A Historical Overview of The Name “Sea of Japan”

8/14/2019 A Historical Overview of The Name Sea of Japan

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EE$ ^gb {sjabqq cu }geag ~gb dihb }iq bq~ic eqgbn,idn gj} jabidq isb mevbd ~gbes dihbq

96;3DegjdoieOrdur ]idmrj Yrid~r nsi}d cu Hi~~bj Seaae Cbeledm

^geq eq ~gb j`nbq~ odj}d hi{ ~gi~ nbqasecbq ~gb qbi iq Qbi jf Li{id$^gb dihb eq }se~~bd ed Agedbqb agisia~bsq$

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jf B|j ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id gin dj~ cbbd rdnbsq~jjn$

Ed Hi{ 1 '962;% Jabidrq Jse 8 eq }se~~bd iasjqq ~gb Qbi jf

Li{id? idn ~gb sbhiededm {is~ jf ~gb dihb bd~ièq qevb Bjrq eq

}se~~bd jd ~gb [iaefea qenb jf Li{id$ Hjsbjvbs ~gb hi{ isbi

cb~}bbd 1; idn 9; nbmsbbq djs~g ì~e~rnb fsjh ~gb [iaefea Jabid

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^gb hbidedm jf ~gb @i~ed isb ^gb Jsebd~i` Qbi js ~gb Biq~ Qbi

idn ^gb Jsebd~i` Qbi js ~gb Edneid Jabid sbq{ba~evbù$

Edaenbd~i`ù ~gb inlba~evb Jsebd~i` }geag eq rqbn gbsb

qemdefebq ~gb qbiq jf ~gb Biq~ fsjh ~gb {bsq{ba~evb jf ~gb ]bq~

idn giq dj~gedm }gi~qjbvbs ~j nj }e~g ~gb dihb Biq~ Qbi

rqbn }e~ged Ojsbi$

96>6JABIDJ CJSEI@BNB@ MI[[JDBIQEI AISÎ NE AEIQB^B [ER HJNBSDI nsi}d cu S$ Nrn`bu F`jsbdab

^gb }bq~bsd qenb jf ~gb qbi eq nbqasecbn iq Hisb ne Ajsie 'Qbi jf Ojsbi% idn ~gb abd~si`{js~ejd jf ~gb qbi isbi eq nbqasecbn iq Jabidj Cjsei`b nb` Mi{{jdb 'Djs~g Qbi jf Li{id%$

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,B|j eq {sbqbd~(niu Gjooienj ~gb eqìdn ~j ~gb djs~g jf Gjdqgr$


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962;JABIDRQ JSE8IQEB nsi}d cu D$ Qidqjd nIccbve``b [iseq^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn jd`u iq JABIDRQ JSE

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I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id=

Ed Hi{ > '9665% ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq sbajsnbn iq ~gb Hbs

Jsebd~i`b jr Nr Li{jd$ Imied ~geq Hbs Jsebd~i`b njbq dj~

ajssbq{jdn ~j ~gb Ojsbid Biq~ Qbi cr~ hbidq ~gb qbi jf Biq~

Iqei fsjh ~gb {bsq{ba~evb jf ]bq~ Brsj{b$

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Qjr~g Qbi$ Inne~ejdi`ù ed Hi{ 6 '9=;;% ~gb Hb s

Qb{~bd~sejdi`b nb Li{jd hbidq Djs~g Qbi jf Li{id cr~ ~geq

dihb }iq {sjcicù mevbd }e~g ajdqenbsi~ejd ~j ~gb fia~ ~gi~ ~gb

Qbi jf Li{id }iq odj}d iq ~gb Djs~g Qbi }e~ged Li{id lrq~ iq

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Jcvejrqù ed ~gb 9=~g abd~rsu }gbd ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb isbi jf ~gb

Qbi jf Li{id }iq dj~ ub~ }b`` rdnbsq~jjn i viseb~u jf dihbq }bsb

ed rqb$ ^gbqb dihbq isb sjj~bn ed ~gb mbjmsi{geai` {jqe~ejd jf ~gb

Qbi jf Li{id fsjh ~gb {bsq{ba~evb jf ]bq~bsd Brsj{b idn

nbhjdq~si~b ~gb nesba~ejd ed }geag ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq qe~ri~bn ed

sbì~ejd ~j ~gb qrssjrdnedm ajrd~sebq$

^geq jcqbsvi~ejd eq qr{{js~bn cu ~gb sbqr`~q jf i q~rnu rdnbs~iobd

cu ~gb Hedeq~su jf Fjsbemd Iffiesq Li{id jf hi{q j}dbn cu ~gbRde~bn Q~i~bq @ecsisu jf Ajdmsbqq }geag qgj} ~gi~ 7; jf ~gb 9;=

qbvbd~bbd~g(abd~rsu hi{q 'js jvbs =;"% nj dj~ mevb i dihb ~j ~gb

isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id$ Edaenbd~i`ù jf ~gb hi{q ed ~gi~ qihb

ècsisu ~gbsb isb 91 hi{q }e~g dihbq ~gi~ aid cb ed~bs{sb~bn iq

Qbi jf Agedi idn ~gsbb hi{q }e~g Jsebd~i` Qbi$

Ed inne~ejd ihjdm ~gb hi{q {rcèqgbn ed ~gb 9=~g abd~rsu gb`n ed

~gsbb Fsbdag ècsisebq '~gb Cecèj~gbyrb Di~ejdi`b nb Fsidab

9665HBS JSEBDÎ@BJR NR LI[IDB$ IQEI nsi}d cu [$ Vbscebq~ Cb`merh^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs Jsebd~i`b jr nr Li{id'Jsebd~i` Qbi js Qbi jf Li{id%$ Gj}bvbs ~gb mbjmsi{gu jf ~gb

djs~gbsd {is~ eq ediaarsi~b }e~g Gjooienj nsi}d iq i {bdedqrì jf~gb Iqeid ajd~edbd~ idn B~jsjfr eqìdn ìsmbs ~gid e~q ia~ri` qe|b$

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HBSQB[^BD^SEJDI@BNB LI[JD@IQEB nsi}d cu D$ nb Fbs [iseq^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs Qb{~bd~sejdi`b nb Li{jd 'Djs~g Qbi jf Li{id%idn ~gb [iaefea Jabid i`jdm Li{id iq Hbs Hbsenejdi`b nb Li{jd 'Qjr~g Qbi jf Li{id%ed qhi`` ~u{b$ B|j eq sb{sbqbd~bn iq id eqìdn cr~ Gjdqgr eq qgi{bn èob i q~siemg~ èdb

}e~gjr~ idu cbdnq idn ~gb ajd~jrsq jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id isb i`qj {jjsù nsi}d$ ^gb fesq~dihb jf ~gb [iaefea Jabid eq HBS JSEBDÎ@B rqbn ~j hbid jsebd~i`$

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Ojsbid [bdedqrì }iq odj}d cu ~gb dihb ]bq~ Qbi$ ^gbsbfjsb

idu i~~bh{~ ~j fjsab r{jd j~gbs ajrd~sebq ~gb dihb Biq~ Qbi

}geag hbsbù nbdj~bq ~gb nesba~ejd jf ~gb qbi iq qbbd fsjh i

abs~ied ajrd~su idn eq dj~ rqbn cu j~gbs ajrd~sebq qrsbù aiddj~

i~~ied ed~bsdi~ejdi` ajdqbdqrq$

'ee% ^gb Qbi jf Li{id ed ~gb 97~g abd~rsu

tFsjh ~gb ~bh{jsisu rqb jf ^gb Qbi jf Ojsbi ~j ~gb

bq~icèqghbd~ jf^gb Qbi jf Li{idt

Ed ~gb 97~g abd~rsu ~gb qe~ri~ejd qrssjrdnedm ~gb Qbi jf Li{id

msinri`ù aihb ~j cb odj}d cr~ ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb djs~gbsd isbiq

jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id sbhiedbn dj~ }b`` rdnbsq~jjn$

Fjs bwih{`b ed ~gb 97~g abd~rsu hi{q gb`n cu ~gb Rde~bn Q~i~bq

@ecsisu jf Ajdmsbqq ~gi~ }bsb ~gb qrclba~ jf i q~rnu rdnbs~iobd cu

~gb Hedeq~su jf Fjsbemd Iffiesq jr~ jf ~gjqb hi{q ed }geag i dihb

}iq mevbd ~j ~gb Qbi jf Li{id >= hi{q sbajsnbn e~ iq Qbi jf

Li{id idn 5> iq Qbi jf Ojsbi$ Gj}bvbs iq ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb

Qbi jf Li{id cbaihb cb~~bs rdnbsq~jjn ~gb dihb Qbi jf Ojsbidi~rsi`ù }bd~ jr~ jf rqb$

