em. Teachers with whom I have talked who know the book are uniformly en-

fare are incomolete renresentations of real-

quite some detail his own procedure in teaching from models but continually raises questions rand willingly supplies al- ternative suggestions. The fact that one can make worthwhile predictions and car- relations of physical and chemical proper- ties from models (e.g., that of the water maleeule) argues thst this device is in- valuable in assisting the student to or- ganize chemical information.

Covalent radii, rather than Van der Waal's radii, are used throughout, with spheres scaled to covalent radii being the fundamental structural units. The argu- ment made by the author is that covalent radii are easier to work with and are more surely known except in the case of the noble gases. He also feels that one can better emphssize differences among single, double, and triple bonds with covelent radii. He encourages teachers to use their own inventiveness in coming up with new ideas and in improving the models. Al- though the details are present in his text, "Chemieal Periodicity" (Reinhold, 1960), he presents in this little text the essential features of the calculntions of charge and radius which he uses.

The book is full of teaching ideas; in fact the firat 96 pages are devoted almost exclusively to what the title implies, namely, the leaching of chemistry with models. The next 32 pages pass an to the reader what the author has learned about the actual details of model construction; materials, coloring, cutting, shaping, fss- tening, etc. Specific instructions are sup- plied for hundreds of models. There are 32 pages of photographs which are an in- valuable aid to those who wish to can- struct models of their own. Unfortu- nately, they me not uniformly good. The color photographs are quite good in general but the black and white photo- graphs w r y from quite good to rather poor. Extensive tahles with laborious cal- culations already performed are availeblc for assistance in constructing almost any model which could be used in General Chemistrv. A biblioeraohv of 37 nerti-

prints or errors. He questions such ex- pressions sa "double decomposition" (p. 44) and was somewhat distressed by the equation (p. 57) which implies the forma- tion of NHIOH in aqueous solution. (What an interesting model this must be!) On psge 58, however, the reaction of an,- monia with water to produce two ions is explicitly given.

Finally, the teaching profession owes Professor Sanderson its thanks, for he has made availa,hle in one small but rich hook the product of his talents and extensive experience in this sree. I t is a, most vdnahle contribution to the profession.

JOHN F. BAXTER University qf Florida

Gainesville

Chemistry

James V . Qmgliano, Florida State University, Tallahassee. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewoad Cliffs, New Jersey, 1963. xvi + 897 + xnvii pp. Figs. and tables. 17 X 23.5 cm. $8.95.

The second edition of this widely used general chemistry textbook includes much more than the usual minor modifications and revisions. The first edition was re- viewed in THIS JOURNAL 35, 638 (1958). While the author has not changed the over-all format of the book, he has intro- duced considerable new material. A very noticeable addition is the emphasis placed on the shapes of molecules and ions. Although the author does not utilize hybridization to introduce this material on structure he presents general rules for the student relating molecular shape with the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons.

A new chapter has been added dealing with the chemistry of some light elements and post-transition elements, including groups IB, IIB, IIIa, IIIR, and IVA of the periodic classification. The chapter on complex ions and molecules including co- ordination compounds has been materially enhanced by the addition of such im- portant topics as conformation of molecules and hybridization.

A chart of electron configurations of the elements has been reproduced on the inside of the back cover and a seven-page explanetion of its use provides the student with a. thorough discussion of the distri- bution of the electrons in the main shells and sub-shells (orhitals) of the atoms.

The author in the first edition did not ut i l i~e the description of energy levels on the basis of quantum numbers nor did he include any treatment of hybrid orbitals. Evidently the author continues to feel that these concepts should be deferred to a later course with the exception that he does describe in Chapter 31 the hybrid orhitals used in complexes.

Previous users of the firet edition will appreciate the fact that the second edition has the same principal aim which is to teach chemistry to the beginning student clearly, accurately and completely.

P . CALVIN MAYBURY University qf South Florida

Tampa

A History of Chemistry. Volume 3

J . R. Padington, University of London, England. St. Martin's Press (an af- filiate of Macmillsn and Co., Ltd., London), New York, 1962. 854 pp. 17.5 X 25.5 em. $25.

This is a superb book for the serious student of the history of chemistry. I t is the second volume published of a pro- jected four volume set and deals with the fundamental period during which chemistry became a science, the time of Lavoisier and Dalton and their prede- cessors during the previous century.

