reports.C.B. Communi Banco, or Common Bench.C.C. Circuit Court.C.C. Cepi Corpus. C.C.& B.B. Cepi Corpus and Bail Bond.C.C. or Ch. Cas. Cases in Chancery in three parts.C.C.C. or Cr. Cir. Com. Crown Circuit Companion. C.C.& C. Cepi corpus et committitur. See Capias ad satisfaciendum, in the body of the work.C.C.E. or Cain. Cas. Caines’ Cases in Error.C.D. or Com. Dig. Comyn’s Digest.C.& D. C. C. Crawford and Dix’s Criminal Cases.C.& D. Ab. C. Crawford and Dix’s Abridged Cases.C.& F. Clark & Findley’s Reports.C.& F. Clarke & Finelly’s Reports.C. J. Chief Justice.C.& J. Crompton & Jervis’ Exchequer Reports. C.J.C.P. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.C.J.K.B. Chief Justice of the King’s Bench.C.J.Q.B. Chief Justice of the Queen’s Bench.C.J.U.B. Chief Justice of the Upper Bench. During the time of the common− wealth, the English Court of the King’s Bench was called the Upper Bench.C.& K. Carrington & Kirwan’s Reports. C.& M. Crompton & Meeson’s Reports.C.& M. Carrington & Marshman’s Reports.C.M.& R. Crompton, Meeson & Roscoe’s Exchequer Reports.C.N.P.C. Campbell’s Nisi Prius Cases.C. P. Common Pleas.C.P. Coop. C.P. Cooper’s Reports.C.& P. or Car.& Payn. Carrington & Payne’s Reports.C.& P. Craig & Phillips’ Reports.C.R. or Ch. Rep. Chancery Reports.C.& R. Cockburn & Rowe’s Reports.C.W. Dudl. Eq. C.W. Dudley’s Equity Reports.C. Theod. Codice Theodosiano, in the Theodosian code.

Ca. Case or placitum.Ca. T.K. Select Cases tempore King.Ca. T. Talb. Cases tempore Talbot.Ca. res. Capias ad respondendum.Ca. sa., in practice, is the abbreviation of capias ad satisfaciendum.Caines’ R. Caines’ Term Reports.Caines’ Cas. Caines’ Cases, in error.Caines’ Pr. Caines’ Practice.Cald. R. Caldecott’s Reports.Cald. S.C. Caldecott’s Settlement Cases; sometimes cited Cald. R.Caldw. Arbit. Caldwell on Arbitration.Call. on Sew. Callis on the Law relating to Sewers.Call’s R. Call’s REports.Calth. R. Calthorp’s Reports of Special Cases touching several customs and liberties of the City of London.Calv. on Part. Calvert on Parties to Suits in Equity.Cam.& Norw. Cameron & Norwood’s Reports.Campb. Campbell’s Reports.Can. Canon.Cap. Capitulo, chapter.Car. Carolus: as 13 Car. 2, st. 2, c.1.Carr. Cr. L. Carrington’s Criminal Law.Carr.& Kirw. Carrington & Kriwan’s Reports. See C.& K.Carr.& Marsh. Carrington & Marshman’s Reports.Carr.& Oliv. R. and C.C. Carrow & Oliver’s Railway and Canal Cases.Cart. Carter’s Reports. Reports in C.P. in 16, 17, 18, and 19, Charles II.Cara de For. Carta de Foresta.Carth. Carthew’s Reports.Cary. Cary’s Reports.Cary on Partn. Cary on the Law of Partnership.Cas. of App. Cases of Appeals to the House of Lords.Cas. L. Eq. Cases and Opinions in Law, Equity, and Conveyancing.Cas. of Pr. Cases of Practice in the Court of the King’s Bench, from the reign of Eliz. to the 14 Geo. 3.Cas. of Sett. Cases of Settlement.Cas. Temp. Hardw. Cases during the time of Lord Hardwicke.Cas. Temp. Talb. Cases during the time of Lord Talbot.Ch. Chancellor.Ch. CAs. Cases in Chancery.Ch. Pr. Precedents in Chancery.Ch. R. REports in Chancery.Ch. Rep. Vide Ch. Cases.Chamb. on Jur. of Chan. Chambers on the Jurisdiction of the High Court of Chancery, over the Persons and Property of Infants.Chamb. L.& T. Chambers on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.Char. Merc. Charta mercatoria. See Bac. Ab. Smuggling, C.Charlt. Charlton. T.U.P. Charl. T.U.P. Charlton’s Reports. R.M. Charlton’s Reports.Chase’s Tr. Chase’s Trial.Cher. Cas. Cherokee Case.Chev. C.C. Cheves’ Chancery Cases.Chipm. R. Chipman’s Reports. D. Chipm. D. Chipman’s Reports.