Ed Hi{ = '9=;>% nsi}d cu L$C$ Djèd ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf

Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq ~gb Hbs nr Li{jd 'Qbi jf Li{id%$ Ed ~geq

hi{ i`~gjrmg ^jgjor sbmejd jf Gjdqgr eqìdn eq a`bisù nsi}d

~j}isnq djs~g Gjooienj eq nsi}d iq i {bdedqrì jf ~gb Iqeid

ajd~edbd~$ ^gb [iaefea Jabid ed ~gb bw~sbhb biq~ jf ~gb hi{ eq

nbqasecbn iq Jaid Jsebd~i`$

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Di~ejdi`b% }geag }bsb ~gb qrclba~ jf i q~rnu rdnbs~iobd cu ~gb

Hedeq~su jf Fjsbemd Iffiesq Li{id ~gbsb }iq i }enb sidmb jf

dihbq fjs ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id iq qgj}d cb`j}$ ]gi~ eq

q~seoedm eq ~gi~ ~gbu }bsb ed jsnbs jf ajhhjddbqq Djs~g Qbi jf

Li{idQbi jf Li{idJsebd~i` Qbi idn Qbi jf Agedi }ge`b

Qbi jf Ojsbi i{{bisbn ed jdù ~gsbb hi{q$

Ed j~gbs }jsnq dj~}e~gq~idnedm ~gb fia~ ~gi~ ~gb ajrd~sebq jf ~gb

Ojsbid [bdedqrì gin qedab ~gb neq~id~ {iq~ ai``bn ~gb qbi jd ~gb Li{idqenb ~gb Biq~ Qbi '^jdgb% ed Li{id ~gb Qbi jf Li{id }iq ai``bn ~gb

Djs~g Qbi$ Ed inne~ejd fsjh î~isuq {jed~ jf veb} ~gb Qbi jf

Li{id }iq ~gb Qjr~g Qbi$ ^gb fia~ }iq ~gi~ fsjh ~gb {bsq{ba~evb jf

jdb ajrd~su ~gb Qbi jf Li{id }iq ai``bn ~gb Biq~ Qbi? cr~ qbbd fsjh

j~gbs ajrd~sebq e~ }iq nbqasecbn iq ~gb Djs~g QbiQjr~g Qbi js

]bq~ Qbi$ ^geq ajhbq ~j {sjvb ~gi~ nrsedm ~geq {bsejn ~gbsb }iq dj

m`jci`ù sbajmde|bn dihb jd }geag ajdqbdqrq ajr`n cb sbiagbn$

Hjsbjvbs }e~ged Qjr~g Ojsbi ~gb qbi isbi ~j ~gb }bq~ jf ~gb


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9;

9=;>HBS NR LI[JD@IQEB nsi}d cu [seve`bnmb nr Sju L$C$ Dj`ed [iseq^gb abd~si` {is~ jf ~gb qbi eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs nr Li{jd 'Qbi jf Li{id%$^gb isbi bw~bdnedm fsjh }gi~ isb ~jniu ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi ~j ~gbQjr~g Agedi Qbi eq ai``bn Hbs nb @i Agedb 'Qbi jf Agedi% }ge`b ~gb[iaefea Jabid eq nbqasecbn iq Jaid Jsebd~i`$

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Ed Hi{ 7 '9=3;% ~gb [iaefea Jabid eq nbqasecbn iq Jaid

Jsebd~i` idn ~gb Qbi jf Li{id iq ~gb Hbs Jsebd~i`b jr Nr

Li{jd Ed inne~ejd ~geq hi{ nbqasecbq ~gb }bq~bsd gbheq{gbsb

jf ~gb [iaefea Jabid iq ~gb Hbs Nr Qrn jr Hbs [iaefeyrb

'Qjr~g Qbi js [iaefea Jabid% sbvbièdm ~gi~ ~gbsb }iq dj

ajdqeq~bdau bvbd ed ~gb dihedm jf ~gb [iaefea Jabid$

Ed Hi{ 5 '9=12% ~gb Ojsbid [bdedqrì eq dj~ qgj}d cr~ ~gb

dihb HBS NB AJSB 'Qbi jf Ojsbi% eq sbajsnbn ed ~gb

`jai~ejdq jf ~gb ^qrqgehi Q~sie~ idn ~gb Qbi jf Li{id

hbid}ge`b ~gb Li{idbqb [iaefea ajiq~ eq nbqasecbn iq HBS NR

LI[JD 'Qbi jf Li{id%$

Ed Hi{ 9; '9=15% Gjooienj eq q}i``j}bn r{ cu ~gb Oihagi~oi

[bdedqrì idn ~gb djs~g jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq

Oihagi~oi Ciu ~gb Qbi jf Li{id iq Qbi jf Ojsbi ~gb

[iaefea Jabid ~j ~gb qjr~g jf Li{id iq Qjr~g Qbi idn ~j ~gb

biq~ jf Li{id iq Qbi jf Li{id$

9=3;HBS JSEBDÎ@BJR NR LI[JDHi{{b(Hjdnb nsi}d cu Grcbs~ Eie``j~{rcèqgbn cu [$ Hjs~ebs Ihq~bsnih$

Fsbdag(ìdmrimb bne~ejd$ ^gb {sbqbd~ qbi isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf

Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs Jsebd~i`b jr Nr Li{jd }ge`b ~gb[iaefea Jabid eq nbqasecbn iq Jaid Jsebd~i`$ Hi{ 7


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9=12HBS NB AJSBAIS^B NB @BH[ESB NR LI[JDnsi}d cu Ajh{imdeb nb Lqrq Cb`èd Fsidab^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs nb Ajsbb 'Qbi jf Ojsbi%idn ~gb [iaefea Jabid iq Hbs nr Li{jd 'Qbi jf Li{id%

9=15HBS NB AJSB@IQEB nsi}d cu Sjcbs~ Fsidab^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs nb Ajsbb cr~ e~qbiq~ qenb eq jr~èdbn cu ~gb Oihagi~oi [bdedqrì }geag eqjvbs(bq~ehi~bn ed qe|b hioedm ~gb djs~gbsd {is~ jf ~gbQbi jf Li{id i ajd~edri~ejd jf ~gb Oihagi~oi Ciu$^gb qbi jf Li{id nbqasecbn ed ~gb biq~ qenb jf Li{id}geag eq ~gb Biq~ {iaefea Jabid$

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Ed Hi{ 99 '9=>>% HISB JSEBDÎ@ HEDRQ '@bqqbs

Jsebd~i` Qbi% eq sbajsnbn ed ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id cr~ ed

~geq hi{ ~gbsb eq dj sbajsn jf i Msbi~bs Jsebd~i` Qbi iq

j{{jqbn ~j ~gb @bqqbs Jsebd~i` Qbi idn dj dihb eq mevbd ~j ~gb

[iaefea Jabid$ E~ eq èobù ~gi~ ~gb [iaefea Jabid }iq hbid~ ~j cb

~gb Jabidrq Jsebd~ièq idn ~gb Qbi jf Li{id nbqasecbn iq

@bqqbs Jsebd~i` Qbi$ ]gi~ eq hjsb ef ~gb Ojsbid iqqbs~ejd

~gi~ Jsebd~i` hbidq Biq~ eq ~srb ~gbd ~gbsb }jr`n cb dj

dbbn ~j i~~iag ~gb }jsn HEDRQ '@bqqbs%$

Ed Hi{ 93 '9=>5% ~gb Qbi jf Li{id i`jdm ~gb Ojsbid [bdedqrì

ajiq~èdb eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs nb Ajsb 'Qbi jf Ojsbi% ~gb

[iaefea Jabid i`jdm Li{id iq Jaid Jsebd~i` 'Jsebd~i` Qbi%

idn }ge`b ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb eqìdn jf B|j 'Gjooienj% eq

qjhb}gi~ eh{sjvbn ~gb djs~gbsd {is~ jf Li{idq ajiq~èdb

fiaedm ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq q~e`` fis fsjh e~q sbi` jr~èdb?

jcvejrqù ~gb qgi{b jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id }iq q~e`` dj~ }b``

rdnbsq~jjn$

Ed Hi{ 91 '9=2;% ~gb Qbi jf Li{id i`jdm ~gb Ojsbid [bdedqrì

ajiq~èdb eq nbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Ojsbi i`jdm ~gb Gjdqgrajiq~èdb iq Qbi jf Li{id idn i`jdm ~gb [iaefea qenb iq Biq~

Edneid Jabid qrmmbq~edm ~gi~ ed ~gb hen(97~g abd~rsu ~gbsb

}iq q~e`` dj feshù bq~icèqgbn }iu ~j dihb qbi isbiq$


9=>>HISB JSEBDÎ@BHEDRQAIS^B NB @IQEB nsi}d cu E$H$ Giqevq^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iqHisb Jsebd~i`b Hedrq '@bqqbs Jsebd~i` Qbi%$

