A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of

AFRICASpecial Studies,

1985-1988

Supplement

UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA

A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of

AFRICA

Special Studies,1985-1988

Supplement

Guide compiled byEric Gallagher

A microfilm project ofUNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA

An Imprint of CIS4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Africa [microform]: special studies, 1985-1988. Supplement.microfilm reels. -- (The Special studies series)Accompanied by printed reel guide, compiled by Eric Gallagher.Includes index.ISBN 1-55655-114-2 (microfilm)1. Africa-Politics and govemment-1960- 2. Africa-Economic

conditions-1960- 3. Africa-Social conditions-1960-I. Gallagher, Eric, 1963- . II. Series: Special studies series(University Publications of America (Firm))DT30.5.A3556 1990960.3'28»dc20 90-47031

CIP

Copyright © 1989 by University Publications of America.All rights reserved.

ISBN 1-55655-114-2.

TABLE OF CONTENTSEditorial Note v

Acronyms vi

Reel Index

Reels 1-6Africa 1

Reel?Africa cont 15Burkina Faso 16Chad 16Ethiopia 17Gambia 17Guinea 18Ivory Coast 19

ReelSKenya 19Liberia / 21Malawi 22Mali 22Niger 23Nigeria 23

ReelSRwanda 24Senegal 25Somalia 26South Africa 27

Reel 10South Africa cont 29Sudan 32Tanzania 33Zaire 33

Subject Index 37

EDITORIAL NOTE

The executive branch of the United States government requires a massiveamount of information to make policy decisions. Many departments, agen-cies, and commissions of the government devote much of their energies togathering and analyzing information. However, even the resources of theUnited States government are not adequate to gather all the information thatis needed; therefore the government contracts universities, colleges, corpo-rations, think tanks, and individuals to provide data and analyses. Becausethe great majority of these studies are difficult to find and obtain, UniversityPublications of America (UFA) publishes some of the most important ones inits Special Studiessertes. The Africa Supplement collection consists of Africa-related studies that became available during the period 1985-1988.

ACRONYMSThe following acronyms are used throughout this guide and are reproduced here

for the convenience of the user.

AID Agency for International Development

ESF Economic Support Fund

FY Fiscal Year

OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance

REEL INDEX

ReeMFrame

Africa1984

0001 Communications Technology and Economic Development: A CaseStudy of Africa.National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. Division of PolicyResearch and Analysis. April 9-10, 1984.186pp.These workshop proceedings examine the role of telecommunications ineconomic development, consider the technologies of telephone andinformation distribution, address the financing of telecommunications forrural development, and the telecommunication needs of sub-SaharanAfrica. The need for national telecommunications policies to be devel-oped in Africa is highlighted, and the importance of developing a nationalcapacity for technology is stressed. Includes an analysis suggesting thatthere has been serious underinvestment in telecommunications facilitiesin developing countries.

0187 Women of the World: Sub-Saharan Africa.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Jeanne S.Newman. August 1984.202pp.Contents: Abbreviations used in this report; Map; Chapter 1. Introduction;Chapter 2. Sources of data; Chapter 3. Population distribution andchange; Chapter 4. Literacy and education; Chapter 5. Women ineconomic activity; Chapter 6. Marital status and living arrangements;Chapter 7. Fertility and the status of women; Chapter 8. Mortality and thestatus of women; Chapter 9. Conclusions: National level data and thesituation of women.

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19850389 Appropriate Technologies for Farmers In Semi-Arid West Africa,

Purdue University. Lafayette, Indiana. Herbert W. Ohm and Joseph G.Nagy. 1985. 363pp.Technologies appropriate for use by West African farmers and newavenues of research in this area were the focus of a workshop conductedin Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in April 1985 by the Farming SystemsUnit of the Semi-Arid Food Grains Research and Development Project.Seven papers discuss soil and water management and soil fertility (e.g.,soil tillage and preparation, testing for fertilizer use, water conservation,and alternative phosphate fertilizer sources). Ten papers cover plantimprovement and crop associations, including the development of sor-ghum varieties and production technology, sorghum and millet improve-ment, small-scale mixed maize-cotton production technology, mixedcropping technologies, association cropping, and cerials-cowpea andother crop associations. Also included are papers on livestock in Sahe-lian agropastoral systems and on animal traction profitability, as well ason future research strategy, new systems of agricultural production, andfood consumption analyses.

0752 Rural/Urban Dynamics In Africa. Common Themes Initiative: Back-ground, Issues, and Concepts.Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts. Rfckie Sanders. 1985.88pp.The report details the Rural/Urban Dynamics in Africa/Common ThemesInitiative (RUDA/CTI), which was developed to assist AID'S Africa Bureauin the design, management, and implementation of projects sensitive tothe rural/urban dynamics theme. It identifies three primary concerns ofimmediate importance: migration, and the related issue of remittances;marketing and distribution systems; and employment generation inmarket towns and secondary cities. The document consists of a conceptpaper that describes the context for RUDA/CTI and presents an approachfor consideration of the three concerns in the design of future develop-ment projects in Africa. In addition, four background papers are pre-sented, each of which reviews relevant literature, summarizes majorresearch conclusions, and identifies questions and conceptual issuesthat have policy implications.

0840 Private Sector Review In Western Sudan.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. SudaneseConsultants Bureau. April 1985. 137pp.Private sector activities and potential further development in westernSudan's Southern Kordofan and Darfur regions are reviewed. For each

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region, the report presents a general economic overview and discussesthe significance and contributions of the private sector, the existinginstitutional framework for private sector development, the availability ofcapital, the existence of linkages (geographic and cross-sectoral), andthe major problems facing the private sector. It is shown that the privatesector in both regions is involved in agriculture, road freight transport,trade (especially in cash crops), and to a lesser degree small-scalemanufacturing. Several private institutions and associations exist, but areof limited effectiveness. Key constraints on the private sector include lackof public sector support; scarce capital; weak or nonexistent linkages;inadequate infrastructure; problems in pricing, marketing, storage, andinput distribution.

Reel 2Africa cont.

1985 cont.0001 U.S. Interests and Policies In Africa.

Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. Marc Baas. June 1985.96pp.U.S. interests in sub-Saharan Africa are relatively less vital than in anyother world area, but they are not unimportant. The main U.S. interests inAfrica are economic and political, but also strategic and cultural/ideologi-cal. There are a number of policies that can be followed to promote theseinterests, but this report concludes that the U.S. needs to work as closelyas possible with the government in power. The U.S. is trying to do this inSouth Africa, where constructive engagement has had some success inresolving the regional issues, but considerably less on the more visibleinternal South African situation. While constructive engagement seems tobe the only policy with a chance of succeeding relatively peacefully, theU.S. must find a way to translate that policy into progress on the internalSouth African issue, especially since lack of success on this issue affectsperceptions concerning the administration's African policy in both blackAfrica and the United States.

0097 Investment Climate In Foreign Countries. Volume 2: Africa.International Trade Administration, Washington, D. C. August 1985.403pp.This volume contains the investment climate statements of forty-sixAfrican countries. Each statement, after an economic overview, de-scribes the government policy toward foreign direct investment, specifi-cally, official screening and approval procedures; investment incentives

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and performance requirements; current investment disputes; profit repa-triation restrictions; bilateral investment agreements; foreign trade zones;labor availability; and anticipated changes in investment policy.

0500 Can Mora Be Done to Assist Sahellan Governments to Plan andManage Their Economic Development?U.S. General Accounting Office. Washington, D.C. Septembers, 1985.39pp.This study provides information so as to better address the issue ofwhether the Agency for International Development should provide moreof its Sahel Development Program funds to strengthen Sahelian govern-ments' management capability.

0539 African Irrigation Overview: Summary.Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Department of Agricultural andIrrigation Engineering. Jon R. Moris, Derrick J. Thorn, Donald G. Humpal,Terry H. Podmore, and Edward Sparling. October 1985. 159pp.The basic issues addressed in this continentwide overview of Africa'sirrigation experience is how AID can best promote irrigation that will helpAfrican nations achieve food security.

0698 Changing American Assessments of the Soviet Threat In Africa:1975-1985.Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Donald L Jordan, Jr.December 1985. 117pp.Perceptions of the Soviet Union as a threat to the national interests of theUnited States affect virtually every aspect of American policy. Differingassessments of the threat necessarily require different policy responsesin order to support a coherent American foreign policy. This studyidentifies and explicates the components of a threat assessment in orderto categorize different images of the Soviet threat. Four different imagesare examined, two of which appear to change over time. Finally, changesin liberal and conservative assessments of the Soviet threat in Africa from1975 to 1985 are detailed in order to demonstrate that changing assess-ments are directly related to the core elements of each image.

19860815 Managing Development Programs: Management Strategies and

Project Interventions In Six African Agricultural Projects.Agency for International Development, Washington D.C. Center for De-velopment Information and Evaluation. Louise G. White. January 1986.55pp.The purpose of the analysis is twofold. First, it classifies and describes avariety of management strategies used to implement six agricultural and

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rural development projects in Africa. Second, it classifies and describesthe interventions that were used in these same projects to improve themanagement capacities of developing country institutions and individualmanagers.

