A Laboratory Manual - AGCEagce.sets.edu.in/entc/labmanual/lb.pdf · A Laboratory Manual ... 6 To verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem ... Experiment No. AIM: To verify maximum

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara Department of Electrical Engineering

Mr. S. U. Bagwan 1

ALaboratory Manual

FOR

Electromagnetic and Electrical CircuitsSE Semester – III, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Editor

Mr. S. U. Bagwan

B. E. Electrical, M. E. Electrical, (Ph. D)

Assistant Professor-Head of the Department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SAMARTH EDUCATIONAL TRUST’S

ARVIND GAVALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SATARA

Year 2014-15


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INDEX

Sr. No.

Title Page No.

1 To verify the Thevenin’s Theorem 2 To verify the Norton’s Theorem3 To verify the Super Position Theorem4 To verify the compensation Theorem5 To verify the Millman’s Theorem6 To verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem7 Locus diagram of RL series circuits8 Locus diagram of RC series circuits9 Determination of self and mutual inductances and co efficient of

coupling


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Experiment No.

AIM: Experimental determination of Thevenin’s equivalent circuits verifying theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:Sr.No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

THEORY:

STATEMENT OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can bereplaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of voltage source Vth in series with an impedance, Zth.,where Vth is the open circuit voltage between the load terminals and Zth is the impedance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal impedances.

Procedure:

1.Connect the circuit as per the circuit Diagram2.With supply voltage say 20V switch on the supply.3.Take corresponding Readings 4.Check whether calculated and observed values are equal.


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Circuit Diagram for Thevinin ‘s:-


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Observation table:

Sr. no

Supply Voltage

ObservedRth

ObservedVth

Calculated Rth

Calculated Vth

Calculated IL

CALCULATIONS FOR THEVENIN’S THEOREM:-

(i) For Rth- As for the circuit diagram, fig-2, Resisters R1 and R2 are in parallel so effectiveResistance Rp = R1 × R2 ÷ R1 + R2 Ω. Then Rp is in series with R3, so Rth = Rp +R3 Ω.

(ii) For Vth - As for the circuit diagram, fig-3, Resisters R1 and R2 are in series so totalResistance R = R1 + R2 Ω. (R3 Will not play any roll because of open circuit.)Total current of the circuit I = Vs ÷ R Amp.The current I will flow through R1 and R2 because of series connection.Then open circuit voltage Vth = I× R2 Volts.

(iii) For IL- As for the circuit diagram, fig-1, Resisters R3 and RL are in series so effectiveResistance Rse = R3 +RL Ω.Then Rse is in parallel with R2 so effectiveResistance Rp = Rse × R2 ÷ Rse + R2 Ω.Then Rp is in series to R1 resistance so total Resistance R = Rp + R1 Ω.Total current of the circuit I = Vs ÷ R Amp .Total current of the circuit I is divided in to two paths after R1 resistanceSo the current through RL resistance branchIL =( Total current) I × opposite resistance ÷ total Resistance –Amp

Conclusion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Experiment No.AIM: Experimental determination of Norton’s equivalent circuits verifying theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:Sr.No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

THEORY:

STATEMENT OF NORTON’S THEOREM:

Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing of energy sources and impedances can bereplaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of current source IN in parallel with an admittance, YN.,where IN is the short circuit current through the load terminals and YN is the admittance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal admittance

Procedure:

1.Connect the circuit as per the circuit Diagram2.With supply voltage say 20V switch on the supply.3.Take corresponding Readings 4.Check whether calculated and observed values are equal.


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Circuit Diagram for Norton‘s:-

Observation table:

Sr. no

Supply Voltage

ObservedRN

ObservedIN

Calculated RN

Calculated IN

Calculated IL


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CALCULATIONS FOR NORTON’S THEOREM:-

(i) For Isc or IN - As for the circuit diagram, fig-4, Resisters R2 and R3 are in parallel so effective Resistance Rp = R2× R3 ÷ R2 + R3 Ω.Then Rp is in series to R1 resistance so total Resistance R = Rp + R1 Ω.Total current of the circuit I = Vs ÷ R Amp.Total current of the circuit I is divided in to two paths after R1 resistanceSo the current through R3 resistance branch

Isc =( Total current) I × opposite resistance ÷ total Resistance –Amp.