Chipm. Contr. Essay on the Law of Contracts for the payment of Specific Articles. By Daniel Chipman.Ch. Contr. A Practical Treatise on the Law of Contracts. By Joseph Chitty, Jr.Chitty. on App. Chitty’s Practical Treatise on the Law relating to Apprentices and Journeymen.Chit. on Bills. Chitty on Bills.Chit. Jr. on Bills. Chitty, junior, on Bills.Chit. Com. L. Chitty’s Treatise on Commerical Law.Chit. Cr. L. Chitty’s Criminal Law.Chit. on Des. Chitty on the Law of Descents.Chit. F. Chitt’s Forms and Practical Proceedings.Chit. Med. Jur. Chitty on Medical Jurisprudence.Chit. Chitty’s Reports.Chit. Pl. A Practical Treatise on Pleading, by Joseph Chitty.Chit. Pr. Chitty’s General Practice.Chit. Prerog. Chitty on the Law of the Prerogatives of the Crown.Chris. B.L. Christian’s Bankrupt Laws.Christ. Med. Jur. Christison’s Treatise on Poisons, relating to Medical Juris− prudence, Physiology, and the Practice of Physic.Civ. Civil.Civ. Code Lo. Civil Code of Louisiana.Cl. The Clementines.Cl. Ass. Clerk’s Assistant.Clan. H.& W. Clancy on the Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Hushand and Wife.Clark on Leas. Clark’s Enquiry into the Nature of Leases.Clarke, R. Clarke’s Reports.Clark & Fin. Clark & Finelly’s Reports.Clark. Adm. Pr. Clarke’s Practice inthe Admiralty.Clark. Prax. Clarke’s Praxis, being the manner of proceeding in the Ecclesiastical Courts.Clay. Clayton’s Reports. Cleir. Us et Const. Cleirac, Us et Coustumes ae la Mer.Clerke’s Rud. Clerke’s Rudiments of American Law and Practice.Clift. Clift’s Entries.Co. A particle used before other words to imply that the person spoken of possesses the same character as other persons whose character is mentioned, as co−executor, and executor with other; co−heir, an heir with others; co− partner, a partner with others, etc. − Co. is also an abbreviation for "com− pany" as John Smith & Co. When so abbreviated is also represents "county."Co. Coke’s Reports.Co. or Co. Rep. Coke’s Reports.Co. Ent. Coke’s Entries.Co. B. L. Cooke’s Bankrupt Law.Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts; 4th Institute. See Inst.Co. Litt. Coke on Littleton. See Inst.Co. M. C. Coke’s Magna Charta; 2d Institute. See. Inst.Co. P. C. Coke’s Pleas of the Crown. See Inst.Cock & Rowe. Cockburn & Rowe’s Reports.Code Civ. Code Civil, or Civil Code of France. This work is usually cited by the article.Code Nap. Code Napoleaon. The same as Code Civil.

Code Com. Code de Commerce.Code Pen. Code Penal.Code Pro. Code de Procedure.Col. Column, in the first or second column of the book quoted.Col.& Cai. CAs. Coleman & Caines’ Cases.Cole on Inf. Cole on Criminal Informations, and Informations in the Nature of Quo Warranto.Coll. on Pat. Collier on the Law of Patents.Coll. on Idiots. Collinson on the Law concerning Idiots, &c.Coll. Rep. Colle’s Reports.Coll. Collation.Colly. Rep. Collyer’s Reports.Com. Communes, or Extravagantes Communes.Com. or Com. Rep. Comyn’s Reports.Com. Contr. Comyn on Contract.Com. on Us. Comyn on Usury.Com. Dig. Comyn’s Digest. Com. L.& T. Comyn on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.Com. Law. Commerical Law.Com. Law. Rep. Common Law Reports, edited by Sergeant and Lowher.Comb. Comberbach’s Reports.Comm. Blackstone’s Commentaries.Con. & Law. Connor & Lawson’s Reports.Cond. Condensed.Cond. Ch. R. Condensed Chancery Reports.Cond. Ex. R. Condensed Exchequer Reports.Conf. Chart. Confirmatio Chartorum.Cong. Congress.Conkl. Pr. Conkling’s Practice of the Courts of the United States.Conn. R. Connecticut Reports.Conr. Cust. R. Contoy’s Custodiam Reports.Cons. del Mar. Consolato del Mare.Cons. Ct. R. Constitutional Court REports.Cont. Contra.Cooke on Defam. Cooke on Defamation.Coop. Eq. R. Cooper’s Equity Reports.Coop. Cas. Cases in the High Court of Chancery. By George Cooper.Coop. on Lib. Cooper on the Law of Libels.Coop. Eq. Pl. Cooper’s Equity Pleading.Coop. Just. Cooper’s Justinian’s Institutes.Coop. Med. Jur. Cooper’s Medical Jurisprudence.Coop. t. Brough. Cooper’s Cases in the time of Brougham.Coop. P.P. Cooper’s Points of Practice.Cote. Mrtg. Coote on Mortgages.Corb. & Dan. Corbet & Daniel’s Election Cases.Corn. on Uses. Cornish on Uses.Corn. on REm. Cornish on REmainders.Corp. Jur. Civ. Corpus Juris Civilus.Corp. Jur. Can. Corpus Juris Canonicus.Corvin. Corvinus. See Bac. Ab. Mortgage A, where this author is cited.Cot. Abr. Cotton’s Abridgement of Records.Cov. on Conv. Evi. Coventry on Conveyancers’ Evidence.