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9>

9=>5HBS NB AJSB@B LI[JD nsi}d cu Me``bq Sjcbs~ nb Virmjdnu [iseq^gb qbi isbi i`jdm ~gb Ojsbid [bdedqr`i eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs nb

Ajsb 'Qbi jf Ojsbi% }ge`b ~gb [iaefea Jabid eq nbqasecbn iqJaid Jsebd~i` 'Jsebd~i` Qbi%$

9=2;HBS NR LI[JD,HBS NB AJSB@BH[ESB NB LI[JD nsi}d cu qS$ Sjcbs~ Mbjs Fsidab^gb Qbi jf Li{id dbis Gjdqgr eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs nr Li{jd idndbis ~gb Ojsbid [bdedqr`i iq Hbs Nb Ajsbb }ge`b ~gb [iaefeaJabid eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs nbq Ednbq Jsebd~i`bq 'Biq~ Edneid Qbi%$

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Ed Hi{ 9> '9==3% ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn jdù iq Qbi jf

Ojsbi i`jdm ~gb Ojsbid [bdedqrì ajiq~èdb }ge`b ~gb [iaefea

Jabid eq nbqasecbn iq Qjr~g Qbi js [iaefea Jabid$

^gb jr~èdb jf ~gb djs~gbsd {is~ jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id gin

eh{sjvbn q~e`` frs~gbs? idn Gjooienj idn Qiogièd }bsb qgj}d

iq eqìdnq$ Gj}bvbs ~gbes qgi{b idn qe|b }bsb q~e`` fis fsjh ~gb

sbiè~u qgj}edm ~gi~ ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id

}iq q~e`` dj~ }b`` rdnbsq~jjn$

Ed Hi{ 92 '9=57% fsjh ~gb bdn jf ~gb 97~g abd~rsu ~gb Qbi jf

Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Mr`f jf Ajsbi cr~ Gjooienj eq q{è~

ed~j ~gsbb eqìdnq idn ~gb mi{ cb~}bbd e~ idn ~gb ajd~edbd~ eq

rdrqri`ù dissj} qgj}edm ~gi~ ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb djs~gbsd {is~

jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id }iq q~e`` dj~ }b`` rdnbsq~jjn$ Hjsbjvbs

~gb Qbi jf Jogj~qo idn ~gb Djs~g [iaefea Jabid isb

nbqasecbn }e~g ~gbes hjnbsd dihbq$ Frs~gbshjsb ~geq hi{

a`bisù nb{ea~q ~gb fis biq~ bdn jf ~gb Iqeid ajd~edbd~$ ^gb

Cbsedm Qbi eq ~gb frs~gbq~ ~j ~gb biq~ iq qbbd fsjh Brsj{b qj e~

eq nbqasecbn iq Biq~bsd Jabid$

Hi{ 96 '9=57% eq ~gb qbajdn dir~eai` agis~ i~~iagbn ~j ~gb

Vjuimb nb ì [sjrqb ir~jrs nr hjdnb$ ^gb }bq~ ajiq~ jf

Gjooienj sbhiedq rda`bis idn eq hisobn }e~g i q~siemg~ èdb idn

~gb ^qrmisr Q~sie~ eq nsi}d vbsu }enb? gj}bvbs ~gb Qbi jf Li{id

iq i }gj`b eq nsi}d fiesù iaarsi~bù$ ^gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id eq

rqbn ed ~geq hi{ idn fsjh ~geq {jed~ jd Qbi jf Li{id si{enù

cbajhbq ~gb djsh$

9==3HBS NB AJSB@Iqeb neveqbb qb`jd `-b~bdnrb nb qbq {sedae{i`bq {is~ebqnsi}d cu @$A$ Nbqdjq [iseq

^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs nb Ajsbb ~gb [iaefea Jabidiq Hbs nb Qrn 'Qjr~g Qbi% idn [iaefeyrb '[iaefea Jabid%$

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9=57MR@F JF AJSBIDb} hi{ jf ~gb bh{esbq q~i~bq {sjvedabq jf Iqeinsi}d cu Sjcbs~ ]eòedqjd @jdnjd

^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Mr`f jf Ajsbi$ Gjooienj

i{{bisq iq ~gsbb eqìdnq idn ~gb ajd~jrsq jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{idisb q~e`` rdabs~ied$

9=57QBI JF LI[ID@i [sjrqb< Agis~ jf neqajvbsebq hinb ed 9=7= ed~gb Qbiq jf Agedi idn îs~isu @jdnjd$Bdmèqg bne~ejd jf ~gb hi{ i~~iagbn ~j Vjuimb nb ì[sjrqb ir~jrs nr hjdnb$ ^gb djs~gbsd {is~ jf ~gb Qbi jfLi{id eq nbqasecbn ed nb~ie` idn e~q abd~si` isbi eqnbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Li{id$

Hi{ 92

Hi{ 96


18/51

I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id9=

Ed inne~ejd i`~gjrmg @i [sjrqb nen dj~ veqe~ Li{id geq qge{

nen q~j{ i~ {js~q ed îs~isu idn Qiogièd }gbsb gb mi~gbsbn

visejrq edfjshi~ejd$ Iq i sbqr`~ gb inj{~bn fsjh Qiogièd

Iedr ìdmrimb ~gb dihbq Ageagi fjs Gjooienj idn

âgjoi fjs Qiogièd? idn fjs qjhb ~ehb if~bs ~geq ~gbqb

dihbq i{{bisbn ed ]bq~bsd hi{q$

Hi{ 9= '9=55% yreaoù edajs{jsi~bn @i [sjrqbq fednedmq

sbmisnedm ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id idn inj{~bn ~gb dihb

Qbi jf Li{id fjs ~gb qbi isbi$ ^geq hi{ }iq {rcèqgbn cu

@irseb idn ]ge~~`b ed Msbi~ Cse~ied idn Issj}qhe~g ed ~gb qihb

ajrd~su i`qj {rcèqgbn hi{q }geag yreaoù edajs{jsi~bn ~gb

fednedmq jf @i [sjrqb$

^gb icjvb bwihedi~ejd edneai~bq ~gb fia~ ~gi~ nrsedm ~gb 97~g

abd~rsu ~gb dihb Qbi jf Ojsbi qbbhq ~j givb cbbd rqbn fjs i

}ge`b iq ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb Li{idbqb ajiq~ jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id

cbaihb a`bis ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id jvbs}gb`hedmù aihb

ed~j rqb$ ^geq `binq rq ~j ~gb 95~g abd~rsu }gbd ~gb dihb Qbi

jf Li{id cbaihb {sbnjhedid~$

'eee% ^gb Qbi jf Li{id fsjh ~gb 95~g abd~rsu jd}isnq

t ^gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id ~iobq sjj~t

I~ ~gb bdn jf ~gb 97~g abd~rsu ~gb Cse~eqg bw{`jsbs ]e`èih S$

Csjrmg~jd vjuimbn ~j Li{id? fj``j}edm ~geq ed 97;2 Inih L$ vjd

Osrqbdq~bsd }gj }iq bdmimbn iq i mrenb cu ~gb Srqqeid

ihciqqinjs Deojìe Sb|idjv ~sivb`bn ~j ~gb djs~gbsd {is~ jf ~gb

Qbi jf Li{id jd ~gb ljrsdbu ciao fsjh Dimiqioe$ Ed ~gb qbvbd~g

9=55QBI jf LI[IDIQEI {rcèqgbn cu @irseb idn ]ge~~`b Msbi~ Cse~ied^gb jr~èdb jf ~gb isbiq isjrdn Li{id eq a`bisù ~gb qihb iq ~gi~ ed#Vjuimb nb ì [sjrqb ir~jrs nr hjdnb# idn rdnbs ~gb edf`rbdabjf ~gb qihb hi{ ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Li{id$

Hi{ 9=


19/51

I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id 97


97;3QBI JF LI[IDHjnbsd Mbjmsi{gu Hi{q< Li{id {rcèqgbn cu ^ Ajnb`` Lrd idn ]$ Niveq Msbi~ Cse~ied^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Li{id$ ^gb jr~èdb jf Li{id eq q~e`` asrnbù nsi}d cr~ ~gb^jgjor sbmejd q~sb~agbq ~j ~gb djs~g idn ~gb qgi{b jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq qjhb}gi~ eh{sjvbn$ Hi{ 97