(ii) For RN- As for the circuit diagram, , Resisters R1 and R2 are in parallel so effectiveResistance Rp = R1 × R2 ÷ R1 + R2 Ω. Then Rp is in series with R3, so RN = Rp +R3 Ω.

(iii) For IL- As for the circuit diagram, , Resisters R3 and RL are in series so effectiveResistance Rse = R3 +RL Ω.Then Rse is in parallel with R2 so effectiveResistance Rp = Rse × R2 ÷ Rse + R2 Ω.Then Rp is in series to R1 resistance so total Resistance R = Rp + R1 Ω.Total current of the circuit I = Vs ÷ R Amp .Total current of the circuit I is divided in to two paths after R1 resistanceSo the current through RL resistance branchIL =( Total current) I × opposite resistance ÷ total Resistance –Amp

Conclusion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Experiment No.AIM: Verification of Superposition theorem

APPARATUS:

THEORY:

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM STATEMENT

In any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response at anyelement is equivalent to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources.

i.e. While considering the effect of individual sources, the other ideal voltagesources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and opencircuit across the terminals. This theorem is valid only for linear systems.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1)2. Current through load resistor is noted as IX by applying both the voltages V1 and V23. Make the supply voltage V2 short circuited and apply V1 as shown in fig (2) and note down the current through load resistor as IY. 4. Make the supply voltageV1 short circuited and apply V2 as shown in fig (3) and note down the current through load resistor as IZ.5. Now verify that IX = IY + IZ theoretically and practically which proves SuperpositionTheorem

Sr.No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity


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Circuit Diagram of Super Position Theorem:-


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Observations:When both the sources are acting: fig (1)

V1 V2 Observed Ix Calculated Ix

When V1 source alone is

V1 V2 Observed Iz Calculated Iz

When V2 source alone is

V1 V2 Observed Iy Calculated Iy

Conclusion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Experiment No.Aim:-To verify Compensation theorem theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:

THEORY:

Compensation theorem states that in a linear network any impedance Z that carries a current‘I’ can be replaced by a voltage source with emf V=IZ with zero internal impedance. Similarly if the voltage across impedance V, then it can be replaced by a current source I=V/Z.

Procedures:-

1Connect the circuit as in the fig (1).2 Switch on the power supply and note down the readings of ammeter (I1).3 Connect the circuit as in the fig (2) with increase value of resistance.4 Switch on the power supply and note down the readings of ammeter (I2).Connect the circuit as in the fig (3)5Switch on the power supply and note apply compensated voltage Vc=-I2 ΔRand note down the readings of ammeter (I3 ).



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM:-

Conclusion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Experiment No.Aim:- To verify Millman’s theorems theoretically and practically


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APPARATUS:

THEORY:

Millman’s theorem:- Consider the N no of voltage sources (V1,V2-------Vn) having a seriesimpedance(Z1,Z2-------Zn) are connected parallel as shown according to Millman’s theorem all thevoltage source of the current can be represented as a single voltage can be in series with the impedance.Veq=(V1G1+V2G2+V3G3)/(G1+G2+G3)Req=1/(G1+G2+G3)

Procedure:-

1Connect the circuit as in the fig (1).2 Set the supply voltage as shown in circuit diagram.3 Note the reading ammeter (I2).4 Connect the circuit as in the fig (2). Note the reading of voltmeter (veg).5 Connect the circuit as in the fig (3) measure the equivalent resistance as Reg withhelp of multi meter.6 Connect the circuit as in the fig (4), Apply (veg). From source, see Reg value.7 Note the reading of Ammeter as (I1).8 Now verify IL= I1 Thus the Millman’s theorem is verified.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MILLMAN’S THEORM:-



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Conclusion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Experiment No.