Cow. Int. Cowel’s Law Dictionary, or the Interpreter of words and terms, used either in the common or statute laws of Great Britain.Cowp. Cowper’s Reports.Cow. R. Cowen’s Reports, N.Y.Cox’s Cas. Cox’s Cases.Coxe’s R. Coxe’s Reports.Crabb’s C.L. Crabb’s Common Law. A History of English Law. By George Crabb.Crabb, R. P. Crabb on the Law of REal Property.Craig & Phil. Craig & Phillip’s Reports.Cranch, R. Cranch’s Reports.Cressw. R. Cresswell’s Reports of Cases decided in the Court for the RElief of Insolvent Debtors.Crim. Con. Criminal Conversation: adultery.Cro. Croke’s Reports. Cro. Eliz. Croke’s Reports, during the time of Queen Elizabeth, also cited as 1 Cro.Cro. jac. Croke’s Reports during the time of King James I., also cited as 2 Cro. Cro. Car. Croke’s Reports, during the time of Charles I., also cited as 3 Cro.Crompt. Ex. Rep. Crompton’s Exchequer Reports.Crompt. J.C. Crompton’s Jurisdiction of Courts.Crompt. & Mees. Crompton & Meeson’s Exchequer Reports.Crompt. Mees. & Rosc. Crompton, Meeson, and Roscoe’s Exchequer Reports.Cross on Liens. Cross’ Treatise on the Law of Liens and Stoppage in Transitu.Cru. Dig. or Cruise’s Dig. Cruise’s Digest of the Law of Real Property.Cul. Culpablilis, guilty; non cul. not guilty; a plea entered in actions of trespass.Cul. prit., commonly written culprit; cul., as above mentioned, means culpabilis, or culpable; and prit, which is a corruption of pret, signifies ready. 1 Chitty Cr. Law. 416.Cull. Bankr. L. Cullen’s Principles ofhte Bankrupt Law.Cun. Cunningham’s Reports.Cunn. Dict. Cunningham’s Dictionary.Cur. adv. vult. Curia advisare vult. Vide Ampliation.Cur. Scacc. Cursus Scaccarii, the Court of the Star Chamber.Cur. Phil. Curia Philipica.Curs. Can. Cursus Cancellariae.Curt. R. Curteis’ Ecclesiastical Reports.Curt. Am. Sea. Curtis on American Seamen.Curt. on Copyr. Curtis on Copyrights.Cush. Trust. Pr. Cushing on Trustee Process, or Foreign Attachment, of the Laws of Massachusetts and Maine.Cust. de Norm. Custome de Normandie.D. dialogue; as, Dr. and Stud. D. 2, c. 24, or Doctor and Student, dialogue 2, chapter 24.D. dictum; D. Digest of Justinian.D. The Digest or Pandects of the Civil Law, is sometimes cited thus, D.6.1.5.D. C. District Court; District of Columbia.D. C. L. Doctor of the Civil Law.D. Chipm. R. D. Chipman’s Reports.D. S. B. Debit sans breve.D. S. Deputy Sheriff.D.& C. Dow and Clark’s Reports.

D.& C. Deacon & Chitty’s Reports.D.& E. Durnford & East’s Reports. This book is also cited as Term Reports, abbreviated as T.R.D.& L. Danson & Lloyd’s Mercantile Cases.D.& M. Davidson’s & Merivale’s Reports.D.& R. Dowling and Ryland’s Reports.D.& R. N. P. C. Dowling and Ryland’s Reports of Cases decided at Nisis Prius.D.& S. Doctor and Student.D.& W. Drury & Walsh’s Reports.D;Aguesseau, Oeuvres. Oeuvres completes du Chancellier D’Aguesseau.Dat. Cr. L. Dagge’s Criminal Law.Dal. Dalison’s Reports. See Benl.Dall. Dallas’ Reports.Dall. Dallas’ Laws of Pennsylvania.Dalloz, Dict. Dictionaire General et raisonne de legilation, de Doctrine, et de Jurisprudence, en matiere civile, commerciale, criminelle, administra− tive, et de Droit Public. Par Armand Dalloz, jeune.Dalr. Feud. Pr. Dalrymple’s Essay, or History of Feudal Property in Great Britain. Sometimes cited Dalr. F.L.Dalr. on Ent. Dalrymple on the Polity of Entails.Dalr. F. L. Dalrymple’s Feudal law.Dalt. Just. Dalton’s Justice.Dalt. Sh. Dalton’s Sheriff.D’Anv. D’Anvers’ Abridgement.Dan. Ch. Pr. Caniell’s Chancery Practice.Dan. Ord. Danish Ordinances.Dan. Rep. Daniell’s Reports. Dan.& Ll. Danson & Lloyd’s Reports.Dana’s R. Dana’s Reports.Dane’s Ab. Dane’s Abridgment of American Law.Dav. Davies’ Reports.Dav. on Pat. Davies’ Collection of Cases respecting patents.Daw. Land. Pr. Dawe’s Epitome of the Law of Landed Property.Daw. Real Pr. Dawe’s Introduction to the Knowledge of the Law on Real Estates.Daw. on Arr. Dawe’s Commentaries on the Law of Arrest in Civil Cases.Daws. Or. Leg. Dawson’s Origo Legum.Deac. R. Deacon’s Reports. Deac.& Chit. Deacon & Chitty’s Reports.Deb. on Jud. Debates on the Judiciary.Dec. temp. H.& M. Decisions in Admiralty duringthe time of Hay & Marriott.Deft. Defendant.De Gex & SM. R. De Gex & Smale’s Reports.Den. Cr. Cas. Denison’s Crown Cases.Den. Rep. Denio’s New York Reports.Desaus. R. Desaussure’s Chancery Reports.Dev. R. Devereux’s Reports.Dev. Ch. R. Devereux’s Chancery Reports.Dev.& Bat. Devereux & Battle’s Reports.Di. or Dy. Dyer’s Reports.Dial. de Scac. Dialogus de Scaccario.Dick. Just. Dickinson’s Justice.Dick. Pr. Dickinson’s Practice of the Quarter of and other Sessions.Dick. Dicken’s Reports.Dict. Dictionary.