0870 Development Management in Africa: Context and Strategy—ASynthesis of Lessons from Six Agricultural Development Projects.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Center forDevelopment Information and Evaluation. George Honadle. January1986. 52pp.The importance of context in development management is the focus ofthis paper, in which the findings of six AID evaluation case studies ofagricultural projects in sub-Saharan Africa are synthesized in light of otheracademic and field studies of the relative importance of management anddevelopment policy. Successful management strategies may have eitherclear, simple goals or multiple, complex ones, but they must be tailoredto a project's objectives and local setting.

0922 Public-Private Partnership In African Urban Development.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. RegionalHousing and Urban Development Office. Maureen A. Lewis and Ted R.Miller. January 24, 1986. 46pp.The paper discusses the structure of public sector provisions of water andsanitation services, public transit, and refuse collection in sub-SaharanAfrica; apparent strengths and problems are detailed, followed by discus-sion of the extent of private sector activity. The numerous legal, political,and cultural constraints that hamper the formation of effective public-private partnerships are identified and strategies for overcoming theseare suggested. Suggestions are also given on ways for governments tostimulate and increase the success of private sector investment ineconomic growth.

0968 Famine In Africa: Improving Emergency Food Relief Programs.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. March 1986. 55pp.The report presents the results of the fiscal year 1984 emergency foodprogram for drought-stricken Africa. Reviewed were the programs inBurkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, and Somalia to determineprogram results and to evaluate program management. These countrieswere among those most severely affected by the drought.

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Reel 3Africa cont.

1986cont.0001 Congressional Presentation Fiscal Year 1987 Annex I: Africa.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. March 1986.569pp.The annex begins with a summary table that provides a breakdown bycountry and appropriation account of the Africa region's funding require-ments from FY1985 to FY1988. There is also a regional summary tableshowing economic and social data for African countries. Following thesetables is a regional narrative that provides a summary statement of theAgency's programs in Africa. The Development Fund for Africa (DFA)program is presented in the regional narrative. Thereafter follows a de-scription of all programs, with country narratives describing the total AIDprogram and listing projects for which funds are being requested in FY1988. These narratives are followed by planned program summarysheets that present in detail requests for new projects in FY 1988. Notethat the regional projects presented in this annex are different fromcentrally funded activities, which are described in Annex IV. The finalsection of Annex I includes tables on terminating programs.

0570 Country Profiles of Land Tenure: Africa 1986.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. University ofWisconsin-Madison Land Tenure Center. James C. Riddell, Carol Dick-erman, Grenville Barnes, Abdirahmen Beileh, and John W. Bruce. April1986. 249pp.Brief profiles of land tenure issues for each of the forty countriescomprising sub-Saharan Africa are presented. Each profile covers threemajortopics: land tenure systems, land administration, and tenure issuesaffecting national (especially agricultural) policy. A hypothetical land ten-ure map, thought to be the first of its kind, is also presented.

0819 Land Tenure Issues In River Basin Development In Sub-SaharanAfrica.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. University ofWisconsin-Madison Land Tenure Center. Peter C. Block, Lucie C. Phil-lips, James C. Riddell, Jayne L Stanning, and Thomas K. Park. April1986. 162pp.The extent to which land tenure considerations have played a role in thesuccess or failure of irrigation and a river basin development effort inAfrica is examined. An overview and policy analysis discusses: (1) factorsaffecting the choice of land tenure arrangement; (2) holdings size and

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plotholder selection criteria; (3) the security and conditionality of tenure.Provided next are case studies outlining specific irrigation and land tenureissues that reveal the similarity of land tenure issues with respect toirrigation development (e.g., the importance of ecological considerationsand the need for farmer participation in irrigation planning).

0981 Arabs and American Interests In Africa South of the Sahara: Possi-bilities for Coordination of Aid.U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Norman E.Youngblood III. April 7, 1986. 28pp.Africa south of the Sahara has a great need for both economic andsecurity assistance. It is also an area of interest for both the United Statesand pro-Western Arab nations. In an era when both the United States andArabs are faced with reduced abilities to provide assistance, it is impera-tive that they work together whenever possible to maximize their contri-butions. Examination of stated national goals and objectives in the region,as well as those interests reflected in the aid provided, reveals that UnitedStates and Arab interests often coincide and are seldom in conflict. Thisis especially true in Somalia and Sudan, which are key to both the Arabsand the United States. These two nations will undoubtedly continue toreceive the majority of aid in the region and represent areas where theArabs and the United States can work hand in glove for maximum benefit.In other areas, the Arabs can take the lead in coordinating aid to otherArab and Muslim African nations. The United States will then be free toconcentrate on other key nations such as Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, andZaire.

Reel 4Africa cont.

1986cont.0001 Soviet Strategic Military Interests In Africa In the 1980s.

U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. StrategicStudies Institute. Richard Remnek. May 1, 1986.28pp.In this study, the author indentifies what role Africa—its territories,resources, and surrounding waters—may play in the Soviet peacetimepreparation for, and prosecution of, a general coalition war as well as inregional crises outside Africa. This effort is essential for understandingthe nature of the Soviet threat to the West in Africa. The author argues thatalthough Soviet military interests in Africa have been limited, they never-theless worked to distort Soviet policy in the Horn of Africa during the past

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decade. He recommends that the focus of U.S. concern about the Sovietmilitary threat in Africa should be on capabilities and intentions to supportSoviet strategic bombing missions and suggests, when feasible, pres-sures should be applied to restrict Soviet development and use of Africanmilitary facilities for strategic purposes.

0029 Land Tenure and Livestock Development In Sub- Saharan Africa.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Center forDevelopment Information and Evaluation. John W. Bennett, Steven W.Lawry, and James C. Riddell. May 1986. 199pp.The conventional policy model for livestock projects in the 1960s andearly 1970s is described in Section 1, Pastoralists in Transition: A Frameof Reference. The purpose of the policy was to make livestock systemsmore productive in terms of producing more beef for market. Typically,projects were concerned primarily with the physical and technical dimen-sions of the production process—with animals, pasture, and water—andwith organizational and infrastructural aspects of livestock marketing,including establishment of marketing boards and slaughtering facilitiesand trek routes.

0228 Quick Reference Guide to Private Sector Projects In Sub-SaharanAfrica.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. PragmaCorpo-ration. Deborah Lindsay and Tamara Dugglegy. May 1986. 56pp.The guide describes ongoing AID projects as of March 1986. The rangeof project types is broad and the potential fordevelopment impact is great.The emphasis on private sector development is growing, and lessonsfrom field experience can be applied to future projects.

0284 Food Aid and the African Food Crisis.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Economic ResearchService. Shahla Shapouri, Arthur J. Dommen, and Stacey Rosen. June1986. 110pp.Nine of eleven low- and medium-income sub-Saharan African countriesstudied may face even greater problems feeding their populations ifrecent trends continue. These countries rely on food imports and,increasingly, on food aid to meet minimum nutritional requirements fortheir populations. Food production is hampered by droughts, which hitabout once every three years. Recurrent food emergencies, such asthose recently affecting Ethiopia and the Sahel countries, may raise totalfood aid in 1990 by five to eight times the actual receipts annually in1981-1983. Improved policies and increased foreign exchange earningscould help about half of the study countries satisfy their needs fromdomestic production.

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0394 Conflict Resolution: A Comparative Analysis of Three African CaseStudies.Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Thomas J. Culora.June 1986. 194pp.Conflict resolution is a process in which two or more players, holdingdissimilar perceptions of a central issue in a dispute, employ strategiesconsonant with the resources they hold to obtain their goals in the conflict.This thesis examines this process in three contemporary conflicts on theAfrican continent—the Sudan civil war, the Zimbabwe/Rhodesia inde-pendence crisis, and the continuing conflict in Namibia. A checklist wasdeveloped to establish a theoretical framework for examining the key ele-ments in each conflict. The interaction of these elements—the issues,goals, strategy, resources, and limitations and the patterns that evolvefrom this interaction—is analyzed from the perspective of the Africancontinent and within the context of conflict resolution. The primary objec-tive of this project is to provide a comparative analysis of the three conflictsselected for study to gain increased insight into the dynamics of each caseand to expand upon the theoretical and practical understanding of conflictresolution.

0588 Development Management In Africa: Experience with ImplementingAgricultural Development Projects.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Center lorDevelopment and Evaluation. Dennis A. Rondinelli. July 1986. 116pp.Managerial and organizational problems seriously undermine the im-plementation of development programs and projects in all developingcountries, but particularly so in Africa. The paper reviews and analyzesmanagement experience in six AID agricultural and rural developmentprojects in Africa. A major lesson learned is that projects are affected bynumerous factors which vary from country to country; therefore a practicalstrategy for project managers is to determine how their projects differ fromothers and decide which management strategies that worked effectivelyin another country or project may be appropriated for their projects.