AIM: To verify maximum power transfer theorem theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:

STATEMENT FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:It states that the maximum power is transferred from the source to the load, when the loadresistance is equal to the source resistance.

PROCEDURE:1.connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.2.keep the variable point of Rs in suitable position.3.start the maximum resistance adjusted for RL.4.Note the current and voltage across the RL.5.Change the Rs and repeat process of 3 and 4.6.calculate power consumed PL7.For every Rs plot RL vs PL and find out the value of RL for maximum power from the graph.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM



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Observation table:

Sr. no

VL IL PL RL Rs

Graph: RL vs PL

Conclusion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Experiment No.

AIM:-To draw the current locus of RL circuit with L variable respectively

APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE: -

RL Circuit with ’L’ varying1. All Connections are made as per circuit diagram.2. Rheostat is kept in maximum position. The inductor is varied step by step.3. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted. ZcosΦ is constant. The locus diagram is a semi circle of a diagram V/R.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT:-



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Model Graph:

Graph: A graph is drawn between ICosΦ & I SinΦ which given the current locus diagram of RL circuit.The locus diagram is a semi circle with diameter V/XL.Multiplication factor for wattmeter =((Connected voltage X Connected current) / (Full scale reading of wattmeter)) * Cos Φ

Observation Table:

Sr.no. V I W Z=V/I CosΦ=W/VI sinΦ ZcosΦ I CosΦ I SinΦ

Conclusion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Experiment No.

AIM:-To draw the current locus of RC circuit with C variable respectively

APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE: -RC circuit with ’C’ varying1. All connections are made as per circuit diagram.2. Rheostat is kept in maximum position. The capacitor varied step by step.3. The corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted. ZcosΦ is constant. The locus diagram is a semi circle of a diagram V/R.



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CIRCUIT FOR DIAGRAM FOR CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT:-

Model Graph:

Graph: A graph is drawn between ICosΦ & I SinΦ which given the current locus diagram of RL circuit.The locus diagram is a semi circle with diameter V/XL.


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Multiplication factor for wattmeter =((Connected voltage X Connected current) / (Full scale reading of wattmeter)) * Cos Φ

Observation Table:

Sr.no. V I W Z=V/I CosΦ=W/VI sinΦ ZcosΦ I CosΦ I SinΦ

Conclusion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Experiment No.AIM:- To determine the self mutual induction of coupled circuit and to find coefficient coupling.

APPARATUS:

Procedure:1. To find the inductance of coil-1:a) All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram.b) To determine L, the resistance R1 of coil is neglected.c) The Supply voltage is given and the reading of the voltmeter and ammeter are notedL1= x/2 Πf when X1=V1/I1.

2. To find Self inductance of coil – 2:a) The determine L2 remove the connections by interchanging the windings as per the circuit diagramb). The voltage given and by varying dimmer stat required voltage is applied to coil and the readings of ammeter and voltmeter are noted.L2 = X2 / 2 Πf, X2 = V2/I2

3. To find mutual inductance:a) All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram.b) The supply voltage is given by varying the dimmer stat and the reading of a ammeter andvoltmeter are noted.M = -1/2[X3/2 Πf – (L1+L2)]Where X3 = V3 / I3Coefficient of coupling K= M/sqrt(L1L2)



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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-


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Observation Table:

S.No V1 V2 Io Wi COSФ= Wi/ V1* Io Iμ=IoSINФo

S.No V1 V2 Io Wi COSФ= Wi/ V1* Io Iμ=IoSINФo

Conclusion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Documents

A Laboratory Manual - AGCEagce.sets.edu.in/entc/labmanual/lb.pdf · A Laboratory Manual ... 6 To verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem ... Experiment No. AIM: To verify maximum