A high resolution emission inventory of particulate EC and OC for EuropeHugo Denier van der Gon, Antoon Visschedijk, Rianne Dröge, Maarten Mulder,Jeroen Kuenen (TNO)

Christer Johansson (Stockholm University)

Zbigniew Klimont (IIASA)

Why?

Climate relevantHealth relevantCarbonaceous aerosols important fraction of PM10

Not available for a recent base yearNot available on a desired (high) resolutionWhat about coarse EC and OC?Still mismatch between modelled – measured = not properly understood….

Menu – Just to get the flavour…

Quick guide through methodologyResults – aggregatedCountry differencesFraction Organic Matter in PM2.5Spatial distributionWood combustion adjustmentsMaps!Conclusions

BC, EC, OC, what is what?

Black carbon (BC) and elemental carbon (EC) are operationally defined by measurement method

BC = optical term (highly light-absorbing carbon)EC = chemical term (refractory carbon measured by thermal/optical carbon analyzers

BC and (submicron) EC represent often roughly the same particles

OC = non-carbonate carbonaceous particles other than ECTC = EC + OC (C-mass basis)OM = EC + OC (full molecular mass basis)

METHODOLOGY (SHORT VERSION)

Start from IIASA’s GAINS PM10/2.5/1 emission inventory Deriving representative size-differentiated EC and OC fractions for over 200 source categories using e.g., Kupiainen et al. 2004, Bond et al. 2004; Streets et

al. 2001, Schauer et al. 2006 and more….

EC and OC calculated as a share of PM10/PM2.5/PM1 emissions.Constrains EC / OC and[size-fractionated EC and OC emission factors for all relevant sources / technologies are not available & and/or can vary widely due to different measurement protocols and analytical techniques]

Use new TNO spatial distribution proxy maps

Study area: well beyond EU boundaries

Anthropogenic primary Carbonaceous emissions in Europe 2005 (kt C)

SNAP1 EC_1 EC_1-2.5 EC_2.5-10 OC_2.5 OC_2.5-10 TC_PM10 1 2 18 29 11 3 63 2 143 43 50 395 4 635 3 2 4 5 9 1 21 4 32 4 19 81 29 165 5 1 3 55 1 6 67 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 184 17 8 104 25 338 8 90 5 5 71 0 172 9 35 2 2 63 0 102 10 35 1 2 112 145 295

Total Land based 525 96 176 847 214 1858 International shipping 79 45 7 84 0 215 Europe 604 140 183 931 214 2073

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

Combustion inenergy

industries1

Non-industrialcombustion

plants2

Combustion inmanufacturing

industry3

Productionprocesses

4

Extraction anddistributionfossil fuels

5

Solvent use6

Roadtransport

7

Other mobilesources andmachinery

8

Wastetreatment and

disposal9

Agriculture10

OC in PM2.5, 2005 (850 kt)EC 2005 (525 kt)

Netherlands

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Passe

nger

cars,

dies

el

Trucks

and b

usse

s, die

sel

Land

-base

d off-r

oad m

obile

, diese

l

Traditio

nal w

ood st

oves

and f

ireplac

es

Farm an

imals

Wate

rway

s, die

sel

Indus

try

Meat ro

astin

g

Toba

cco s

moking

Househ

old w

aste

burni

ng

Coal sto

ves

Woo

d-fire

d boil

ers

Land

-base

d off-r

oad m

obile

, gas

oline

Other s

ource

s

Em

issi

on (t

onne

s C

) Organic carbon < 2.5 µm

Elemental carbon 1 - 2.5 µm

Elemental carbon < 1 µm

Turkey

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

Tradit

ional

wood st

oves

and f

ireplac

es

Truck

s and

buss

es, d

iesel

Indus

try

Woo

d-fire

d boil

ers

Coal sto

ves

Meat r

oasti

ng

Land

-base

d off-r

oad m

obile

, diese

l

Farm an

imals

Passe

nger

cars,

dies

el

Tobacc

o smok

ing

Wate

rway

s, die

sel

Land

-base

d off-r

oad m

obile

, gas

oline

Other s

ource

s

Em

issi

on (t

onne

s C

)