0704 Continuing the Commitment: Agricultural Development In the Sahel.Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. August 1986.174pp.The report examines the work of the U.S. AID'S Sahel DevelopmentProgram and the multinational Club de Sahel/CILSS (Permanent Inter-state for Drought Control in the Sahel) framework of development assis-tance of which it is a part. The study describes changes in the Sahel anddiscusses disappointment, concluding by outlining policy choices for thefuture.

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0878 The U.S. Response to the African Famine, 1984-1986, Volume 1: AnEvaluation of the Emergency Food Assistance Program: SynthesisReport.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Dennis H.Wood, Albert Baron, and Vincent W. Brown. November 1986. 148pp.The principal objectives of the evaluation were as follows: Assess thetimeliness, appropriateness, and impact of emergency food aid programsin Africa and suggest ways they can be improved; assist U.S. AIDmissions, private voluntary organizations (PVOs), host governments, andother donors in the programming of future emergency, rehabilitation, anddisaster preventbn activities; provide AID and the donor community withlessons learned regarding the planning, design, implementation, andevaluation of emergency aid programs, with emphasis on how they canmore effectively foster long-term development initiatives and contribute toincreased food security.

Reel 5Africa cont.

1986 cont.0001 The U.S. Response to the African Famine, 1984-1986, Volume II: An

Analysis of Policy Formation and Program Management.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Stanley Siegel,Harvey Gutman, Tania Romashko, and Louis Connick. November 1986.142pp.While the efforts of U.S. and international donors saved many Africanlives during the 1984-1986 drought and related famine, coordinateddisaster relief (DR) needs improvement. The paper reviews the policyinformation and management of the U.S. food response and suggestsmethods for improving DR for future emergencies. A thorough review anddetailed recommendations for implementing DR programs is given, in-cluding logistics and transportation, and the coordination of donor activi-ties.

19870143 Congressional Presentation Fiscal Year 1987 Annex I: Africa.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. February 17,1987. 456pp.Annex I presents to the Congress all Development Fund for Africa (DFA)programs proposed for Africa which AID requested funds for in FY1988.(The DFA is a new development account beginning in FY 1988. It replaces

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all Development Assistance [DA] accounts and the Sahel DevelopmentProgram.) The annex begins with a summary table that provides abreakout by country and appropriation account of the African region'sfunding requirements from FY 1985 to FY1988. There is also a regionalsummary table showing economic and social data for African countries.Following these tables is a regional narrative that provides a summarystatement of the Agency's programs in Africa. The DFA program ispresented in the regional narrative. Thereafter follows a description of allprograms, with country narratives describing the total AID program andlisting projects for which funds are being requested in FY 1988. Thenarratives for Chad, Kenya, Liberia, Senegal, Somalia, and Sudaninclude FY 1988 funding requests for both DFA and ESF. The narrativesfor Djibouti and Seychelles contain FY 1988 funding requests for ESFonly. All other FY 1988 country and regional funding requests are for DFAonly. Note that the regional projects presented in this annex are differentfrom centrally funded activities, which are described in Annex IV. The finalsection of Annex I includes tables on terminating programs.

0599 Considerations In Establishing an Economic Community of WestAfrican States Defense Pact.Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.J. A. J. Femi. March 1987. 110pp.This paper seeks to analyze the Economic Community of West AfricanStates' (ECOWAS) objectives, achievements, the needforasubregionaldefense, external and internal threats, regional member states, prob-lems, role of major powers at play (France and Nigeria), the militarycapabilities of member states, and the ECOWAS Defense Pact's provi-sions and defects. The paper then recommends a force structure ifpresent arrangements are unacceptable, highlights the future prospectsof the organization, and ends with a conclusion. Since the defense pacthas not been ratified, it is deemed inoperable, and this paper aims toanalyze the considerations for establishing the pact and attempts toconvince member states of its implications and desirability.

0709 Policy Reform Programs In Africa: A Preliminary Assessment ofImpacts.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Off ice of Devel-opment Planning. Stephen M. Haykin. March 1987. 52pp.Contents: The case for policy reform (Africa's economic predicament, thecosts of bad policy, the push for policy reform); policy reforms and impactsin five African countries (Zambia's external and agricultural sector re-forms, agricultural and macroeconomic reforms in Somalia, reforms in

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Mali, reforms in Zaire, the Zimbabwe agricultural sector assistanceprogram); and synthesis of impact assessment (impacts in the agricul-tural sector, impacts economy-wide, implementation, the role of thedonors, emphasis on policy reforms should continue).

0761 Effect of Fiscal Austerity on African Food Imports.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. International Eco-nomic Division, Economic Research Service. Shahla Shapouri andStacey Rosen. May 1987. 65pp.Export earnings and credit are the key economic factors that will affectAfrican countries' ability to import food, according to this econometricanalysis. Projections for 1994 indicate that the region's low-incomecountries would suffer the most from any declines in export earnings orcredit. Choices between food and raw materials imports would favor food,hurting the economies of import-dependent countries in the long term. Acontinuing pattern of credit withdrawal from these developing nationswould spell reduced trade for the world's food-exporting nations.

0826 Oil Imports and the Foreign Debt of Developing African Countries.U.S. Department of Energy, Germantown, Maryland. Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory. David A. Trumble and David J. Bjomstad. July 1987. 85pp.This study examines the oil transactions, between 1971 and 1983, ofAfrican nations supported by the AID, with the objective of estimating theproportion of current indebtedness attributable to crude oil price in-creases.

Reel 6Africa cont.

1987 cont.0001 Intrareglonal Trade In West Africa.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C. Agriculture and TradeAnalysis Division. Mary E. Burfisher and Margaret B. Missiaen. August1987. 90pp.This report documents trade among eighteen west African countries.Recorded trade data was collected from official sources, and a methodwas developed for estimating unrecorded trade. The role of trade in theeconomies of major exporters and importers is discussed. The reportfocuses on trade in agricultural commodities, including livestock, grains,and vegetable oils.

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0091 Food Aid: Improving Economic and Market Development Impact InAfrican Countries.General Accounting Office, Washington. D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. December 1987. 61pp.The report examines the economic and market development impact ofPublic Law 480 food aid to African countries. It highlights opportunities formanagement improvements in the program.

19880152 Food Aid: Integration with Economic Assistance Programs In Four

African Countries.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. February 1988. 15pp.The fact sheet provides supplementary information to the report, FoodAid: Improving Economic and Market Development Impact in AfricanCountries (NSIAD-88-55, Dec. 21,1987), concerning the economic andmarket development impact of Public Law 480 food assistance to Africancountries. Specifically, it provides information concerning (1) integratingPublic Law 480 food assistance with foreign economic developmentassistance and Economic Support Fund assistance and (2) preposition-ing of food commodities in Africa to meet critical needs, such as in timesof drought or other emergencies.

0167 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)Trade with Sub-Saharan Africa.Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C. March 1988. 188pp.The publication is one of a series of reference aids that provides the mostrecent detailed commodity statistics of OECD trade with different regionsof the world. In the reference aid, data are provided on total OECD tradewith sub-Saharan Africa, trade of the five largest OECD countries with theregion, and U.S. trade with several key sub-Saharan African countries.

0355 Congressional Presentation Fiscal Year 1989, Annex I: Africa.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. March 1988.557pp.The annex begins with a summary table that provides a breakout bycountry and appropriation account of the Africa region's funding require-ments from FY1986 to FY1989. There is also a regional summary tableshowing economic and social data for African countries. Following thesetables is a narrative that provides a summary statement of the Agency'sprograms in Africa. Thereafter follows a description of all programs, withcountry narratives describing the total AID program and listing projects forwhich funds are being requested for FY 1989. These narratives are

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followed by planned program summary sheets that present in detailrequests for new projects in FY 1989.

19840912 Renewable Resource Trends In East Africa.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Clark Univer-sity, Worcester, Massachusetts. 1984. 111pp.Expanding human and livestock population density, coupled with highurban growth rates, are pushing land and water capacities in East Africato the breaking point. Woodland cover, grazing land, and arable soils arebeing lost, and dwindling food production leaves the region vulnerable todrought in the event of rainfall shortages. Surface water in lakes, rivers,and coastal areas is being increasingly polluted by untreated industrialand domestic waste. Although progress is being made in controllingresource degradation, swifter action is needed to keep pace with therevolutionary demographic and resource trends which, if unchecked,bode ill for the 110 million people who will be living in East Africa by theyear 2000. Policy recommendations are to improve and maintain theproductivity of the area's natural resource base, identify key resourceconflicts, include a resource management perspective in the develop-ment planning process, upgrade sources of resource information, andinitiate new forms of government and private sector institutional develop-ment.

