A Guide for Writing Research Papers APA Style

8/12/2019 A Guide for Writing Research Papers APA Style

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A Guide for Writing Research Papers

based on Styles Recommended by

The American Psychological Association

The purpose of this document is to provide a common core of elements of APA style that all

members of an academic department can adopt as minimal standards for any assignment that

specifies APA style. This Web document is itself nota model of APA style. For an example of a

complete article formatted according to APA style go to

http!""###.vanguard.edu"uploadedfiles"faculty"ddegelman"prayer.pdf. For an example of an

undergraduate research proposal go to

http!""###.vanguard.edu"uploadedfiles"faculty"ddegelman"psychproposal.pdf. To do#nload a

$icrosoft Word template of an APA%style paper go to

http!""###.vanguard.edu"emplibrary"files"psychapa.doc.

I. General &ocument Guidelines

A. Margins:One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)B. Font Size and Type:12-pt. font (Times Roman or Courier are acceptable

typefaces)

C. Spacing:ouble-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, bodyof the document, references, appendi!es, footnotes, tables, and figure captions.

D. Alignment:"lush left (creating une#en right margin)

E. Paragraph Indentation:$-% spaces

F. Pagination:The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper onthe first line of e#ery page (e!ceptFigures), beginning &ith the title page.

G. Manuscript Page Header:The first t&o or three &ords of the paper title appear fi#espaces to the left of the page number on e#ery page (e!cept Figures), beginning&ith the title page. 'anuscript page headers are used to identify manuscript pages

during the editorial process. sing most &ord processors, the manuscript pageheader and page number can be inserted into a header, &hich then automaticallyappears on all pages.

H. Active voice:s a general rule, use the acti#e #oice rather than the passi#e #oice."or e!ample, use *+e predicted that ...* rather than *t &as predicted that ...*

I. Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, 'ody, References,Appendixes,Footnotes, Tables,Figure (aptions, Figures

II. Title Page

A. Pagination:The Title age is page 1.

B. Key lements:aper title, author(s), author affiliation(s), and running head.

C. Paper Title:ppercase and lo&ercase letters, centered on the page.

D.Author(s):ppercase and lo&ercase letters, centered on the line follo&ing the

title.

E. Institutional affiliation:ppercase and lo&ercase letters, centered on the linefollo&ing the author(s).

F. !unning head:The running head is typed flush left (all uppercase) follo&ing the&ords *Running head* on the line belo& the manuscript page header. t should note!ceed $/ characters, including punctuation and spacing. The running head is ashort title that appears at the top of pages of published articles.

G. "ample of APA#formatted Title Page:http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"titlepage.pdf

III. Abstract!The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most importantelements of the paper.

A. Pagination:The abstract begins on a ne& page (page 2).B. Heading:bstract (centered on the first line belo& the manuscript page

header)

C. Format:The abstract (in bloc0 format) begins on the line follo&ing the bstractheading. The abstract should not e!ceed 12/ &ords. ll numbers in the abstract(e!cept those beginning a sentence) should be typed as digits rather than&ords.

D. "ample of APA#formatted A$stract:http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"abstract.pdf

IV. 'ody

A. Pagination:The body of the paper begins on a ne& page (page ). ubsections ofthe body of the paper do notbegin on ne& pages.

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B. Title:The title of the paper (in uppercase and lo&ercase letters) is centered on thefirst line belo& the manuscript page header.

C. Introduction:The introduction (&hich is not labeled) begins on the line follo&ing thepaper title.

D. Headings:3eadings are used to organi4e the document and reflect the relati#eimportance of sections. "or e!ample, many empirical research articles utili4e 'ethod,

Results, iscussion, and References headings. n turn, the 'ethod section often hassubheadings of Participants,Apparatus, and Procedure. "or an e!ample of -formatted headings, go to http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"headings.pdf

1. 'ain headings (&hen the paper has either one or t&o le#els of headings)use centered uppercase and lo&ercase letters (e.g., 'ethod, Results,iscussion, and References).

2. ubheadings (&hen the paper has t&o le#els of headings) are italici4ed anduse flush left, uppercase and lo&ercase letters (e.g., Participants,Apparatus,and Procedureas subsections of the 'ethod section).

V. Text citations!ource material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing theauthor(s) and date(s) of the sources. The underlying principle is that ideas and &ords of

others must be formally ac0no&ledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from thelist of references that follo&s the body of the paper.

. +hen the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of thesentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses follo&ing the identificationof the authors. Consider the follo&ing e!ample

+irth and 'itchell (1556) found that although there &as a reduction in insulin dosageo#er a period of t&o &ee0s in the treatment condition compared to the controlcondition, the difference &as not statistically significant. 7)ote!andis used &henmultiple authors are identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence.Compare this to the e!ample in the follo&ing section.8

B.+hen the authors of a source are notpart of the formal structure of the sentence,

both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated bysemicolons. Consider the follo&ing e!ample

Re#ie&s of research on religion and health ha#e concluded that at least some typesof religious beha#iors are related to higher le#els of physical and mental health(9artner, :arson, ; llen, 1551< =oenig, 155/< :e#in ; >anderpool, 1551< 'aton ;argament, 15?%< aloma ; endleton, 1551< ayne, @ergin, @ielema, ; Aen0ins,1551). 7)ote!&is used &hen multiple authors are identified in parentheticalmaterial. Bote also that &hen se#eral sources are cited parenthetically, they areordered alphabetically by first authors surnames.8

C. +hen a source that has t&o authors is cited, both authors are included e#ery time thesource is cited.

. +hen a source that has three, four, or fi#e authors is cited, all authors are included

the first time the source is cited. +hen that source is cited again, the first authorssurname and *et al.* are used. Consider the follo&ing e!ample

Re#ie&s of research on religion and health ha#e concluded that at least some typesof religious beha#iors are related to higher le#els of physical and mental health(ayne, @ergin, @ielema, ; Aen0ins, 1551).

ayne et al. (1551) sho&ed that ...

D. +hen a source that has si! or more authors is cited, the first authors surname and*et al.* are used e#ery time the source is cited (including the first time).

". D#ery effort should be made to cite only sources that you ha#e actually read. +hen itis necessary to cite a source that you ha#e not read (*9rayson* in the follo&inge!ample) that is cited in a source that you ha#e read (*'ur4yns0i ; egelman* in thefollo&ing e!ample), use the follo&ing format for the te!t citation and list only thesource you ha#e read in the References list

Grayson *as cited in $ur+yns,i - &egelman //01 identified four components

of body language that #ere related to 2udgments of vulnerability.

9. To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephoneinter#ie&s), include initials, surname, and as e!act a date as possible. @ecause apersonal communication is not *reco#erable* information, it is not included in the

References section. "or the te!t citation, use the follo&ing format

2
http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/headings.pdfhttp://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/headings.pdfhttp://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/headings.pdf


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'. F. S,inner *personal communication February 3 /451 claimed ...

3. To cite a +eb document, use the author-date format. f no author is identified, use thefirst fe& &ords of the title in place of the author. f no date is pro#ided, use *n.d.* inplace of the date. Consider the follo&ing e!amples

&egelman and 6arris *37771 provide guidelines for the use of APA #riting style.

(hanges in Americans8 vie#s of gender status differences have been

documented *%ender and Society n.d.1.