Dict. Dr. Can. Dictionnaire de Driot Canonique.Dict. de’ Jur. Dictionnaire de Jurisprudence.Dig. Digest of writs. Dig. The Pandects or Digest of the Civil Law, cited as Dig. 1,2,5,6, for Digest, book 1, 2, law 5, sections 6.Disn. on Gam. Disney’s Law of Gaming.Doct. & Stud. Doctor and Student.Doct. Pl. Doctrina Placitandi.Doder. Eng. Law. Doderidge’s English Lawyer.Dods. R. Dodson’s Reports.Dom. Domat, Lois Civilles.Dom. Proc. Domo Procerum. In the House of Lords.Domat. Lois Civilles dans leur ordre naturel. Par M. Domat.Dougl. Douglas’ Reports.Doug. El. Cas. Dougls’ Election Cases.Dougl. (Mich.) R. Dougls’ Michigan Reports.Dow. or Dow. P.C. Dow’s Parliamentary Cases.Dow & Clarke, Dow and Clarke’s Reports of Cases in the House of Lords.Dowl. P. C. Dowling’s Practical Cases.Dow.& R. N. P. Dowling and Ryan’s Nisi Prius Cases.Dow.& Ry. M.C. Dowling & Ryan’s Cases for Magistrates.Dow.& Ry. Dowling and Ryland’s Reports.Dr.& St. Doctor and Student.Drew. on Inj. Drewry on Injunctions.Dru.& Wal. Drury and Walsh’s Reports. Dru.& War. Drury & Warren’s Reports.Dub. Dubitatur.Dudl. R. Dudley’s Law and Equity Reports.Dug. S. or Dugd. Sum. Dugdale’s Summons.Dugd. Orig. Dugdale’s Origines.Dug. Sum. Dugdale’s SummonsesDuke. or Duke’s Ch. Uses. Duke’s Law of Charitable Uses.Dunl. Pr. Dunlap’s Practice.Dunl. Admr. Pr. Dunlap’s Admiralty Practice.Duponc. on Jur. Duponceau on Jurisdictions.Duponc. Const. Duponceau on the Constitution.Dur. Dr. FR. Duranton, Droit Francais.Durnf.& East. Durnford & East’s Reports, also cited D.& E. or T.R.Duv. Dr. Civ. Fr. Duvergier, Droit Civil Francais. This is a continuation of Touiller’s Droit Civil Francais. Tehfirst volume of Duvergier is the sixteenth volume of the continuation. The work is sometimes cited 16 Toull. or 16Toullier, instead of being cited 1 Duv. or 1 Duvergier, etc.Dwar. on Stat. Dwarris on Statutes.Dy. Dyer’s Reports. E. Easter Term.E. Edward; as 9 E. 3, c. 9.E. of Cov. Earl of Coventry’s Case.E.C.L.R. English Common Law Reports, sometimes cited Eng. Com. Law REp. (q.v.)E.g., usually written e.g., exempli gratia; for the sake of an instance or example.E.P.C. or East, P.C. East’s Pleas of the Crown.East, P.C. East’s Pleas of the Crown.Eccl. Ecclesiastical.Eccl. Law. Ecclesiastical Law.

Eccl. Rep. Ecclesiastical Reports. Vide Eng. Eccl. Rep.Ed. or Edit. Edition.Ed. Edward; as, 3 Ed. 1, c. 9.Ed. Inj. Eden on Injunction.Ed. Eq. Reps. Eden’s Equity Reports.Ed. Prin. Pen. Law. Eden’s Principles of Penal Law.Edm. Exch. Pr. Edmund’s Exchequer Practice.Edw. Ad. Rep. Edward’s Admiralty Reports.Edw. Lead. Dec. Edward’s Leading Decisions.Edw. on Part. Edward’s on Parties to Bills in Chancery.Edw. on Rec. Edwards on Receivers in Chancery.Eliz. Elizabeth; as, 13 Eliz. c. 15.Ellis on D. and Cr. Ellis on the Law relating to Debtor and Creditor.Elm on Dil. Elmes on Ecclesiastical and Civil Dilapidations.Elsyn on Parl. Elsynge on Parliaments.Encycl. Encycloaedia, or Encyclopedie.Eng. English.Eng. Ch. R. English Chancery Reports. Vide Cond. Ch. R. (See App. A.)Eng. Com. Law Rep. English Common Law Reports.Eng. Ecc. R. English Ecclisiastical Reports.Eng. Plead. English Pleader.Engl. Rep. English’s Arkansas Reports.Eod. Eodem, under the same title.Eod. tit. In the same title.Eq. Ca. Ab. Equity Cases Abridged.Eq. Draft. Equity Draftsman. Ersk. Inst. Erskin’e Institute of the Law of Scotland. Ersk. Prin. of Laws of Scotl. Erskine’s Principles of the Laws of Scotland.Esp. N.P. Espinasse’s Nisi Prius.Esp. N. P. R. Espinasse’s Nisi Prius Reports.Esp. on Ev. Espinasse on Evidence.Esp. on Pen. Ev. Espinasse on Penal Evidence.Esq. Esquire.Et. al. Et alii, and others.Eunom. Eunomus.Ev. Col. Stat. Evan’s Collection of Statutes.Ev. on Pl. Evans on Pleading.Ev. Tr. Evans’ Trial.Ex. or Exor. Executor. Execx. Executrix.Exch. Rep. Exchequer Reports. Vide Cond. Exch. REp.Exec. Execution. Exp. Expired.Exton’s Mar. Divaeo. Exton’s Maritime Dicaeologie.Extrav. Extravagants.F. Finalis, the last or latter part.F. Fitzherbert’s Abridgment.F.& F. Falconer & Fitzherbert’s Reports. F. R. Forum Romanum.F.& S. Fox & Smith’s Reports.F. N. B. Fitzherbert’s Natura Brevium.Fairf. R. Fairfield’s Reports.Fac. Coll. Faculty Collection; the name of a set of Scotch Reports.