19861023 United States' Interest In the Horn of Africa.

U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Ronald C.Riley. April 23, 1986. 30pp.U.S. national interests in the Horn of Africa and their relative importanceare examined. U.S. global objectives and how they flow into regionalobjectives and strategies are illustrated. A cursory overview forthe regionand the countries that comprise it is provided. The prospects forthe futureconditions most likely to prevail in the countries and the region aresummarily given. The threat to achievement of U.S. interests and U.S.reactions to the threat are addressed. A picture of a volatile regionengulfed with socioeconomic problems, civil war, superpower competi-tion, and bleak prospects for a stabilized region is painted. The primaryconclusion drawn is that the United States will remain involved regionallyforthe long term because of predominantly strategic interest. The UnitedStates will continue to exercise its national instruments of power, political,economic, sociopsychological, and military to secure its national interestobjectives. The recommendations that have been discerned are that the

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United States must: increase economic and selective security assistanceto stabilize regional governments, foster viable economics, and improveinternal defense capabilities; establish multiple political, economic, andmilitary linkages with the states to facilitate active conduits for promptaction and problem resolution; involve former colonial states, such asFrance, in resolution of regional problems and development of regionalcontingencies; maintain an open dialogue with the countries of the region;ensure that mutual interests are jointly derived with potential partners;involve, when possible, the international organizations to assist in devel-opment of solutions for regional problems; and continue to improve itscapability to project military power within the region.

Reel 7Africa cont.

19850001 Transportation As an Element of Foreign Policy In Southern Africa

or the Ties That Bind.Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Karl Edward Prinslow.June 1985. 173pp.The thesis examines the use of transportation as a foreign policyinstrument in Southern Africa. Because of its dominant position in theregional transportation network, the Republic of South Africa is the focusof this study. Transportation has been used by the states of southernAfrica as a means of gaining an advantage or leverage over theirneighbors to further their own vital interests, economic and political.During the 1970s the South African Railways attempted to use commoninterests in the creation and maintenance of effective transport organiza-tions to transcend regional political differences and improve interstaterelations. This strategy came to be referred to as transport diplomacy.After tracing the evolution of the southern African transport network andSouth African foreign policy, this study examines several attempts to usetransportation to achieve influence over neighboring states in variousways. A framework that distinguishes between positive, negative, andneutral influence strategies is developed, and an effort is made to identifythe prerequisites for effective implementation of each type of strategy.Finally, an argument is made that a distinct association of regionaltransport organizations has come into being in southern Africa.

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19860174 United States Policy for Southern Africa.

Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. PaulE. Stein. March 1986. 30pp.Southern Africa is a region that is of major (not vital) interest to the UnitedStates. It is a region dominated by South Africa, possessing vast mineralresources and torn by armed conflict. This paper outlines a proposed U.S.national security policy for southern Africa with emphasis upon detailedpolicy recommendations for dealing with South Africa, Angola, Mozam-bique, and Namibia. Removing the South African system of apartheid isa key element in solving not only the problems in South Africa, but in theentire region.

Burkina Faso

19860204 Burkina Faso integrated Rural Development Projects In Seguenega

and Dorl Departments.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Off ice of Evalu-ation. Davy McCall, Allen P. Fleming, Issa Koussoube, and LauraMcPherson. May 1986. 145pp.The impacts of two community-based integrated rural developmentprojects in Burkina Faso's (formerly Upper Volta) Seguenega and DoriDepartments are examined. The projects were implemented, respec-tively, by Af ricare and Save the Children Federation (SCF). Both private,voluntary organizations worked with village groups, helping them toorganize and carry out self-help development activities.

Chad

19860349 Evaluation of the African Emergency Food Assistance Program

1984-1985: Chad.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Vincent W.Brown, Ellen P. Brown, David Eckerson, Judith Gilmore, and H. D.Swartzendruber. July 1986. 194pp.The principal purposes of the evaluation were to: assess the timeliness,appropriateness and impact of the 1984-1985 food emergency assis-tance efforts in Chad; recommend measures to improve future U.S.emergency food assistance and disaster relief programs in Chad; andconsider measures to improve the design of emergency food programs

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in Africa to relate them more closely to national food strategies, includingrehabilitation and longer term development.

Ethiopia

19850543 Rebels and Separatists In Ethiopia: Regional Resistance to a Marx-

ist Regime.OfficeoftheUndersecretaryofDefenseforPolicy, Washington,D.C.PaulHenze. December 1985. 121pp.This report examines the historical background, origins, present state,and prospects of a number of separatist and antiregime rebellions inEthiopia, and discusses the implications for Ethiopia's Marxist govern-ment and for U.S. policy. The author sees no advantage for the UnitedStates in supporting any of the regional rebellions or separatist move-ments that are working against Ethiopia's Marxist regime as long as theyaim for the breakup of the country. He advocates pursuit of policies thatwill lead to a change of course by Ethiopia's leaders and/or change ofleadership. The author suggests that the main elements of U.S. policyshould be the following: (1) to press for basic change in overall economicpolicy, especially with respect to agriculture; (2) to make clear that theUnited States will support an Ethiopian government that adopts a newcourse, which the United States can do by resuming development aid ona significant scale, encouraging American private investment, and con-sidering the reestablishmentof military aid; (3) to straightforwardly upholdcertain political principles, including recognizing and supporting the main-tenance of Ethiopia's territorial integrity, encouraging measures that willgive disaffected regions of the country a say in their local affairs, andstanding ready to facilitate the mediation of quarrels with neighboringcountries, including Somalia and Sudan.

Gambia

19860654 Privatization Opportunities: Republic of Gambia.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Bureau ofPrivate Enterprise. Jean G. R. Crouzet. May 24, 1986. 100pp.Divestment opportunities within the Gambia Produce Marketing Board(GPMB) are evaluated. Summaries are included of GPMB's operationsand financial performance, revealing deteriorating operations and finan-cial position over the past ten years; profitable initially and until the late1970s, the GPMB is now characterized by negative working capital, thin

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reserves, excessive assets, redundant personnel, and indebtedness.Privatization of the GPMB as a whole does not appear to be feasible;however, this report concludes that some GPMB components can andshould be privatized.

Guinea

19860754 Review of Privatization In the Republic of Guinea/Conakry, Part 1.

Agency lor International Development, Washington, D.C. Center forPrivatization. Lance Marston, Peter A. Thomas, and Andrea J. Love.October 31, 1986. 224pp.The two-part report on privatization in the Republic of Guinea/Conakryreflects the findings and conclusions of the team that conducted an in-country review in Guinea, as well as all of the comments, insights, andinputs received from U.S. AID (Private Enterprise and African Bureaus),and the mission in Conakry during the extended review period thatfollowed a formal briefing at AID.

19870978 Investment Climate In Guinea.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Equator Advi-sory Services, Ltd. March 1987. 37pp.The paper was prepared at the request of Guinea's National PrivateInvestment Promotion Center and updates a December 1985 paper onthe investment climate in Guinea. Guinea has been successful inattracting prospective U.S. investors who wish to take a closer look at itsmuch-touted resource wealth and to confirm that extensive reform andredevelopment work is indeed in progress. Several members of theOverseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)-sponsored U.S. inves-tors' mission who visited Guinea in March 1986 have since continued toinvestigate the opportunities uncovered, joining many other American,European, and African investors who have been looking at the market.The Guinean government and business community are eager to see thecircle of interest widened and positive investment decisions being made.

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Ivory Coast

19861015 Privatization In the Ivory Coast: A Status Report

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. CarleeneDei.July 1986. 31pp.The central objective of the paper is to describe the process of privatiza-tion in the Cote d'lvoire. It investigates the principal causes underlying thegovernment's decision to privatize its state corporations and sell itsholdings in dozens of private companies, ft discusses the manner in whichprivatization has been carried out in a selected number of firms. Lastly, itevaluates the effects (both positive and negative) of privatization to date.

1046 The Ivory Coast: An Export Market Profile.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. International Econom-ics Division. Michael A. Trueblood and Nadine R. Horenstein. September1986. 39pp.The Ivory Coast, a West African coffee and cocoa exporter, has importmarket potential based upon one of the highest rates of real economicgrowth of the African continent. Because of this income growth, as well asa higher than average population growth rate and increasing urbaniza-tion, imported agricultural commodities have risen to meet the nation'sgrowing food needs. In 1983, Ivorians spent $310 million for agriculturalimports, up from $133 million in 1973. France now dominates agriculturaltrade; however, the United States can expand its sales, which since 1970have represented 2-7 percent of the Ivory Coast's total agriculturalimports, if it adopts innovative marketing approaches such as labeling inFrench and packaging in metric quantities. Premixed feed grain products,tobacco, and preserved milk have the greatest prospects for U.S. exportgrowth in the next five years.

Reel8Kenya

19850001 Military Leadership In the Kenya Army.

U. S. Army War College, Carlisle Barrcks, Pennsylvania. Jackson Munyao.May 22, 1985.42pp.The subject of this study is mainly confined to the leader and traits andprinciples of leadership. Researchers in the field of leadership have comeup with a new approach based on how the leader interacts with his group

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and situation, called "the functional approach concept." This concept isdiscussed in this study.