VI. 9uotations!+hen a direct Euotation is used, al&ays include the author, year, and pagenumber as part of the citation.

. Euotation of fe&er than 6/ &ords should be enclosed in double Euotation mar0sand should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. D!ample

atients recei#ing prayer had *less congesti#e heart failure, reEuired less diuretic and

antibiotic therapy, had fe&er episodes of pneumonia, had fe&er cardiac arrests, and&ere less freEuently intubated and #entilated* (@yrd, 15??, p. ?25).

@. lengthier Euotation of 6/ or more &ords should appear (&ithout Euotation mar0s)apart from the surrounding te!t, in bloc0 format, &ith each line indented fi#e spacesfrom the left margin.

VII. References!ll sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of thepaper (and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section).

A. Pagination:The References section begins on a ne& page.

B. Heading:References (centered on the first line belo& the manuscript pageheader)

C. Format:The references (&ith hanging indent) begin on the line follo&ing the

References heading. Dntries are organi4ed alphabetically by surnames of firstauthors. 'ost reference entries ha#e three components

1. uthors uthors are listed in the same order as specified in the source,using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. +hen there arese#en or more authors, list the first si! and then use *et al.* for remainingauthors. f no author is identified, the title of the document begins thereference.

2. Fear of ublication n parentheses follo&ing authors, &ith a period follo&ingthe closing parenthesis. f no publication date is identified, use *n.d.* inparentheses follo&ing the authors.

. ource Reference ncludes title, Gournal, #olume, pages (for Gournal article)or title, city of publication, publisher (for boo0). talici4e titles of boo0s, titlesof periodicals, and periodical #olume numbers.

D. "ample of APA#formatted !eferences:9o tohttp!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"references.pdf

E. Official APA &lectronic !eference Formats& document:9o tohttp!""###.apastyle.org"elecref.html

F. "amples of sources

1. :ournal article

'ur4yns0i, A., ; egelman, . (155H). @ody language of &omen andGudgments of #ulnerability to se!ual assault. Journal of Applied SocialPsychology, 26, 1H1%-1H2H.

2. 'oo,

alout4ian, R. ". (155H). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.).@oston llyn and @acon.

3. Web document on university program or department Web site

egelman, ., ; 3arris, '. :. (2///).APA style essentialsRetrie#ed 'ay1?, 2///, from >anguard ni#ersity, epartment of sychology +ebsite httpII&&&.#anguard.eduIfacultyIddegelmanIinde!.cfmJdocKidL%5H

4. Stand%alone Web document *no date1

3
http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/references.pdfhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/references.pdfhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html


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Bielsen, '. D. (n.d.). !ota"le people in psychology of religionRetrie#edugust , 2//1, from httpII&&&.psy&&&.comIpsyreligIpsyrelpr.htm

5. Stand%alone Web document *no author no date1

#ender and society. (n.d.). Retrie#ed ecember , 2//1, from

httpII&&&.trinity.eduIMm0earlIgender.html

6. :ournal article from database

3ien, ., ; 3oneyman, T. (2///). closer loo0 at the drug abuse-maternalaggression lin0. Journal of Interpersonal $iolence, %,$/-$22.Retrie#ed 'ay 2/, 2///, from roNuest database.

7. Abstract from secondary database

9arrity, =., ; egelman, . (155/). Dffect of ser#er introduction on restauranttipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2',1H?-1%2. bstract

retrie#ed Auly 2, 2//1, from sycB"O database.

8. :ournal article ;nternet%only 2ournal

@ergen, . (2//2, pring). The role of pretend play in childrens cogniti#ede#elopment. arly hildhood *esearch & Practice, +(1). Retrie#ed"ebruary 1, 2//6, from httpIIecrp.uiuc.eduI#6n1Ibergen.html

9. Article or chapter in an edited boo,

hea, A. . (1552). Religion and se!ual adGustment. n A. ". chuma0er(Dd.), *eligion and ental health(pp. %/-?6). Be& For0 O!fordni#ersity ress.

10. &iagnostic and Statistical $anual of $ental &isorders

merican sychiatric ssociation. (2///). -iagnostic and statistical anualof ental disorders(6th ed., te!t re#ision). +ashington, C uthor.

VIII. Appendixes! common use of appendi!es is to present unpublished tests or todescribe comple! eEuipment or stimulus materials.

A. Pagination:Dach ppendi! begins on a separate page.

B. Heading: f there is only one appendi!, ppendi! is centered on the first line belo&the manuscript page header. f there is more than one appendi!, use ppendi! (or@ or C, etc.). ouble-space and type the appendi! title (centered in uppercase and

lo&ercase letters).C. Format:ndent the first line $-% spaces.

D. "ample of APA#formatted Appendi":http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"appendix.pdf

IX. Footnotes! Content footnotes are occasionally used to support substanti#e information inthe te!t..

A. Pagination:"ootnotes begin on a separate page.

B. Heading:"ootnotes is centered on the first line belo& the manuscript page header.

C. Format:ndent the first line of each footnote $-% spaces and number the foonotes(slightly abo#e the line) as they are identified in the te!t.

D. "ample of APA#formatted Footnotes:

http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"footnote.pdf

X. Tables! common use of tables is to present Euantitati#e data or the results of statisticalanalyses (such as BO>). ee the Pu"lication .anual(2//1, pp. 16%-1%H) for detailede!amples. Tables must be referred to in the te!t.

A. Pagination:Dach Table begins on a separate page.

B. Heading: Table 1 (or 2 or , etc.) is typed flush left on the first line belo& themanuscript page header. ouble-space and type the table title flush left (italici4ed inuppercase and lo&ercase letters).

C. "ample of APA#formatted Ta$les:http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"table3.pdf

XI. Figure (aptions and Figures! common use of "igures is to present graphs,photographs, or other illustrations (other than tables). ee the Pu"lication .anual(2//1, pp.

4
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1%H-2/1) for detailed e!amples. "igure Captions pro#ide, on a single page, captions for thefigures that follo&.

A. Pagination:The "igure Captions page is the final numbered page of the paper. The"igures that follo& the "igure Captions page do BOT ha#e page numbers ormanuscript page headers.

B. Heading for Figure 'aptions:"igure Caption(s) is centered on the first line belo&

the manuscript page header. ouble-space and type /igure %(or 2 or , etc.)italici4ed and flush left, follo&ed by the caption for the figure (not italici4ed),capitali4ing only the first letter of the first &ord and any proper nouns.

Books

Typical boo0 entry -- single author

Arnheim R. */41.Art and visual perception. 'er,eley!


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Ae)#"$ /s,hoo%#" o#et,.

Reprinted or republished chapter

Freud S. */01. The ego and the id. ;n :. Strachey *Bd. and Trans.1

The standard edition

of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud(Vo. 19& . 366.

:o$do$'

Ho%")th /)ess. (;)#%#$" o)k #shed 1923

Follo#ing the entry enclose =Eriginal #or, published= in

parentheses noting the original date.

Chapter in a #olume in a series

$accoby B.B. - $artin :. */5C1. Sociali+ation in the context of the

family! Parent%child

#$te)"t#o$. I$ /.H. sse$ (e)#es Ed. < E.. Hethe)#$%to$ (Vo. Ed.&Handbook

of child psychology: ol. !. Sociali"ation# personality# and social development

(4th ed.& . 1101. e o)k' !#e,.

Citing multi#olume &or0s

Wilson :. G. - Fraser F. (. *Bds.1. */44%/451. Hand$oo* of

teratology*ols. %>1.

e o)k' /e$ /)ess.