20/51


agi{~bs jf geqLjrsdbu isjrdn ~gb ]js`n ed ~gb Ubisq 97;1, 97;>,

97;2, idn 97;6Vj`rhb 1 Osrqbdq~bsd sbajsnbn ~gb fj``j}edm2

nbmsbbq djs~g bda`jqbn cu ~gb Ojsbid Q~sie~ idn ~gb @i [sjrqb

Q~sie~ 'Qjui Q~sie~%$ [bj{`b i`qj ai`` ~geq qbi isbi ~gb Qbi jf

Ojsbi cr~ cbairqb jdù i qhi`` {is~ jf ~geq qbi ~jragbq ~gb

Ojsbid ajiq~ e~ eq hjsb i{{sj{sei~b ~j dihb e~ ~gb Qbi jf Li{id$

E~ njbq dj~ qbbh èobù ~gi~ ~gb icjvb yrj~i~ejd }geag }iq dj~

eda`rnbn ed ~gb Bdmèqg js Fsbdag bne~ejdq jf Osrqbdq~bsdqLjrsdbu

isjrdn ~gb ]js`n gin hrag }js`n}enb eh{ia~ cr~ ~gsjrmg hi{q

~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id cbaihb m`jci`ù iaab{~bn idn cu ~gb 95~gabd~rsu ~geq dihb }iq }enbù rqbn iasjqq ~gb }js`n$

Hi{ 95 '97;1% eq vbsu qeheìs ~j ~gb hi{ cu @i [sjrqb idn ~gb

qbi isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq sbajsnbn iq ~gb Hbs nr Li{jd

'Qbi jf Li{id% idn Hidagb Nb is~iseb$ Gj}bvbs }ge`b ed @i

[sjrqbq hi{ ~gb [iaefea eq nbqasecbn iq Msbi~ Jabid idn ~gb

Msbi~ Djs~gbsd Jabid

ed ~geq hi{ e~ eq nbqasecbn iq

Ja

id

Jsebd~i` jr Hbs [iaefeyrb$

Ed Hi{ 3; '9793% ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id giq cbajhb

q~e`` a`jqbs ~j sbiè~u idn ~gb dihb jf ~gb qbi isbi eq Qbi jf

Li{id$ ^gb [iaefea Jabid eq ~gb Msbi~ Jabid cr~ {is~ jf e~

~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi eq Hbs Jsebd~i`b$ ^geq eq ~gb Fsbdag

~sidqì~ejd jf ~gb Agedbqb {ìab dihb Biq~ Qbi idn dj `jdmbs

hbidq qbi ed ~gb Jsebd~$

97;1HBS NR LI[JDAis~b nb @Bh{esb nb ì Agedb nsi}d cu Bnhb Hbd~b``b[ebssb(Msbmjesb Agidìesb [iseq

^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq ~gb Hbs nr Li{jd 'Qbi jf Li{id%$^gb [iaefea Jabid eq nbqasecbn iq Jaid Jsebd~i` jr Hbs [iaefeyrb$

Hi{ 95


21/51



3;

9793HBS NR LI[JDAgedi nsi}d cu Hi`~b Csrd{rcèqgbn cu Agb| Fsidajeq Creqqjd Fsidab

^gb jr~èdb jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nsi}d iaarsi~bù idn e~ eq

nbqasecbn iq Hbs nr Li{jd 'Qbi jf Li{id%$ ^gb Biq~ AgediQbi eq nbqasecbn iq Hbs Jsebd~i`b 'Biq~ Qbi%$

Hi{ 3;


22/51


Ed Hi{ 39 '9792% ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id eq sbajsnbn cr~ ~gb

Biq~ Agedi Qbi dbis ~gb qjr~gbsd {is~ jf ~gb Ojsbid [bdedqrì eq

nbqasecbn iq Biq~bsd Qbi }geag eq ~gb Bdmèqg ~sidqì~ejd jf

~gb Agedbqb dihb fjs ~geq qbi isbi$ Ed ~gb fesq~ gi`f jf ~gb 97~g

abd~rsu ~gbsb nen bweq~ hi{q èob ~gjqb cu Ljgd Qbdbw jf Msbi~

Cse~ied ~gi~ nbqasecbn ~gb Qbi jf Li{id iq Biq~bsd Qbi }geag

eq ~gb Bdmèqg ~sidqì~ejd jf ~gb Ojsbid dihb fjs ~geq sbmejd$

Gj}bvbs ed ~gb Rde~bn Q~i~bq @ecsisu jf Ajdmsbqq ~gbsb isb

jdù fevb qrag hi{q idn ed ~gb Fsbdag Cecèj~gbyrb Di~ejdi`b

nb Fsidab Isagevbq Di~ejdi`b idn ~gb Qbsveab Geq~jseyrb nb ì

Nbffbdqb ~gbsb isb djdb i~ i``$ ^gbsb isb vbsu fb} hi{q

ajd~iededm ~gb ~sidqì~ejd jf ~gb Ojsbid dihb Biq~ Qbi idn

~gbqb i{{bis icjr~ 9;; ubisq if~bs ~gb i{{bisidab jf hi{q

ajd~iededm ~gb ~sidqì~ejd jf ~gb Agedbqb Biq~ Qbi$

Hi{ 33 '979=% ~jmb~gbs }e~g Hi{ 39 eq eda`rnbn ed ~gb Db}

Mbdbsi` I~ìq$ Qedab e~ eq i hi{ jf îs~isu ~gb Li{idbqb

isage{bìmj eq sb{sbqbd~bn hjsb {jjsù ~gid ed Hi{ 39$

Gj}bvbs ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Qbi jf

Li{id$ Ed inne~ejd dj dihb eq bd~bsbn fjs ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi$

Ed Hi{ 31 '979=% ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq

Qbi jf Li{id$ Gj}bvbs ~gb djs~gbsd {is~ jf ~gb isbi eq

nbqasecbn iq Hidnqagrseqagbq Hbbs 'Hidagr Qbi% idn

Qimièqagbs Hbbscrqbd 'Qiogièd Ciu%$ ^geq hi{ qgj}q

Qiogièd iq i {bdedqrì ajddba~bn }e~g ~gb Iqeid ajd~edbd~ idn

~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb qrssjrdnedm qbi isbi eq rda`bis$ Ed inne~ejd

~gb [iaefea Jabid eq nbqasecbn iq Msbi~ ]js`n Jabid$

9792QBI JF LI[IDAjsbi idn Li{id {rcèqgbn cu L$ gjhqjd Bnedcrsmg$I {imb fsjh ~gb Db} Mbdbsi` I~ìq$ ^gb Qbi jf Li{id eqnbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Li{id$ ^gb qbi ~j ~gb qjr~g jf ~gb Ojsbid[bdedqrì eq nbqasecbn iq Biq~bsd Qbi$

Hi{ 39


23/51



33

979=LI[IDEQAGBQ HBBSAgis~b vjd Iqebd nsi}d cu F$]$ Q~sbe~{rcèqgbn cu Fsebnseag Aih{b Mbshidu

^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Li{ideqagbq Hbbs 'Qbi jf Li{id%$I`~gjrmg Qiogièd eq nsi}d iq i {bdedqrì jf ~gb Iqeid ajd~edbd~ ~gb

ajd~jrsq jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id isb qgj}d hjsb js `bqq iaarsi~bù$

979=QBI JF LI[IDÎSÎSU nsi}d cu L$ ^gjhqjd BnedcrsmgI {imb fsjh ~gb #Db} Mbdbsi` I~ìq$# ^gb Qbi jf Li{ideq nbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Li{id$

Hi{ 33

Hi{ 31


24/51


Hi{ 3> '9713% eq ~gb Nr~ag bne~ejd jf ~gb Degjd Gbdoie

Suior|r 'Qob~ag Hi{ jf Li{idq Bdvesjdq% '97;5% cu

Oimbuiqr îoigiqge csjrmg~ ciao cu [$F$ Vjd Qebcj`n$ Ed ~geq

hi{ ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id }geag }iq dj~ ed ~gb jsemedi` giq

cbbd sbajsnbn$

Iq i sbqr`~ jf ~gb {rcèai~ejd jf ~geq hi{ ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb Qbi

jf Li{id aihb i q~b{ a`jqbs ~j sbiè~u cr~ ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb Dj~j

[bdedqrì idn Qinj Eqìdn }iq q~e`` dj~ semg~$

Ed inne~ejd ~gb Hiheui Q~sie~ }iq dihbn qj cu Qebcj`n idn

~geq dihb eq sbajsnbn ed qhi`` `b~~bsq jd ~gb hi{$

Hi{ 32 '9712% eq i hi{ jf Li{id ~gi~ rqbq Osrqbdq~bsdq qbiagis~q idn hiobq rqb jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id$ Ajh{isbn