0043 Energy Use In Kenya Industry, 1983: A Survey and Analysis ofIndustrial Energy Consumption.Ministry of Energy and Regional Development. International EnergyDevelopment, Inc., Washington, D.C. H. Mike Jones and H. Baiya. June25, 1985. 64pp.This report contains the results of a survey of the energy use and industrialproduction of over 150 major industrial firms in Kenya. Objectives of thesurvey were to assist in establishment of sound national energy policies;to identify energy conservation and fuel substitution opportunities; and togenerally better understand how and where fuel is being used in order toensure that energy is available where, when, and in the form needed. Thisreport provides a review and analysis of industrial energy use data byindustry sector and complimentary indicators of economic performancefor each sector. Estimates are provided of national total industry fuelconsumption based on survey data and related statistics. The report alsopresents indicators of the energy intensity of each manufacturing sector,as well as an estimate of the cost of energy versus other inputs toproduction for each sector.

19860107 Labor Market Performance In Kenya: The Importance of Institutions.

Agency tor International Development, Washington, D.C. J. R. Harris.November 1986. 67pp.The purpose of the study is to examine how Kenyan labor markets haveworked in recent years and identify the role that specific institutions havehad on mediating the impact of various policies. A second purpose is toset employment policies and labor-market performance within the contextof the economic, political, and physical forces that they operate.

19870174 National Security Implications of the 1984 Drought In Kenya.

Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. PeterG. Atambo. March 1987. 30pp.This paper analyzes the causes of the 1984drought in Kenya and howtheKenyan government reacted to the situation. Kenya had previously en-joyed good climatic conditions, and the rain had enabled production ofgood harvests. It should be noted that the country's economy dependslargely on agriculture. The manner in which the Kenyan governmenthandled the famine that was caused by the 1984 drought should serve asan example for other drought- stricken countries to follow. But the political

Frameatmosphere in the respective countries will determine the degree ofsuccess there. The international community responded very generously.The author suggests that the African countries maintain the friendlyrelations that exist now with these people, because drought is a recurringphenomenon and it cannot be fought single-handedly.

Liberia1985

0204 Development Management In Africa: The Case of the AgricultureAnalysis and Planning Project In Liberia.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Center forDevelopment Information and Evaluation. Chris Hermann, MargaretShaw, and John Hannah. December 1985. 63pp.The central objective of the Agriculture Analysis and Planning Project andits predecessor, the Agriculture Development Program, was to improvethe data collection and analysis capability, necessary for sector plan-nings, of the government of Liberia's Ministry of Agriculture. Key lessonslearned are: sustainable data-related technologies must be simple andlow-cost, but sufficient for basic information requirements; the transfer oftechnology creates management demands that must be anticipated andused as criteria in selecting technical assistance; technical assistanceand training must be continuous to assure that gains made are not lost;in-country training must be emphasized to minimize the disruption ofagency operations; necessary organizational changes must be antici-pated; advisers should provide quality control and staff support if theagency does not; project planning should be flexible.

19870267 Liberia: Need to Improve Accountability and Control over U.S.

Assistance.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. July 1987. 44pp.The study examined the U.S. economic, food, and security assistanceprograms to Liberia since 1980 to determine whether controls over U.S.funds are adequate. The programs reviewed included the EconomicSupport Fund (ESF), Development Assistance (DA), Public Law (P.L.)480 Title I food aid, and the barracks construction component of militaryassistance. The analysis did not cover Peace Corps programs or thenonconstruction elements of military assistance.

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Malawi

19870311 Malawi's Agricultural Export Strategy and Implications for Income

Distribution.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. International Econom-ics Division. Robert Christiansen andJ. G. Kydd. March 1987. 73pp.Malawi is widely regarded as one of the few examples of successfuldevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa. Malawi's growth during the 1960sand 1970s was based almost entirely on an agricultural export strategyfeaturing tobacco, sugar, and tea Given the current prominence ofagricultural export strategies in the recommendations of multilateral aidagencies, it is worth analyzing the impact of one such strategy on incomedistribution in a country whose growth performance is generally wellregarded. For Malawi, the specifics of that strategy had significant conse-quences for income distribution. While there is evidence that distributionequity in the country has declined, it is correctable without adverselyaffecting the export orientation of the country's development strategy.

Mali1985

0384 Negotiating and Programming Food Aid: A Review of Success. P.L480 Pilot Case Studies—Tunisia Title I and Mall Title II, Section 206.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Bureau forFood for Peace and Voluntary Assistance. Richard Newberg, AliceMorton, and David Harmon. January 1985. 147pp.Five case studies—stressing self-help measures (SHMs) and localcurrency use—of P.L. 480 country food aid programs were prepared. Thefirst two studies are of the Tunisia Title I program and the Mali Title II,Section 206 program and are pilot efforts to test the evaluation approach.The three later studies examine the Title I and III programs in Haiti and theTitle I programs in Pakistan and Zambia.

19860531 Evaluation of the African Food Assistance Program 1984-1985:

Mall.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Albert R. Baron,Peter Hammond, andH. D. SwarUendruber. July 1986. 245pp.The purposes of the evaluation were to: analyze the impact, timelinessand appropriateness of emergency food aid efforts in Mali in 1984-1985;from this analysis derive and recommend practical measures to improve

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future programming and impact; and to consider, at the same time, waysto program for emergency food assistance in Mali to support national foodstrategies, including rehabilitation and longer term development.

Niger

19850776 Niger: A Country Profile.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Office of For-eign Disaster Assistance. Mary M. Rubino. April 1985. 78pp.The country profile of Niger is part of a series designed to provide baselinecountry data in support of the planning and relief operations of the Officeof U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). Content, scope, and sourceshave evolved over the course of the last several years and the relativelynarrow focus is intentional.

0854 Development Management In Africa: The Case of the Nalmey De-partment Project In Niger.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Thomas M.Painter, Roger J. Poulin, David Harmon, and Douglas Barnett. December1985. 91pp.The Naimey Department Development II (NDDII) Project, begun in 1980,was designed to institutionalize a process of rural development byestablishing self-managed village organizations to help farm familiesincrease food production on a self-sustaining basis. Major efforts haveincluded establishment of training centers to train farm couples inimproved production and extension techniques, establishing coopera-tives and village-level mutual co-operative groups, training cooperativeofficers in literacy and arithmetic skills, and promoting cooperation amongthe Niger Government's district-level technicial services in the four projectzones. After several years of operation, NDD It's capacity to enhance ruraldevelopment remains limited.

Nigeria1986

0945 Nigeria: An Export Market Profile.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. International Econom-ics Division. Carl Mabbs-Zeno. April 1986. 60pp.Nigeria's agricultural imports have grown more rapidly since 1974 thanthose of most other countries. About one-quarter of these imports havecome from the United States, including almost all of Nigeria's imported

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grains, principally corn and wheat. By 1990, Nigeria may import almost2.2 million tons of wheat annually, up from 1.5 million tons in 1983, andmore than 750,000 tons of corn, up from just over 400,000 tons in 1983.Short-term debt repayment obligations limit immediate prospects forgreater growth rates, but the large population (more than 90 million),established petroleum industry, and a slowly developing agriculturalsector assure substantial import demand for many years to come. Newcompetitors forthis market will challenge the U.S. market share, althoughthe United States will probably remain a major supplier.

1005 Private Foreign Investment In Nigerian Agriculture.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Economic ResearchService. Carl C. Mabbs-Zeno. October 1986. 23pp.Nigerian policies have tended to support foreign investment since na-tional independence, but agriculture has attracted little foreign capital.The government favors private ownership, but it accepted a large role inagriculture. The response to a declining agricultural sector and a recentdecline in export earnings from petroleum has been an array of programsdirected toward enhancing foreign and private agricultural investment op-portunities. This report concludes that most of these programs havelimited potential to improve agricultural productivity at the national level,although effects of import bans and currency devaluation will be exten-sive.

Reel 9Rwanda

19860001 A History of the USAID (United States Agency for International

Development) Program In Rwanda, 1962-1985.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. LynnE. Grosz.April 1986. 49pp.The history traces the growth of a U.S. foreign aid program in Rwandafrom 1962 to 1985. In so doing, it occasionally reflects both eventsoccurring globally, vis-a-vis U.S. international development policy, andevents within Rwanda that affect the two governments' developmentplanning. It relates how specific projects were developed from conceptionto implementation.

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0050 Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises: Rwanda.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Andrew D.Cao. May 21, 1986. 46pp.Contents: purpose of project; scope of work; executive summary; countryassessment; critical issue—selection criteria; recommended follow-up;terms of reference; appendices.

19870096 Financial Sector Review of Rwanda.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D. C. Susan Goldmark.January 1987. 103pp.The study's objective was to provide an overview of Rwanda's financialsystem as a first stage to later studies that may examine the relationshipbetween capital market policies and enterprise development and produc-tive employment generation. The specific scope of work for the assign-ment was to prepare a summary report describing the findings concern ingthe financial system, its structure, current patterns of operations, strengthsand weaknesses, and make suggestions to the Rwanda government con-cerning changes in policies, banking procedures, or projects that mightserve to improve the effectiveness with which the financial systemoperates.