;n listing a multivolume #or, the publication dates should be

inclusive for all volumes. The volumes should be identified in

parentheses immediately follo#ing the boo, title. &o not use a

period bet#een the title and the parenthetical information close the

entire title including the volume information #ith a period.

Ddited collections

6iggins :. *Bd.1. */551. Psychology. )e# Dor,! )orton.

or

Grice 6. P. - Gregory R. ?. *Bds.1. */051. arly language

development.

e o)k' G)"H#.

Citing specific editions of a boo0

'roc,ett E. */541. History of the theatre*@th ed.1. 'oston! Allyn and'acon.

;mmediately after the boo,8s title note the edition information in

parentheses *for example =@th ed.= or =rev. ed.=1. &o not use a

period bet#een the title and the parenthetical information.

Translated &or0s

Freud S. */471An outline of psychoanalysis*:. Strachey Trans.1.

)e# Dor,!

6


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o)to$. (;)#%#$" o)k #shed 1940

The original publication date is the last portion of the entry and

should be in parentheses #ith the note =Eriginal #or, published=

follo#ed by the date.

roceedings

&eci B.?. - Ryan R.$. *//1. A motivational approach to self!

;ntegrataion in personality.

I$ =. D#e$st#e) (Ed.&Nebraska Symposium on $otivation: ol. %&. 'erspectives

on motivation(. 237288. :#$o$' *$#+e)s#t, o- e)"sk" /)ess.

or

(ynx :. Williams 6. - )ottebohm F. *//31. 6emispheric diffencesin avian song

d#s)#"t#o$.'roceedings of the National (cademy of Sciences# )S(# &*& 1372

1375.

:ournals

Citing articles in Gournals &ith continuous pagination

Passons W. */041. Predictive validities of the A(T SAT and high

school grades

-o) -#)st seeste) G/A "$d -)esh"$ o)ses.+ducational and 'sychological

$easurement# ,-#11431144.

Citing articles in Gournals &ith non-continuous pagination

Sa#yer :. */001. $easurement and prediction clinical and

statistical. Psychological

ulletin# // (3& 178200.

'ecause pagination begins ane# #ith each issue of this 2ournal it is

necessary to include the issue number in parentheses after the

volume number. )ote that there is a comma bet#een the issue

number and the page numbers but no comma bet#een the itali+ed

volume number and the issue number. ;f the periodical does not use

volume numbers include =pp.= before the page numbers so the

reader #ill understand that the numbers refer to pagination.


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Be&spaper articles

$onson $. *//C September 01.


9/37


10/37

Citing computer soft&are

Arend &ominic ). *//C1. (hoices *ersion >.71 I(omputer soft#areJ.

(hampaign ;?!


11/37

Sometimes authors are not identified and there is no date sho#ing

for the document. &ate #ebsite #as accessed should be used and

efforts should be made to identify the sponsoring

author"organi+ation of the #ebsite. ;f none is found do not list an

author.

ocument from uni#ersity program or department

$c)eese $.). *3771. 1sing technology in educational settings2

Retrieved Ectober C 377

-)o *$#+e)s#t, o- othe)$ #ss#ss##& Ed"t#o$" :e"de)sh# "$d =ese")h

!e s#te'

htt'det.s.eded"

D-'ail, ne&sgroups, online forums, discussion groups and electronic

mailing lists

Personal communications #hich are not archived should not

included in reference lists and cited #ithin the text only! Smith Fred

*=personal communication= :anuary 3 ///1

f archi#ed

6ammond Tl *3777 )ovember 371. DA6(! 6andle Parameters &E;

Genres etc. $essage posted

to =e-:#$ks eet)o$# "##$% #st& ")h#+ed "thtt'.do#.o)%"#")h#+e)e-#$ks%00088.ht

C.

"ample of APA#formatted Figure 'aption and Figure.

6eadingsProbably three levels of headings #ill suffice for most college and

high%school papers. *)otice the double%spacing #ithin the

headings. 'old and other font variants Icolor fancy fonts etc.J

are neither reKuired nor appropriate.1

>he F#)st :e+e& Ce$te)ed #th

*e)"se "$d :oe)"se >,#$%

eo$d :e+e& Fsh:e-t& *$de)#$ed He"d#$%s

>h#)d e+e& #$de$ted& $de)#$ed& oe)"se ")"%)"h

he"d#$% e$d#$% #th " e)#od.

Reference: Newspaper Articles, EditorialsLetters to the Editor, etc.

I- the ")t#e #s s#%$ed (th"t #s& ,o k$o the "tho)Js $"e& e%#$ #th th"t "tho)Js

$"e. (ot#e ho d#so$t#$os "%es ")e $oted "$d se")"ted , o"s. Do $ot

o#t the >he -)o the t#te o- " $es"e) ($#ke the :A teh$#Ke.

/o#)ot& C. (2004& ")h 17. HIV )e+e$t#o$ # %oes e,o$d Jo)$#$% "-te)J. The

Hartford 1ourant#. F1& F6.

11


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I- the "tho)Js $"e #s $ot "+"#"e& e%#$ the )e-e)e$e #th the he"d#$e o) t#te #$ the

"tho) os#t#o$.

e e" -o) doto) o- -t)e. (1989& ")h 15. The New 4ork Times#. B10.

I- the tet e#$% #ted #s -)o "$ ed#to)#" o) ette) to the ed#to) #$d#"te the $"t)e o- the

so)e #$ )"kets "-te) the t#te "$d d"te.

#+e)"$& /.H. (2004& $e. Ge$et# E$%#$ee)#$% ?:ette) to the ed#to)@. The (tlantic#

,*%14.

Reference: Nonprint Resources (Film, Recording, Video, television or radio

program, etc.

>he so)e #s #de$t#-#ed #$ )"kets "-te) the t#te

=ed-o)d& =. (D#)eto). (1980. ee+#s#o$ )o"d"st@. H")t-o)d'

!FB.

(s#" )eo)d#$%'

B")e)& . (1995. Ceo o$"t". ;$arber?CD@. e o)k' EI =eo)ds :td.

#andling $uoted %aterial

ho)t Kot"t#o$s (-ee) th"$ 40 o)ds ")e #$o)o)"ted #$to the tet "$d

e$osed , doe Kot"t#o$s ")ks (.

:o$% Kot"t#o$s o- 40 o) o)e o)ds ")e d#s",ed #$ " does"ed ok

o- t,e)#tte$ #$es #th $o Kot"t#o$ ")ks. >he A/A s%%ests th"t ,o do

not single spaceL hoe+e)& soe #$st)to)s # )eK#)e th"t #$de$ted

Kot"t#o$s e s#$%es"ed& ese#", he$ Kot#$% oet),& h#h oses

soe o- #ts -o)" h")"te)#st#s he$ does"ed. Chek #th ,o)

#$st)to) e-o)e s#$%es"#$% Kot"t#o$s. I$de$t -#+e s"es -)o the e-t

")%#$ "$d t,e the e$t#)e Kot"t#o$ o$ the #$de$ted ")%#$ withoutthe s"

oe$#$% ")"%)"h #$de$t"t#o$. I- the Kot"t#o$ #s o)e th"$ o$e ")"%)"h&

12


13/37


14/37

E. !he$ the )e-e)e$e #s to " o)k , to "tho)s& #te oth $"es e"h t#e the

)e-e)e$e "e")s.