Actually, the chronology of treatment and printing of this monumental work is a triflemixed. Volume I whiehis to deal with the subject from the origins in antiquity up to A.D. 1500 is still in preparation. Volume 2 published in 1961, picks up the subjeat in 1500 with Leanardo da Vinci, Biringuc- eio, Agriools, and Paracelsus and brings it into the eighteenth century w-it11 Stahl, Marggraf, and Boerhnave while inten- tionally omitting the chemists who were active in France after 1600. Volume 3 deals, in three chapters, with the lesser figures in French chemistry between 1600 and 1800, then turns to a more detailed examination of the contributions of the more prominent European chemists from the time of Hales and Black through the major contributions of Dalton to atomic theory. Volume 4, still in preparation, is intended to bring the subject from 1800 to the present time.

Partington's "A Short History of Chemistry" has been a standard text in the field eversince the first edition appeared in 1937. His "Origins and Development of Applied Chemistry" (1935) and "A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder" (1960) are definitive works shedding much light on early chemical technology. The ~rr.senr at i.; hringlne to rli~nnv a liicti~neof dilirrnl and ~ l : t i t ~ r t a k i n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ - s1.i~ i n tlw Imt~,rv .,f cl.tm>i3trv. This will beinvaluable to'students of-the subject. The only even approximately con~parable work in the field is Hermann Iiopp's "Geschicbte der Chemie" published in four volumesin 184347. Kopp's four vol- umes have been invaluable despite being outdated. More chemical history has been made since 1847 than had been made up to that time. Further, historical studies during the past century have shed new light on the matters recounted by Kopp. Therefore, Partington's definitive work is very welcome.

The organization of volume 3, as was the case with the previous volume, is bio- graphical. Certain chapters h m p to- gether s. score or more chemists of the same national origin or the same type of contributions, e.g., later phlogiston theory, foundations to stoichiometry; others deal principally with the work of one man, e.g., Seheele, Priestley, Cavendish, Lavoisier, Dalton. This causes a frag- mentation of certain developments but extensive cross-referencing makes it pos- sible to connect the more significant materials.

As in Volume 2, the author gives es- sentially complete bibliographies of the books published by his subjects and the very extensive footnotes full? document the murces of his information. This makes the volumes a vnluahle reference for scholars undertaking work in t,he field. Volume 3 lacks some of the choppiness which characterized Volume 2, perhaps because Dr. Partington is now dealing with more chemists who made major contribu- tions to the science and the inter- relationships between these cont,ributions are more readily apparent.

The chspter dealing with the work of Lavoisier, covering 133 pages, is par ticulerly well written. I n this chapter the author brings out s. point (pp. 484-5) which has been very much overlooked, namely, thst there has been too great a

Volume 41, Number 4, April 7964 / 23F

tendency to have "modern" chemistry start with Lavoisier's explanation of eom- bustion. There is no question that Lavoisier performed a service in revealing that combustion can be handled without the mysterious phlogiston, but this service was one of clearing away accumlated rubbish which was impeding the growth of chemical knowledge. Lavoisier's own handling of combustion was encumbered by his introduction of caloric and his notions oxygen as an acidifying principle. These were ultimately abandoned but only after confusing the development of chemical ideas for nearly three decades. I t was the working definition of the ele- ment, the concept of conservation of matter, and the doctrine of definite pro- portions which really laid the foundations of modern chemistry.

I n summary, this volume is a welcome addition to the scholarly literature in this historv of chemistrv. I t will not anneal to

await Volumes 1 and 4.

Nickel: An Historical Review

F. R. Howard-White. D. Van Nostrsnd Co., Inc., Princeton, Sew Jersey, 1963. xiii + 350 pp. Figs. and tables. 14.5 X 22 cm. $6.95.

Thanks are due to HowadWhite for this contribution to metallurgical litere- ture. In an ere. of rapidly expanding scientific achievement, the history of our technology seldom receives the attention it so richly deserves, and the hook pro- vides a welcome addition to one's library. I t is extremely well written and will ap- peal equally to both layman and speclalist.

The scope of the treatment and the re- search required to compile such a review reflects the author's interest and familiarity with his subject. He traces the history of nickel from its use in crude tools of mete- oritic origin produced in Samarii~ and Syria some four to five thousand years ago, through the identification and isolation of the element, the establishment of the in- dustry, and up to its most recent uses in aero-space hardware. Charts, maps, and photographs are used advantageously throughout the text, and a very complete index is included. Furthermore as an aid to the reader in unfamiliar territory, or where greater detail is desired, the author provides an extensive section of notes and bibliography.

The initial chapters give a thorough de- scription of the earliest usage of nickel in coina and implements of pre-Christian times, derived from the Chinese, white copper "pai-thnng," or nickel silver, under which name i t was later manufactured in Europe. The smelting of "kupfer-nickel" in Eastern Germany and the first separa- tion of the metal by Cronstedt are de- scribed, and lead to the founding of the

nickel industry. To supply this emerging industry, adequate ore supplies were re- quired, and the author relates how the nickeliferaus donosits of Eurooe. New Cd- . , edania. and ~ a k s d a . were discovered and developed.