Falc. & Fitzh. Falconer & Fitzherbert’s Election Cases.Far. Farresly, (7 Mod. REp.) is sometimes so cited.Farr’s Med. Jur. Farr’s Elements of Medical Jurisprudence.Fearn. on Rem. Fearne on Remainders.Fell. on Mer. Guar. Fell on Mercantile Guaranties.Ferg. on M.& D. Ferfusson on Marriage and Divorce.Ferg. R. Fergusson’s Reports of the Consistorial Court of Scotland.Ff. or ff. Pandects of Justinian: a careless way of writing the Greek ã.Ferr. Hist. Civ. L. Ferriere’s History of the Civil Law.Ferr. Mod. Ferriere Moderne, on Nouveau Dictionnaire des Termes de Droit et de Pratique.Fess. on Pat. Fessenden on Patents. Fi. fa. Fieri Facias.Field’s Com. Law. Field on the Common Law of England.Dielf. on Penl Laws. Fielding on Penal Laws. Finch. Finch’s Law; or a Discourse thereof, in five books. Finch’s Pr. Finch’s Precedents in Chancery.Finl. L. C. Finlayson’s Leading Cases on Pleading.Fish. Capyh. Fisher on Copyholds.]Fitz. C. Fitzgibbon’s Cases.Fitzh. Fitzherbert’s AbridgmentFitzh. Nat. Bre. Fitzherbert’s Natura Brevium.Fl. or Fleta. A Commentary on the English Law, written by an anonymous author, in the time of Edward I., whilea prisoner in the Fleet.Fletch. on Trusts. Fletcher on the Estates of Trustees.Floy. Proct. Pr. Floyer’s Proctor’s Practice.Fol. Foley’s Poor Laws. Fol. Folio.Fonb. Fonblanque on Equity. Fonb. Med. Jur. Fonblanque on Medical Jurisprudence.Forr. Forrester’s Cases during the time of Lord Talbot, commonly cited Cas. Temp. Talb.For. Pla. Brown’s Formulae Placitandi.Forb. on Bills. Forbes on Bills of Exchange.Forb. Inst. Forbes’ Institutes of the Law of Scotland.Forr. Exch. Rep. Forrest’s Exchequer Reports.Fors. on Comp. Forsyth on the Law relating to Composition with Creditors.Fortesc. Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae. Fortesc. R. Fortescue’s Reports, temp. Wm. and Anne.Fost. or Fost. C.L. Foster’s Crown Law.Fox.& Sm. Fox & Smith’s Reports. Fr. Fragmentum.Fra. or Fra. Max. Francis’ Maxims.Fr. Ord. French Ordinance. Sometimes cited Ord. de la Mar.Fras. Elect. Cas. Fraser’s Election Cases.Fred. Co. Frederician Code.Freem. Freeman’s Reports. Freem. C. C. Freeman’s Cases in Chancery.Freem. (Mis.) R. Freeman’s Reports of Cases decided by the Superior Court of Chancery of Mississippi.G. George; as, 13 G. 1, c. 29.G. & J. Glyn & Jameson’s Reports.