E"e'

e"seet#o$ theo), o-te$ h"s ee$ sed to eo)e "tte)s o- +")#os #$set "t#$%(Aok < >ho)$h#& 1983 M Aok "$d >ho)$h# (1983 "so deo$st)"te M

F. !he$ the )e-e)e$e #s to " o)k , th)ee to -#+e "tho)s& #te " the "tho)s the -#)st

t#e the )e-e)e$e "e")s. I$ " sseKe$t )e-e)e$e& se the -#)st "tho)Js "st $"e

-ooed , et ". (e"$#$% "$d othe)s.

E"e o- " sseKe$t )e-e)e$e'

/"tte)$s o- ,P"$t#$e #$t)#%e h"+e o$% "%ed the #$te)$" o#t#s o- o$#t,

oe%e "d#$#st)"t#o$ #$ >e"s (Do%"s et ".& 1997

!he$ the )e-e)e$e #s to " o)k , s# o) o)e "tho)s& se o$, the -#)st "tho)Js $"e

-ooed et ". #$ the -#)st "$d " sseKe$t )e-e)e$e. >he o$, eet#o$s to th#s )e

")e he$ soe o$-s#o$ #%ht )est e"se o- s##") $"es o) the s"e "tho) e#$%

#ted. I$ th"t "se& #te e$o%h "tho)s so th"t the d#st#$t#o$ #s e").

G. !he$ the )e-e)e$e #s to " o)k , " o)o)"te "tho)& se the $"e o- the

o)%"$#P"t#o$ "s the "tho).

E"e'

=et#)ed o--#e)s )et"#$ "ess to " o- the $#+e)s#t,Js ed"t#o$" "$d )e)e"t#o$"

-"##t#es (Co#" *$#+e)s#t,& 1987& . 54.

H. /e)so$" ette)s& teeho$e "s& "$d othe) "te)#" th"t "$$ot e )et)#e+ed ")e $ot

#sted #$ =e-e)e$es t ")e #ted #$ the tet.

E"e'

esse oo)e (teeho$e o$+e)s"t#o$& A)# 17& 1989 o$-#)ed th"t the #de"s. M

I. /")e$thet#" )e-e)e$es ", e$t#o$ o)e th"$ o$e o)k& ")t#"), he$ #de"s

h"+e ee$ s")#Ped "-te) d)"#$% -)o se+e)" so)es. t#e #t"t#o$s shod e

"))"$%ed "s -oos.

E"es'

1. :#st to o) o)e o)ks , the s"e "tho) #$ o)de) o- the d"te o- #"t#o$'

(God& 1987& 1989

2. D#--e)e$t#"te o)ks , the s"e "tho) "$d #th the s"e #"t#o$ d"te , "dd#$%

"$ #de$t#-,#$% ette) to e"h d"te'

(Boo& 1987"& 1987

3. :#st o)ks , d#--e)e$t "tho)s #$ "h"et#" o)de) , "st $"e& "$d se se#oo$s

to se")"te the )e-e)e$es'

(God& 1989L #th& 1983L >t#e)& 1989.

14


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16/37

Reference! Blectronic and Enline Resources"h3L

A. General ;nformation

Blectronic correspondences such as e%mail or discussions on bulletin

boards or discussion groups is regarded by the APA as personal

communication *li,e phone conversations or memos1 because it is not

recoverable by others. Personal communications are cited only #ithin the

text and not on the reference page.

6o#ever if the information is in fact retrievable the follo#ing elements

are necessary for the reference page!

Author(s), I. (date or "n.d." if not date is posted). Title of work. (Online), date

retrieved. Name of Database or Internet address of the specific document. Specify

URLexactly. [Do not end your entry with a period when ending with an URL.]

The dateshould be the year of publication or the most recent update. ;f the

date of the source cannot be determined provide the exact date you

retrieved the information on the ;nternet.

The path information should be sufficient for someone else to retrieve the

material. For example specify the method used to find the material! the

protocol *6TTP Telnet FTP etc.1 the directory and the file name. (o not

end the path statement ,ith a period after a file name or )e$ address2

:ust about everything of serious interest on the ;nternet is no# available

through the hypertext transfer protocol *the familiar 6TTP1. Some items

ho#ever may still be discovered through FTP GEP6BR TB?)BT etc. *Forinstance some universities might enable a professor to archive articles

etc. on a server accessible only through File Transfer Protocol *FTP1. ;f you

need to cite such sources as, your instructor or consult the AP

Publication $anual. ;t is not a good idea to cite resources that are available

only #ith a pass#ord unless that pass#ord can be established freely and

easily *some online ne#spapers have pass#ord%protected archives li,e

that1. Also do not refer your reader to a course Website that is pass#ord

protected unless you ,no# that all your potential readers have access to

that material.

'. Sample References

Enline article

(entral ein Ecclusion Study Group. *//C. Ectober 31. (entral vein

occlusion study of photocoagulation! $anual of operations I04@

paragraphsJ. Enline :ournal of (urrent (linical Trials IEn%line serialJ.

Available! &oc )o. /3

16


17/37

En%line abstract

Dou can cite an entire Web site #ithin your text but do not include it in

your list of References. For instance you could say something incredibly

profound you learned from this Web page and cite the


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(phone conversation):

According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Canewere largely

autobiographical (personal phone conversation, July 22, 2003).

Reference! An Bdited olume

*Anthology or Reference 'oo,1

Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The female autograph: Theory and practice

of autobiography.Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press.

;f you are refering to an article or signed chapter in an edited volume your

reference #ould loo, li,e this!

Pepin, R. E. (2002). Uses of time in the political novels of Joseph Conrad. In C. W.

Darling, Jr., J. Shields, & E. C. Farbman (Eds.), Chronological looping in political

novels(pp. 99-135). Hartford: Capital Press.

)otice that there are no Kuote mar,s around the title of the article and that

only the first #ord of a title is capitali+ed. The names of editors are listed

first%initials%first *not reversed1. The inclusive page numbers are preceded

by the abbreviations for =pages=! pp.

Annotated 'ibliography

An annotated bibliography #ill have the same basic layout as a Reference

page. There are three ma2or differences ho#ever. First you can include in

your bibliography #or,s that you thin, #ould be useful to your reader that

you might not have used in the #riting of this particular paper or article.

Second you can brea, do#n the references into useful categories and

arrange those categories in #ays that you thin, #ould be helpful to your

reader. Third you can add commentary to the references telling your

reader the particular virtues *or if necessary the shortcomings1 of that

resource. (ommentaries should be concise economical summaries

#ritten in sentence fragments if related fragments should be connected

#ith semicolons. The commentary should begin on a ne# line indented

slightly from the preceding line.

Bxample!

National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of

scientific progress(DHHS Publication No. A 82-1195). Washington, DC: U.S.

Government Printing Office.

18


19/37

Documents connections between children's lack of attention in school and hours

of television watching; provides scientific evidence of changed viewing habits

over ten years.

Reference! 'oo, #ith T#o or $ore AuthorsNatarajan, R., & Chaturvedi, R. (2003). Geology of the Indian Ocean Floor.Hartford, CT:

Merganser University Press.

Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (1983). Computers in the world of

business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.

)otice the hanging indent style *about half an inch after the initial line1. The

abbreviation et al. *for =and others=1 is not used on the Reference pageregardless of the number of authors although it can be used in the

parenthetical citationof material #ith three to five authors *after the inital

citation #hen all are listed1 and in all parenthetical citations of material

#ith six or more authors. )otice that all authors are listed last%name%first

*unli,e $?A style1 and that an ampersand M - M is used before the last

name.