~j ~gb Degjd Gbdoie Suior|r qjhb {is~q jf ~gb Li{idbqb

isage{bìmj isb sb{sbqbd~bn cb~~bs }ge`b j~gbsq isb sb{sbqbd~bn

hjsb {jjsù$

Hi{ 36 '9729% eq L$ Si{oedq hi{ Li{id idn Ajsbi$ ^gb Qbi

jf Li{id idn ~gb [iaefea Jabid isb nbqasecbn }e~g ~gbes hjnbsddihbq idn ~gb Msbbd}eag hbseneid eq sbajsnbn hjsb js `bqq

ajssba~ù$ 9713LI[IDAGB \BBDe{{jd nsi}d cu [$F$ vjd Qebcj`n ^gb Db~gbsìdnq^gb ajd~jrsq jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id ed ~geq hi{ isb bw~sbhbù iaarsi~b fjs ~gb ~ehb ciqbn jdOimbuiqr îoigiqgeq DEGJD GBDOIE SUIOR\R 'Qob~ag Hi{ jf Li{idq Bdvesjdq%'97;5% }geag Qebcj`n jc~iedbn idn csjrmg~ ciao ~j ~gb Db~gbsìdnq$ Ed i agidmb fsjh ~gbjsemedi` hi{ ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Li{idqagb \bb$ ^gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi eq nbqasecbniq ^rdm(gie ed Agedbqb idn Jjq~ \bb 'Biq~ Qbi%$

Hi{ 3>


25/51



3>

9729QBI JF LI[IDLi{id idn Ajsbi nsi}d cu L$ Si{oed {rcèqgbn cu Ljgd î`èq @jdnjd

9712QBI JF LI[IDBh{esb jf Li{id nsi}d cu L$ & A$ ]iòbs{rcèqgbn cu Ci`n}ed & Minjao @jdnjd$

Hiobq rqb jf hi~bsei`q fsjh Inih L$ vjd Osrqbdq~bsd$

Hi{ 32

Hi{ 36


26/51


Hi{ 3= '9725% eq i hi{ jf Iqei cu ]$ Grmgbq nsi}d icjr~

~gb ~ehb jf Li{idq j{bdedm ~j ~gb jr~qenb }js`n$ ^gb jr~èdb

jf ~gb isbiq qrssjrdnedm ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq fiesù iaarsi~b

cr~ ~gb Ojsbid [bdedqrì eq qjhb}gi~ neq~js~bn$ ^gb Qbi jf

Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Li{id idn ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi

eq nbqasecbn iq Biq~ Qbi$

Hi{ 37 '976>% eq Li{id Hidnqgrsei ~gb Orse`b Eq`bq b~a$

nsi}d cu Ljgd Cis~gj`jhb}$ I`~gjrmg ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb

Ojsbid [bdedqrì idn ~gb Qgehjoe~i [bdedqrì eq q~e`` neq~js~bn

~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Li{id$

Ed Hi{ 35 '9762% ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq sbajsnbn iq Hbs nr

Li{jd cr~ ~gb [iaefea Jabid eq nbqasecbn iq Msidn Jabid'Msbi~ Jabid% idn ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi iq C`rb Qbi js Biq~

Qbi '^jd(Gie%

Ed ~geq hi{ Qbi jf Agedi eq i dihb mevbd ~j ~gb Qjr~g Agedi

Qbi idn dbw~ ~j e~ ~gb Agedbqb dihb Did(Gie eq bd~bsbn ed

{isbd~gbqbq$

9725QBI JF LI[IDIqei nsi}d cu ]$ Grmgbq Rde~bn Oedmnjh^geq hi{ }iq nsi}d if~bs ~gb j{bdedm jf Li{id ~j ~gbjr~qenb }js`n qj ~gb ajd~jrsq jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id qbdvesjdq givb qjhb}gi~ eh{sjvbn$ ^gb Qbi jf Li{ideq nbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Li{id idn ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbiiq Biq~ Qbi$

Hi{ 3=


27/51

I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id 36


976>QBI JF LI[IDLi{id Hidnqgrsei ~gb Orse`b Eq`bq b~ansi}d cu Ljgd Cis~gj`jhb} Bnedcrsmg

9762HBS NR LI[JDAis~b mbdbsi` nb `Bh{esb Agedjeq b~ nr Li{jdnsi}d cu Insebd(Grcbs~ Csrb [iseq

^gb abd~si` {is~ jf ~gb qbi isbi eq nbqasecbn iq ~gb Hbs nr Li{jd 'Qbi jf Li{id%$

Hi{ 37

Hi{ 35


28/51

I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id3=

Ed Hi{ 1; '9777% ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb Ojsbid [bdedqrì eq fedi`ù

sb{sbqbd~bn hjsb js `bqq iaarsi~bù idn jdab imied ~gb Qbi jf

Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq ~gb Qbi jf Li{id$ Ed inne~ejd ~gb [iaefea

Jabid eq nbqasecbn iq [iaefea Jabid idn ~gb Qbi jf Jogj~qo

iq Qbi jf Jogj~qo$

Frs~gbshjsb i`~gjrmg ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi eq nbqasecbn iq ^rdm

Gie js Biq~bsd Qbi ~geq eq i ~sidqì~ejd jf ~gb Agedbqb dihb

Biq~ Qbi idn njbq dj~ qr{{js~ SJOq iqqbs~ejd ~gi~ Qbi jf

Li{id idn Biq~ Qbi isb qudjduhjrq$

Edaenbd~i`ù B|j gin cbbd sbdihbn Gjooienj 95 ubisq cbfjsb

cr~ ed ~geq hi{ e~ }iq q~e`` nbqasecbn iq Ub|j$

Hi{ 19 '9753% eq i hi{ jf Iqei eda`rnbn ed ~gb Db} Q~idnisn

I~ìq cu ~gb Ihbseaid ajh{idu Sidn Hadi`ù & Aj$ ^gb Qbi

jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Li{id Qbi ~gb Qbi jf Jogj~qo iq

Jogj~qo Qbi idn ~gb [iaefea Jabid iq Djs~g [iaefea Jabid$

Dj dihb eq bd~bsbn fjs ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi$

Qgi{bq ed ~geq hi{ isb mbdbsi`ù iaarsi~b cr~ Gjooienj eq q~e``

nbqasecbn iq Ubqqj idn ^jouj iq Ubnj cj~g dihbq

sbhiededm rdagidmbn nbq{e~b ~gb fia~ ~gi~ ~gbu gin cbbd

sbdihbn hjsb ~gid 3; ubisq cbfjsb$ Ef ~gb iqqbs~ejdq jf SJO

idn N[SO ~gi~ ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id cbaihb feshù

bq~icèqgbn iq i sbqr`~ jf Li{idq eh{bseièq~ea ia~eve~ebq }js`n(

}enb }bsb ~srb ~gbd ~gb agidmbq ~j ~gbqb {ìab(dihbq }jr`n

qrsbù i`qj givb cbbd nrù sbf`ba~bn$ ^gbsbfjsb e~ aid cb

ajda`rnbn ~gi~ ~gbqb iqqbs~ejdq isb msjrdn`bqq$

9777QBI JF LI[IDAGEDBQB BH[ESB & LI[ID nsi}d cu Cis~gj`jhb} E~iù^gb jr~èdbq ed ~gb hi{ isb hjsb js `bqq iaarsi~b$ ^gb Qbi jf Li{id eqnbqasecbn iq Qbi jf Li{id ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi eq nbqasecbn iq ^rdmGie js Biq~bsd Qbi$

Hi{ 1;


29/51



37

9753LI[ID QBIDb} Q~idnisn I~ìq {rcèqgbn cu Sidn Hadi`ù & Aj$Rde~bn Q~i~bq jf Ihbseai

^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Li{id Qbi Dj dihb eq bd~bsbn

fjs ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi$ ^gb isbi jf B|j eq q~e`` nbqasecbn iq Ubqqj31 ubisq if~bs e~ gin cbbd sbdihbn Gjooienj$ Li{id Qbi ~jj }iqdj~ i dihb {sj{jqbn cu Li{id cr~ si~gbs jdb i{{èbn q{jd~idbjrqùcu fjsbemd ajrd~sebq$ fjsbemd ajrd~sebq$

Hi{ 19


30/51

35 I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

Hi{ 13 '975=% eq i hi{ jf Biq~ Iqei cu ~gb Mbshid ajh{idu

I$ Gbsseag ed e~ ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq ~gb Li{ideagbq Hbbs cr~