G. & J. Gill & Johnson’s Reports.G. M. Dudl. Repo. G. M. Dudley’s Reports.Gale & Dav. Gale & Davidson’s Reports.Gale’s Stat. Gale’s Statutes of Illinois.Gall. or Gall. Rep. Gallison’s Reports.Garde on Ev. Garde’s Practical Treatise onthe General Principles and Elementary Rules of the Law of Evidence.Geo. George; as, 13 Geo. 1, c. 29.Geo. Dec. Georgia Decisions.Geo. Lib. George on the Offence of Libel.Gib. on D.& N. Gibbons on the Law of Dilapidations and Nuisances.Gibs. Codex. Gibson’s Codex Juris Civilis.Gilb. R. Gilbert’s Reports.Gilb. Ev. Gilbert’s Evidence.Gilb. U. & T. Gilbert on Uses and Trusts.Gilb. Ten. Gilbert on Tenures.Gilb. on Rents. Gilbert on Rents.Gilb. on Rep. Gilbert on Replevin. Gilb. Ex. Gilbert on Executions.Gilb. Exch. Gilbert’s Exchequer.Gilb. For. Rom. Gilbert’s Forum Romanum. Gilb. K. B. Gilbert’s King’s Bench.Gilb. Rem. Gilbert on REmainders.Gilb. on Dev. Gilbert on Devises.Gilb. Lex. praet. Gilbert’s Lex Praetoria.Gill & John. Gill & Johnson’s Reports.Gill’s R. Gill’s Reports.Gilm. R. Gilmer’s Reports.Gilp. R. Gilpin’s Circuit Court Reports.Gl. Glossa, the Gloss.Glanv. Glanville’s Treatise of the Laws and Customs of England.Glassff. Ev. Glassford on Evidence.Glov. Mun. Corp. Glover on Municipal Corporations, or Glov. on Corp. Glover on the Law of Municipal Corporations.Glyn. & Jam. Glyn & Jameson’s Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.Godb. Godbolt’s Reports.Godolph. Ad. Jr. Godolphin’s View of the Admiralty Jurisdiction.Godolph. Rep. Can. Godolphin’s Repertorium Canonicum.Godolph. Godolphin’s Orphan’s Legacy.Gods. on Pat. Godson’sTReatise ont he Law of Patents.Goldesh. Goldeshorought’s Reports.Golds. Goldshorough’s Reports.Gord. on Dec. Gordon on the Law of Decedents in Pennsylvania.Gould on Pl. Gould on the Principles of Pleading in Civil Actions.Gow on Part. Gow on Partnership.Grah. Pr. Graham’s Practice. Grah. N.T. Graham on New Trials.Grand. Cout. Grand Coutumier de Normandie, (q.v.)Grady on Fixt. Grady on the law of Fixtures.Grant on New. Tr. Grant on New Trials.Grant’s Ch. Pr. Grant’s Chancery Practice.Gratt. R. Grattan’s Virginia Reports.

Green’s B.L. Green’s Bankrupt Laws.Green’s R. Green’s Reports.Greenl. on Ev. Greenleaf’s Treatise on the Law of Evidence.Greenl. Ov. Cas. Greenleaf’s Overruled Cases.Greenl. R. Greenleaf’s Reports.Greenw on Courts. Greenwood on Courts.Gres. Eq. Ev. Gresley’s Equity Evidence.Grif. REg. Griffith’s Law Register.Grimk. on Ex. Grimke on the Duty of Executors and Administrators.Grisw. Rep. Griswold’s Reports.Grot. Grotius de Jure Belli.Gude’s Pr. Gude’s Practice on the Crown side of King’s Bench, &c.Gwill. Gwillim’s Tithe Cases.H. Henry; as, 18 H. 7, c. 15.H. Hilary Term.H.A. Hoc AnnoH.v. commonly written in small letters h.v. hoc verbo.H. of L. House of Lords.H. of R. House of Representatives.H.& B. Hudson & Brooke’s Reports.H.& G. Harris & Gill’s Reports.H.& J. Harris & Johnson’s Reports.H. Bl. Henry Blackston’es Reports.H. H. C. L. Hale’s History ofthe Common Law.H.& M. Henning and munford’s Reports.H.& M’H. or Harr. & M’Hen. Harris & M’Henry’s Reports.Hab. fa. seis. Habere facias seisinam.H. P. C. Hales’ Pleas of the Crown.H.t. usually put in small letters, h.t. hoc titulo.Hab. Corp. Habeas Corpus.Hab. fa. pos. Habere facias possessionem.Hagg. Ad. R. Haggard’s Admiralty Reports.Hagg. Ecc. R. Haggard’s Ecclesiastical Reports.Hagg. C. R. Haggard’s REports in the Consistory Court of London.Hale, P.C. Hale’s Pleas of the Crown.Hale’s Sum. Hale’s Summary of Pleas.Hale’s Jur. J. L. Hale’s Jursidiction of the House of Lords.Hale’s Hist. C.L. Hale’s History of the Common Law.Halif. Civ. Law. Halifax’s Analysis ofthe Civil Law.Hall’s R. Hall’s Reports of Cases decided in the Superior Court of the city of New York.Halk. dig. Halkerton’s digest of the Law of Scotland relating ot Marriage.Hall’s Adm. Pr. Hall’s Admiralty Practice.Halst. R. Halstead’s Reports.Hamm. N. P. Hammond’s Nisi Prius.Ham. R. Hammond’s (Ohio) Reports.Hamm. on Part. Hammond on Parties to Actions.Hamm. Pl. Hammond’s Analysis of the Principles of Pleading.Hamm. on F. II. Hammond on Fire Insurance.Han. Hansard’s Entries.Hand’s ch. Pr. Hand’s Chancery Practice.Hand on Fines. Hand on Fines and Recoveries.