Reference! 'oo, Without Author or Bditor ?isted

Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary.(1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.

To alphabeti+e such an entry on your Reference page use the first

significant #ord of the title *ignoring the articles =a= =an= and =the=1.

Reference! &ictionary

Shorter Oxford English dictionary(5th ed.).(2002). New York: Oxford University Press.

Reference! &issertation or &issertation Abstract

When you have used an abstract of the dissertion found on microfilm in

(issertation A$stracts International 3(AI42;f you are using a microfilm

source include in parentheses at the end of your entry the university

microfilm number.

Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur.Dissertation

Abstracts International, 44,4465. (AAD44-8794)

When you have used the actual dissertation *usually from the shelves of

the


20/37


21/37

To refer to a single volume include only the relevant date and volume

number. When you are referring to more than one volume include all the

relevant volume numbers *as in the above example1. The date after the

author or editor8s name should include the range of years of publication

*say if the #or, appeared over a number of years1.

Reference! Scholarly :ournal

$any scholarly 2ournals number their pages consecutively throughout a

given volume. Thus volume one might end on page C>@ and the first page

of volume t#o #ould be number C>@. &o not use p. or pp. to indicate page

numbers. )otice that proper nouns are capitali+ed in an APA%style title but

other #ords are not. A comma separates the title of the 2ournal from the

volume number but the volume number *as #ell as the comma that

follo#s1 is also italici+ed.

Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Chronicle of

a Death Foretold.Latin American Literary Review, 13,2129.

;f that article #ere found in a 2ournal in #hich each issue has pages

numbered separately *each issue begins #ith a page 1 the issue number

is given in parentheses but not in italics after the volume number.

Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Chronicle of

a Death Foretold.Latin American Literary Review, 13(3), 2129.

Reference! Secondary Resources

O'Connor, C. O. & DeLoatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever happened to the humanities? In I.

Rubenzahl (Ed.), Studies in Byzantine Intrigue(pp. 235278). Hartford, CT:

Merganser University Press.

To use material that is Kuoted or paraphrased else#here #hen you do not

use the original resource your reference #ill include the source of your

language *or idea1.

;n your text you #ould Kuote or paraphrase the idea that E8(onnor and

others have Kuoted or used as follo#s!

As V#" t)e$h"$t, o#$ts ot& /e)h"s the o$-#t sees so st)o$% e"se the st"kes

")e so o ("s #ted #$ ;JCo$$o) < De:o"th& 2003.

Reference! Single%Author 'oo,

- Part of a 'oo,

Alverez, A. (1970). The savage god: A study of suicide.New York: Random House.

21


22/37

Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner's Modern American Usage.New York: Oxford University

Press.

)otice that #ords li,e =


23/37

*film #ith limited circulation1!

Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002).River at High Summer: The St.

Lawrence[Film]. (Available from Merganser Films, Inc., 61 Woodland Street,

Hartford, CT 06105)

*(assette1!

Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989).Bias and organizational decision making

[Cassette]. Gainesville: Edwards.

*Television program1!

Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Torture at Abu Ghraib[Television broadcast]. Hartford:

WFSB.

*$usical recording1!

'arber S. *//@1. (ello Sonata. En 5ar$erI(&J.

)e# Dor,! B$; Records ?td.

6andling 9uoted $aterial Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text and

enclosed by double quotations marks (").

Long quotations of 40 or more words are displayed in a double-spaced block

of typewritten lines with no quotation marks. The APA suggests that you do

not single space; however, some instructors will require that indented

quotations be single-spaced, especially when quoting poetry, which loses

some of its formal characteristics when double-spaced. Check with your

instructor before single-spacing quotations. Indent five spaces from the left

margin and type the entire quotation on the indented margin withoutthe usual

opening paragraph indentation. If the quotation is more than one paragraph,

indent the first line of the second and additional paragraphs five spaces from

the already indented margin, approximately an inch from the left margin.

If you have a quotation within a block quotation, enclose it in double (")

quotation marks. If you have a quotation within a short quote (one

incorporated within the text), enclose it within single quotation marks (').

Ellipsis points are used to indicate omitted material. Type three periods with a

space before and after each period to indicate omission within a sentence

(). To indicate an omission between sentences type a punctuation mark for

the sentence followed by three spaced periods (. ) (? ) (! ). Your date

23


24/37

processing software probably provides especially typed characters that will

create ellipses that will not be broken, inappropriately, at the end of a line.

!he$ " e)#od o) o" o)s #th os#$% Kot"t#o$ ")ks& "e the

e)#od o) o" #th#$ the os#$% Kot"t#o$ ")k. /t "$, othe)

$t"t#o$ ")k ots#de the Kot"t#o$ ")ks $ess th"t ")k #s ")t o- the

Koted "te)#".

$A)


25/37

The title itself is typed in uppercase and lo#ercase letters centered on the

page. ;f the title reKuires more than one line double%space bet#een all the

lines.

Within the text paragraphs are indented five to seven spaces *#hich

translates into about a half%inch indent on #ord%processors1. The only

exceptions to this reKuirement are the abstract bloc, Kuotations titles and

headings entries in the reference list table titles and notes *if any1 and

figure captions #hich reKuire no indents.

All typing is done flush%left not right 2ustified nor full 2ustified. ;n other

#ords leave the right margin uneven or =ragged right.= &o not brea,

*hyphenate1 #ords at the ends of lines. Type a line short or 2ust beyond the

right%hand margin rather than brea, a #ord at the end of a line.

The title page should have the title of the paper centered on the page. The

Short Title and page number appear at the top right of the title page. The

student8s name appears one double%space belo# the title. The institutional

affiliation *name of the college or high%school for #hich the paper has been

#ritten1 appears one double%space belo# student name. *;f there is no

institutional affiliation the city and state or city and country of the author

should be identified instead.1

Page t#o is the Abstract for the paper. ;t is a brief *77%@7 #ords1

comprehensive summary of the research paper. The Short Title and the

number 3 are typed in the upper right%hand corner of the page. The #ord

Abstract is centered as the first line of type on this page. Type the abstract

as a single paragraph in bloc, format *i.e. #ithout paragraph indentation1.

Page three is the beginning of the body of the paper. The title of the paper

appears *centered1 one double%space belo# the Short Title. The first line of

the body of the paper appears one double%space belo# the title.

25


26/37

The reference list begins on a ne# page. Type the #ord References

*Reference in the case of only one1 centered at the top of the page. &ouble%

space all reference entries. The initial line of each entry is indented about

half an inch *hanging indent style1.

Parenthetical (itation

The APA system of citing sources indicates the author8s last name and the

date in parentheses #ithin the text of your paper.

A. A typical citation of an entire #or, consists of the author8s name and the

year of publication.

Example:

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in

their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).

Use the last name only in both first and subsequent citations, except when there is more

than one author with the same last name. In that case, use the last name and the first

initial.

26


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'. ;f the author is named in the text only the year is cited.

Example:

According to Irene Taylor (1990), the personalities of Charlotte. . .

(. ;f both the name of the author and the date are used in the text

parenthetical reference is not necessary.

Example:

In a 1989 article, Gould explains Darwin's most successful. . .

&. Specific citations of pages or chapters follo# the year.

Example:

Emily Bronte "expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships,

whether sexual or social" (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).