Organic carbon < 2.5 µm

Elemental carbon 1 - 2.5 µm

Elemental carbon < 1 µm

Poland

0

10000

20000

30000

Trad

itiona

l wood

stov

es an

d fire

places

Coal sto

ves

Trucks

and b

usse

s, die

sel

Woo

d-fire

d boil

ers

Land

-base

d off-

road m

obile

, diese

l

Indus

try

Passe

nger

cars,

dies

el

Farm an

imals

Meat r

oasti

ng

Househ

old w

aste

burn

ing

Land

-base

d off-

road m

obile

, gas

oline

Agricu

ltura

l was

te burn

ing

Tobacc

o smok

ing

Wate

rway

s, die

sel

Other s

ource

s

Em

issi

on (t

onne

s C

)

Organic carbon < 2.5 µm

Elemental carbon 1 - 2.5 µm

Elemental carbon < 1 µm

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

Combustion inenergy

industries1

Non-industrialcombustion

plants2

Combustion inmanufacturing

industry3

Productionprocesses

4

Extraction anddistributionfossil fuels

5

Solvent use6

Road transport7

Other mobilesources andmachinery

8

Wastetreatment and

disposal9

Agriculture10

PM2.5 (3400 kt)Total organic matter (OM) in PM2.5 (1700 kt)

Emission of OM vs PM2.5 for Europe in 2005 by source sector

Difference is due to mineral component (ashes)

Difference is due to “product” aerosols (e.g. fertilizer, iron, etc.)

Results: Carbonaceous aerosol < 10 μm (as TC) by compound and size class

Sure, smaller particles are much more relevant for health / climate / transport

But…coarser EC and OC is not negligible

Sources coarse EC (“char”) : domestic combustion and utility combustion of coal, the

storage & handling of coal and coal products, combustion of HFO,

coarse OC from animal husbandry

EC_128%

EC_1-2.55%

EC_2.5-109%

OC_2.546%

OC_2.5-1012%

Updated and improved spatial distribution maps for emission sources (e.g., point sources, road transport, wood combustion)

Road map for Europe based on EU Transtools projectto be used for non-urban traffic

Focus on wood combustion

Domestic use of fuel wood is an extremely important source Wood is a non-commercial fuel - falls outside administration Wood consumption in the past often underestimated

Activity data: In Europe 3 sources (Eurostat, IEA, RAINS/GAINS) Grouped in 5 socio-economic/regional clusters (cluster averages 1.6 – 8.6

MJ/inhabitant) with Scandinavia and Baltic > Continental Europe > Mediterranean > Former Soviet Union > North Sea

Technologies following RAINS (IIASA) Gapfilled missing countries, or unrealistic values Compared to the raw GAINS activity data the reported domestic fuel wood

usage per appliance is modified for 18 countries.

Distribution: Urban vs rural population based on data from SWE, NL, DEU Wood availability (forest in the vicinity)

Note: Transport dominates

Note: coal combustion, shipping (HFO gives rel. large particles), some diesel

Note: coal combustion, coke ovens & storage and handling of coal

Note: wood combustion & transport

Note: agriculture contribution

Conclusions

A European EC and OC emission inventory is compiled for the year 2005 that is consistent with particulate matter inventories. Total PM2.5 for UNECE Europe (excl. shipping) = 3400 kt and about half of this is carbonaceous aerosol (organic matter). EC emission < 1 um = 525 kt, OC in PM2.5 is estimated to be and 847 kt, International shipping adds 79 kt EC and 84 kt OC. Coarse EC and OC is not negligible in terms of PM10 fraction

Conclusions (2)

Diesel use in transport and fuel wood by households are responsible for 70% EC_1 and 56% of OC in PM2.5. A significant adjustment has been made for the emissions and distribution from residential wood combustion. The high resolution inventory of EC and OC is “passed on” to Modelers within the EUCAARI project…..The feedback should help in further improvementsFire emissions for 2005 should be added…..

TNO – SU – IIASAThank you for your

attention

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis work has been partly funded by EUCAARI

(European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions) No 036833-2.

European workshop: “The policy relevance of wear emissions from road

transport, now and in the future”

will take place on June 22nd in Amsterdam

for more information contact:magdalena.jozwicka@tno.nl