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A History of Unethical Research
• In the USA, before the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed in 1906 there were no regulations on performing research on humans.
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-72)• 600 black men over 40 • 400 had syphilis yet were
not told they had it. • Denied treatment • Many died during study. • President Clinton
apologized to all of those affected and their families in 1997.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-YMdaEdbcg (6:34) The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Nuremberg Code (POST WWII)• Laws put in place after the
Nazi experiments of WWII were uncovered
• Researchers now must have consent from their human subjects
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GdrWIJpY2M (10:00) National History Day 2013- State competition- The Nuremberg Code
"The Nazi physicians performed brutal medical experiments upon helpless concentration camp inmates. These acts of torture were characterized by several shocking features: (1) persons were forced to become subjects in very dangerous studies against their will; (2) nearly all subjects endured incredible suffering, mutilation, and indescribable pain; and (3) the experiments often were deliberately designed to terminate in a fatal outcome for their victims" (Cohen).
Stanley Milgram Experiment (1962)
• Obedience to authority• Electric Shock Consequences• Connections to WWII• Yale University
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOYLCy5PVgM (5:04) Milgram Experiment- Big History NL, threshold 6https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-fQnltrg6w (9:34) Derren Brown- Milgram Experiment
Ethical?
Zimbardo Prison Experiment (1972)
• Stanford University• Mock prison• Examining Roles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=760lwYmpXbc (29:00) The Stanford Prison Experiment. Skip 2:45-4:45 about Milgram
And now…
Institutional Review Board (IRB) established in 1974 by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare that these unlawful experiments against humans came to a halt.