B. When the reference is to a #or, by t#o authors cite both names each

time the reference appears.

Example:

Sexual-selection theory often has been used to explore patters of various insect mating

(Alcock & Thornhill, 1983) Alcock and Thornhill (1983) also demonstrate

F. When the reference is to a #or, by three to five authors cite all the

authors the first time the reference appears. ;n a subseKuent reference use

the first author8s last name follo#ed by et al. *meaning =and others=1.

Example of a subsequent reference:

Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community

college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 1997)

When the reference is to a work by six or more authors, use only the first author's name

followed et al. in the first and all subsequent reference. The only exceptions to this rule

are when some confusion might result because of similar names or the same author being

cited. In that case, cite enough authors so that the distinction is clear.

G. When the reference is to a #or, by a corporate author use the name of

the organi+ation as the author.

Example:

Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational

facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).

27


28/37

6. Personal letters telephone calls and other material that cannot be

retrieved are not listed in References but are cited in the text.

Example:

Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, April 17, 1989) confirmed that the ideas.

;. Parenthetical references may mention more than one #or, particularly

#hen ideas have been summari+ed after dra#ing from several sources.

$ultiple citations should be arranged as follo#s.

Examples:

4. List two or more works by the same author in order of the date of publication:

(Gould, 1987, 1989)

5. Differentiate works by the same author and with the same publication date by adding

an identifying letter to each date:

(Bloom, 1987a, 1987b)

6. List works by different authors in alphabetical order by last name, and use semicolons

to separate the references:

(Gould, 1989; Smith, 1983; Tutwiler, 1989).

Spacing and Punctuation

The APA Pu$lication Manual no# calls for one space to appear after all

punctuation mar,s. This is undoubtedly in response to the capabilities of

modern #ord%processing devices to determe the correct aesthetic distance

bet#een punctuation mar,s and subseKuent letters. To double%space after

a punctuation mar, defeats that capability. ;f you are using a mono%space

font *such as (ourier1 you may consider using t#o spaces after end%

periods and colons but consult your instructor first.

Bxceptions!

No space after internal periods in abbreviations (a.m., i.e., U.S.).

No space after the colon in ratios (6:1)

Tables and FiguresThe use of tables and figures is too complicated to treat #ithin thisdocument students should consult the APA Pu$lication Manual. Generally

ho#ever it is useful to label each and every table and figure #ith the #ord

Table or Figure and an arabic numeral identifying it. Titles should be

underlined. The text accompanying tables and figures must be double%

spaced.

The APA suggests that all tables and figures appear at the end of the paper

each on a separate page. Some schools and colleges ho#ever reKuire

these elements to appear #ithin the body of the paper. A great deal may

28


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depend on the capabilities of the #ord%processing machine you are using.

(onsult #ith your instructor before deciding #here to place tables and

figures.

$a,ing (orrections on the $anuscript)o#adays #ith the use of modern #ord processing eKuipment ma,ing

corrections after something is printed is usually unnecessary. Dour paper

should be M essentially M perfect. &o not sacrifice entire forests to avoid

inserting a comma ho#everO

Do not use correction paper, fluid, or tape to cover and type over an error.

Insert a typed correction directly above the word or line to be corrected (not in the

margin).

Retype the page if it has many corrections.

Renumber the pages if a page must be inserted or removed after the numbering is

completed.

Do not number inserted pages with, for example, "4a."

Do not type vertically in the margin.

Do not strike over a letter.

Do not type inserts on slips and attach them to pages.

Do not write on the manuscript.

A Sample 1

Running head: A SAMPLE PAPER ACCORDING TO THE PUBLICATION MANUAL

A "e /"e) Ao)d#$%

to the Pu$lication Manual of the

American Psychological Association

Dour )ame

Dour Affiliation

A Sample

A "e /"e) Ao)d#$% to the

Pu$lication Manual of the

American Psychological Association Fifth Bdition 377

29


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This sample paper #ill attempt to simplify the usage of the Pu$lication

Manual of the American Psychological Association Fifth Bdition 377. ;t is

meant to be used primarily by the alencia students enrolled in

Professions of (aring 6S(7 and should serve as an introduction to

APA style. The sources cited in the Reference list do not exist but do

reflect the types of sources #hich might be used in a paper. The te!t of the

paper isleft%2ustified and double-spaced< this sample paper is single spaced to

sa#e space.The margins should be one inch on all sides. se the tab 0ey to

indent paragraphs. This document does not indent paragraphs because of html

coding< ne& paragraphs are indicated by a double space. Be& pages are

indicated in this sample paper by a hori4ontal line.

The title of the sample paper follo#s the format given on page C70 of the

manual. As you prepare the title page ,eep in mind the follo#ing

reKuirements starting from the top of the paper and #or,ing do#n.

1. >he "%e $e) st e o$ " "%es o- the "e)& #$d#$% the t#te "%e. *se

A)"# $e)"s "$d os#t#o$ the "%e $e) o$e #$h -)o the )#%ht h"$d ed%eo- the "e)& #$ the s"e etee$ the to ed%e o- the "e) "$d the -#)st #$e o-

tet.

A Sample !

2. >he "%e he"de) #de$t#-#es e"h "%e o- the "e) #th the -#)st tototh)eeo)ds -)o the t#te. >he "%e he"de) #s os#t#o$ed #$ the e) )#%ht o)$e)

"o+e& o) -#+e s"es to the e-t o- the "%e $e).3. >he )$$#$% he"d& o) ")e+#"ted t#te& "e")s o$, o$ the t#te "%e. It #s #$ e)

"se "$d st $ot eeed 50 h")"te)s& #$d#$% $t"t#o$ "$d s"es. I- the

t#te o- ,o) "e) #s e$%th,& e$d the )$$#$% he"d "t the e$d o- " o)dL do $ot

s#t the o)d. >,e the )$$#$% he"d -sh "t the e-t ")%#$& ")o#"te, -o)#$es& o) to does"es eo the "%e he"de). >he te) )$$#$% he"d #s

#$ded& "s #st)"ted o$ "%e 306 o- the "$"& t #s $ot o$ted "s ")t o- the

50 h")"te)s "$d #s $ot e) "se.4. >he t#te o- the "e) #s t,ed #$ e) "$d oe) "se ette)s& "$d #s e$te)ed

etee$ the e-t "$d )#%ht ")%#$s "$d os#t#o$ed #$ the e) h"- o- the "%e. I-the t#te #s to o) o)e #$es #$ e$%th& doe s"e etee$ the #$es.

5. I- the t#te o- ,o) "e) #s o$, o$e o) to o)ds& the "%e he"de)& )$$#$% he"d

"$d "e) t#te # e #$de$t#".

6. >he ,#$e "$d #$st#tt#o$" "--##"t#o$ oe $et. >he "tho)Js $"e (,o) $"e#s t,ed #$ e) "$d oe) "se ette)s "$d #s e$te)ed o$ the #$e& o$e doe

s"e eo the "st #$e o- the t#te. >he #$st#tt#o$" "--##"t#o$ o) "ss #s "so

t,ed #$ e) "$d oe) "se& #s e$te)ed o$ the #$e& "$d #s o$e does"e

eo the "tho)Js $"e.