The "refractoriness" of nickel and the difficulties encountered in preparing pure unalloyed metal were formidable, and pro- vide informative reading. Such classic procedures as the "Orford tops and bob toms," "Hybinette," and "Mond Car- bonyl" processes are described, but one would prefer to see simplified flow sheets rather than the tabular presentations sf- forded. More recent processes are also treated, such as those researched by Pro- fessors Caron and Forward, and the "International Nickel Compeny's" matte separation.

No account can he complete without reference to the tremendous search for nonmilitary nickel applications that was successfully pursued by the faltering in- dustry, immediately following the First World War. The author treats with this subject in depth and reviews the countless uses for the metal from coinage and plating to high temperature alloys. Of prtrticu- lar interest is the find chapter, which tells of the Large role played by nickel in supersonic transportation.

Throughout the later chapters, the reader is constantly aware of the struc- ture and state of the industry, and promi- nent personages connected with the de- velopment of nickel receive just attention. Howard-White regrets that he cannot give more detailed treatment to the nu- merous events bearing on nickel in recent years. Nevertheless, we are grateful for what has been offered and heartily recom- mend the book to all of those readers who are interested in the evolution and aceom- plishments of our technologies.

D. H. W I L K I N ~ ~ N Research Depa~tmat

New Jersey Zinc Cornpanu Palmerion, Pansylvania

Modern Approach to Inorganic Chemistry

C. F. Bell and K. A. K. Loti, both of Brunel College, London. Butter- worths, London, 1963. ix + 293 pp. Figs. and tables. 16.5 X 25.5 cm. $8.95.

This book is intended to provide a modern sppro~ch to inorganic chemistry for students with a. limited mathematical background and to introduce some of the recent advances in the field.

Although it is only about 300 pages long, virtually all of the topics of modern in- organic chemistry, except mechanism, are included. Chapters 1 and 2 are devoted to atomic structure and cover the electrical nature of matter, radioactivity, nuclear fission, transuranic elements, quantum theory and atomic spectra, wave me- chanios, and periodic classification and electronic configuration. Chapter 3 deals with the electrovalent bond, the covalent bond, polyatomio molecules and hybridisa- tinn, shapes of inorganio molecules and ions, one- and three-electron bonds,

electron deficient molecules, and hydrogen bonding. Chapter 4 presents the classification of crystals, the structure of the elements, bonding in the crystalline state, the classification of the elements according to their structure, and the btructure of inorganic compounds. Chapter 5 discusses oxidation and re- duction (reduction potentials are used), acid and bases, and reactions in non- aqueous solvents. Chapter 6, on co- ordination ohemistry, treats stereo- chemistry, stability of complex com- pounds, complexones, factors influencing the stability of complexes, theoretical aspects of coordination chemistry (valence bond, crystal field, and ligand field theories), metal carbonyls and related compounds, and oomplexes between metals and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chapter 7 is concerned with the distribution and extraction of ohemical elements and also the theoretical principles of the extraction of metals by pyrometallurgy. (This chapter includes a very interesting five- page table on the chief ores of the elements and the methods used to extract the ele- ments from the ores.) Chapter 8 treats solvent extraction and ion exchange and some of their spplicetions. Chapters 9 and 10 (about 80 pages) give a survey of the comparative chemistry of the r e p resentative elements and transition ele- ments, respectively. An appendix of seven pages is devoted to physical meas- urements in inorganic chemistry. These include diffraction methods, spectroeopy, thermochemistry, magnetism, and dipole moments.

To oover so large a number of topics in such s small volume, the authors' prep entstion is concise and to the point and requires the close attention of the reader. I n many cases, the topio is only outlined and will have to he supplemented. The material is up-to-date and appears to he accurate in factual detail. There are no exercises a t the end of each chapter, but a number of references for further reading are included.

The authors have succeeded in provid- ing a fine summary of modern in- organio chemistry and the hook should he seriously considered by those wanting a text suitable for a ane-semester course.

RUDOLPH S. BOTTEI University ojNotre Dame

n'otre Dame, Indiana

Practical Mathematics for Chemists

F . H. C. Kelly, University of Tasmania. Butterworth, Inc., Washington, D. C., 1963. 156 pp. 19 X 12.5 cm. $3.95.

Here is a pocket-sized book, very clearly written in a non-sophisticated manner. I t collects much of the simple mathematics encountered by s. student who pursues his course no further than clsssicd physical chemistry. If he has $3.95 to pay far having together in one place what he should already have read in his texts and laboratory manuals in analytical and physical chemistry, i t may be a sensible investment.

W. F. K. (Continued on page A288)