hand’s Cr. Pr. hand’s Corwn Practice.hand on Pat. hand on Patents. Hans. Parl. Bed. hansard’s Parliamentary Debates.hard. Hardress’ Reports. Hardin’s R. Hardin’s Reports. Hare R. Hare’s Reports. Hare & Wall. Sel. Dec. Hare & Wallace’s Select Decisions of American Cases, with Notes.Hare on Disc. Hare on the Discovery of Evidence by Bill and Answer in Equity.Harg. Coll. Hargrave’s Juridical Arguments and collection. Harg. St. Tr. Hargrave’s State Trials.Harg. Exer. Hargrave’s Exercitations.Harg. Law Tr. Hargrave’s Law Tracts.Harp. L. R. Harper’s Law Reports.Harp. Eq. R. Harper’s Equity Reports.Harr. Ch. Harrison’s Chancery Practice.Harr. Cond. Lo. R. Harrison’s condensed Report of Cases in Superior Court of the Territory of Orleans, and in the Supreme Court of Louisiana.Harr. Dig. Harrison’s Digest.harr. Ent. Harris’ Entries.Harr. (Mich.) R. harrington’s Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Michigan.Harr. & Gill. Harris & Gill’s Reports.harr. & John. Harris & Johnso’s Reports.Harr. & M’H. Harris & M’Henry’s Reports.Harringt. R. Harrington’s Reports.Hasl. Med. Jur. Haslam’s Medical Jurisprudence.Hawk. P.C. Hawkins’ Pleas of the Crown.Hawk’s R. Hawk’s Reports.Hay on Est. An Elementary View of the Common Law of uses, Devises, and Trusts, with reference to the Creation and Conveyance of Estates, by William Hayes.Hay. on Lim. Hayes on Limitations.Hay. Exch. R. Hayes’ Exchequer Reports.Hays on R. P. Hays on REal Property.Heath’s Max. Heath’s Maxim’s.Hein. Elem. Juris. civ. Heineccii, Elementa juris Civilis, secundum ordinem Institutionum.Hein. Elem. Juris. Nat. Heineccii, Elementa juris Naturae et gentium.Hen on For. Law. Henry on Foreign Law.Hen. J. P. Henning’s Virginia Justice of the Peace.hen. & Munf. Henning & Munford’s Reports.Herne’s Ch. Uses. Herne’s law of Charitable Uses.Herne’s Plead. Herne’s Pleader.het. Hetley’s Reports.Heyw. on El. Heywood on Elections. Heyw. *N.C.) R. Heywood’s North Carolina Reports.Heyw. (Tenn.) R. Heywood’s Tennessee Reports.High. Highmore. High on Bail. Highmore on Bail. High. on Lun. Highmore on Lunacy. High. on Mortm. Highmore on ortmain.Hill. Ab. Hilliard’s Abridgment of the Law of Real Property.Hill’s R. Hill’s Reports.Hill’s Ch. R. Hill’s Chancery Reports.

Hill on Trust. A Practical Treatise on the Law relating to Trustees, &c.Hind’s Pr. Hind’s Practice.Hob. Hobart’s Reports.Hodg. R. Hodge’s Reports.Hodges on Railw. Hodges on the Law of Railways.Hoffm. Outl. Hoffman’s Outlines of Legal Studies.Hoffm. Leg. St. Hoffman’s Legal Studies.Hoffm. Ch. Pr. Hoffman’s Chancery Practice.Hoffm. Mas. Ch. Hoffman’s master in Chancery.Hoffm. R. Hoffman’s Reports.Hog. R. Hogan’s Reports. Hog. St. Tr. Hogan’s State Trials. Holt on Lib. Holt on the Law of Libels.Holt on Nav. Holt on Navigation. Holt. R. Holt’s Reports.Holt on Sh. Holt on the Law of Shipping.Hopk. R. Hopkins’ Chancery Reports.Hopk. Adm. Dec. Hopkinson’s Admiralty Decisions.Houard’s Ang. Sax. Laws. Houard’s Anglo Saxon laws and Ancient Laws ofthe French.Houard’s dict. Houard’s Dictionary of the Customs of normandy.Hough C. M. Hough on Courts Martial.Hov. Fr. Hovenden on Frauds.Hov. Supp. Hovenden’s Supplement to Vesey Junior’s Reports.How. St. Tr. Howell’s State Trials.Howe’s Pr. Howe’s Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law in Massa− chusetts. How. Pr. R. Howard’s Practice Reports.Hub. on Suc. Hubback on Successions.Huds. & Bro. Hudson & Brooke’s Reports.Hugh. Ab. Hughes’ Abridgment.Hugh. Entr. Hughes’ Entries.Hugh. on Wills. Hughes on Wills.Hugh. R. Hughes’ Reports.Hugh. Or. Writs. Hughes’ Comments upon Original Writs.Hugh. Ins. Hughes on Insurance.Hugh. on Wills. Hughes’ Practical Directions for Taking Instructions for Draw− ing Wills.Hull. on Costs. Hullock on the Law of Costs.Hult. on Conv. Hulton on Convictions.Humph. R. Humphrey’s Reports.Hume’s com. Hume’s Commentaries on the Criminal Law of Scotland.Hut. Hutton’s Reports.I. The Institutes of Justinian (q.v.) are sometimes cited, I.1, 3, 4.I. Infra, beneath or below.Ib. Ibidem.Ictus. Jurisconsultus. This abbreviation is usually written with an I, though it would be more proper to write it with a J, the first letter of the word Jurisconsultus; c is the initial letter of the third syllable, andtus is the end of the word.Id. Idem.Il Cons. del Mar. Il Consolato del Mare. See Consolato del Mare, in the body