A Sample "

Papers #ritten in the APA style must document sources in the body of the

paper. Pages 374 to 3> of the APA manual provide a general overvie# of

citing references in the text. Dour paper #ill include a Reference list at the

end #hich #ill list the articles boo,s etc. you cite in your paper. The

Reference list must provide the information necessary to identify and

retrieve each source used. ;t is very important to remember that each

source on the Reference list must be cited in the body of the paper and

conversely each source cited in the body of the paper must be on the

Reference list.

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As indicated on page 374 of the manual the basic format used by the APA

to cite sources in the body of the paper is the author and date method of

citation that is the surname of the author*s1 and the year of publication

are inserted in the text at the appropriate point. This can be accomplished

in one of t#o #ays. ;f the author8s name is mentioned in the text of the

paper as in =Smith stated that . . . .= then only the date need be cited. ;f the

author8s name is not mentioned in the text of the paper then both the name

and the date must be cited. Parentheses are used to enclose the author and

date or date alone. Separate the name and the date #ith a comma if both

are listed. ;n some cases as you #ill see later in this paper page numbers

either must or may be included.

Give credit to your sources #henever you either Kuote an author directly or

paraphrase an author.

A Sample #

Emitting credit is plagiarism or the presentation of another8s #ords or

ideas as if they #ere your o#n. Plagiarism is academic theft and is treated

as an ethical crime in the academic community not only #ill you fail the

assignment but in most cases the course as #ell.

The APA treats paraphrases and Kuotations differently. ;f a passage is

summari+ed rearranged or other#ise changed in some manner it isparaphrasing and Kuotation mar,s are not necessary. (redit must be given

to the original author*s1 though.

9uotations are treated differently by the APA depending on the length of

the Kuoted source. 9uotations of less than >7 #ords should be

incorporated in the text and be enclosed by Kuotation mar,s. ?ong

Kuotations are treated differently as illustrated by the follo#ing from the

Pu$lication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

Di$pla% &u'(a(i'n$ ') "* '+ m'+e ,'+d$ in a )+ee$(anding -l'./ ')

(%pe,+i((en line$0 and 'mi( (he &u'(a(i'n ma+/$ S(a+( $u.h a

block

quotation'n a ne, line0 and inden( (he -l'./ a-'u( 12 in 31!

.m0

'+ )i4e $pa.e5 )+'m (he le)( ma+gin 3in (he $ame p'$i(i'n a$ a ne,

pa+ag+aph5

I) (he+e a+e addi(i'nal pa+ag+aph$ ,i(hin (he &u'(a(i'n0 inden(

(he )i+$(

line ') ea.h addi(i'nal 12 in The en(i+e &u'(a(i'n $h'uld -e

d'u-le6

$pa.ed 3**10 p 1175

A Sample 8

When Kuoting al#ays provide the page number in addition to the author

and year of publication. =When paraphrasing or referring to an idea

contained in another #or, authors are not reKuired to provide a location

reference. )evertheless authors are encouraged to do so especially #hen

it #ould help an interested reader locate the relevant passage. . . .=

*Pu$lication Manual 377 p. 31 Bven though this sample paper consists

of fictitious references it #ill include the page numbers in examples #hen

possible. )ote that the preceeding Kuote is C/ #ords long thus it is

included in the text of the paper and is enclosed by Kuotation mar,s.

31


32/37

When citing from a full%text electronic source you may not have page

numbers to include in your parenthetical reference. ;n that case use the

author*s1 and year of publication only. Dour reader #ill be able to access

the specific text by using the =Bdit= and =Find= feature of the bro#ser to

locate the specific passage cited. ;f you retrieve an article from a database

#hich uses =real page= technology such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader list

the page numbers as they #ill accurately correspond to the original print

source.

This sample paper #ill consider each source cited in the References list

and explain both the actual citation and sho# ho# the source #ould be

cited in the text of the paper.

The Reference list uses a hanging indent the first line of each reference is

flush #ith the left margin subseKuent lines of the same reference areindented. he t#te o- the o)$" oes $et& -ooed , the +oe $e)& "$d #-")o)#"te& the #sse $e). I- the o)$" ses o$t#$os "%#$"t#o$& #e& #t )$s

"%e $e)s th)o%hot " ,e") o) +oe& $o )e-e)e$e to "$ #sse $e) #s$eeded. I$ th"t "se& the t#te o- the o)$" #s #t"##Ped& "s e "s the +oe

$e).

E"e'0ancet# ,&*#

I- the o)$" #s )e"%ed #sse , #sse& #e& e"h #sse h"s " "%e $e) 1& the$the #sse $e) st -oo the +oe $e). >he #sse $e) #s #$

")e$theses t #s $ot #t"##Ped.

E"e''ublic Health# ,=,(5

A Sample 9

6. >he "st ")t o- the #t"t#o$ #s the "%#$"t#o$. >h#s #s -ooed , " e)#od to e$d

the #t"t#o$. >he "%e des#%$"t#o$ #s $ot sed eet he$ #t#$% $es"e)

")t#es.7. I- the o)$" #s -)o "$ eet)o$# d"t""se& )et)#e+" #$-o)"t#o$ st e

#$ded h#h st"tes the d"te o- )et)#e+" "$d the )oe) $"e o- the d"t""se.

Fo) e"e'=et)#e+ed , 19& 2001& -)o A"de# e")h /)e#e) d"t""se.

8. >he Ae)#"$ /s,hoo%#" Asso#"t#o$ h"s #shed " e h"$dot #th

#$st)t#o$s -o) doe$t#$% eet)o$# )eso)es'APAStyle.org

32
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html


33/37

9. "e o$e "-te) e)#ods th"t se")"te the ")ts o- the #t"t#o$& "$d o$e "-te) the

e)#ods o- the #$#t#"s #$ e)so$" $"es.

10. ;-te$& $o o$e e"e -)o the "$" o) -)o th#s "e) # -#t ,o) )e-e)e$ee"t,L #$ th"t "se& -oo the osest e"e oss#e o) o#$e ")o)#"te

eee$ts -)o to e"es.

The follo#ing are some general rules to ,eep in mind #hen citing boo,s on

the References list.

1. *se the "tho)Js s)$"e "$d #$#t#"(s o$,. Do $ot se -#)st $"es& ed#"

de%)ees& ). "$d the #ke.2. C#te " "tho)s #sted -o) the ook #$ the o)de) the, ")e #sted.

3. Foo the "tho)Js $"e #th the ,e") o- #"t#o$. >h#s # e #$ ")e$theses.

4. >he t#te o- the ook #s $et "$d #t #s #t"##Ped. ;$, the -#)st o)d #$ the t#te #s"#t"#Ped "s e "s "$, )oe) $"es.

5. >he #t, o- #"t#o$ -oos. I- the #t, #s )e"t#+e, os)e& #$de the to

ette) ode -o) the st"te.

A Sample

6. >he #she) o- the ook #s #sted "st -ooed , " e)#od.

7. "e o$e "-te) e)#ods th"t se")"te the ")ts o- the #t"t#o$ "$d o$e "-te) thee)#ods o- the #$#t#"s #$ e)so$" $"es.

8. ;-te$& $o o$e e"e -)o the "$" # -#t ,o) #t"t#o$ e"t,L #$ th"t "se

-oo the osest e"e oss#e o) o#$e ")o)#"te eee$ts -)o to

e"es.