~gb [iaefea Jabid eq ~gb Msjqqbs jnbs Q~e``bs J|bid 'Msbi~

Jabid js Ai`h Jabid% cj~g qjhb qèmg~ù neffbsbd~ j`n dihbq$

^jouj giq cbajhb ^joej cr~ Gjooienj eq q~e`` nbqasecbn iq

Lbqqj$

Hi{ 11 '95;;% eq ~gb hi{ jf biq~ iqei cu ~gb Cse~eqg ajh{idu

Q~idfjsn$ ^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq ~gb Li{id Qbi$

Ed ~gb hi{q {jqqbqqbn cu ~gb Rde~bn Q~i~bq @ecsisu jf

Ajdmsbqq ~gb fesq~ hbd~ejdedm jf ~gb Bdmèqg dihb Li{id Qbi

eq ed ~gb 979> Hi{ jf Agedi cu ~gb Aisbu ajh{idu$ ^geq

dihb i{{bisq ì~bs ~gid ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id$ E~ eqfsbyrbd~ù rqbn ed hi{q nsi}d ed ~gb Rde~bn Q~i~bq if~bs ~gb

hen(95~g abd~rsu$

Fsjh ~gb icjvb e~ aid cb ajda`rnbn ~gi~ iq ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb Qbi

jf Li{id cbaihb cb~~bs rdnbsq~jjn ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

di~rsi`ù cbaihb {sbnjhedid~$

^gb dihb Qbi jf Ojsbi }iq rqbn ~j nbqasecb ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi

jf Li{id jdù ~bh{jsiseù fjs i {bsejn jf isjrdn 7; ubisq cb~}bbd

~gb 9=3;q idn 97;;? ^geq }iq nrb ~j ~gb fia~ ~gi~ ~gb djs~g {is~ jf

~gb Qbi jf Li{id }iq dj~ odj}d }b`` idn ~gb jr~èdb jf ~gb qbi

isbi sbhiedbn rda`bis$ ]gi~ eq hjsb ~gb dihb Jsebd~i` Qbi

}geag }iq rqbn cbfjsb ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id ~j nbqasecb ~geq

qbi isbi }iq dj~ i ~sidqì~ejd jf ~gb Ojsbid dihb fjs ~gb qbi cr~

si~gbs qemdefebn i qbi `jai~bn ed ~gb Jsebd~ iq qbbd fsjh ~gb ]bq~$

975=LI[IDEQAGBQ HBBSJQÎQEBD {rcèqgbn cu I$ Gbsseag Mbshidu^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Li{ideqagbq Hbbs idn 37 ubisq if~bsgivedm cbbd sbdihbn Gjooienj ~gb eqìdn eq q~e`` nbqasecbn iq Lbqqj$

Hi{ 13


31/51

1;I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

95;;LI[ID QBIQ~idfjsnq hi{ jf Bh{esbq jf Agedi idn Li{id}e~g ~gb inliabd~ {is~q jf ~gb Srqqeid Bh{esbEdnei Crshi &a$ nsi}d cu Q~idfjsn {rc`eqgbn

cu Q~idfjsn Rde~bn Oedmnjh^gb Qbi jf Li{id eq nbqasecbn iq Li{id Qbi cr~ ~gb^qrmisr Q~sie~ eq nbqasecbn iq Qidmis Q~sie~ idn 19ubisq if~bs givedm cbbd sbdihbn Gjooienj ~gb isbi eqq~e`` nbqasecbn iq Ubqqj$


Hi{ 11


32/51

EE ^g c ge g ~g ~ c e g n


33/51

13I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

cu ~gb Idnihid Eqìdnq% ~gb #Mr`f jf Aièfjsdei# 'qb{isi~bn fsjh

~gb qjr~gbiq~bsd {is~ jf ~gb Djs~gbsd [iaefea Jabid cu ~gb

Aièfjsdei [bdedqrì% ~gb #Eseqg Qbi# 'qb{isi~bn fsjh ~gb

djs~gbiq~bsd {is~ jf ~gb Djs~g I~ìd~ea Jabid cu Esbìdn% idn qj

jd$

Iaajsnedm ~j Oi}ie ~gb #Biq~ Qbi# dihb invjai~bn cu SJO

eq ciqbn r{jd idj~gbs hb~gjn jf dihedm i hb~gjn ~gi~ dihbq i

qbi isbi ciqbn r{jd i nesba~ejd fsjh i q{baefea ajrd~su js sbmejd

~j}isn ~gi~ qbi isbi$ Bwih{`bq eda`rnb ~gb #Djs~g Qbi# idn ~gb

#Biq~ Agedi Qbi$# Gj}bvbs iaajsnedm ~j Oi}ie i ajh{iseqjd

jf ~gb dihedm hb~gjnq rqbn fjs ~gb #Biq~ Qbi# idn fjs ~gb #Qbi

jf Li{id# qgj}q ~gi~ }ge`b ~gb #Biq~ Qbi# eq i qrclba~evb dihb

iq veb}bn fsjh ~gb mbjmsi{geai` `jai~ejdq jf SJO idn N[SO~gb #Qbi jf Li{id# eq i dihb ~gi~ fjarqbq jd ~gb mbjmsi{geai`

fbi~rsb ((~gb Li{idbqb Isage{bìmj((~gi~ eq edneq{bdqic`b fjs ~gb

bweq~bdab jf ~geq qbi isbi$ Gbsbed èbq ~gb jclba~evb viène~u jf

~gb rqb jf ~gb dihb #Qbi jf Li{id# Oi}ie ajda`rnbq$

^gedoedm i`jdm ~gbqb èdbq ~gb Qbi jf Li{id eq cjrdnbn fsjh

biq~ ~j qjr~g {sehiseù cu ~gb Li{idbqb Isage{bìmj idn fsjh

djs~g ~j }bq~ cu ~gb Iqeid ajd~edbd~ }gbsbiq ~gb ajiq~èdb jf

SJO idn N[SO eq èhe~bn ~j ~gb qjr~g}bq~bsd {is~ idn ed ~bshq

jf `bdm~g ~jj ajh{seqbq i hbsb fef~g jf ~gi~ jf ~gb ~j~i` ajiq~èdb$

Osrqbdq~bsdq j{edejd ~gi~ e~ eq hjsb i{{sj{sei~b ~j dihb e~ ~gb

Qbi jf Li{id eq ~gb di~rsi` ajda`rqejd ednbbn$

^gb dihb jfQbi jf Li{id eq ciqbn r{jd ~gb mbjmsi{geai`

fbi~rsbq jf ~geq qbi isbi idn e~q bq~icèqgbn rqb ed Brsj{b fsjh

~gb ì~b 97~g abd~rsu ~j ~gb bisù 95~g abd~rsu$ Iq qrag ~gb

dihb e~qb`f njbq dj~ eh{ù idu {jè~eai` ed~bd~$

^gb Hedeq~su jf Fjsbemd Iffiesq ? Li{id giq ajdnra~bn feb`n

q~rnebq ed~j gj} ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id }iq sb{sbqbd~bn ed

id~eyrb hi{q {jqqbqqbn cu ècsisebq ed ~gb Rde~bn Oedmnjh

Fsidab idn ~gb Rde~bn Q~i~bq$ ^gb jr~èdb jf ~gbqb q~rnebq eq{sbqbd~bn cb`j}$

'Fjs nb~ie`q sbfbs ~j ~gb Hedeq~su jf Fjsbemd Iffiesq gjhb{imb

g~~{


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9$ Cse~eqg @ecsisu idn ~gb ècsisu jf ~gbRdevbsqe~u jf Aihcsenmb

Fsjh Ja~jcbs 3;;3 ~j Lrdb 3;;1 ~gb Hedeq~su jf Fjsbemd Iffiesq

ajdnra~bn i q~rnu jf ~gb idaebd~ hi{q {jqqbqqbn cu ~gb Cse~eqg

@ecsisu idn ~gb Rdevbsqe~u jf Aihcsenmb ~gi~ }bsb {rcèqgbn ed

Brsj{b cb~}bbd 97;9 idn 9769 ~j bwihedb ~gb dihedm jd ~gbqbhi{q jf ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id$ ^gb sbqr`~q ajdfeshbn ~gi~ ~gb

dihb Qbi jf Li{id giq cbbd rqbn }e~g jvbs}gb`hedm fsbyrbdau ed

hi{q nsi}d r{ ed Brsj{b qedab ~gb bdn jf ~gb 97~g abd~rsu$ Djdb jf

~gb 27 hi{q bwihedbn rqbn ~gb dihb Biq~ Qbi$ ^geq ~gbsbfjsb

ajdfeshq ~gb Li{idbqb iqqbs~ejd ~gi~ ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

cbaihb bq~icèqgbn idn iaab{~bn ed Brsj{b fsjh ~gb bdn jf ~gb 97~g

abd~rsu ~j ~gb cbmeddedm jf ~gb 95~g abd~rsu i~ i ~ehb }gbd Li{id

}iq q~e`` rdnbs e~q {jèau jf eqjì~ejdeqh cbedm rdic`b ~j bwbs~

ed~bsdi~ejdi` edf`rbdab$ Frs~gbshjsb ~gb q~rnu i`qj aìsefebq ~gi~

~gb iqqbs~ejd cu SJO ~gi~ ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id cbaihb }enbùrqbn iq i sbqr`~ jf Li{idq eh{bseièqh idn aj`jdeièqh nrsedm ~gb

fesq~ gi`f jf ~gb 3;~g abd~rsu eq msjrdn`bqq$

EE ^gb {sjabqq cu }geag ~gb dihb }iq bq~ic eqgbn


35/51

1>I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

3$ Cecèj~gbyrb Di~ejdi`b nb Fsidab

Fsjh Ja~jcbs 3;;1 ~j Lidrisu 3;;> ~gb Hedeq~su jf Fjsbemd Iffiesq

ajdnra~bn i q~rnu jf ~gb hi{q {jqqbqqbn cu ~gb Cecèj~gbyrb

Di~ejdi`b nb Fsidab ~gi~ }bsb {rcèqgbn cb~}bbd ~gb 96~g idn ~gb

95~g abd~rsu ajdabsdedm ~gb dihedm jd ~gjqb hi{q jf ~gb isbi jf ~gb

Qbi jf Li{id$ ^gb sbqr`~q jf ~gb q~rnu qgj}bn ~gi~ jf >;= hi{q fjs}geag i dihb }iq sbajsnbn fjs ~gb Qbi jf Li{id isbi 3>5 js 69$3"

cjsb ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id }ge`b jdù 6; js 9>$=" cjsb ~gb dihb