of the work. Imp. Pr. C. P. Impey’s Practice in the common Pleas. Imp. Pr. K. B. Impey’s Practice in the King’s Bench.Imp. Pl. Impey’s Modern Pleader. Imp. Sh. Impey’s Office of Sheriff.In f. In fine, at the end of the title, law, or paragraph quoted.In pr. In principio, in the beginning and before the first paragraph of a law.In princ. In principio. In the beginning .In sum. Insumma, in the summary.Ind. Index.Inf. Infra, beneath or below.Ing. Dig. Ingersoll’s Digest of the laws of the United States.Ing. Roc. Ingersoll’s Roccus.Ingr. on Insolv. Ingraham on Insolvency.Inj. Injunction. Ins. Insurance.Inst. Coke on Littleton, is cited Co. Lit. or 1 Inst., for First Institute. Coke’s magna Charta, is cited Co. M.C. or 2 Inst., for Second Institute. Co. P. C. Coke’s Pleas of the Crown, is cited 3 Inst., for Third Institute. Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts, is cited 4 Inst., for Fourth Institute.Inst. Institutes. When the Institutes of Justinian are cited, the citation is made thus; Inst. 4, 2, 1; or Inst. lib. 4, tit. 2, l. 1; to signify In stutues, book 4, tit. 2, law 1. Coke’s Institutes are cited, the first, ei− ther Col Lit. or 1 Inst., and the others 2 Inst., 3 Inst., and 4 Inst.Inst. Cl. or Inst. Cler. Instructor Clericalis.Inst. Jur. Angl. Institutiones Juris Anglicani, by Doctor Cowell.Introd. Introduction.Ir. Eq. R. Irish Equity Reports.Ir. T. R. Irish Term Reports. Sometimes cited Ridg. Irish. T. R. (q.v.)J. Justice.J. institutes of Justinian.J. C. Juris Consultus. J. C. P. Justice ofthe common Pleas.J. Glo. Juncta Glossa, the Gloss joined to the text quoted.J. J. Justices.J. J. Marsh. J.J. Marsha’’s (Kentucky) Reports.J. K. B. Justice of the King’s Bench.J. P. Justice of the Peace.J. Q. B. Justice ofthe Queen’s Bench.J. U. B. Justice of the Upper Bench. During the Commonwealth of the English Court ofthe King’s Bench was called the Upper Bench. Jac. Jacobus, James; as, 4 Jac. 1, c. 1.Jac. Introd. Jacob’s Introduction to the Comm, Civil, and Canon Law.Jac. L. D. Jacob’s law Dictionary.jac. L. G. Jacob’s law Grammar.Jac. Lex. Mer. jacob’s Lex Mercatoria, or the Merchant’s Companion.Jac. R. Jacob’s Chancery Reports. Jac. & Walk. Jacob & Walker’s Chancery Reports.Jack. Pl. Jackson on Pleading.Jarm. on Wills. Jarman on the Law of Wills.Jarm. Pow. Dev. Powell on Devises, with Notes by Jarman.Jebb’s Ir. Cr. Cas. Jebb’s Irish Criminal Cases.

Jeff. Man. Jefferson’s Manual.Jeff. R. Thomas Jefferson’s Reports.Jenk. Jenkins’ Eight Centuries of Reports; or Eight Hundred Cases solemnly adjudged in the Exchequer Chamber, or upon Writs of Error, from K. Henry III, to 21 K. James I.Jer. Jeremy.Jer. on Carr. Jeremy’s Law of Carriers. Jer. Eq. Jur. Jeremy on the Equity Jurisdiction of the High Court of Chancery.Jer. on Cor. Jervis on Coroners.John. Cas. Johnson’s Cases.John. R. Johnson’s Reports.John. Ch. R. Johnson’s Chancery Reports.John. Eccl. Law. Johnson’s Ecclesiastical Law.Johns. Civ. L. of Sp. Johnson’s Civil Law of Spain.Johns. on Bills. The Law of Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Checks, & c., by Cuthbert W. Johnson.Jon. Sir Wm. Jones’ Reports.Jon. & Car. Jones and Carey’s Reports.Jon. on Lib. Jones, De Libellis Famosis, or the Law of Libels.Jon. Inst. HInd. L. Jones’ Institutes of Hindoo Laws.Jon. (1) Sir W. Jones’ Reports.Jon. (2) Sir T. Jones’ Reports.Jon. T. Thomas Jones’ REports.Jon. oon Bailm Lones’ Law of Bailments.Jones’ Intr. Jones’ Introduction to Legal Science.Joy on Ev. Acc. Joy on the Evidence of Accomplices.Joy on Chal. Joy on Challenge to Jurors.Joy Leg. Ed. Joy on Legal Education.Jud. Chr. Judicial Chronicle.Jud. Repos. Judicial Repository.Judg. Judgments.Jr. Eccl. Jura Ecclesiastica, or a Treatise of the Ecclesiastical Law and Courts, interspersed with various cases of Law and Equity.Jr. Mar. Molloy’s Jure Maritimo. Sometimes cited Molloy.Jus. Nav. Thod. Jus Navale Thodiorum.Just. Inst. Justinian’s Institutes.K. B. King’s Bench.K. C. R. Reports in the time of Chancellor King.K.& O. Knapp & Omber’s Election Cases.Kames on Eq. Kames’ Principles of Equity.Kames’ Ess. Kames’ Essays.Kames’ Hist. L. T. Kames’ HIstorical Law Tracts.Keat. Fam. Settl. Keating on Family Settlements. Keb. Keble’s Reports.Keb. Stat. Keble’s English Statutes.Keen’s R. Keen’s Reports.Keil or Keilw. Keilways’ Reports.Kel. Sir John Kelyng’s Reports.Kel. 1,2, or W. Kel. William Kelyng’s Reports, two parts.Kelh. Norm L. D. Kelham’s Norman French Law Dictionary.Kell. R. Kelly’s Reports.Ken. on Jur. Kennedy on Juries.

Kent. Com. Kent’s Commentaries on American Law.Keny. Kenyon’s Reports of the Court of King