>he F#)st =e-e)e$eAdam$0 ;A0 < =u/')$/%0 SP 315 I $a4ed m% pa(ien( ,i(h (he APA

American Journal of Public Health,72,9*169"! Re(+ie4ed Augu$(

1!0 **10

)+'m Heal(h and >ellne$$ Re$'u+.e Cen(e+ da(a-a$e

The first source on the Reference list is a scholarly 2ournal from an

electronic database 6ealth and Wellness Resource (enter #hich uses

continuous pagination. *Dou can tell the pagination is continuous because

of the high number 57 of the page number.1


34/37

The second source on the Reference list is to a boo, by a single author.

T#o #ays to cite this reference in the body of the paper follo#.

Bxample! 'urgess *//5 p. CC1 concluded that the APA #as the easiest

style manual to use.

Bxample! ;n a recent comparison of style manuals *'urgess //5 p. CC1

the APA #as 2udged to be easier to use than the $?A style manual.

>he >h#)d =e-e)e$eB%+d0 P 310 ;ul%2Augu$(5 Bed6$ide manne+ ,i(h (he APA

Hospital tiquette0 16! Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 10 **10 )+'m

A.ademi. Sea+.h P+emie+ da(a-a$e

The third source on the Reference list is a maga+ine article obtained from

the Academic Search Premier database. (ite the source in the body of the

paper li,e the previous 'urgess citation a source #ith one author.

Pagination is included as this article #as available in Adobe Acrobat or

=real page= technology.

A Sample 11

>he Fo)th =e-e)e$e@in/'0 P0 M.C'nnell0 C0 S('ne0 S0 '+ehand0 S0 Bl'ndeau0 @0 he e+e$th =e-e)e$eNe,-%0 S0 P+'.('+0 P0 S('ne0 S0 ;'ne$0 B < M.C'nnel0 C 315

The APA 4$ (he MLA: Ma% (he -e$( $(%le manual ,in &onsulting

Psychology

Journal' Practice an" (esearch, )*350 1*6!8

The seventh source on the Reference list is a 2ournal article #ith five

authors. :ournal articles #ith three four or five authors are all treated the

same in terms of parenthetical references. This 2ournal pages each issue

separately.

A Sample 1!

The first time this source is referenced in the body of the paper all five

authors must be listed as #ell as the year of publication and the page

number if appropriate. *Again this applies to articles #ith three four or five

authors.1

Bxample! )e#by Proctor Stone :ones and $c(onnell */// p. C@1 found

in their research that the APA #as an excellent manual.

Bxample! The definitive study on the APA style manual *)e#by Proctor

Stone :ones - $c(onnell /// p. C@1 #as published recently.

;n subseKuent references to the same article cite only the last name of the

first author follo#ed by et al.. ;f the subseKuent reference is in the same

paragraph as the first citation the year and page number need not be

listed.

Bxample! Additional research proves the APA style manual is very easy to

use *)e#by et al.1.

;f the subseKuent reference is in a different paragraph the year must be

listed as #ell as the page number if appropriate.

Bxample! )e#by et al. */// p. C@1 discovered that there #as a great deal

of interest in the latest edition of the APA style manual.

35


36/37

Again ,eep in mind that this rule applies to 2ournal articles #ith three four

or five authors. Articles #ith six or more authors list only the first surname

follo#ed by et al. and articles #ith one or t#o authors list all authors each

time the article is referenced.

A Sample 1"

The eighth source on the Reference list is for the APA style manual #hich

#as cited earlier in this paper.

>he #$th =e-e)e$eSal('n0 DC 3190 Ma+.h5 Se0 lie$ and (he APA Psycoloquy

Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1!0 **10 )+'m h((p:22,,,li-n.$uedu2

$(a./$2p$%.'l'&u%6indeh(ml

The last source on the Reference list is to a non%proprietary electronic2ournal available over the ;nternet. ;n the body of the paper this #ould be

referenced by the author8s last name and the year of publication.

Some final suggestions #hich may help you #rite and document an

excellent paper for this class follo#.

1. I- ,o h"+e "$, Kest#o$s& AROO

2. I$#t#",& the A/A st,e ", see o$-s#$%& t #- ,o -oo d#)et#o$s ,o #

do -#$e.

3. I- ,o ")e " V"e$#" Co$#t, Coe%e stde$t e # e +e), h", to"$se) ,o) A/A Kest#o$s o+e) the ho$e (4075821432 o) +#"s0-a-:ibrarian.

4. /"$ to do "t e"st " -e d)"-ts o- the "e). ;$e ,o h"+e " )oessed o, o-

the "e)& o$e o- the #)")#"$s # e h", to ook o+e) ,o) #$tet )e-e)e$es

"$d =e-e)e$e #st& t # $ot )e"d the "e) -o) %)"")& st)t)e& "$d the #ke.5. "ke "$ "o#$te$t "t the !)#t#$% Ce$te). >he#) $e) #s 4075821356 "$d

the, ")e o"ted #$ 7240.

6. Good :kO

A Sample 1#=e-e)e$es

Adam$0 ;A < =u/')$/%0 SP 315 I $a4ed m% pa(ien( ,i(h (he APA

American Journal of Public Health,72,9*169"! Re(+ie4ed Augu$(

1!0 **10

)+'m Heal(h and >ellne$$ Re$'u+.e Cen(e+ da(a-a$e

Bu+ge$$0 ? 3195 Mastering the APA in 600 easy lessons3Re4 ed5

O+land': Ha+.'u+(

B%+d0 P 310 ;ul%2Augu$(5 Bed6$ide manne+ ,i(h (he APA Hospital

tiquette0 #! Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 10 **10 )+'m A.ademi. Sea+.h

P+emie+

da(a-a$e

@in/'0 P0 M.C'nnell0 C0 S('ne0 S0 '+ehand0 S0 Bl'ndeau0 @0

Le%-'ld0 ;

3**15 >e )'ugh( (he APA and (he APA ,'n !he Journal of the

American

Me"ical Association, 276,17619#

Le$$'n plan$ 'n in(+a4en'u$ ine.(i'n$ ,i(h (he APA 3170 ;anua+% 75

!he #e$ %ork !imes0 p C"7

Mille+0 ?P 3190 O.('-e+ 95 H', (' +e)e+en.e a -ed pan a..'+ding

(' (he APA #e$s$eek0 1 Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1!0 **10 )+'m Heal(h

and

>ellne$$ Re$'u+.e Cen(e+ da(a-a$e

Ne,-%0 S0 P+'.('+0 P0 S('ne0 S0 ;'ne$0 B0 < M.C'nnell0 C 315

The APA 4$ (he MLA: Ma% (he -e$( $(%le manual ,in &onsulting

Psychology

Journal' Practice an" (esearch, )*350 1*6!8

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association

36
http://www.askalibrarian.org/ask/vrl_intro.asp?library=FLCC2900http://www.askalibrarian.org/ask/vrl_intro.asp?library=FLCC2900http://www.askalibrarian.org/ask/vrl_intro.asp?library=FLCC2900http://www.askalibrarian.org/ask/vrl_intro.asp?library=FLCC2900


37/37

3#(h ed5 3**15 >a$hing('n0 DC: Ame+i.an P$%.h'l'gi.al

A$$'.ia(i'n

Sal('n0 DC 3190 Ma+.h5 Se0 lie$ and (he APA Psycoloquy

Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1!0 10 )+'m h((p:22,,,li-n.$uedu2

$(a/.$2p$%.'l'&u%6indeh(ml

Co,)#%ht 19972004V"e$#" Co$#t, Coe%e !est C"s :=C

>h#s s"e "e) "s )e")ed , d# De:#se:"st )e+#sed 9 Deee) 2004