Qbi jf Ojsbi$ Ed inne~ejd jf ~gb hi{q ~gi~ }bsb q~rnebn jd ~geq

jaaiqejd jf ~gjqb {rcèqgbn ed ~gb fesq~ gi`f jf ~gb 95~g abd~rsu

5;$;" js 55 hi{q cjsb ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id idn jf ~gb hi{q

{rcèqgbn ed ~gb ì~~bs gi`f jf ~gb 95~g abd~rsu 9;;" js 9;2 hi{q

cjsb ~gb qihb dihb$ ^geq sbajdfeshq Li{idq iqqbs~ejd ~gi~ ~gbdihb Qbi jf Li{id cbaihb bq~icèqgbn idn iaab{~bn ed Brsj{bid

hi{q fsjh ~gb cbmeddedm jf ~gb 95~g abd~rsu$



36/51


1$ ^gb Rde~bn Q~i~bq @ecsisu jf Ajdmsbqq

^gb Hedeq~su jf Fjsbemd Iffiesq ajdnra~bn i q~rnu fsjh Nbabhcbs

3;;> ~gsjrmg Hisag 3;;2 jf ~gb hi{q {rcèqgbn fsjh ~gb 9>~g ~j

95~g abd~rsebq ed {jqqbqqejd jf ~gb Rde~bn Q~i~bq @ecsisu jf

Ajdmsbqq }e~g sbmisn ~j ~gb dihedm jd hi{q jf ~gb isbi jf ~gb Qbi

jf Li{id$ ^gb fednedmq jf ~gb q~rnu qgj} ~gi~ jf ~gb 9>16 hi{q fjs}geag i dihb eq sbajsnbn fjs ~gb sbmejd jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id =="

cbis ~gb dihb #Qbi jf Li{id$# Hjsbjvbs ~geq q~rnu qgj}q ~gi~ jf

~gb hi{q {rcèqgbn ed ~gb 95~g abd~rsu 73$>" js 9;25 hi{q

cbis ~gb dihb iq #Qbi jf Li{id$# ^gb q~rnu hiobq a`bis ~gi~ jf ~gb

hi{q {rcèqgbn ed ~gb 95~g abd~rsu ed {is~earìs jr~ jf i ~j~i` jf

261 hi{q ~gi~ }bsb {rcèqgbn }ge`b Li{id }iq q~e`` ed e~q {jèau jf

eqjì~ejd fsjh ~gb sbq~ jf ~gb }js`n i ~j~i` jf =>" js >9= cbis ~gb

dihb #Qbi jf Li{id$# ^gbqb fednedmq sbiffesh Li{idq iqqbs~ejd

~gi~ #~gb dihb -Qbi jf Li{id- cbaihb bq~icèqgbn ed Brsj{b idn ~gb

RQ fsjh ~gb cbmeddedm jf ~gb 95~g abd~rsu i~ i ~ehb }gbd Li{id}iq q~e`` rdnbs e~q {jèau jf eqjì~ejd cbedm rdic`b ~j bwbs~

ed~bsdi~ejdi` edf`rbdab$#

EEE D n f Q f L c ~g R e~ n D ~e


37/51

9$ ^gb {jèau jf ~gb RD ajdabsdedm ~gbdihedm jfQbi jf Li{id

Ed sbq{jdqb ~j ~gb bdyresu cu ~gb Mjvbsdhbd~ jf Li{id ~gb Rde~bn

Di~ejdq Qbasb~isei~ jffeaei`ù sb{èbn jd 9; Hisag 3;;> ~gi~ Qbi

jf Li{id eq ~gb q~idnisn mbjmsi{geai` ~bsh idn iq qrag eq ~j cbrqbn ed jffeaei` njarhbd~q jf ~gb RD$ E~ eq ajdfeshbn ~gi~ ~gb dihb

Qbi jf Li{id eq ir~gjse|bn cu ~gb RD }geag eq ~gb hjq~

ajh{sbgbdqevb idn dbr~si` ed~bsdi~ejdi` jsmide|i~ejd }e~g ~gb

{is~eae{i~ejd jf 959 hbhcbs q~i~bq eda`rnedm cj~g Li{id idn SJO

idn ~gb hjq~ {sj{bs fjsrh ~j sb{sbqbd~ ~gb aj``ba~evb }e`` jf ~gb

ed~bsdi~ejdi` ajhhrde~u$ ^gb RD {jèau ajdabsdedm ~gb dihedm jf

Qbi jf Li{id aid cb ajdfeshbn ed ~gb hi{q nsi}d r{ cu ~gbjsmide|i~ejd$

Ajdabsdedm ~gb rdfjrdnbn ismrhbd~ ~gi~ e~ eq fies ~j nbqemdi~b

qehr`~idbjrqù neffbsbd~ dihbq iq biag {is~u aìehq }gbd ~gbsb eq

i neq{r~b jvbs ~gb dihb jf mbjmsi{geai` fbi~rsbq ~gb Rde~bn

Di~ejdq Qbasb~isei~ aìsefebq e~q {jqe~ejd ~gi~ e~ jcqbsvbq ~gb

{sbvieèdm {sia~eab jf ~gb qedm`b rqb jfQbi jf Li{id bw{ìededm

~gi~ nri` nbqemdi~ejd csbiagbq ~gb {sbvieèdm {sia~eab idn edfsedmbq

~gb dbr~siè~u jf ~gb Rde~bn Di~ejdq idn ~gi~ fiesdbqq idn

dbr~siè~u aid cb iagebvbn jdù ~gsjrmg ~gb jcqbsvidab jf ~gb

{sia~eab$

16I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

EEE$ Dihbq rqbn fjs Qbi jf Li{id cu ~gb Rde~bn Di~ejdq'RD% idn j~gbs ed~bsdi~ejdi` jsmide|i~ejdq

^gb hi{ nsi}d r{ cu ~gb RD ed }geag

Qbi jd Li{id eq dj~bn$


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1= I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

^gb hi{ nsi}d r{ cu ~gb RD ed }geagQbi jd Li{id eq dj~bn$


39/51


40/51

EEE$ Dihbq rqbn fjs Qbi jf Li{id cu ~gb Rde~bn Di~ejdq


41/51

>;I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

Biq~ Qbi idn Qbi jf Li{id qehr`~idbjrqù? 'ee% E~ eq hjq~

sbiqjdic`b ~j rqb cj~g dihbq Biq~ Qbi idn Qbi jf Li{id

qehr`~idbjrqù ed ajh{èidab }e~g sbqj`r~ejd jf RDAQMD idn

EGJ$

Ed sbq{jdqb ~gb Mjvbsdhbd~ jf Li{id sieqbn ~gb fj``j}edm

ajrd~bsismrhbd~q< 'e% E~ eq dj~ i{{sj{sei~b ~j neqarqq ~geq eqqrb jf~gb dihedm jf idu {is~earìs mbjmsi{geai` fbi~rsb i~ ~geq hbb~edm?

'ee% ^gb dihedm jf Qbi jf Li{id eq mbjmsi{geai`ù idn

geq~jseai`ù bq~icèqgbn idn giq `jdm cbbd qr{{js~bn idn

bh{`jubn cu ~gb RD quq~bh idn EGJ? 'eee% Ed RD {sia~eab Qbi

jf Li{id eq ~gb q~idnisn mbjmsi{geai` ~bsh idn iq qrag eq ~j cb

rqbn ed jffeaei` njarhbd~q jf ~gb Rde~bn Di~ejdq? ~geq giq cbbd

ajdfeshbn cu ~gb RD Qbasb~isei~ ed i }iu ~gi~ {bshe~q dj

heqrdnbsq~idnedm? 'ev% ^gb mjvbsdhbd~ jf Li{id giq {sj~bq~bn

bvbsu edq~idab ed }geag i hi{ {rcèqgbs csjinaiq~edm ajh{idu

js db}q{i{bs {rcèqgbs giq edajssba~ qehr`~idbjrq rqedm jf ~gb

dihedm jfQbi jf Li{id idn Biq~ Qbi ~j edneai~b ~gb Qbi jf

Li{id idn i`hjq~ bvbsujdb giq iaab{~bn ~gb Li{idbqb {jqe~ejd?