Senegal

19850199 Senegal Agricultural Policy Analysis.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Axel Magnu-son, Steven Block, Jacqueline Damon, John Eriksen, and Sheldon Cellar.April 1985. 301pp.Senegal's agricultural policy is analyzed. The report delineates the pivotalrole of agriculture, both subsistence and commercial, in Senegal's econ-omy and describes the interplay of land, population, and economics increating an increasingly severe structural food deficit; reviews the evolu-tion of Senegal's agricultural and economic crises, the repeated attemptsto reform agricultural policies, and the government's new agriculturalpolicy; analyzes the competing national goals of food security and foodself-sufficiency and the implications for crop mix policy; analyzes regionalpotentials and how specific policy changes could optimize the compara-tive advantage of these zones; presents recommendations for AID policylevel assistance.

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0500 Development Management In Africa: The Case of the Bakel SmallIrrigated Perimeters Project In Senegal.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Center forDevelopment Information and Evaluation. Matt Seymour, Laura McPher-son, and David Harmon. December 1985. 112pp.The Bakel Small Irrigated Perimeters (BSIP) project was initiated in 1977to introduce irrigated rice agriculture to the upper reaches of the SenegalRiver Basin. The management strategy was to build on the efforts begunby farmers to install small irrigated perimeters. The project worked withthe Senegalese parastatal agency, the National Society for the Develop-ment and Exploitation of the Senegal and Faleme River Basin (SAED), tosupply farmers with inputs and extension services, while farmers suppliedlabor to develop the perimeters. Although the project met only 50 percentof its quantitative output objectives, its accomplishments are importantbecause of farmer acceptance of irrigation technologies, increasedfarmer participation in the project, and flexible SAED management.

19870612 Mission on Privatization: Senegal.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Bureau forPrivate Enterprise. Jean de la Giroday. February 20, 1987. 45pp.Contents: Status of privatization of Senegal; Recommendations; Privati-zation potential; The financing of privatization; Conclusion; Appendix I;Appendix II; Appendix III.

Somalia

19850660 A Soil and Water Conservation Project In Two Sites in Somalia:

Seventeen Years Later.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Center forDevelopment Information and Evaluation. John W. McCarthy, CynthiaClapp-Wincek, Steven Londner, andAbby Thomas. August 1985.54pp.In the early 1960s, the AID and the Somali Ministry of Agriculture andAnimal Husbandry carried out a soil and water conservation project, thebunding of a cultivated watershed in the northwest. The project wasintended to deliver conservation of the eroding topsoil and farm irrigationby arresting and concentrating the rainwater that runs off the hills duringspring storms. The project aimed to demonstrate an easily replicabletechnology, water gathering, which could substantially increase grainproduction in other similar areas during years of subnormal to goodrainfall, although not during years of drought. An evaluation showed that

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the scale of the AID bunding project was not so great as to create majoradverse impacts on local herding; it enhanced the dry-farming activitywithout seriously supplanting the area's economic mainstay; however,the author suggests that the policy most likely to lead to long-term foodsecurity is probably not a global drive to intensify and extend cropagriculture, but one that exploits each area's profile of productive strengths.

South Africa

19850714 South Africa: A United States Policy Dilemma.

Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.Nicholas J. Bums. March 1985. 48pp.Industrial western economies depend on the continued access to theminerals of South Africa and the free passage of ships through the watersaround South Africa. The Soviet Union has increased its influence in thearea. This study examines U.S. policy toward the region, some of thedevelopments in South Africa, and the possible participation of theDepartment of Defense within the framework of the policy. Considerationis given to the personnel in the region and the possible effect they will haveon increased U.S. involvement.1986

0762 P. W. Botha, Military Intelligence and the Space Research Corpora-tion: Clandestine Operations and the Rise of a New Order In SouthAfrica.Defense Intelligence College, Washington, D.C. Robert J. Rae. January1986. 162pp.This study defines the threshold at which the South African government'suse of clandestine agencies to procure arms becomes acceptable.Analysis of South African action in contravention of the 1963 armsembargo reveals that the availability of alternative sources of supply,limited capability to operate overseas, and the absence of an externalthreat served to limit South Africa's need clandestinely to circumventprohibitions prior to 1976. It is shown that the state was driven to acquirearms not by the imposition of a mandatory arms embargo in 1977 but bythe press of events occurring in southern Africa in 1975. South Africanmilitary vulnerabilities exhibited in Angola, however, did not precipitatewidespread use of clandestine operations to acquire weaponry. Never-theless, in the case of South African involvement with the Space Re-search Corporation (SRC), clandestine activities were undertaken toobtain 155mm howitzers and their attendant technology to overcome

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specific military vulnerabilities made evident on the fields of battle. TheSRC episode, as revealed in this study, is significant not only as areflection of the mechanics of South African intellegence operations butalso of considerable value to analyze the dynamics of South Africandomestic politics to include the rise of a reformist coalition under P. W.Botha.

0924 The Growing Political Influence of the South African Military.AirWarCollege, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. JamesT. Murray. March 1986. 30pp.This report analyzes the role of the South African Defense Force in currentpolitical decision making. The rise of Afrikaner nationalism and itscoinciding impact on the military is traced. The white South African societyhas become more militarized with the government's Total Onslaught/Total Strategy concept. As the military establishment has grown tocounter the perceived threat, h has gained political influence to the extentsome feel it is the dominant policy making institution in South Africa today.

0954 To the Right of Constructive Engagement: An Alternative Approachtoward South Africa.U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. James G.Manning, Jr. March 5, 1986. 23pp.The basic question is how can the U nited States best persuade and assistthe South African govern ment to end apartheid without forcing the count ryinto the hands of a pro-Soviet regime. Racial segregation has been theway of life in South Africa for more than three hundred years. Since theTruman administration there have been continuing efforts by the UnitedStates to have the South African government ease its apartheid policies.Unfortunately, the methods used have done little to change the situation.There are presently two solutions being offered. The one receiving thegreatest amount of congressional support requires economic sanctionsand proposes complete disinvestment. The premise is that if enoughfinancial pressure is exerted, the government will end its discriminatorypractices. Opponents argue this would only cause hardship for the blackpopulation and lead to more violence. They propose that the UnitedStates continue its efforts to bring about reform through the policy ofconstructive engagement. This policy, however, has been applied in amanner that favors leftist regimes in southern Africa and is punitive toSouth Africa. The author suggests that the policy of constructive engage-ment should be scrapped and a concerted effort made to assist in bringingabout change in South Africa through a policy of pressure.

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Reel 10South Africa cont.

1986 co nt.0001 Ending Apartneld In South Africa: Alternative Approaches.

U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. ArthurT. Dean.April 7, 1986. 42pp.The government of South Africa is a divided society that is organized andoperated on a policy based on racial domination. The original whites thatsettled in South Africa created the racial groups and contributed to theproblems by engaging in interracial sex. In 1948, the election of theNationalist party officially created apartheid. The government's system ofrepressive racial laws is designed to racially dominate blacks and dividethe races in every way possible. Separateness became the way of life andwas enforced by the government. As blacks began to express anddemand freedom, the government developed a policy of violence andtorture. Many blacks have been killed, jailed, or their organizations out-lawed. In July 1985, a state of emergency was declared, which resultedin a worldwide condemnation of South Africa and apartheid. The racialunrest has turned into a race war. The author concludes that the U.S.policy of "constructive engagement" has failed and even caused condi-tions over the past five years in South Africa to become worse. PresidentReagan's passage of sanctions indicated that he realized his policy hadfailed. The United States needs to adopt a policy of constructive confron-tation that openly criticizes apartheid. With a new bold role, the UnitedStates may be able to cause black majority rule to become a reality withoutSouth Africa undergoing a bloody race war.

0043 South Africa and Critical Materials.U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Division of MineralPolicy and Analysis, Bureau of Mines. July 23, 1986. 85pp.In September 1985, the chairman of the Transportation, Aviation andMaterials Subcommittee of the House of Representatives requested thatthe director of the Bureau of Mines address the issue of South Africa andcritical materials dependency in testimony before the subcommittee.Subsequent to the testimony, the bureau prepared a technical reportfocusing on the importance of South Africa and, in some cases, itsneighboring countries as suppliers of six key materials: chromium, man-ganese, platinum-group metals, cobalt, gold, and vanadium. The reportincludes a qualitative analysis that examines the supply shortfall resultingfrom a potential disruption, options that are available for mitigating the

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impact and their likely effectiveness, and quantitative analyses thatestimate the economic impacts in the chromium and manganese marketsresulting from peacetime disruption scenarios specified by the subcom-mittee chairman. The concluding section addresses the role and capabili-ties of the Bureau of Mines in dealing with mineral supply disruptions.