'v% Bw{idqejdeqh idn aj`jdeièqh givb dj~gedm ~j nj }e~g ~gb

hi~~bs$ ^gb nb`bmi~ejd jf SJO gin ~j iaab{~ e~ idn gin dj agjeab

cr~ ~j sbveqb e~q ismrhbd~? 've% Ef id ed~bsdi~ejdi`ù bq~icèqgbn

qbi dihb }bsb ~j cb agidmbn fjs {jè~eai` sbiqjdq fjs dj vièn

sbiqjd qrag id ia~ejd }jr`n dj~ jdù qj} ajdfrqejd ed ~gb

}js`nq mbjmsi{geai` jsnbs cr~ i`qj qb~ i ~bssec`b idn nidmbsjrq

{sbabnbd~ fjs mbdbsi~ejdq ~j ajhb$

'Sbfbsbdab% ^gb RDAQMD Sbqj`r~ejd EEE*3; Dihbq jf Fbi~rsbq

cbujdn i Qedm`b Qjvbsbemd~u '95==% eq iq fj``j}q2

Iq giq cbbd neqarqqbn qj fis ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id cbaihb

bq~icèqgbn ciqbn r{jd ~gb mbdbsi` djhbdaì~rsb fjs mbjmsi{geai`

fbi~rsbq cb~}bbd ~gb bdn jf ~gb 97~g abd~rsu idn ~gb bisù 95~g

abd~rsu iq ~gb ajd~jrsq jf ~gb qrssjrdnedm ajiq~i` isbiq cbaihb

cb~~bs rdnbsq~jjn$

E~ eq {sbaeqbù cbairqb ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id eq qrag i `jmeaiìdn `bme~ehi~b dihb ~gi~ e~ giq cbbd ajdqeq~bd~ù rqbn ~gsjrmgjr~

~gb }js`n fjs ~gb ìq~ 3;; ubisq }e~gjr~ Li{id hioedm idu

iqqbs~ejdq ~j ~gi~ bffba~ }gi~qjbvbs$ ]gi~ eq hjsb ~gb dihb eq

ajdqeq~bd~ù rqbn ~jniu cu visejrq ed~bsdi~ejdi` jsmide|i~ejdq

eda`rnedm ~gb RD idn {rcèqgedm ajh{idebq ed drhbsjrq

ajrd~sebq isjrdn ~gb }js`n$

Cu ajd~siq~ j~gbs dihbq rqbn ~j nbqasecb ~geq qbi isbi qrag iq

Biq~ Qbi idn Qbi jf Ojsbi di~rsi`ù }bd~ jr~ jf rqb ed ~gb

m`jci` {sjabqq jf iqqemdedm dihbq ~j mbjmsi{geai` fbi~rsbq iq ~gb

ajd~jrsq jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id cbaihb a`bisbs$ ^gbsb isb dj qjrdn

sbiqjdq }gu ~gb ed~bsdi~ejdi` ajhhrde~u jf ~jniu qgjr`n cb

fjsabn ~j rqb qrag dihbq$

Ef ~gb ed~bsdi~ejdi` ajhhrde~u }bsb ~j sbajmde|b qrag rqimb jf ~gb

dihb }e~gjr~ i qjrdn sbiqjd e~ eq {jqqec`b ~j fjsbqbb i qbsebq jf

{sjc`bhq iseqedm$ E~ hiu iffba~ ~gb qifb ~sivb` jf iesasif~ idn qge{q

js e~ hiu airqb ajdfrqejd jf ~gb isbi }e~g j~gbs qbi isbiq i`qj

odj}d iq ~gb Biq~ Qbi qrag iq ~gb Biq~ Agedi Qbi idn ~gb Ci`~ea

Qbi$ ]gi~ eq hjsb qrsbù e~ }jr`n i`qj cb i ~bssec`b {sbabnbd~ fjs

~gb ed~bsdi~ejdi` ajhhrde~u ~j iaodj}`bnmb id i~~bh{~ ~j fjsab

r{jd ~gb }js`n i mbjmsi{geai` dihb }e~gjr~ i vièn sbiqjd ed

}gi~ hemg~ cb nbqasecbn iq i agi``bdmb ~j ~gb ed~bsdi~ejdi`

djshq$

^gb icjvb eq id bwihedi~ejd ed~j gj} ~gb dihb jf ~gb isbi jf ~gb

Qbi jf Li{id giq cbbd nbi`~ }e~g ed~bsdi~ejdi`ù ciqbn r{jd

geq~jseai` fia~q idn ~gb arssbd~ q~i~b jf iffiesq isjrdn ~gb }js`n$

@jjoedm i~ e~ jclba~evbù }gi~ nj ujr fbb` icjr~ e~:

^gb {rs{jqb jf ~geq {ih{g`b~ eq ~j cb id bvj`vedm {ih{g`b~

}geag }e`` cb frs~gbs sbveqbn jd id jd(mjedm ciqeq ~gsjrmg

ajd~edrbn mi~gbsedm jf edfjshi~ejd$ ^gb arssbd~ vbsqejd eq ciqbn

r{jd bvenbdab mi~gbsbn ~j ni~b idn fesq~ idn fjsbhjq~ }b gj{b

~gi~ cu sbinedm e~ hidu {bj{`b ~gsjrmgjr~ ~gb }js`n }e`` fjsh i

ajssba~ j{edejd jd ~gb eqqrb jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id$


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48/51

I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id>= I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id


49/51

I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id >7I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id


50/51

>5 I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id


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2;I geq~jseai jvbsveb} jf ~gb dihb Qbi jf Li{id

9$ ^iobgenb Geqgeuihi idn Hiqi~jqge Dimijoi #-Degjdoie- ojqgjr dj gbdqbd de

~qre~b# 'Agidmedm ed ~gb Dihb jf ~gb #Li{id Qbi#% ^bagdeai` Njarhbd~ B$1(

Dj$9 Mbjmsi{geai` Qrsvbu Edq~e~r~b jf Li{id 955>

3$ Gesjj Ijuihi Degjd(oie ~j er ojqgjr dj qbese~qr ~j ~bdoie Age|rqge oisi dj

i{rsjjage '^gb Fjshi~ejd idn Nbvb`j{hbd~ jf ~gb Dihedm jf Degjd(oie

'Li{id Qbi%< id I{{sjiag fsjh ~gb Hi{ Geq~jsu% Oid(degjdoie ageeoe geoiorqge

obdour '^gb Q~rnebq ed Ajh{isi~evb Geq~jsu jf Aesarh(Li{id(Qbi Isbiq% Dj$3,

Deemi~i Rdevbsqe~u 9551

1$ Gesjj Ijuihi Degjdoie ~j qjdj qgrrgbd ageeoe de jobsr agese~boe ageqgeoe dj

obeqbe ~j degjdoie dj ojqgjr de oidqrsr obdour 'I Q~rnu jd Fjshi~ejd jf

Mbjmsi{gea Odj}`bnmb jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id idn E~q Qrssjrdnedm Isbiq idn jd

~gb Dihb jf ~gb Qbi jf Li{id% Fiar`~u jf Grhide~ebq Deemi~i Rdevbsqe~u 955=

>$ Genbj Oi}ie Degjdoie ~j er di dj ni~jrqbe ~j age|r de jobsr oid ujr

~beagior dj leoe '^gb ^bsh Li{id Qbi< E~q Sbiqjdic`b Dihedm idn ~gb Bsi jf

E~q Fsbyrbd~ Rqimb idn Fesh Bq~ic`eqghbd~ ed Hi{q% Rhe dj obdour

'Jabidjmsi{gu ed Li{id%, Vj`$9;, Dj$>, ^gb Jabidjmsi{gea Qjaeb~u jf Li{id

3;;9

2$ Hiqi~ioi Uile Qboie ~j degjd de jobsr oieeoehbe Degjdoie dj qbeqbe lrujr

~beagior oi~be '[sjabqq jf ~gb Nbdjhedi~ejd Iaab{~idab idn Fewi~ejd jf ~gb

Qbi Dihb Li{id Qbi js Qbi jf Li{id 'Degjdoie% ed ~gb ]js`n idn ed Li{id%

Age|r 'Hi{% Vj`$>; Dj$9, Li{id Ais~jmsi{gbsq Iqqjaei~ejd 3;;3

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A Historical Overview of The Name “Sea of Japan”