0128 Availability of Strategic and Critical Minerals: Role of the Republicof South Africa.U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, B.C. Division of MineralPolicy and Analysis, Bureau of Mines. October 28, 1986. 117pp.Possible consequences of continuing internal political unrest and theimposition of foreign sanctions raise concerns about the traditionalreliability of the Republic of South Africa as a major world supplier ofimportant minerals. A recent Bureau of Mines technical report (Open FileReport 76-86) examined the impact of temporary peacetime disruptionscenarios for six key materials (chromium, cobalt, gold, manganese,platinum-group metals, and vanadium) and mitigating options. Becauseof South Africa's dominant producer position for these minerals (exceptcobalt), expansion of primary production capacity outside of South Africais not a short-term mitigative option; however, prospects of a longer termdisruption would likely spur investment in capacity expansion in alterna-tive market economy country (MEG) supply sources. This report identifiesthe resources, production costs, and burdens that would be placed onalternative MEG producers of chromium, manganese, cobalt, gold, andplatinum-group minerals if South Africa's production were subject to along-term disruption. When long-term supplies from South African depos-its are discounted, more than a few years' reserves were found only forcobalt and manganese. Even for these two minerals, higher sustainedprices would be required to increase manganese production capacity andto support means of cobalt transportation without passaage throughSouth Africa.1987

0245 U.S. National Security Policy and Sanctions: The U.S. Arms Em-bargo Against South Africa.Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. ShirleySue Gay. May 1987. 33pp.Outlines background of U.S. arms embargo against South Africa andenforcement policies of each administration. Describes effects of armsembargo on South Africa. Looks at problems involved in enforcing armsembargo and how these might affect general economic sanctions againstSouth Africa.

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0278 South Africa: Status Report on Implementation of the Comprehen-sive Anti-Apartheid Act.General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. National Security andInternal Affairs Division. October 1987. 35pp.The report reviews the status of the administration's implementation ofthe Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, as amended (Public Law99-440,22 U.S.C. 5001 etseq.). The authors examine the administration'scompliance with the deadlines and policy objectives of the act, itsenforcement of the act, the operation of assistance programs designed tohelp the victims of apartheid, and administration efforts to obtain multi-lateral cooperation for sanctions against South Africa.

19880313 Postapartheld South Africa: The Solution for a Democratic and

Nonracial Regime.U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Altoune Diop.March 25, 1988. 63pp.The situation in South Africa has obviously reached a status of stalemate:The various reforms undertaken by the white-only government, mainlyTricameral Parliament, have not been a motive of internal or externalsatisfaction. While a growing rightwing white minority has joined theconstitutional establishment, the African National Congress (ANC) isgaining worldwide recognition and a status of an unavoidable partner inany meaningful negotiation, and the KWAZULUINDABA is not a convinc-ing model. On the other hand, the international community, definitelyopposed to the apartheid regime, is questioning what role it should playnext to bring about change in South Africa, in regard to the two mainissues of political power sharing and socioeconomic wealth redistribution.Meanwhile, the spectrum of violence is still alive. The main questionsaddressed in this study are: What are the appropriate strategies to bringabout political changes in South Africa? What type of political regime willpromote a democratic and nonracial postapartheid society while safe-guarding the rights of all citizens? Who should contribute to this solution?What are the prerequisites to be met before? This study explores thevarious strategies—political, economic, sociocultural, military—availableto internal as well as external actors, in order to breed fundamentalchanges. It reviews the current main proposals in regard to political powersharing, before presenting its masterpiece of constitutional framework ofa Federation of South Africa, democratic and nonracial. A final part isdedicated to the prerequisites of such a peaceful negotiation solution and

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the critical roles that external actors like the United States, the Organiza-tion of African Unity (OAU), and the United Nations should play to bringall parties to the negotiating table and guarantee the various agreementsreached.

Sudan

19850376 Sudan: Policy Reforms and Prospects for Agricultural Recovery

After the Drought.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. International Econom-ics Division. Brian C. D'Silva. September 1985. 47pp.Economic problems and a severe drought negatively affected Sudan, alargely agricultural country. Prior to the drought, the government enacteda series of policy reforms to improve agricultural productivity and increaseexports, including adjustments in exchange rates, higherproducerprices,institutional changes in the irrigated subsector, and reduction of con-sumer subsidies on wheat bread, petroleum products, and sugar. Thestructural diversity of Sudan's agricultural sector in terms of locus ofdecision making, input and output price determination, and use ofimported inputs, however, worked against across-the-board reform. Theseverity of the drought also blunted the effects of policy changes—reducing agricultural production, increasing food dependency on foreignsuppliers, and causing massive population dislocation. After the drought,policy options remaining open to the government focus on achievinghigher export earnings and a greater degree of food self-sufficiency.

19860423 Sudan: Conditions on U.S. Economic Aid.

General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. National Security andInternational Affairs Division. June 1986. 17pp.Contents: Conditioned ESF assistance to Sudan Conditions set by theUnited States, Sudan's compliance with U.S. conditions, factors influenc-ing compliance, ESF expenditures and U.S. goals, AID conditions in itsESF program.1985

0440 Sudan's Irrigated Subsector: Issues for Policy Analysis.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. International Econom-ics Division. Brian C. D'Silva. September 1985. 35pp.Sudan's present economic crisis suggests a need for evaluating the roleof its irrigated subsector, the largest in sub-Saharan Africa, in agricultural

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and economic recovery. The present system of production in the subsec-tor results in a suboptimal use of imported inputs like fertilizer. The needfor such an evaluation centers on changes in cropping patterns, in insti-tutions, and in production technologies that will help generate foreignexchange earnings, government revenues, and farm sector income.

Tanzania

19840475 Underf Inanclng of Social Services In Tanzania: The Case of Primary

Health Care.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. David W.Dunlop. February 1984. 84pp.The purpose of the paper is three-fold. First, a review of the macroecon-omic situation in Tanzania is conducted to identify how it affects thefinancing and delivery of health care including Maternal and Child Health(MCH) services particularly provided by government in rural areas.Second, an analysis is conducted of the expansion of the health caresector, particularly since 1971. The demand for health care services andthe financing of those services in conjunction with the recurrent costs ofthe publically provided health services are also analyzed. These analysesprovide a background for the third component, which specifically ad-dresses the cost of utilization of provided MCH services utilizing the MCHaides trained via the AID-financed project.

Zaire1985

0559 Report of the United States Presidential Agricultural Task Force toZaire.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Benjamin F.Payton. February 1985. 76pp.A U.S. Presidential Agricultural Task Force visited Zaire to help identifyways to strengthen the country's agricultural sector. Zaire's potential tobecome the breadbasket of Africa greatly impressed the team, whichassessed and provided recommendations in regard to sector policy;agricultural finances, research, extension, and higher education; humanresource development; agricultural production and input supply; forestry;and livestock resources.

Frame

0635 Development Management In Africa: The Case of the North ShabaRural Development Project In Zaire.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Office of Evalu-ation. Irving Rosenthal, Leroy Jackson, Ruth Mara, and Laura McPher-son. December 1985. 93pp.The 10-year North Shaba Maize Production Project is evaluated as a casestudy in development project design and management. Major findings arethat (1) the number of new and rebuilt roads and bridges were on target;(2) production and marketing of maize exceeded targets; (3) the generaleconomic condition of beneficiaries improved afterthe commencement ofproject activities; and (4) pressure by the project helped achieve a higherfarm gate price, which, while not a stated project goal, contributed to theproject's success. Findings on the project's management strategy wereboth positive and negative. On the positive side, the project establishedan effective management unit under the direction of qualified Zairois andachieved a high level of local participation; also, the government of Zaireprovided project cadre who were motivated, capable, and well trained asmanagers.

19860728 Zaire: A Country Profile.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Office of For-eign Disaster Assistance. December 1986. 73pp.The profile of Zaire is part of a series designed to provide baseline countrydata in support of the planning and relief operations of the Office of U.S.Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). Content, scope, and sources haveevolved over the course of the last several years; the relatively narrowfocus is intentional. Included is information on government, disasterpreparedness, population, and power and communications.

19870801 The Defense of Third World Nations: The Case of Zaire.

U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Hiba-NamiMalumba. May 15, 1987.23pp.Since 1960 the drive toward independence broke over Africa like tidalwaves after many years marked by the penetration of European powersin the continent, who took part in the great commercial and politicaladventure called colonialism seeking resources, markets, settlement,and religious conversion. The objective of this essay is to explain howZairian natives handled the heavy responsibilities that came with freedomin spite of any policy of preparation by colonial power, especially in thedomain of the army. The buildup of Zairian armed forces, as explained in

Frame

the essay, was one of the problems not previously faced by natives whonever before had been assigned to a key position in the army. Regardlessof all obstacles, the change has been so drastic that after a few years arespectable army was given to the country with all services needed for itsstability.

19880824 Analysis of the National Security of the Republic of Zaire.

U.S. Army WarCollege, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. UdjangaUngeyi.March 29, 1988. 79pp.The author feels that the preliminary objective of any nation in the worldis to provide its people with a safe, secure feeling and to protect its nationalsovereignty and territorial integrity, and that the Republic of Zaire, eversince the first day of independence on June 30,1960, has been a victimof several dramatic disconcerts that have greatly jeopardized progresstoward better economic-social development. The author hopes that thereader will share his thoughts and will support either physically or morallythe Republic of Zaire to strengthen its defense system capability, in orderto prevent an obscure future. Zaire shall remain a land where all Zairianpeople and other nationalities will continue to enjoy, without fear, a truefreedom, democracy, and the benefits of development programs andefforts.

SUBJECT INDEXThe following index is a guide to the major subjects of this collection. The first Arabic

number refers to the reel and the Arabic number after the colon refers to the framenumber at which a particular subject begins. As an example, the entry 8:0043 woulddirect the researcher to a document that begins at Frame 0043 of Reel 8. By referringto the Reel Index, which constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher couldfind the main entry for this subject.

African National Congress (ANC)see South Africa

Afrlcare7:0204

Agricultural Trade Development andAssistance Act of 1954

6:0152Agriculture

development projects 2: 0815, 0870;4:0588; 8:0204; 10: 0635

famine 2: 0968; 4: 0284, 0878;5: 0001; 7: 0349; 8: 0174, 0531

food security 9: 0199foreign investment 8:1005land tenure 3: 0570, 0819; 4: 0029livestock development 4: 0029national food strategies—Senegal

9:0199national food strategies—Zaire

10:0559policy reforms 5:0709; 10: 0376semi-arid technology 1: 0389soil and water conservation 9:0660trade

export strategies 8: 0311;10:0376

general 6: 0001, 0091, 0152imports 4: 0284; 5: 0761; 7:1046;

8:0945

training programs 8: 0854see also Distaster relief; Famine;

IrrigationAID

agricultural projects 4: 0588conditions for assistance 10: 0423congressional presentations

3: 0001; 5: 0143; 6: 0355development management 2: 0870disaster relief 4: 0878irrigation 2: 0539private sector projects 4: 0228;

7: 0754Rwanda program 9: 0001, 0096Sahel region 2: 0500; 4: 0704soil and water conservation 9: 0660

Angola7:0174

Apartheid9:0954;10:0001,0278,0313

Arab Interests3: 0981

Bakel Small Irrigated PerimetersProject

9:0500Burkina Faso

famine relief program 2: 0968rural devebpment projects 7: 0204workshop held in 1: 0389

Capitalismsee Privatization

ChadAID presentations 5: 0143famine relief programs 7: 0349

Communications1:0001;10:0728

Conservationsee Resource management

Disaster relief10:0728see also Famine; OFDA

DjiboutiAID presentation 5:0143U.S. strategic interests 6:1023

East Africa6: 0912

Ecologysee Resource management

Economic developmentbanking 9:0096communications 1:0001debt, foreign 5: 0826Economic Community of West

African States 5: 0599economic reforms 2: 0500; 5: 0709export strategies 8: 0311fiscal austerity 5: 0761foreign aid—disaster relief 2: 0815;

4: 0588; 5: 0709; 6: 0091, 0152;8:0531,8:0854

foreign investment 2:0097, 0968;7:0978;8:1005

river basin 3: 0819; 9: 0500rural 1: 0752; 7: 0204; 10:0635urban 1: 0752; 2: 0922; 6: 0912women 1:0187see also Agriculture; AID; Exports;

Imports; Labor; PrivatizationEducation

Niger 8: 0854sub-Sahara 1:0187

ESF5: 0143; 8: 0267; 10:0423

Ethiopiacivil war 7:0543

conflicts with Somalia, Sudan7:0543

famine 4: 0284U.S. interests 6:1023

Exportsagriculture 6: 0001; 8: 0311; 10: 0376

Faminerelief programs 2: 0968; 4: 0284,

0878; 5: 0001; 6: 0091, 0152;7: 0349; 8: 0384

U.S. response to 4:0878; 5:0001Food aid

see Pubic law 480French Interests

general 5: 0599; 6:1023Ivory Coast 7:1046

Gambiaprivatization 7: 0654

Guineaprivatization—Conakry 7: 0754U.S. investment 7: 0978

Health carsTanzania 10: 0475

Horn of AfricaU.S. strategic interests 6:1023

Importsfood 4: 0284; 5: 0761; 6: 0001, 0091,

0152;8:0945oil 5: 0826

IrrigationSenegal 9: 0500sub-Sahara 2: 0539; 3: 0819Sudan 10:0440

Ivory Coastimports 7:1046privatization 7:1015

KenyaAID presentations 5:0143drought 8:0174industrial energy consumption

8:0043labor performance 8:0107 •military 8: 0001U.S. interests 3: 0981

Labor1:0087; 2: 0097; 8: 0107

LiberiaAID presentations 5: 0143development programs 8:0204U.S. interests 3: 0981

Livestock4: 0029; 6: 0001see also Agriculture

Malawiexport strategy 8: 0311

Malleconomic reforms 5: 0709famine relief program 2:0968;

8: 0384, 0531Maps

land tenure 3: 0570population 1: 0187

Mauritaniafamine relief program 2:0968

Military IntelligenceSouth Africa 9:0762see also War

Mines; minerals10:0043,0128

Mozambique7:0174

Namibiacivil war 4:0394U.S. interests 7: 0174

Nigereconomic profile 8: 0776rural development 8: 0854

Nigeriaagricultural imports 8: 0945foreign investment 8:1005U.S. interests 3: 0981West African community 5:0599

OFDA8: 0776; 10:0728

Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development

6: 0167Organization of African Unity

10:0313Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation

7: 0978

PrivatizationGambia 7: 0654Guinea 7: 0754, 0978Ivory Coast 7:1015Rwanda 9: 0050Senegal 9:0612sub-Sahara 4: 0229Sudan 1:0840

Public Law 4806:0091.0152;8:0267,0384

Public Law 99-44010:0278

Resource managementenergy consumption 8: 0043soil and water conservation 6: 0912;

9: 0660see also Agriculture; Economic

developmentRhodesia

see ZimbabweRwanda

AID program 9: 0001financial sector review 9: 0096privatization 9: 0050

Sahel regionagricultural development 4: 0704economic development 2:0500food crisis 4: 0284

Save the Children Federation7:0204

Senegalagricultural policies 9: 0199AID presentation 5:0143famine relief program 2:0968irrigation projects 9: 0500privatization 9: 0612

Seychelles5:0143

Socialismsee Economic development

Somaliaagricultural reform 5: 0709AID presentation 5:0143Arab interests 3:0981conflicts with Ethiopia 7: 0543conservation projects 9:0660

Somalia cont.famine relief programs 2:0968U.S. interests 3: 0981; 6:1023

South AfricaAfrican National Congress 10: 0312apartheid 10: 0001, 0278. 0313arms embargoes 9: 0762; 10: 0245military 9: 0924rail system 7: 0001U.S. interests—constructive

engagement 2: 0001; 7: 0174;9: 0954

U.S. interests—critical materials9:0714;10:0043,0128

Southern Africa7:0174

Soviet threat2: 0698; 4: 0001; 9: 0714

Space Research Corporation9: 0762

Sudanagricultural policies 10: 0376civil war 4:0394conflicts with Ethiopia 7: 0543economic development—private

sector 1:0840foreign aid 10:0423generalS: 0143irrigation 10: 0440U.S. interests 3: 0981; 6:1023

Tanzaniahealth care 10:0475

Technologysee Agriculture; Communications

Transportationdevelopment projects 10:0635leverage in diplomacy 7: 0001

Tunisiafamine relief 8: 0384

U.S. Interestseconomic

Guinea 7: 0754, 0978Ivory Coast 7:1046Liberia 8: 0267Nigeria 8: 0945

South Africa 2: 0001; 9: 0714;10:0043

political, conflict resolutionNamibia 4: 0394Sudan 4: 0394Zimbabwe 4: 0394

South Africa 2: 0001; 9: 0762, 0954;10:0001,0245,0278,0313

strategicEthiopia 7: 0543Horn of Africa 6:1023South Africa 2:0001; 7: 0174;

10:0128Soviet threat 2: 0698; 4: 0001

Sub-Sahara 3: 0981see also AID

WarEthiopia 7: 0543Horn of Africa 6:1023Kenya military 8: 0001Namibia 4: 0394Somalia 7: 0543Sudan—civil war 4: 0394Sudan—conflicts with Ethiopia

7:0543Zaire military 10:0801Zimbabwe 4: 0394see also Military intelligence

West Africaregional defense 5:0599regional trade 6: 0001

Women's rolassub-Sahara 1:0187

Zaireagricultural reform 5: 0709; 10: 0559development projects 10:0635economic profile 10: 0728military 10:0801national security 10: 0824U.S. interests 3: 0981

Zambiaagricultural reform 5: 0709famine relief 8: 0384

Zimbabweagricultural reform 5: 0709indeoendence 4: 0394

THE SPECIAL STUDIES SERIES

Africa, 1962-1988Asia, 1980-1988

China, 1970-1980Drugs,1972-1986

Europe and NATO, 1970-1988Immigration, 1969-1988

International Trade, 1971-1988Japan, Korea, and the Security of Asia,

1970-1980Latin America, 1962-1988Middle East, 1970-1988

Multinational Corporations, OPEC, Cartels,Foreign Investments, and Technology Transfer,

1971-1988Nuclear Weapons, Arms Control, and the Threat

of Thermonuclear War, 1969-1988The Soviet Union, 1970-1988

Terrorism, 1975-1988Vietnam and Southeast Asia, 1960-1980

UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA